Types and forms of the social revolution. The role of the social revolution in the development of society

40. Social revolution and its role in public development. Revolutionary situation and political crisis in society

The central role in the Marxist philosophy of historical materialism plays the theory of social revolution.

The theory of the social revolution in Marxism is based on the dialectical law of the transition of quantitative changes to high-quality, which (transition) occurs with a jump.

In translating to social being, historical materialism sees the effect of this law in the fact that the evolutionary development of society at a stage should be revolutionary in nature, the rapid change in all of its parties, and calls it the "social revolution".

Thus, the social revolution means sharp, compressed indigenous qualitative changes in the society as a whole, during which the old order is denied new order.

The social revolution is a complex negation process, in which:

It is destroyed by everything that has learned in society;

Continuity is maintained between the new and old states of the Company;

Elements appear, which were not in the old, denied state of society.

Social revolution, thus, like any denial, it is a permit of some contradiction.

In the social revolution is not allowed not any, but the main contradiction of any public system is a contradiction between its productive forces and production relations.

At a certain stage of its development, the productive forces of society come in contradiction with existing production relations. When, as a result of this contradiction, production relations turn into shackles for seeking developing productive forces, comes epoch of the social revolutionwhich solving the main contradiction changes, primarily, economic bases of societythat is, changes the basis of the socio-economic formation.

With a change in the economic basis of society, that is with a change in Basismore or less fast there is a coup in the whole huge superstructure of the social and economic formation.

Ultimately, the Social Revolution is a combination of the carband of material production, and the coup of the ideological, taking place in the political, religious, artistic, philosophical and other areas of life, where people are aware of the social conflict and fight for its permission.

If we consider the course of human history, then social revolutions are the most important stages of social development, which not only separate one social and economic formation from the other, but also maintain the continuity of historical movement. Without the social revolution, there would be no historical movement, since no socially economic formation without it could not take place the preceding formation.

Social revolutions, therefore, can be called the expression of the essence of the natural and historical process of the development of society. Being, on Marx, inevitable, social revolutions are the law of history, its "locomotives" And ensure the change of one social and economic formation of another, more progressive, in the following order:

- primitive purchase system;

- slave-ownership;

- feudal system;

- capitalism;

- Communism.

Despite all the dissimilarity and specificity of social revolutions for different countries and for different historical eras, they always have repetitive essential features and processes.

This repeatability is found in the fact that the root breakage of the old formation always has its origins in exacerbation of contradictions between the productive forces and the production relations of this society. Therefore, the social revolution flows in the form of class struggle and in general, the social revolution is the highest stage in the development of class struggle, which has come down to the greatest fierce.

During the social revolution, the issue of power, and therefore the social revolution testifies, primarily, on the political crisis of this public systemSince the political sustainability of any society is expressed in the sustainability of its power.

It is the political crisis of societyif it goes into the crisis of power and is accompanied by an economic and social crisis, indicates the emergence of a revolutionary situation In society, that is, the emergence of conditions forming the possibility of the social revolution.

A briefly revolutionary situation can be called a nationwide crisis, which, on the development of Lenin, characterized by the following main signs:

1. The inability to maintain their dominance for dominant classes is unchanged. That is, "the tops can no longer", although they want to live in the old.

2. The exacerbation is higher than the usual degree of need and disasters of oppressed classes. That is, "the bottoms no longer want" to live in old, because they cannot.

3. Significant increase in masses, leading to their independent historical performance.

For the victory of the social revolution, only the presence of a revolutionary situation is not enough. It is also necessary to To these objective prerequisites for the social revolution subjective prerequisites joined:

- the ability of mass to bold, dedicated struggle and

- availability of an experienced revolutionary partyproviding the right strategic and tactical management of the struggle of the mass.

Major terms

BASIS (Marxism ) - A combination of conditions that make up the economic basis of the structure of society.

Historical materialism - Marxist doctrine on the patterns of the historical development of society.

CAPITALISM - A society in which property determining the social status and influence on power is industrial and financial capital.

CLASS STRUGGLE - an irreconcilable clash of classes.

COMMUNISM (in Marxism) - Calculating capitalism classless formation based on social ownership of the means of production.

