Incentive sentence examples 4. Classification of sentences

In order to correctly read a sentence, correctly understand its meaning and correctly place punctuation marks, you need to understand what sentences are based on the purpose of the statement. It is also very important to be able to determine their species. What kinds of proposals are there for the purpose of the statement? In the Russian language, there are several classifications of these syntactic units, including those regarding the purpose of the utterance, as well as the specifics of pronunciation.

Types of sentences by purpose of utterance and intonation

Let us clarify that intonation implies the emotional design of a sentence. According to the purpose of making proposals, there are:

Narrative.
Interrogative.
Incentive.

In turn, any of them can be either exclamatory or non-exclamatory - depending on the intonation with which the speaker pronounces it (calm or emotional).

Declarative sentences

The most common sentences for the purpose of the statement are, of course, narrative ones. Their task is to communicate information that can either be affirmed or denied.

A narrative sentence expresses a complete thought, conveyed using special intonation: the main word from a logical point of view is emphasized in the voice, and at the end of the phrase the tone lowers and becomes calmer.

You don’t need to look far for examples of narrative sentences - they are at every step: “Mom bought bread”, “Spring has come and brought warmth with it”, “Mitya has the best grade in the class!”

Interrogative sentences

Sentences regarding the purpose of the statement are also interrogative. Their semantic task is to convey a question. Questions can be different, which determines the subtypes of this type of proposal. Depending on the purpose of the question and the nature of the intended answer, the following are distinguished:

Interrogative sentences are also of different types according to their nature. This:

The means of achieving the goal of interrogative sentences are special intonation in oral speech, a question mark in writing, as well as question words (what, how, why, etc.), particles (is it really possible) and a certain word order: (“Adults go to work?”, “Who goes to work?”, “Where do adults go?”).

Incentive offers

Types of sentences based on the purpose of the statement have one more, third, type - incentive. These are sentences that contain a certain expression of the will of the author of the phrase. Their main task is to induce the addressee to take some action, and the incentive can be expressed in different forms.

Prayers: “I beg you, let me look at my son at least once!!!”
Requests: “Please give me a pencil.”
Order: “Shut up immediately!”
Wishes: “Get well soon, be kind.”

The incentive to action in sentences of this type is expressed using a special (motivating) intonation, the form of the imperative mood of the predicates and some particles such as “let”, “come on”, “come on”, etc.

Non-exclamatory sentences

Thus, what kinds of sentences there are regarding the purpose of an utterance is now clear. As for intonation colors, the vast majority of them are non-exclamatory. They are pronounced calmly, without emotional strain or special feeling. Most often they represent a narrative message or question, less often - an incentive.

Examples: “The hot tea spread warmth throughout my whole body,” “Where did this boy come to us from?”, “Please take your mother’s hand.”

Exclamatory sentences

Sentences pronounced in a special tone and with a special feeling are called exclamatory. Most often, phrases containing motivation require such intonation, but any other type can have an exclamatory coloring.

Sentences regarding the purpose of the statement and intonation are:

Narrative exclamations: “Summer has come - how great it is!”
Interrogative exclamations: “Will you never accept the truth?!”
Incentive exclamations: “Give me my toy immediately!”

Highlighting in writing

The punctuation marks in them depend on what kind of sentences there are for the purpose of the statement and intonation.

The end of a non-exclamatory declarative sentence is indicated by a period: “That’s how this strange story ended.”
A non-exclamatory interrogative sentence ends with a question mark: “Has your father left yet?”
A non-exclamatory incentive sentence also has a period at the end: “Give up this dirty business.”
At the end of a narrative, motivating or interrogative sentence with exclamatory intonation, a corresponding (exclamation) mark is placed (in the latter case, after the question mark). If emotions are especially intense, then there may be three such signs. “And he went home!”, “Stupid, get away from the edge!”, “Will you let me go?!”, “Beware!!!”
If there is a hint of incompleteness, there can be an ellipsis at the end of any type of sentence. For example: “Sadness...”, “Well, you’re back, what next?..”, “Run, run quickly!..”.

