Development of Siberia presentation on history. Presentation on geography "development of Siberia"

Economic development of Siberia

The annexation of Siberia to the Russian state began with Ermak’s campaign in 1581. The founding of the first Russian cities in Siberia - Tyumen (1586), Tobolsk (1587), Obdorsk, modern Salekhard (1595), etc. dates back to the same period. d.

At the confluence of the Tobol River with the Irtysh, Tobolsk was founded, which seems inconspicuous against the backdrop of modern giant cities, but this city is the first capital of Siberia, its administrative and church center in the 17th-18th centuries. Tobolsk was also the largest cultural and educational center of Siberia: in 1703, the first Slavic-Russian school in Siberia was opened here, then a theater was founded, the first Siberian magazine was published, etc.

Tobolsk is one of the very few cities in the world that has preserved the silhouette of the 17th-18th centuries in its appearance. The city is dominated by the Kremlin, built at the beginning of the 18th century. designed by S. U. Remezov, an architect, artist, historian, writer and geographer, an outstanding Siberian educator.

In the 17th century the main product exported from Siberia was furs. And the main center of the fur trade was “gold-boiling Mangazeya”.

The next stage of the development of Siberia (XVIII-XIX centuries) is associated with the movement of the main “penetration lines” to the south, into the steppe zone, where fortresses are built to protect Russian settlers from the warlike steppe peoples.

In the foothills of Altai (Barnaul) and Transbaikalia (Nerchinsk) at the beginning of the 18th century. a new direction of economic activity is developing - the extraction of silver ores and silver smelting; Russia receives all its silver from Siberia (and at that time it was the silver coin that was the basis of the country's monetary system). Peasant settlement of the steppe regions also begins, still on a small scale. Later, gold deposits are discovered in Eastern Siberia; from here Russia receives by the end of the 19th century. 70% of all gold.

Irkutsk arose in the 17th century. (received city status in 1686); from the end of the 18th century - the center of the province, and from the beginning of the 19th century. - East Siberian General Government (which then extended to the Pacific Ocean). Irkutsk has traditionally been considered the "cultural capital" of Siberia; This was greatly facilitated by the exiled Decembrists, who did a lot for the study of Siberia and for the development of education in it. The industrial growth of the city begins in the 20th century. Irkutsk is one of the few cities in Siberia that has a developed urban agglomeration around it, which has developed along the Trans-Siberian Railway (the cities of Shelikhov, Usolye-Sibirskoye, Angarsk).

The Trans-Siberian Railway, which began to be built in 1891 from Chelyabinsk (and later from Vladivostok), greatly facilitated the resettlement of people (by 1914 more than 2 million people had moved to Siberia), contributed to the agricultural development of the territory and made it profitable to export grain and butter, which was produced in abundance here.

The sights of Novosibirsk were created in the 20th century. These are industrial enterprises, scientific and design organizations, theaters and museums. Novosibirsk is the largest scientific center in Asian Russia; here back in the 1950s. Akademgorodok, famous for its world-class scientific achievements, was built - the center of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Krasnoyarsk, founded in 1628 as the Krasny Yar fort on the high, right bank of the Yenisei, began to develop as an industrial center after the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway, but especially during the Great Patriotic War, when dozens of factories were evacuated here. In the 1960s 40 km above the city on the Yenisei, the Krasnoyarsk hydroelectric power station was built, as a result of which the environmental situation in the city worsened: water falling from a great height does not freeze even in the coldest winters, and fog swirls over the non-freezing river, which mixes with emissions from factories (aluminum, synthetic rubber and many others), which in calm weather sharply worsens air quality. To the southwest of the city, in the spurs of the Eastern Sayan, there is the famous Stolby reserve with hundred-meter-high cliffs of bizarre shapes.

After the war, the development of new industries for Siberia began: electric hydropower on the Angara and Yenisei, aluminum smelting based on this cheap energy, copper and nickel smelting in Norilsk, the pulp and paper industry and, of course, oil and gas production in the north of Western Siberia. The military-industrial complex is becoming even more extensive; Several “closed cities” arise, primarily associated with the nuclear industry.

The collapse of the USSR was marked by a sharp decline in the military-industrial complex and in many civilian sectors; problems arose in relations with Kazakhstan, through which several railways pass connecting Siberia with the Urals. State district power plants of the Southern Urals operated on Kazakh coal from the Ekibastuz deposit, and the Ekibastuz state district power plants supplied electricity to the cities of Southern Siberia. The severance of many production ties, of course, had a negative impact on the economy of the region and the entire country. The Trans-Siberian Railway (on the section Chelyabinsk - Omsk) passes through the Kazakh city of Petropavlovsk, the South Siberian (Novokuznetsk - Barnaul - Pavlodar - Astana - Magnitogorsk) and Central Siberian (Kamen-on-Obi - Kokchetav - Kustavay - Chelyabinsk) highways mainly pass through the territory Kazakhstan.

Under the new conditions, the role of Siberia as the main source of Russian foreign exchange earnings has increased even more. In the 1990s. The share of imports in meeting the needs of the Russian population with both food and consumer goods has increased. And the main source of foreign currency remained the export of oil and gas; they were joined by the export of aluminum and nickel from Siberia, the consumption of which within the country has sharply decreased (now up to 90% of the produced nickel and aluminum is exported).