Superstructure (Marxism) is a set of spiritual culture, public relations and social institutions of society.

Social and economic formation - A certain, historically established type of society based on a particular method of production.

NEGATION (dialectics ) - The transition of the old one with the preservation of all the best of the old.

Political crisis - The state of a nationwide conflict, accompanied by the power powerlessness to carry out the management of society.

Productive forces - A combination of workers used in the production of workers, technologies, transport, premises, labor items, etc., and people like carriers of knowledge, skills, skills, production experience.

RELATIONS OF PRODUCTION - Relationships of people in the production process.

CONTRADICTION - The moment of permanent confrontative interaction of opposites.

Slave-owned construction - Society in which slaves are the main economic property.

THE REVOLUTION - Full and sudden cardinal coup in the state and public apparatus.

Jump - The process of indigenous change in cash quality and the birth of new quality as a result of accumulation of quantitative changes.

Social revolution - sharp, squeezed indigenous qualitative changes in society as a whole.

Fodal Stroy - Society, in which property defining social status and influence on power is the Earth and the people attached to it.

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With the occurrence of classes and class struggles in the history of society, such a phenomenon as a social revolution is included. The revolution is the highest and most acute form of the struggle of progressive classes against the surrounding and braking social development of public relations and their carriers - reaction classes and social groups. Since the existence of classes and the struggle between them are objective and legiturated, the social revolutions are also objective and natural.

Social revolution means a fundamental qualitative coup in the development of society. All classes and social groups existing in this society are drawn into its whirlpool, hundreds of thousands and millions of people who defend their indigenous interests. That is why in the area of \u200b\u200bthe theory so many different views on revolution issues, so acute and irreconcilable in the struggle between those who justify the right to the revolution, and those who denied this right. That is why it is so important with the scientific and political points of view to understand all those complex and politically acute problems that relate to the theory of social revolution.

Social Revolution is a fundamental qualitative change in the social system, the transition from one socio-economic formation to another, higher.

In the economy, the social revolution eliminates old industrial relations, the old form of ownership of guns and means of production and creates new production relations, a new economy system, which has much higher incentives and the pace of development than the previous one.

In the sphere of social relations to replace the same class, the "head" of the old affairs of the economy comes a new class, which grows and develops, while the overthrown class loses its strength and gradually comes off from historical arena. One

the man's operation form is replaced by another, more disguised and sophisticated, or in general the operation of people is canceled, as is the case with the socialist revolution.

F. Engels said: "... the revolution is the highest act of politics ..." 1 The main issue of any revolution is the issue of state power, and its decisive sign is the transition of political power from the hands of the oppressed, reaction class in the hands of the most advanced, progressive class . "Transition of state power from the hands of one in the hands of another classthere is the first, the main, the main feature revolutionboth in strictly scientific and in the practical political significance of this concept "2," wrote V. I. Lenin. We are talking about the class, and not about the narrow group of conspirators. Otherwise, we can only talk about the topive coup, and not about the actual revolution. If the revolutionary class cannot immediately consolidate his victory and it temporarily loses the political power, which the exploitative class is again seized, then there is a counter-revolution, the restoration of old orders.

Significant changes occur during the revolution and in an ideological superstructure. Ideological training and substantiation of the revolution The progressive class in the face of its ideologues is beginning long before the political coup. The revolution embodies the idea and theory of this class in reality; They become dominant. Old ideas and theories are either abolished or modified and used in accordance with the interests and needs of the new dominant class.

The objective basis and, consequently, the pattern of revolution is rooted in the very development of material production, in those contradictions and conflicts that grow in the depths of the revolutionary society. This is primarily conflict between new productive forces and opposite, outdated production relations, restraining the development of production. K. Marx stressed that at a certain stage, these relations from the forms of production of production turn into its shackles, then the era of the social revolution comes. This major contradiction acts as the main cause of the social revolution. It, this contradiction, finds its manifestation in the antagonism of the interests of the basic classes of society and in their struggle for the possession of political power.