According to the purpose of utterance, sentences are, as we found out, of three types. The Russian language is rich and diverse. This article provides information about what sentences regarding the purpose of the statement and intonation are found in the Russian language. It is a must for anyone who wants to speak and write correctly to study and master it.

Incentive offer

A sentence expressing the will of the speaker (order, request, warning, protest, threat, call, invitation to joint action, etc.).

Grammatical means of forming incentive sentences:

1) incentive intonation. The general on duty quickly!(L. Tolstoy). To the barrier!(Chekhov);

2) the predicate in the form of the imperative mood, infinitive, subjunctive mood, indicative mood in combination with incentive intonation. Don’t sing, beauty, in front of me you sing the songs of sad Georgia(Pushkin). Keep the fire going!(Ketlinskaya). May I never hear from you again!(Griboyedov). You would leave, Nastya(Leonov). Get out of the way!(Bitter);

3) special particles that add an incentive tone to the sentence. May our heart not freeze, may our hand not tremble!(Isakovsky). Let him walk around and look in(Bitter). Let's kiss you (Makarenko). Well let's go in(Panova).

Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A.. 1976 .

See what an “incentive sentence” is in other dictionaries:

incentive offer- A sentence with the meaning of expression of will, motivation to action; The predicate of an incentive sentence is usually expressed by a verb in the imperative mood. P.p. can be used in different styles. In journalistic speech, incentives... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

Incentive offer- a functional type of sentence that expresses an impulse addressed to the interlocutor to perform the named action. The form specifically used to express motivation is the imperative mood (imperative); Wed: Come quickly! Don't do... ... Russian humanitarian encyclopedic dictionary

See interrogative sentence...

This term has other meanings, see Sentence. A sentence (in language) is the minimum unit of language, which is a grammatically organized combination of words (or a word) that has semantic and intonation... ... Wikipedia

A sentence expressing a question (cf. other types of sentences according to the purpose of the statement: declarative sentence, incentive sentence). They differ: a) the actual interrogative sentence, to which an answer is actually expected. You are far away... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms

A sentence (in language) is the minimum unit of human speech, which is a grammatically organized combination of words (or a word) that has semantic and intonation completeness. (“Modern Russian language” by N. S. Valgina) ... Wikipedia

Those are the incentive offers... Dictionary of linguistic terms

A sentence in which the expression of the content of a thought is accompanied by an expression of the speaker's feelings. The constructive elements of exclamatory sentences are interjections, emotional particles, and exclamatory intonation. An exclamation point can... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms

A sentence is the smallest semantic unit, which is a series of words that are related grammatically and in meaning. A sentence, even consisting of one word, has a complete meaning and is characterized by a certain intonation. Essentially, a sentence is a communicative unit.

What are the offers? This depends on the point of view from which the proposals are viewed.

Carrying out syntactic analysis, they determine such in Russian.

1. According to the purpose of the statement, proposals are divided into:

Narrative, the purpose of which is ordinary (The flame shot up into the sky, showering the guys with a whole fireworks of golden sparks.)

Interrogative. Their goal is to formulate a question (How long can you repeat? When will summer come?)

Incentive. (Be equal! Attention! Sing me a song.) An incentive sentence expresses an order, a request, an incentive to action.

The incentive sentence differs from the others not only in its special intonation, but also in the way of expressing the predicate. It can be expressed

Most often the verb is in the imperative mood. (Tell me about the journey. Sing!)

A verb in an indefinite (infinitive) form (Sing! Break this building!)

Verbs that appear in different forms, but express the will of the speaker (I demand immediate submission!)

Without a predicate. Such an incentive offer can use different phrases.

A construction that begins with the conjunction “so that” and conveys a categorical order (So that your spirit is not here!)

Such an incentive expression is usually used for exhortation (You should go to the sea).

An incomplete sentence without a predicate (Newspaper! Be silent!)

Intonationally, an incentive sentence differs from others in a higher tone.