At each stage, Siberia served as a supplier of raw materials and a source of foreign currency for Russia. At first it was furs, then silver and gold, oil and grain, coal and steel, and in our time - timber and cellulose, oil and gas, aluminum and nickel. Moreover, some of these resources have already been largely exhausted: furs, silver, gold, timber and oil have become much smaller. Therefore, the further development of Siberia only as a “raw materials appendage” of the country is fraught with the depletion of even seemingly enormous resources.

Siberia is my homeland!

Compiled by: Ostapenko Alena Yurievna

History teacher, MBOU Secondary School No. 82

It has long been known that there is nothing worse than oblivion. The loss of roots threatens the loss of a sense of reality, which means – prospects. Without history, the development of any culture is unthinkable, because the magical fundamental civilizational triangle is torn: past – present – ​​future. Siberia has great prospects because it remembers its history.

1. First mentions of Siberia

2.Struggle for the territories of Siberia

3. XVII century – active development of Siberia

5. 19th century – “gold rush”

6. XX century – Siberia - rear of Russia

7. Siberia today

First mention

The first mentions of Siberia in Russia were in the 12th century. The chronicles mention the campaigns of Novgorod merchants to the east to collect furs.

The struggle for the territory of Siberia

Early records speak of the Novgorodians’ campaigns to the “Iron Gates” in 1032, which, according to the scientist Solovyov, were the Ural Mountains. But these campaigns ended with the defeat of the Novgorodians by the Yugras, and from the middle of the 13th century, Yugra was a colony of the Novgorod volost. Veliky Novgorod took tribute from Ugra.

• In 1582, On October 26, the Khanate of Siberia was attacked. This attack was carried out by Ataman Ermak, who captured Kashlyk and began to annex the Siberian Khanate to Russia.

17th century – active development of Siberia

Having conquered the lands of the Siberian Khanate, the Russians began building fortresses. New fortresses appeared, such as Tyumen, Tobolsk, Berezov, etc. In the 16th and 17th centuries, these fortresses became cities.

1648 - Semyon Dezhnev, passing from the mouth of the Kolyma river at the mouth of the Anadyr River, opens a strait separating Asia and America.

From 1615 to 1763, the Ministry for Siberian Affairs, or as it was then called the Siberian Order, operated in Moscow. His task was to monitor the management of the new lands of Siberia.

In 1747, a number of fortifications appeared to protect against attacks by nomadic tribes; these fortifications were called the Irtysh Line

Scientific research in Siberia began to develop under Peter I. It was he who organized the Great Northern Expedition.

• In 1822, Asian Russia was divided into West Siberian and East Siberian. The center of the West Siberian land was Tobolsk, and the East Siberian land was Irkutsk. During the division, such regions as Tobolsk, Tomsk and Omsk passed to Western Siberia, and Irkutsk, Yenisei provinces, as well as the Yakutsk region to Eastern Siberia.

In the 19th century, the gold industry developed in Siberia, which exceeded all other industries combined.

The main event in Siberia was the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway, which connected Siberia and the Far East with European Russia. Its construction began in 1890 - 1900.

In the 20th century, Siberia acts as a rear during the Russo-Japanese War. Siberia continues to develop. With the outbreak of the Civil War, Soviet power is overthrown in Siberia, and it becomes the center of the White Army, led by its leader Kolchak. Kolchak sets up his residence in Omsk.

In the 30s of the 20th century, the coal industry developed in the Kuznetsk coal basin.

With the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, the population of large cities increased. This is due to the evacuation of industrial equipment to Siberia from the European part of the then republic. And if it weren’t for Siberia, it would have been much more difficult for the Soviet Union to win the war.

Siberia today

Today Siberia occupies an area of ​​9,734 thousand km2. And this is approximately 57% of the entire area of ​​Russia. Its population is 23,893 thousand. Human. The largest cities in Siberia are Novosibirsk, Omsk, Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk, Tyumen, Barnaul, Novokuznetsk.

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Description of the presentation by individual slides:

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Russian pioneers of Siberia and the Far East in the 17th century. The presentation was compiled by Natalya Vasilievna Baysungurova, a history teacher at the MKOU "Pervomaiskaya Secondary School" of the Kizlyar district of the Republic of Dagestan. Very little documentary evidence has been preserved about the very first explorers of the 17th century. But already from the middle of this “golden age” of Russian colonization of Siberia, “expedition leaders” compiled detailed “skasks” (that is, descriptions), a kind of reports about the routes taken, the open lands and the peoples inhabiting them. Thanks to these “skasks,” the country knows its heroes and the main geographical discoveries they made.

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The great movement of the Russian people to Siberia received its full development in the 17th century. In the first half of the 17th century, the development of northern Asian lands - Siberia - began. Russian explorers - fishermen-hunters, Pomors, Cossacks, in 50 years, passed all of Siberia and reached the Pacific Ocean. They sailed along the rivers and seas of the Arctic Ocean, and walked through the taiga. The coincidence of private and state interests in the development of the East produced amazing results. The rapid development of Siberia by Russians began immediately after the end of the Time of Troubles. On the most important river routes, fortified towns arose - wooden forts (fortresses). They were a kind of milestones of this historical movement. Fortresses were erected at the mouths of rivers and at the intersection of trade routes: Yenisei (1619), Krasnoyarsk (1628), Bratsk (1631), Yakut (1632), Irkutsk (1661), Selenga (1665). “Soft junk” - skins of sables, arctic foxes and other fur-bearing animals - were brought to the forts from the surrounding lands. The indigenous inhabitants of Siberia used furs to pay tribute to the distant Russian Tsar. New expeditions set out from the forts.