1 Marx K., Engels F.Cit., T. 17, p. 421.

2 Lenin V. I.Poly. Cathedral Op, t. 31, p. 133.

The conflict between the productive forces and production relations, the entire political and legal superstructure of the Company can be resolved only by the social "revolution. Therefore, the views of many non-Marxist ideologues of the West are untenable, which believe that indigenous socio-political transformations in modern conditions can be carried out by gradual, slow changes. existing system, by reform.

Revolutions differ in their nature and driving forces. The nature of the revolution is determined by what goals and objectives it puts, what production and political relations it eliminates and for the development of which the promotion creates, how widely the masses take part in it. The driving forces of revolution are those classes and social groups that carry out a revolution, fight for the elimination of the political power of the reaction classes. If the widespread masses of workers take part in the revolutionary struggle, such revolutions are qualified as folk, democratic revolutions.

Depending on the nature and driving forces, the following types of revolutions differ. "

The bourgeois revolution is a revolution aimed against the feudal order, aimed at eliminating feudal production relations, to deprive the feudal political power, to ensure the victory of bourgeois production relations, to establish the power of the bourgeoisie. The class of the bourgeoisie performed the leading force of this revolution. It took part in it already arising, but also, politically weak proletariat. The feudal system was pushed by natural peasant riots and uprisings. The bourgeois revolutions did not wear a truly massive nature, because the root goals of the bourgeoisie were mainly alien to the workers, since it was replaced by another form of exploitation of a person.

The bourgeois-democratic revolution is the revolution of the epoch, which has already begun to identify the historical limitations of the bourgeois society. And although she pursued the same goal as any bourgeois revolution, that is, the elimination of feudal and the establishment of bourgeois orders, the wide participation of the masses in it, their demands imposed their imprints on it. This is a revolution, decisively and consistently breaking the talked orders, in some cases going on

1 We are not talking here about revolutions that led to the elimination of primitive-free and slave-owned formations. Although the transition from them was not a simple evolutionary process, yet the revolutionary processes were not manifested in its pure form.

the formal proclamation of bourgeois slogans, leading during the struggle working masses to understand the need for a socialist revolution.

The Democratic Revolution is a revolution carried out within the framework of the modern era of the transition from capitalism to socialism, during which the transition from feudal-bourgeois relations to the relations of mixed type, when, along with state property, has a private property limited by law. Political power goes into the hands of democratic sectors of society: small bourgeoisie, intelligentsia, representatives of the working class and the peasantry. There is no dictatorship of the proletariat, but such a revolution can grow into a socialist revolution.

A distinctive feature of the national liberation revolution is the struggle against imperialist colonialists, for national freedom and independence. After liberation from colonial slavery, the development of a country, depending on which internal forces, won the top, can go either along the path of development of capitalism, or on a non-capitalist path. In the latter case, the national liberation revolution can turn into a democratic, and then ultimately into the socialist revolution.

The Socialist Revolution is the highest type of revolution, during which the transition from capitalism to socialism is carried out. The Socialist Revolution eliminates the capitalist private property and the person related to the human exploitation system. It transmits political power to the hand of the working class, approves the dictatorship of the proletariat. It corresponds to the indigenous interests of all other workers of classes and layers, because of which all classes and social groups participate in it, which voted and exploited the class of capitalists. It wakes up a huge creative energy of the workers and directs it to the construction of a new, socialist society. It creates all the necessary conditions for the free development of each person, for creative labor and creation for the benefit of the entire people. The Great October Socialist Revolution became the first such victorious revolution, which marked the beginning of a new era in the development of humanity - the epoch of the transition from capitalism to socialism on a global scale.

The enormous world-historical case of the socialist revolution cannot be carried out without the Communist Party, which is the organizer, the inspirer and the head of the working people in the revolutionary struggle and in the process of the creation of a new society.

The socialist revolution is not only the highest, but also the last type of revolution, for it eliminates all forms of class antagonism, all forms of oppression of man by man. With the achievement of such a stage, social development is no longer in the form of political revolutions, but in the form of a planned, progress of all areas of the life of a new society.