2. Intonation (based on emotional coloring) distinguish between exclamatory and non-exclamatory sentences (I love the beginning of spring so much! I love the beginning of spring).

3. Depending on whether there is both a subject and a predicate, any types of sentences can be two-part (with or one-part (with one main member) (Examples of two-part: Summer has come. The days have become unbearably hot).

The species is determined by the presence of the main member.

Nominative (or nominative) sentences have only a subject (Darkness. Silence. Romance).

Impersonal sentences have only a predicate, in which the subject cannot be meaningful (My head is ringing from the high temperature. It is getting dark. It is getting colder).

Definitely personal ones also do without a subject. Their basis is a verb of 1-2 persons, acting as a predicate. In such sentences, it is clear to whom exactly the speaker is addressing (Shut up! Give me a book. Now I’ll start drinking).

Generalized-personal constructions denote actions that everyone performs (Chickens are counted in the fall. Once you’ve done the job, go for a walk).

Indefinitely personal, where the predicate (3rd person verb, plural) indicates that the action in this construction is more important than its producer (Outside the window they sang loudly and beautifully about love).

4. According to the number of minor members, sentences are divided into unextended and widespread (I stand. I look. The sky. (unextended) I look into the blue sky. (extended)).

5. Sentences are divided into complete and incomplete, depending on whether all the necessary members are present (I carefully read the geography textbook (complete). My mother works in a hospital. My father is at school. (Incomplete)).

6. Finally, suggestions could be:

Complex (I love life, but it doesn’t seem to spoil me).

Difficult to subordinate (Swifts were flying in the sky, scared away by a cannon shot).

Difficult non-union (The teacher left the class, a hubbub immediately began).

When classifying proposals, all characteristics are indicated. For example: I'm reading a book. Sentence: narrative, non-exclamatory, two-part, common, complete, simple.

L. F. Berdnik

Interrogative sentences in modern Russian language

In studies on the syntax of the Russian language, interrogative imperative sentences are qualified as a special semantic type of interrogative statements. The similarity of interrogative and motivating sentences has been noted in the science of language for a long time; so, also F.F. Fortunatov, and after him A.M. Peshkovsky considered interrogative sentences as one of the varieties of incentive speech. In the book “Essays on the Theory of Syntax” (Voronezh, 1973) I.P. Raspopov speaks of a certain similarity between interrogative and incentive sentences: interrogative sentences also contain an expression of will, encouraging an answer. However, these and similar scattered remarks do not provide a holistic picture of the structural, semantic and stylistic features of interrogative-motivating constructions. In this article we will turn to the specifics of expressing motivation in the form of a question.

An interrogative sentence is already by its nature close to an incentive sentence, since it contains an expression of will, encouraging an answer, but this is an incentive to a special action - a speech one. Wed:

Where are you going? - Tell me where you are going.

What are you doing? - Tell me what you are doing.

The meaning of these sentences is interrogative. But in one case, this meaning receives a grammaticalized expression using an interrogative structure with a question word, and in the other, the question is expressed lexically - by a verb with the meaning of speech in the imperative mood. An incentive phrase like Tell me... can be substituted for almost any question. But the use of the incentive part is redundant, since the question, by its form, itself encourages the interlocutor to answer, although such “redundant” incentive-interrogative constructions occur quite often. They strengthen the question, emphasize it, and require a mandatory answer, for example:

- Tell me, Yakov, why are you knocking? - I asked. (Korolenko); - And like this,- says Mitriy Vasily, - answer truthfully: how many souls are you paying taxes for?(He is the same); - Well, tell me, you guys, how did you get the idea to repair the temple?- But how? No way. (V. Shukshin).