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Reasons for the exploration of Siberia in the 17th century: Search for riches The conquest of Siberia was led by brave explorers who dreamed of seeing unknown countries and finding fabulous riches. Usually these were Cossacks and “walking people”, always ready for risky and difficult undertakings. Behind them stood rich merchant-industrialists who equipped distant expeditions. Upon returning, the participants of the campaigns were obliged to give them 2/3 of the spoils. Search for raw materials Private interest was combined with public interest in the development of Siberia. The Russian state urgently needed its own deposits of precious metals, iron and copper. Not without reason, they hoped to find them in Siberia. In addition, Moscow knew that the Siberian forests contained huge reserves of “soft gold” - the most valuable sable fur. The government declared the sale of furs abroad its monopoly. Income from transactions with Siberian furs amounted to. about 1/4 of all treasury revenues. Where Moscow power appeared, local residents paid a special tax - yasak, which consisted mainly of furs.

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Development of Siberia and the Far East 1632 - P. Beketov founded the Yakut fort 1651 - Albazinsky fort 1652 - Irkutsk winter quarters 1654 - Kumarsky fort 1655 - Kosogorsky fort 1658 - Nerchinsky fort 1642 - M Stadukhin reached Chukotka in 1643-1646. - V. Poyarkov reached the river. Amur 1648 – S. Dezhnev opened the strait between Asia and America 1649-1653. – E. Khabarov compiled the first map of the Amur region in 1697 – V. Atlasov explored and annexed Kamchatka 1689 – Treaty of Nerchinsk with China. The Russians retreated from the banks of the Amur and avoided a possible war.

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Who went to Siberia? “Industrialist” hunters went for fur riches and walrus tusks. The merchants brought to these lands the goods needed by the service people and the aborigines - flour, salt, cloth, copper cauldrons, pewter dishes, axes, needles - a profit of 30 rubles per ruble invested. Black-growing peasants and artisans-blacksmiths were transferred to Siberia, and criminals and foreign prisoners of war began to be exiled there. Free settlers also sought new lands. Cossacks went there, recruited from the townspeople and “free walking people” from the northern cities.

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Monument to Beketov in Yakutsk Pyotr Beketov - governor, explorer of Eastern Siberia, discoverer of Buryatia; annexed Yakutia and Buryatia, founded Yakutsk and Chita. Not far from the confluence with the river. Beket's Cossacks cut down Lena Aldan's fort, which was later named Yakutsk. As a clerk in the Yakut fort, he sent expeditions to Vilyui and Aldan. After Ivan Galkin arrived to replace him, Peter returned to Yeniseisk, from where in 1640 he brought yasak worth 11 thousand rubles to Moscow. In Moscow, Beketov received the rank of Streltsy and Cossack head. In 1641, Pyotr Beketov was granted headship in the Yenisei Ostrog among the Cossacks. In November 1654, ten Cossacks of Beketov’s detachment, led by Maxim Urasov, reached the mouth of the Nerch River, where they founded the Nelyudsky fort (now Nerchinsk). In 1660, Beketov from Yeniseisk went to serve in Tobolsk, where in 1661 he met with Archpriest Avvakum (with whom Beketov had a conflict) and with Krizhanich.

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Ivan Alekseevich Galkin (? - 1656/7) - Russian explorer of the 17th century, Yenisei ataman and son of a boyar. In 1631, he was the first European to sail in the upper reaches of the Lena and along the Angara and Yenisei to the mouth of the Ob. He founded a winter quarters at the mouth of the Kuta River, from which the city of Ust-Kut began.

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Stadukhin was the first to visit Kamchatka. In 1663 he first delivered information about the Kamchatka River to Moscow. For his discoveries in Siberia he was promoted to Cossack chieftain. In 12 years, he walked over 13 thousand kilometers - more than any explorer of the 17th century. The total length of the northern shores of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk that he discovered was at least 1,500 kilometers. His geographical discoveries were reflected on the map of P. Godunov, compiled in 1667 in Tobolsk. He kept records of his “circular” journey, described and drew up a drawing map of the places he visited in Yakutia and Chukotka. Mikhail Stadukhin - Russian explorer

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Ivan Moskvitin Ivan Yurievich Moskvitin (c. 1603-1671) - Russian explorer, ataman of the foot Cossacks. In 1639, with a detachment of Cossacks, he was the first European to reach the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, discovering its coast and the Sakhalin Bay. The main purpose of the campaign, in addition to “searching for new unknown lands” and collecting furs, was to search for the Chirkol River, where, according to rumors, Mount Chirkol was located, supposedly containing silver ore.