Social revolution means deep coup in the socio-political, economic and spiritual life of society, when the transition from one social and economic formation is carried out primarily to another, more progressive. The revolution is a public progress engine: this and destruction and creativity, it marks the beginning of a new period of history that requires new thoughts, feelings, songs and singers. It is the essence of the historical necessity, rooting in the economic life of society. The very deep cause of social revolutions is a conflict between productive forces and production relations. It is the so-called economic basis of the revolution.

The fact that social revolutions are not accidental, but a natural phenomenon, with an objective necessity arising from the development

production, does not mean that they occur automatically. For their accomplishment, objective and subjective prerequisites are needed. Objective contradictions in the production method are manifested in a fierce struggle of progressive and reaction classes. Class struggle is the political basis of the revolution. Subjective The form of expression of this struggle is the collision of class interests, aspirations, ideas. The social revolution is the highest form of class struggle oppressed. The combination of objective conditions expressing the economic and political crisis of society creates revolutionary situation. For the revolutionary situation, the following signs are characterized: "The inability for the prevailing classes to preserve their dominance is in the constant form; A particular crisis of "tops", the crisis of the policy of the dominant class, which creates a crack, into which discontent and indignation of oppressed classes breaks through. For the occurrence of the revolution, it is usually not enough for "the bottoms do not want," and it is also required that "the tops could not" live in an old ... exacerbation, higher than the usual, needs and disasters of oppressed classes ... a significant increase ... the activity of the masses, in " peaceful "era giving themselves robbery calmly, and in the turbulent times attracted, as the entire situation of the crisis, so the "tops", To an independent historical performance. Without these objective changes, independent of the will not only individual groups and parties, but also of individual classes, the revolution - as a general rule - is impossible "1.

But not any revolutionary situation leads to the revolution. The revolutions flas out only when subjective and subjective conditions are joined to objective conditions. The subjective factor includes the will to the struggle, the skillful organization of this struggle, the consciousness of its participants, the understanding of the goals and objectives of the struggle, the determination of struggling classes to bring the fight to the end. In the presence of objective prerequisites, the subjective factor becomes crucial: the old government does not "fall, if you don't drop it."

Driving forces The revolutions are those social groups and classes that blood is interested in breaking the old orders in the construction of new and which they make a revolution. One of these classes plays a particularly active role: he is fond of all others participating in the revolution classes and social groups.

If, in relatively peaceful periods of history, the masses are as if for the scenes of politics, staying in Sos-

1 Lenin V. I.. Full Cathedral cit., t. 26, p. 218-219.

toyania "historical hibernation", then, in the midst of revolutionary events, people rose to the forefront of world history and acts as the Creator of the New.

The main issue of any revolution is the question of state power. When the fire of the revolution flared up, the flame is primarily directed against the main guardian of the old world - the state. "Transition of state power from the hands of one in the hands of another class There is the first, the main, the main feature revolution both in strictly scientific and in the practical significance of this concept "1. Taking into account political power, new classes engaged in the revolution, reorganize the entire mechanism of socio-political life of society: new organs of the revolution are born in her own fire. The capture of power revolutionary forces is the act of implementing the political revolution. This is a revolution in the narrow sense of the word. The concept of social revolution in a broad sense is, as already mentioned, the fundamental transformations of all areas of public life.

Social revolutions are peculiar to different measure of spontaneity and consciousness. In the process of transition from the primitive-free system, to the slave-owned, and from it - to the feudal revolution, it was carried out mainly spontaneously and were expressed in individual, as a rule, local mass movements and uprisings. The bourgeois revolutions that broke the foundations of feudalism acquire a more informed, organized in nature: the conscious activity of political parties and organizations that have among their prerequisites and a certain ideology plays an increasingly role. The principle of consciousness rises to the highest level in the era of socialist revolutions committed as theoretically, tactically and strategically reasonable, legitar than the social process of transition from capitalism to socialism.

The social revolution is fundamentally different from social reform: the latter is directed, as a rule, only on partial transformations as part of the existence of a given system. "But this opposite is not absolute, this face is not dead, but a living, movable face that you need to be able to determine in each separate case" 2. History experience shows that reforms are not contraindicated by social progress.

1 Lenin V. I.. Full Cathedral cit., t. 31, p. 133.

2 there, t. 20, p. 167.