So, the meanings of a question and an incentive to action are very close, both of them relate to emotional-volitional language, therefore, under certain conditions, an interrogative sentence can encourage not a verbal, but an ordinary action (which, in fact, is what incentive statements are aimed at). The general condition for the appearance of an incentive meaning in an interrogative form is the breadth of the grammatical semantics of the interrogative sentence, its polysemy: the ability to have different meanings in different conditions. The potential ambiguity of interrogative sentences was pointed out in the works of A.M. Peshkovsky,

O. Espersen, A.I. Smirnitsky, N.I. Zhinkina, E.I. Schendels et al. In the meaning of an interrogative sentence, three semes are distinguished: the question seme, the message seme and the incentive seme (a seme is understood as the minimum element of grammatical meaning).

Particular conditions conducive to the appearance of the motivating seme in the form of a question are lexical content, context, situation and intonation. Therefore, the meaning of incentive is not realized by all structural elements in a sentence, but only by some with a certain lexical content, in a certain situation and with a special intonation. While maintaining the general meaning of the question, these constructions can also express a call to action. Let's consider the features of such proposals.

Both pronominal and non-pronominal interrogative sentences can have the meaning of an inducement to action.

In non-pronominal interrogative sentences, the meaning of incentive often arises in interrogative structures with a particle isn't it... which, as it were, frames the predicate expressed by modal verbs want, wish, be able, sometimes combined with a polite address to the listener You, explicitly or implicitly expressed, for example:

Here are the juicy slices! Would you like?(Mayakovsky); - Would you like,- he suddenly whispered to me, - Shall I introduce you to the first wit here?(Turgenev).

In addition to modal verbs, full-nominal verbs are also used in these constructions, for example:

Would you like some milk for the road?- said Yakov. (M. Gorky); Would you buy another piece of forest from me?(A.N. Ostrovsky).

The meaning of incentive can be expressed by infinitive interrogative sentences with a particle isn't...isn't it? At the same time, the motivating meaning is enhanced due to the interaction of the infinitive with the particle A at the beginning of the sentence and indicating the addressee in the dative case form of the 2nd person singular or plural pronoun:

Shouldn't we go warm up?(A.N. Tolstoy); Shouldn't we go have dinner?(M. Gorky); Listen, shouldn't you have another operation?(P. Nilin).

The incentive meaning is often found in non-pronominal interrogative sentences with modals May be (Maybe) in combination with perfective verbs and indicating the addressee. The addressee of speech is always recognizable from the context, even if it is not formally expressed. Usually such statements express a gentle request, advice, for example:

Maybe you're washing yourself from the road, dad?(G. Nikolaeva); Mmaybe we can discuss this issue?(V. Tendryakov); Maybe you could stand up and walk around a little? Let me take you around the hut.(V. Shukshin).

Pronominal interrogative sentences can also have a motivating meaning. Thus, the motivating meaning of advice contains infinitive sentences with question words why, why with a particle would, negation Not and the dative case of the addressee, for example:

Listen, my dear, why don’t you try performing on stage?(Kuprin); Then why don’t we try to look at everything that surrounds us, as they say, with a fresh look?(Com. Pravda. - 1977.

Usually in such sentences the perfect form of the verb predominates, which contributes to a softer expression of the impulse.

Interrogative sentences with pronouns What, which, as a rule, contain a negative particle Not, can express the meaning of an invitation, a proposal, for example:

Why don't you sit? I'll heat up the samovar.(K. Fedin); Why aren't you having fun... well?(L. Leonov).

In colloquial speech, the following invitation questions are often encountered: Why don't you come to us? Why don't you come?

Negative particles are often found in interrogative sentences. Not, which does not have a negative meaning, but, as it were, introduces new expressive shades into the semantics of incentives and actualizes the incentive meaning of the interrogative form.

The incentive meaning is manifested in infinitive interrogative sentences with pronominal phraseology What if, For example:

What if you try?(D. Granin); What if you call Krylov now?(He is the same); What if we go to Kuban, further away... far... far away.(M. Sholokhov).

In these constructions, the addressee is not formally expressed, but from the context it is clear that the impulse is addressed to the first person.

The main sign of motivation is the appeal to the addressee. The address of the impulse can be directed to the interlocutor (2nd person), to oneself (1st person), to the 3rd person, as well as to induce a joint action between the speaker and the interlocutor. Addressability is expressed in personal forms of pronouns and verbs.