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Kurbat Ivanov - discoverer of Lake Baikal, compiler of the first map of the Russian Far East and the first map of the Bering Strait region, Yenisei Cossack, discoverer of Lake Baikal. Compiler of the first map of the Far East based on data collected by the ataman and explorer I. Yu. Moskvitin. He led a detachment of Cossacks from the Verkholensky fort, which set out in 1643 and reached the lake for the first time, news of which, according to the words of the indigenous inhabitants, had already spread among the Cossacks. As archival documents testify, Kurbat Ivanov’s detachment climbed up the Lena River and its tributary Ilikta, crossed the Primorsky Range and along the bed of the Sarma River on July 2 went through the Oblique Steppe to Lake Baikal opposite Olkhon Island. Already on site, Ivanov assessed the lake from an economic and strategic point of view. Later, the Russians finally settled in the Baikal region, building the city of Irkutsk.

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Vasily Danilovich Poyarkov (before 1610 - after 1667) - Russian explorer of the 17th century, “writing head”. He came from the service people of the city of Kashin. By order of the Yakut governor, stolnik P.P. Golovin, Poyarkov undertook an expedition to the country of the Daurs, who were first learned about thanks to the expedition of his predecessor, the writing head Enalei Bakhteyarov in 1640. Poyarkov’s detachment consisted of 133 people, equipped with arquebuses and a cannon with 100 cannonballs. Poyarkov left Yakutsk on July 15, 1643 and in 2 days on 6 planks he descended the Lena River to the mouth of the Aldan. Then they had to swim against the current, which significantly slowed down the expedition's progress. The journey from Aldan to the mouth of the Uchur River took a month. The movement along Uchur lasted ten days, after which Poyarkov’s ships turned to the Gonam River. Navigation along the Gonam is possible only 200 kilometers from the mouth, after which the rapids begin. Poyarkov's people had to drag the ships on themselves. And this had to be done more than 40 times. The journey along the Gonam River took 5 weeks. With the onset of cold weather in the fall of 1643, Poyarkov decided to leave some of the people to spend the winter near the ships on the banks of the Gonam River, and he, lightly, with a detachment of 90 people went on a winter road on sledges through Sutam and Nuyam. In 2 weeks he passed the Stanovoy Ridge and for the first time penetrated the river basin. Amur, having first discovered Mulmuga, and then, after 2 weeks, went to the Zeya River (Daurian country). On December 13, 1643, 80 km from the Amur River, the Cossacks of Poyarkov had a skirmish with the Daurs of the “prince” Doptyul. They set up a camp (fortress) and immediately demanded from the local agricultural Daurs that from now on they pay tribute to the Russian Tsar. And in order to back up his words with action, he captured several noble people as amanats (hostages). At the beginning of January 1644, Poyarkov's winter quarters on the Umlekan River were besieged by the Daurs. The fear of unknown aliens receded, and their small numbers gave confidence to the besiegers. However, several assault attempts they made did not bring success: apparently, the superiority of the Cossacks in tactical skill and weapons affected. Then the Daurs took the Poyarkovites into the blockade ring. The Cossacks began to mix tree bark into flour, ate roots and carrion, and often got sick. The pestilence has begun. Then the surrounding Daurs, who had been hiding in the forests all this time, became bolder and organized several attacks on the fort. But Poyarkov was a skilled military leader. But finally, in the spring of 1644, the siege ring broke up. Poyarkov got the opportunity to continue the campaign. He sent one group back to Gonam to hurry up the wintering Cossacks, and the other - 40 Cossacks under the command of Petrov - further to the Amur for reconnaissance. Faced with resistance from the Daurs, Petrov’s detachment retreated back to Poyarkov’s camp. On May 24, 1644, winterers arrived from Gonam. Poyarkov's detachment reached 70 people. They manufactured new vessels and continued rafting along the rivers at a speed of 40 km/day.

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Along the Zeya, by June 1644, Poyarkov's Cossacks descended to the Amur River (which they mistakenly took for Shilka). The local population was very hostile towards the explorers, not allowing them to approach the shore. Poyarkov went down the Amur to its mouth, where he wintered again. On the middle Amur, Poyarkov met the agricultural people of the Duchers, whose militia at the mouth of the Sungari exterminated a reconnaissance detachment of explorers (20 Cossacks died). After the Duchers, the lands of the fishing people of the Golds began, with whom there were no military clashes. In the fall of 1644, Poyarkov went to the mouth of the Amur, where Gilyak fishermen lived. Here the Cossacks of Poyarkov breathed calmly for the first time. From them he learned about Sakhalin, inhabited by hairy people. The Gilyak “princes” swore allegiance to Russia and voluntarily gave the first yasak - 12 forty sables and six sable fur coats. At the end of winter, the Cossacks again had to endure hunger. They again began to eat roots, bark, and feed on carrion. Before setting off on the campaign, Poyarkov raided the Gilyaks, captured the Amanats and collected tribute in sables. In the battle, Poyarkov lost half of his remaining squad. At the end of May 1645, when the mouth of the Amur was freed from ice, Poyarkov and his Cossacks went to the Amur Estuary. Poyarkov made a historically proven 12-week (3-month) voyage along the southwestern shores of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk from the mouth of the Amur to the mouth of the Ulya, where Poyarkov’s detachment was caught in a storm and spent the winter in the fall of 1645. Here, already in 1639, the “Russian man” Ivan Moskvitin set foot, and local peoples paid tribute to the Moscow “white tsar”. Then, across the Maya River, the Cossacks of Poyarkov began their return home. According to various sources, 20, 33 or 52 Cossacks from Poyarkov’s expedition returned to Yakutsk in 1646. The direct goals of the campaign were not achieved, but the Russian authorities received valuable information about the territories traversed.