Types of social revolutions

The type of social revolution is determined by what socio-political contradictions it permits which social system will leave and what anew. This content expresses an understanding of the revolution in the broad sense of the word - as a transition from one qualitative state of society to another (which is performed as by the armed actions of the masses, and it is not necessarily by this way, but as a cumulative result of the action of multi-solid social life factors). Such a type of revolutions can be attributed, for example, the transition of society from slavery to feudalism, from feudalism to capitalism, that is, in general, the transition from one social and economic formation to another. Thus, the social revolution was the transition from slavery to feudalism as a result of the permission of the internal contradictions of the slave-ownership method of production, although he did not have the nature of the political revolution.

A fundamentally different type is revolutions in which socio-political motives play a leading role. These revolutions also contribute to the change of one social and economic formation of the other, but they are carried out by violent actions of the same class against the other. And these actions are carried out on the basis of the theoretical program that puts forward certain socio-political goals and ideals. Such type can be attributed to the bourgeois and socialist revolution. The special type of social revolutions contributing to the implementation of both mentioned revolutions in the final score should be attributed to the revolution, affecting one or another separate sphere of public life. This includes scientific and technical, cultural revolutions, etc. All of them are the necessary components of the specified types of revolution.

The highest type of revolution is a socialist revolution, which is intended to be indigenous transformation of society in the interests of workers. It differs from the preceding social revolutions by the fact that if the previous revolutions were limited to a change in political power, bringing it in line with the already emerged new economic relations, the socialist revolution was primarily characterized by the creative start: its higher appointment - the statement of social ownership of the means of production, socialist production relationship. If the previous revolutions led to the approval of private ownership in one form or another, not seeking to complete the destruction of operation, the socialist

volulation is aimed primarily against all human exploitation by a person, against all forms of private ownership of the means of production. Such a radical fracture in the history of mankind became the Great October Socialist Revolution. The socialist revolution, like no other, suggests a one-time act of overthrowing the old and approval of the new political power, and a very long period of revolutionary transformations in all spheres of society.

Perestroika as a special form of revolutionary transformation of our society

The revolution itself does not create a new society, but creates only the possibilities for its construction. The embodiment of these opportunities in reality depends on real forces, funds, both objective and subjective factors, so the implementation of the planned plans does not mean their automatic implementation.

The principles of socialism themselves are not formal, but the real possibilities of further public progress. Since any social opportunities can turn into reality only through the social and historical practice of people, they turn out to be extremely sensitive to the impact of the subjective factor. It is precisely, first of all this factor, the full use of the opportunities that had the opportunities in the very nature of socialism did not have been implemented. In the conditions of socialist construction, the lack of timely transformation of real capabilities in reality leads to the fact that opportunities, if so to speak, change their status: from real, they turn into formal. And as a result, in the public development, an unfavorable braking mechanism is developing, which leads to both different kind of negative phenomena in various spheres of public life and the deformation of public psychology, moral climate in society, to the emergence of elements of social degradation. Thus, dialectic capabilities and reality turns out to be an abstract theoretical law, but specifically the current principle of the development of society. Accumulated quantity unfavorable and destructive for society of the phenomenon and trends in the end to such quality The state of the entire public organism, which turned out to be unsatisfactory and partly even a detrimental.

Under these conditions, it became necessary for the restructuring of public life, which, since we are talking about the qualitative transformation of society, it is equal in nature to the revolutionary process. And there is no alternative to this revolutionary process.

It would seem that at the present stage it can only be about some reforms, and not about the revolution. Of course, the current stage of transformations is not a socio-political revolution, when the foundations of the economic relations of the old building are destroyed and a new political power is established. In this case, it is not about the destruction of social ownership of the means of production, but about its all-time strengthening and effective use, not about the layer of state power, but on the further strengthening of the socialist democracy and the development of national self-government. In other words, in this case, revolutionary transformations are mainly related to strengthening and creating.