In infinitive interrogative-motivative sentences, when the incentive is addressed to the 2nd person, an obligatory component of the structural diagram is an indication of the addressee in the dative case form of the 2nd person singular or plural pronoun.

When the impulse is addressed to oneself, the dative case of the addressee is absent.

What incentive meanings can interrogative-incentive sentences express and how do they differ from incentive statements themselves?

There are three main types of imperative meaning: a) categorical motivation with particular meanings of demand, order, command, instruction, prohibition; b) softened incentive with particular meanings of request, entreaty, persuasion, entreaty; c) the so-called “neutral” impulse, which is a transitional stage between a softened categorical impulse: advice, invitation, permission, warning. These shades of meaning cannot always be clearly distinguished, because intonation, context, situation, and lexical content play a big role. The same can be said about interrogative-motivating sentences. Moreover, in them the meaning of the question does not completely disappear, it seems to be relegated to the background, and its presence is manifested in the shades of the transmitted impulse: the impulse can be softer, informal, since the speaker does not know how his advice will be received, so this advice takes the form of interrogation: it is both advice and a question ( Why don't you go to the doctor?), invitation and question ( Maybe we'll go to the cinema?). Sometimes the speaker is unable to give advice or express another type of motivation due to the situation; in this case, the impulse also takes the form of a question ( Your Excellency, would you allow me to take you?- Kuprin). Thus, a soft incentive in the form of a question is used where the relationship between the interlocutors is unequal, where one interlocutor, for various reasons, cannot afford to express the incentive more categorically. This is one of the reasons for using interrogative and incentive sentences instead of actual incentive sentences.

On the other hand, some types of incentives in the interrogative form are more categorical than in the imperative sentence. This refers to the prohibition of an action, which in interrogative form comes close to a threat:

My aunt got tired of my walking around. - Will you give peace to the doors today? Well, sit down, take up the yarn.(Ch. Aitmatov).

In interrogative sentences expressing the prohibition of an action, there is a rethinking of the meanings of interrogative pronouns ( What in the meaning of “why”), violation of direct relationships and connections between words ( Will you give peace to the doors today?). This leads to the fact that the action, which is directly indicated by the verb, is thought of as undesirable and even prohibited by the speaker. Such a rethinking of the content of the statement is closely connected with a certain intonation, close to exclamation, with the peculiarities of lexical content. In these sentences the particle Not is absent, whereas in an incentive sentence the prohibition is usually expressed in the form of an imperfective verb with negation Not:

Don’t sing, beauty, in front of me you sing the songs of sad Georgia...(Pushkin).

So, interrogative sentences can have the meaning of a simple incentive (suggestion), request, advice, invitation to action, prohibition of action and cannot express the meaning of a call, instruction, order. Interrogative-motivating sentences are capable of expressing many particular meanings of all three types of motivation: categorical, neutral and softened, while the quality of the motivation changes: it either intensifies, becomes more rigid, categorical, or, conversely, softens.

Most often, an interrogative sentence has the meaning of a simple incentive to a specific action that is useful for the addressee. The meaning of an invitation comes close to this meaning, for example:

Some kvass, gentlemen, would you like?(Korolenko); Maybe you'd like to have breakfast with us?(Yu. Bondarev); -Will you come with me?- he suggested. - My brother lives here.(V. Shukshin).

Interrogative-motivating sentences with the meaning of a request are distinguished by the special delicacy of expressing a request, close to begging:

- Uncle, uncle...- Andrei Ivanovich said to the man behind him, - can you give us a lift?(Korolenko).

A hesitant request is expressed by non-pronominal structures with a modal word May be (Maybe):

I'm leaving. Maybe you can accompany me?(M. Gorky).

Interrogative sentences with the meaning of advice also express thoughts more delicately, unobtrusively. Advice is always justified and supported by context, for example:

- Why don’t you take this position?- asked Krylov. -You understand so well the need for self-sacrifice.(D. Granin).