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Semyon Ivanovich Dezhnev (circa 1605, Veliky Ustyug - early 1673, Moscow) - Russian traveler, explorer, sailor, explorer of Northern, Eastern Siberia and North America, Cossack chieftain, fur trader. The first navigator to pass the Bering Strait, separating Asia from North America, Chukotka from Alaska, and did this 80 years before Vitus Bering, in 1648, along the way visiting the islands of Ratmanov and Kruzenshtern, located in the middle of the Bering Strait.

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Semyon Dezhnev (1605-1673), an Ustyug Cossack, was the first to circumnavigate the easternmost part of our Fatherland and all of Eurasia by sea. A strait passed between Asia and America, opening the way from the Arctic Ocean to the Pacific. By the way, Dezhnev discovered this strait 80 years earlier than Bering, who visited only its southern part. The cape is named after Dezhnev, the same one next to which the date line runs. After the discovery of the strait, an international commission of geographers decided that this place was the most convenient for drawing such a line on the map. And now a new day on Earth begins at Cape Dezhnev. Please note, 3 hours earlier than in Japan and 12 earlier than in the London suburb of Greenwich, where universal time begins.

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Khabarov came from peasants from near Veliky Ustyug. The successor to the work of Enalei Bakhteyarov and Vasily Poyarkov in the development of the Amur region. Erofey Pavlovich Khabarov is a famous Russian explorer. At the beginning of the 17th century he traveled in the Lena River basin. Khabarov's biography is very interesting; he lived a difficult life, full of ups and downs, traveled a lot and saw a lot. Through the efforts of this brave explorer, new lands suitable for agriculture were discovered, as well as salt springs. Erofey Khabarov was born near Veliky Ustyug. The exact date of birth is not known, but he was probably born in 1603. In his youth, together with his brothers, he was engaged in fur trading in the Taimyr Peninsula area. Then fate brought him to the Arkhangelsk region, where he was engaged in salt making. In 1632, Erofey leaves his family and goes to the Lena River. For almost seven years he walked in the vicinity of the basin of this river, engaged in fur fishing. Then he began farming at the mouth of the Kuta River. In 1649 he went to the Amur region, research continued until 1653, during which time the scientist made a number of trips that were not in vain. The knowledge Khabarov gained about the area was reflected in his drawings, in which he described in detail the area near the Amur River. compiled the first Russian map of the Amur region and began its conquest; built the first industrial enterprise in Eastern Siberia

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In 1655, Khabarov sent a petition to Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov, in which he described his merits in the conquest of the Daurian and Siberian expanses. The king, having studied the petition, recognized his merits. He was elevated to the rank of “son of a boyar.”

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Vladimir Atlasov - annexed Kamchatka to Russia and compiled its first map and description, discoverer of the Kuril Islands; delivered the first Japanese to Russia. Atlasov’s father was a Yakut Cossack, formerly an Ustyug peasant who fled beyond the Urals. Vladimir Atlasov began his yasak collection service in 1682 on the Aldan and Uda rivers. In 1695, having risen to the rank of Pentecostal, he was appointed clerk of the Anadyr prison. Having scouted about Kamchatka through the Cossack Luka Morozko, whom he had sent, he began to prepare for the expedition. Alexander Pushkin called Vladimir Atlasov “Kamchatka Ermak”, and Stepan Krasheninnikov - “the finder of Kamchatka”. (However, the first Russian explorers of Kamchatka were the expeditions of Luk Morozko)

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In 1701, the governor sent Atlasov with a report on the campaign to Moscow. Among other things, he brought with him a captive “Indian” named Dembey, who had been shipwrecked in Kamchatka, who turned out to be a Japanese from the city of Osaka and who was referred to as a “Tatar of Japan named Denbey” in the papers of the Artillery Order, where he began to serve as a translator. For a successful campaign that ended with the annexation of Kamchatka to Russia, Atlasov was awarded the rank of Cossack head and given a reward of 100 rubles.

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Conclusions: Local tribes maintained animal and fishing industries, grazing lands and were suppliers of yasak. Yasak people had to transport government cargo and provide garrisons with fish, firewood, and berries. Russian governors were sometimes cruel and greedy, but they also stopped bloody feuds between the clans and tribes of Siberia. Russian garrisons protected the local population from raids by nomads - Kazakhs and Yenisei Kyrgyz. The Russians founded new villages in areas that were free and suitable for arable land. Peasants setting off on long journeys were provided with benefits - exemption from duties for several years, loans in money, seeds, and horses. By the end of the 17th century, about 200 thousand migrants already lived beyond the Urals - almost as many as the aborigines. The peasants provided Siberia with bread. In the 17th century The first maps of Siberia were compiled, deposits of non-ferrous and precious metal ores began to be found. The settlers dressed the same as the locals, and rode dog and reindeer sleds. And the indigenous people began to build log huts, use new tools and grow agricultural crops previously unfamiliar to them.

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Today, 85 percent of all Russian reserves are located in Siberia, which strengthens its leading position in the development of the country’s economy. Siberia is one of the main places visited by residents not only of Russia, but also of foreign countries. Siberia contains enormous potential, which only becomes greater every year.