The revolution, as already mentioned, is not a one-time act, but the prolonged process of indigenous transformations in all spheres of public life. The specific feature of the socialist revolution is that it contains deep in itself critical The beginning, allowing you to critically evaluate the created on any stage of the development of society and, if necessary, eliminate all unwanted, alter or strengthen certain sides of the new. This specific feature of the socialist revolution associated with its positive, creative force, K. Marx described in the work "The Eighteenth Louis Louis Bonaparte", characterizing socialist revolutions as such that "constantly criticize themselves ... Return to what it seems already performed, In order to start it again with Syznov, with a merciless thoroughness, halfness, weaknesses and the disrepair of their first attempts ... "1.

We have repeatedly said that a person is a subject of history, with a specific subject, that is, that at the same time acts and its object. Therefore, when it comes to restructuring, it is clear that no one else, as a person himself, is put forward to the very center of her. Therefore, everyone should realize this with maximum clarity and discriminativeness and approach this extremely subtle and complicated case with the maximum degree of responsibility. Objectively, a person's life is contradictory in that, that he always strives for a new one, but at the same time he is captured by the established obsolete stereotypes. And therefore, the difficulty lies in the conscious refusal of these stereotypes, that is, in a constant struggle with himself, which requires the development of dialectically flexible thinking, independence and imperfectness of the mind and the concentration of will. For there is no revolution without revolutionaries.

1 Marx K., Engels F. Cit., T. 8, p. 123.

Chapter XII.
Social sphere of public life

Reformists deny or induct the progressive importance of social revolutions, argue that the social revolution as a form of social development is ineffective and barren, is associated with the colossal "costs" that it is inferior in all respects to evolutionary forms of development. This statement is not consistent with the real history.

The centuries-old experience convincingly proved that revolutions are a powerful engine of historical development. Revolutions are locomotives of history, mighty engines of public and political progress.

The great historical role of social revolutions is that they eliminate obstacles and remove the paths for social movement. Social revolutions eliminate the old basis and an old superstructure that delay the development of the Company's productive forces. They are exposed and eradicated by the contradictions of an old, who has taught a social system, awaken the wide masses to independent creative activity, unleash their activity. During the revolutions, the volume and content of social creativity is much expanding.

As a general opinion, the revolution is a holiday of democratic forces. Never of the people of the people cannot act as an active Creator of new social orders, as during the revolution. At such times, people are capable of miracles. The revolution is a radical breakdown of the economic and socio-political system with an accelerated, jump-like movement along the path of progress.

To fully understand the role of the social revolution in the development of society, it is also necessary to consider the relationship between the revolution and reform. Reforms are called such social changes that do not take away political power in the state from the hands of the old dominant class, And reduce to high-quality transformations in certain sectors of public life. They can wear an economic, political, legal, religious and other character, but do not attend political power.

Opponents of the revolution consider reforms as an end in itself as salvation from the revolution, trying to distract workers from class struggle by reform. Revolutionaries believe that the reforms of the NA are eliminating social contradictions, but only temporarily soften and make their decision. However, it would be mistaken to think that the revolutionary class completely denies the use of reforms. In the conditions of capitalism, postcalism and post-socialism of reform are used by the advanced layers of society as a by-product of a democratic struggle, as a measure for the development and expansion of this struggle.

Reforms always have a dual nature. On the one hand, they improve the position of the working classes, and on the other, they serve as a means to prevent and repay their revolutionary struggle. The reform is a concession that the ruling classes make to delay, weaken or glue the revolutionary struggle to crush the strength and energy of revolutionary classes, etc. Therefore, progressive forces do not reject the reforms, at least minorly improving the situation of the masses, but simultaneously indicate their limitation and failure, on the need for revolution. The whole thing of the struggle for positive reforms should be subordinated to the ultimate goal of the fight for freedom and democracy.

The concept of social revolution opposes the concept of counter-revolution. Counter-revolution is an attempt or the restoration process of the power of the reactionary class and old socio-economic orders. According to its objective content, counter-revolution is always regressive. She delays development and prevents public progress. The confrontation of the revolution and counter-revolution is the objective law of the class struggle in the era of the transition from one social and economic formation to another. This is explained by the fact that the dominant classes never give up voluntarily to their power, have a stubborn resistance to a new building.