Interrogative sentences often express the motivation for action of the speaker himself:

- Or maybe we should take a risk and try?- Captain Enakiev asked himself, twisting the stereoscope eyepieces over his eyes. (V. Kataev).

Interrogative-motivating sentences also express an incentive for joint action, which is also more relaxed, natural, informal compared to the impulse expressed by an incentive sentence:

Let's go together? Shall we dance?(V. Shukshin)

Offer- this is the basic syntactic unit containing a message about something, a question or an incentive. Unlike phrases a sentence has a grammatical basis consisting of the main members of the sentence (subject and predicate) or one of them .

Offer performs communicative function And characterized by intonation And semantic completeness . In a sentence, in addition to subordinate connections (coordination, control, adjacency), there can be a coordinating connection (between homogeneous members) and a predicative connection (between the subject and the predicate).

By the number of grammatical bases offersdivided into simple and complex . A simple sentence has one grammatical basis, a complex sentence consists of two or more simple sentences (predicative parts).

Simple sentence is a word or combination of words characterized by semantic and intonation completeness and the presence of one grammatical basis.
The classification of simple sentences in modern Russian can be carried out on various grounds.

Depending on the purpose of the statement offers are divided into narrative , interrogative And incentive .

Declarative sentences contain a message about any affirmed or denied fact, phenomenon, event, etc. or a description of them.

For example: And it’s boring, and sad, and there’s no one to give a hand in a moment of spiritual adversity.(Lermontov). I'll be there at five o'clock.

Interrogative sentences contain a question. Among them are:

A) actually interrogative : What did you write here? What it is?(Ilf and Petrov);
b) rhetorical questions (i.e. not requiring a response): Why are you, my old lady, silent at the window?? (Pushkin).

Incentive offers express various shades of expression of will (inducement to action): order, request, call, prayer, advice, warning, protest, threat, consent, permission, etc.

For example :Well, go to sleep! This is adult talk, none of your business(Tendryakov); Quicker! Well!(Paustovsky); Russia! Rise and rise up! Thunder, the general voice of delight!..(Pushkin).

Narrative, interrogative And incentive offers differ both in form (they use different inflections of the verb, there are special words - interrogative pronouns, motivating particles), and in intonation.

Compare:
He will come.
He will come? Will he come? When will he arrive?
Let him come.

Simple in emotional tone proposals are divided on exclamation marks And non-exclamatory .

exclamation point called offer emotionally charged, pronounced with a special intonation.

For example: No, look what a moon it is!.. Oh, how lovely!(L. Tolstoy).
All functional types of sentences (narrative, interrogative, imperative) can be exclamatory.

According to the nature of the grammatical basis, articulated proposals are divided on two-part when the grammatical basis includes both subject and predicate,

For example: A lonely sail is white in the blue fog of the sea!(Lermontov), and one-piece when the grammatical basis of sentences is formed by one main member,

For example: I'm sitting behind bars in a damp dungeon(Pushkin).

According to the presence or absence of minor members, simple offers can be common And uncommon .

Common is a sentence that, along with the main ones, has secondary members of the sentence. For example: How sweet is my sadness in the spring!(Bunin).

Uncommon a sentence consisting only of main members is considered. For example: Life is empty, crazy and bottomless!(Block).

Depending on the completeness of the grammatical structure offers can be full And incomplete . IN complete sentences All members of the sentence necessary for this structure are presented verbally: Work awakens creative powers in a person(L. Tolstoy), and in incomplete certain members of the sentence (main or secondary) necessary to understand the meaning of the sentence are missing. The missing members of the sentence are restored from the context or from the situation. For example: Prepare a sleigh in summer and a cart in winter(proverb); Tea? - I'll have half a cup.

Simple sentence may have syntactic elements that complicate its structure. Such elements include isolated members of a sentence, homogeneous members, introductory and plug-in constructions, and appeals. By the presence/absence of complicating syntactic elements simple sentences are divided into complicated And uncomplicated .