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Development of Siberia in Soviet times. In the 1930s - industrialization of the economy. During the Second World War it took in hundreds of evacuated factories and millions of people from the western regions of the USSR. After the Second World War, electricity developed (on the Angara and Yenisei) Aluminum smelting using cheap electricity. Smelting of copper and nickel in Norilsk. Oil and gas production in the north of Western Siberia. The military-industrial complex is developing. “Closed cities” are emerging. Related to the nuclear industry.

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Siberia

“Western Siberia” - Complete the task: Especially a lot of information has been preserved about the campaign of the Cossack Ermak Timofeevich to Siberia. Why? Introduce the history of exploration and development of Western Siberia. Geographical position. Climate. Climate of Western Siberia. Western Siberia. Working on climate maps. Match: 1 North A. Ural Mountains 2. South.

“West Siberian Economic Region” - Among the sectors of specialization, the fuel industry stands out. "Business card". The area is rich in water resources. Share of Z-SER in Russian industry. West Siberian economic region. The area is characterized by heavy swampiness. Z-SER is located at the intersection of large rivers and railways.

“Geography of the Tomsk Region” - Foreign economic activity. Geography of the Tomsk region. Lesnaya. Fuel and energy complex of the Tomsk region. Oil production, million tons. Structure of industrial production. Gender and age composition. Estimated cutting area. The basis of the agro-industrial complex is agriculture. Geographical position. Oil industry. Producers: 60% – private households, 38% – state agricultural enterprises, 2% – farmers.

“Lesson Western Siberia” - Gas –78%. Taiga is valuable wood. Tundra is a pasture for deer. Come up with adjectives characterizing Siberia based on the first letters of the word. Natural areas. The environmental problem is caused by the disruption of natural landscapes by heavy equipment (all-terrain vehicles). The houses are heated with gas, triple glazing. A wake was held for the killed bear.

During the classes

Introductory speech by the TEACHER.

Man and travel: They have been side by side for a long time. What makes a person, both in ancient times and in our days, forget about dangers, go out into the open sea, travel along unknown paths, climb high into the skies? Maybe a person was driven and driven by a thirst for knowledge? Or maybe just romance?

Who among us, looking at a map, does not remember the labors and exploits of many, many sailors and travelers, people from different countries and eras, famous and anonymous? These are Remizov, Dezhnev, Atlasov, Poyarkov, Khabarov, etc.

So, our unconventional lesson today is a travel club, but the club is not quite ordinary, because... We have the opportunity to host scientists and writers, and we ourselves will participate in the work of the club.

Let's start the club meeting.

The musical intro for the television program “In the Animal World” plays.

The theme of our club meeting: “Peoples of Siberia in the 18th century.”

Students write in their notebooks.

Goals: Today the travel club suggests considering the following questions and trying to answer them:

• What political and economic goals did the tsarist government pursue when developing Siberia?
• We will learn how the life of the local population has changed after the Russian people mastered the Siberian lands.

(Questions are written on the board)

TEACHER. Scientists and specialists and a writer are present at our club meeting and will help you understand all the issues. They will accompany us during our travels.

Those sitting at the table are introduced: historians, a geographer, an archaeologist, an ethnographer, a writer, a broadcaster (there is a sign in front of each).

Each student receives an outline map of Siberia and a crossword puzzle. As the lesson-journey progresses, fill them out.

Motivation of students.

TEACHER: We live in Western Siberia. The fate of your parents, your fate, and perhaps the fate of your children is connected with this region. But not everyone knows where the name “Siberia” came from.

HISTORIAN 1. Geographic names on the map are not always clear. What does the name of the huge region - "Siberia" - mean?

Much speculation has been made about its origin. Currently, the most common are two opinions, two points of view. Some scientists derive the word “Siberia” from the Mongolian “shibir” (“forest thicket”). Others associate the word "Siberia" with the name of the "Sabirs" - a people who may have inhabited the forest-steppe Irtysh region. Be that as it may, the spread of the name “Siberia” to the entire territory of Northern Asia was associated with the advance of Russian discoverers beyond the Urals. With a feeling of pride for the accomplishments of our ancestors, we find on the map the names of Russian explorers, expedition participants, and brave people.

From century to century, from century to century
A strong Russian man was walking
To the far North and East
Fearless as a stream.

TEACHER: Before we move on to a new topic, guys, answer the question:

1. In what year did the city of Surgut appear?
2. Which king signed the decree establishing the city of Surgut?
3. Who led the military expedition against Khan Kuchum?

Slide 3: Painting by V. Surikov “Conquest of Siberia by Ermak”

TEACHER: When the Russians expelled Kuchum, the path to the East was open. Now let's look at a short excerpt from the educational film "The History of Geographical Discoveries" and see where the development of new lands in Siberia began in the 15th century.

Excerpt from the educational film: "The History of Geographical Discoveries."

TEACHER:

1. Who made the first map of Siberia?
2. What was of value to local peoples?
3. What was B. Godunov’s decree about in 1600?
4. What was the name of the first city in Siberia?

Students answer.

TEACHER:

And again we turn to specialists for help. Dear scientists! Help us figure out what peoples inhabited Siberia?

1. What were their customs and traditions?
2. What stage of development were they at?

HISTORIAN 2. When did the great movement of the people to the Urals and beyond, to the vast expanses of Siberia, the Far East and Alaska begin? Where and who was the first to go towards the sun?

Although scientists have accumulated a lot of information about this movement, science cannot yet give exact answers to the questions posed.