With counterrevolution, the reactionary forces take the top and the revolution tolerate defeat. So it was the case with the bourgeois resolution revolution in 1848 in Germany, the Paris Communication 1871, the democratic revolution of 1936 in Spain, the liquidation of socialism in Russia in 1991-1999, other European and Asian countries.

Counter-revolution resorts to various forms of struggle and subversive actions: armed speeches, civil wars, meatters, conspiracies, sabotage, sabotage, foreign intervention, blockade, etc. The decisive victory of the new building deprives the counterrevolution of forces for open resistance, and it takes more hidden, disguised forms.

The danger of counter-revolutionary activity increases at the moments of relative equilibrium of class forces - when revolutionary classes cannot yet take their own hands in their own hands and to win a decisive victory, and the dominant classes are no longer able to keep control over the development of events. At such moments, the fight is sharpened. Counter-revolution is activated, uses the power levers, economic positions and influence, the means of information in order to stop the revolutionary process, turn it back.

If the counter-revolution does not meet a decisive essay, it is activated, seeks to use the instability of the political situation in its own interests. Only constant preservation of the initiative in the hands of the revolutionary forces, their cohesion and organizedness make it possible to stop counterrevolution, impose a struggle in those areas and in such forms that meet the interests of the further development of the revolution and condemn the response to defeat.

The social base of counter-revolution is, first of all, reactionary classes and layers, losing power, income, privileges as a result of the revolution. They act as inspirations and organizers of counter-revolution. Numerically, these classes and layers constitute a minor minority of society. Therefore, in order to resist the revolution, they need more or less broad support.

To this end, the counter-revolution seeks to split into the ranks of oppressed classes by any means, including deception, blackmail, slander, demagogy. She is trying to attract politically backward and oscillating segments of the population, to raise them to the avant-garde of revolutionary classes. So, during the French bourgeois revolution, 1789, the feudal reaction used in the counter-revolutionary purposes the darkness and ignorance of the peasants of the province of Wanda. In Russia, at the time of B. II. Yeltsin (last decade of the XX century) The counter-revolutionary forces involved the desire for the enrichment of the party-Komsomol bureaucracy, "Cechovikov", criminal elements.

Social soil to disseminate counter-revolutionary sentiments can be some layers of small bourgeoisie, which during periods of exacerbation of class struggle "fluctuates" between revolution and counter-revolution. Counter-revolution uses the errors of the revolutionary forces, as well as the extremist actions of levatsky groups in order to scare away from the revolution of those or other segments of the population. Ultraless adventurers, juggling revolutionary phraseology, are objectively accomplices of counter-revolution.

In the world historical perspective, counter-revolution is doomed. It is always temporary, transient, can not stop the progressive movement of society. However, it is capable of detaining public progress, call zigzags and deviations in development.

Counterrevolution, as a rule, is accompanied by a cruel terror. This is clearly indicated by the bloody massacres of Versailles after the fall of the Paris Commune, the massive executions of the workers after the defeat of the Russian bourgeois-democratic revolution 1905-1907, White Terror, following the suppression of the Hungarian Soviet Republic in 1919, the tragedy of the Chilean Revolution in 1974 and .

The need to curb the activities of counter-revolutionary forces causes one of the most important laws of the social revolution. "Any revolution, - According to V. I. Lenin, - only then something worth it if she knows how to defend". To overcome the opponent trends in the development of the social revolution and bring it to the end of the most important importance to the seventh stage - consolidation of its results. The objective tasks of this stage are reduced to the stabilization of the power of the advanced class, the implementation of the economic and social revolution program, the implementation of measures to protect its conquests from internal and external counter-revolution.

• Lenin V. I. Full Cathedral cit. T. 37. P. 122.

Social revolution - The most important stage in the public development, a radical coup in the life of society, meaning the violent lifting of the susceptible social building and the approval of a new, progressive public system. In contrast to the theorists of liberal bourgeoisie and opportunism, considering social revolutions as an accident or evasion of the "normal" path, Marxism-Leninism teaches that revolutions are a necessary, natural result of the development of class society.