GEOGRAPHER. Yes, indeed, by the 16th century Western Europe had already learned a lot about Africa and established trade ties with India and China, but Northeast Asia was shrouded in mystery, although it attracted people with its unprecedented riches. Attempts by the British to reach Siberia by sea were unsuccessful. None of the Western European sailors even reached the mouth of the Ob River.

TEACHER: What attracted travelers?

HISTORIAN 2. It seems to me that there were at least two reasons for this. One is romantic, which forces a person, no matter what, to go forward and discover the unknown, but the second is more prosaic. After all, they said then that beyond the “Stone” (as the Ural Mountains were called) lay an immense land - even if you walked for two years you would not reach the end. This region had untold riches: many fur-bearing animals, fish, and in the Arctic Ocean - unprecedented sea animals. Sable and arctic fox skins and walrus tusks – “fish teeth” – were especially prized. At that time, only rich and noble people could afford to have sable fur coats, and the handles of daggers and sabers and decorations for the royal palace were made from precious walrus tusk.

Slide 4: CHUM

The Englishman, William Walker, talked about the difficulties of the journey to the East, about the deserted shores of the Northern Seas. People live among the snow not in houses, but in chums - dwellings made of reindeer skins, reminiscent of a yurt (a drawing of a chum is shown). The Englishman also told about people dressing in skins and worshiping idols. He concludes that the peoples of the North lead a strange and wild way of life. In the summer they sail on special boats - kochas. He ends his story by saying that the people living there are themselves like animals, “but they attract everyone with their wealth of sables.”

Slide 5:. K o h.

TEACHER:

Let's listen again and see what goals the tsarist government pursued when sending expeditions to the east?

Excerpt from educational film: "The History of Great Geographical Discoveries"

TEACHER:

1. What economic goals did the tsarist government pursue in Siberia?
2. What was the main value then?
3. Has Norilsk lost its economic importance these days?

STUDENTS answer

HISTORIAN 1. In parallel with the task of developing Siberia, the tsarist government tried to solve another one - to get rid of all kinds of restless, politically unreliable people, at least to remove them from the center of the state. In order to secure the Central regions of Russia, the government began to exile criminals and participants in popular uprisings to Siberian cities.

TEACHER: But what were the peoples of the North really like in the distant 15th century?? century? What peoples lived in Siberia?

It's time to turn to an ethnographer.

Slide 6: Map of Siberia

ETHNOGRAPHER. First of all, let’s find out which peoples lived and where. Let's look at the map:

The Khanty lived along the banks of the Ob River and its tributaries (students mark the places of residence of these peoples on the contour map).

The Mansi lived on the wooded slopes of the Urals.

Nenets, Enets and other peoples lived in the northern tundra.

The Tungus lived along the banks of the Yenisei and east of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk.

The Yakuts lived in the middle reaches of the Lena.

Near the Angara and Lake Baikal there was an area of ​​Buryat population.

In Primorye they robbed the Daurs.

Kamchadals lived in Kamchatka.

Thus, we have a good idea of ​​who lived where in the 17th century.

So, in the 15th century, on a vast territory of approximately 13 million square kilometers, there lived a very small population - less than 300 thousand people.

Slides 7, 8, 910,11, 13: Reindeer team, Samoyeds, aborigines in winter, aborigines in summer, etc.

It was possible to travel several thousand kilometers on a reindeer sled without encountering a single village. The peoples we have just learned about lived in small groups of 100 to 1000 people.

Look at the pictures that show their activities: hunting, fishing, reindeer herding, reindeer herders and hunters led a nomadic lifestyle.

Slide 12: Fishermen, hunters, etc.

They were pagans, i.e. believed in many gods. They considered their patrons the spirits of the air, the earth, as well as ancestors, with whom they could communicate through shamans - smart people who enjoyed enormous authority among the peoples of Siberia.

Slide 14: Shaman

The shamans knew well herbs for all diseases and had knowledge of psychology. To the sound of a tambourine, they acted out scenes of communication with spirits. The shamans, charging a fee for their services, were quite rich people and helped the emerging nobility to keep the rest of the clan and tribe in obedience.

HISTORIAN 1. Let me introduce you in more detail to the peoples of Siberia and the Far East with whom Russian settlers met. The Nents at that time were called “Samoyeds.” Once upon a time, the word “Samoyeds” was mistakenly associated with cannibalism. There are currently several scientific explanations for the origin of this word. "Saeeemne", i.e. "land of the Sami". The Samoyeds roamed from the Mezen River in the West to Khatanga in the East. The Khanty (Ostyaks) and Mansi (Voguls) lived in the Middle Urals. They were engaged in hunting, fishing and reindeer herding. In Eastern Siberia, only 30 thousand Evenks and Evens occupied a vast territory. Along the middle reaches of the Lena, among the taiga lived the Yakuts, a Turkic-speaking people who were engaged in breeding horses and cattle. On the Chukchi Peninsula lived the Chukchi, who lived by nomadic reindeer herding and hunting walruses, seals and whales. Sea fishing was the main occupation of the Eskimos. About 12 thousand Kamchadals lived in Kamchatka. Their main food product was fish. In the south of Eastern Siberia there were Buryats. They were engaged in cattle breeding and agriculture. On the Amur, the Daurs were engaged in agriculture and gardening.

TEACHER: It turns out that there was no unity among the peoples of Siberia by the 17th century?

ARCHAEOLOGIST. Yes, archaeological data confirm the conclusion that among many peoples the primitive communal system was decomposing and inequality arose.

So, among the Khanty and Mansi, i.e. where you and I live now, when Ermak and his people came here, there were already noble people, “princes.” They owned places for hunting and fishing, and their fellow tribesmen brought them gifts. The Buryats and Yakuts were on the way to the formation of a class society. But in the far northeast of Siberia, beyond the impenetrable taiga, in the permafrost zone, there lived completely isolated peoples, located at the lower levels of the primitive tribal system. The Chukchi and Kamchadals did not know iron and made stone tools.

Of course, the isolated, small peoples of Siberia are far behind the Russian people in their development. But they were exceptionally hardy, hardworking, and knew nature very well. They were all very responsive and honest. These are the people the Russian discoverers had to meet in the 17th century.

TEACHER: Yes, perhaps they can rightfully be called heroes, the first explorers and sailors. Listen to the opinion of a native Siberian, the famous writer V.G. Rasputin.

Writer Rasputin V.G.

It's mind boggling! Without roads, moving only along rivers, dragging plows and heavy loads from water to water, spending the winter waiting for ice drift in hastily cut huts in unfamiliar places and among hostile indigenous nomads, suffering from cold, hunger, disease and midges, losing with each the transition of comrades and forces, using not maps and reliable information, but rumors, not knowing what awaited them tomorrow and the day after tomorrow, they walked forward and forward, further and further to the east.

Soon, the tsarist government began to resettle here criminals, participants in peasant uprisings and politically unreliable people, who, as a rule, were educated people.

It was after them that there would appear winter quarters on the rivers, and forts, and drawings, and experience of communicating with the natives, and arable land, and saltworks - for them everything was a first. And now, when we without hesitation call every step and every deed of the Siberian builders and conquerors a feat, it would be useful for us to remember and imagine a little how our ancestors got the initial steps and deeds: To understand their grueling feat, there is not enough imagination.

TEACHER: Guys, tell me, what political goals did the tsarist government achieve by relocating people to Siberia?

STUDENTS answer.

TEACHER: However, speaking about the pioneers - the heroes, we do not forget that this region was not wild, we were already told about the peoples who inhabited Siberia in the 15th century. How did the arrival of Russian people here affect their lives? Positively? Negative? I propose to answer this rather difficult question.

ETHNOGRAPHER. Rather, this had negative consequences for the peoples of Siberia. With the arrival of the Russians, the peoples of Siberia began to live and develop as part of the Russian state. The king appointed governors here. Enriching themselves in every possible way, suppressing the resistance of the population with military force sent from Moscow, they brought the Nenets, Evenks, Yakuts and other nationalities into submission. A fur tax, yasak, was collected from the indigenous inhabitants. “Soft junk” (as furs were called) were sent to Moscow for the royal court. In those distant times, fur was the equivalent of money.

State revenues grew, but so did the oppression of small nations. When collecting yasak, family members were arrested and taken hostage.

The royal servants used corporal punishment for the slightest offense; beatings often resulted in severe injuries. Usury, speculation, extortion and bribes flourished. Local residents were turned into slaves.

The original culture of the peoples of the North and Siberia was forgotten and persecuted. To sum up, I believe that the peoples of Siberia have hardly gained anything; on the contrary, their situation has sharply worsened.

HISTORIAN 2.

1. Yes, it all happened. But let me disagree with you. The Russian people have had a positive impact on the peoples of Siberia in many ways.
2. Russian peasants transferred their experience of arable farming, taught them to grow wheat, barley, buckwheat, onions, cucumbers, beets, cabbage, etc.
3. Russian artisans taught small nations to work with a saw, chisel, and other previously unknown tools. Silver was discovered near Nerchinsk. The indigenous population became acquainted with a seine for catching fish and a pottery wheel for making dishes
4. Leather production and woodworking began to develop.
5. The construction of cities began. 20 became district centers: Tyumen, Tobolsk, Tomsk, Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk, Surgut:
6. With the entry into the Russian state, internecine wars between local tribes decreased.

In my opinion, the small peoples of Siberia still gained more than they lost with the arrival of the Russians.

TEACHER:

What are the pros and cons of Russian development of Siberia for local peoples?

STUDENTS answer.

TEACHER: The peculiarity of our club is that here everyone can take part and exchange opinions.

Students exchange opinions..

TEACHER: The topic is extensive. It is impossible to cover it in one lesson. In the next lessons we will continue the conversation.

HISTORIAN 1. To be worthy of travelers, to preserve the earth and to multiply their labors - this is the task that History sets before us.

CONCLUSION: students do it, write it down in their notebook.

TEACHER: Please hand in your completed crossword puzzles.

Homework : The outline maps that students worked on in class are completed at home and turned in at the next lesson.

GRADES for the lesson.

Crossword

1. People with the help of whom the peoples of the North communicated with spirits.
2. Large boats, on which in the 15th century. discovered new lands.
3. Fortified cities founded in Siberia in the 17th century.
4. Brave travelers discovering new lands by sea.
5. Valuable fur, called "soft junk".
6. Dwellings of the peoples of the North made of skins.
7. Brave travelers discovering new lands.

This is where the Travelers Club ends its work.