The revolution is completed by the process of evolution, gradual maturation in the depths of the old social system of elements or prerequisites of a new social building, the process of gradual accumulation of contradictions between new and old. "At the well-known stage of its development, the material productive forces of society come in a contradiction with existing production relations, or what is only a legal expression of this - with the relationship of property within which they have still developed. Of the forms of development of productive forces, these relations turn into their shackles. Then the era of the social revolution comes "

Revolutions are allowed to contradict between new productive forces and old production relations, forcibly breaking the susceptible industrial relations and open the focus to the further development of productive forces. As a result of the revolutions, the requirements are carried out in the class society (see). In order for this law to break through the road, it is necessary to overcome the strongest resistance of the society of society.

In the class society, old industrial relations are fixed by their carriers - dominant classes that do not want to voluntarily leave the scene, and protect the existing states of state power, the development of the Company's productive forces. Therefore, in order to clear the path to further public development, the advanced classes of society must unsurgent the existing state system.

The main issue of any revolution is the issue of politics of the whole power. Transfer of power from the hands of the dominant reaction class, delaying the development of society, in the hands of the revolutionary class is carried out by the acute class struggle. The revolution is the highest form of the struggle of classes.

In the revolutionary epochs, the spontaneous process of the development of society is inferior to the place of conscious activities of people, peaceful development is replaced by a violent coup. Millionic masses that were standing aside from political life, rise to conscious struggle. That is why revolutionary epochs are always a huge acceleration of social development. Revolutions are the locomotives of history, pointed Marx. Social revolutions can not be mixed with the so-called "palace coups", "courses", etc. The latter means only a violent change in the government tip, shift in the power of individuals or groups of the same class, while the main sign of the social revolution is a coup In all (three societies, the transfer of power from the hands of one class in the hands of another class.

However, by any violent overthrow of one class, another can be called a revolution. If the reaction class is raised against the advanced class if the nearest again captures the reactionary dominant class, it is not a revolution, but a counter-revolution. The revolution also means the coming to power of the advanced, progressive class, which opens the way to further development of society.
the French revolution of 1789 had its task the destruction of the feudal structure, which the development of the productive forces and the clearing of the soil for the development of capitalist production relations that were expressed on the basis of these productive forces. She was a bourgeois revolution.

The same bourgeois revolutions were revolutions in a number of European countries in 1848-1849. The same goals were the revolution of 1905-07. and the February Revolution of 1917 in Russia. Their goal was to destroy the self-adjacent self-adjustment and eliminate the remnants of feudalism in the economy in order to clear the path for the further economic and political development of the country. But these revolutions committed in the conditions of the imperialist stage of capitalism were significantly different from the old bourgeois revolutions. Summarizing the new conditions in which the Russian bourgeois-democratic revolution occurred, Lenin developed a new installation of the Marxist Party on tactics in this revolution.

Lenin showed that, unlike old bourgeois revolutions, in which the bourgeoisie was governing force, in the new setting of Gegemon, the proletariat becomes the leading force of the bourgeois-democratic revolution. The hegemony of the proletariat means the leading role of the proletariat in the bourgeois-democratic revolution. The proletariat has its hegemony, conducting a policy of the Union with the peasantry and isolation of the liberal bourgeoisie. Lenin also developed a new installation on the relationship between the bourgeois-democratic revolution and the socialist revolution in the changed historical situation, justifies the theory of the outstanding of the bourgeois-democratic revolution in socialist.

The proletarian, socialist revolution is fundamentally different from all previous revolutions. She is the greatest among revolutions, well-known stories, because it makes the deepest changes in the life of peoples. All the revolutions of the past were, according to I. V. Stalin, one-bone revolutions, they led to a change of one form of operation of its other form. Only the proletarian revolution, which establishes the dictatorship of the proletariat - the most revolutionary class in the history of mankind, is able to destroy any human exploitation. A sample of the proletarian revolution is (see).
A social revolution that represents the deepest coup in public development cannot be performed at any time, according to the arbitrariness of a group of revolutionaries.

For it, certain objective conditions are needed, the totality of which Lenin called the revolutionary situation. "The main law of the revolution, confirmed by all revolutions and, in particular, by all three Russian revolutions in the 20th century, is this: for the revolution, it is not enough for the exploited and oppressed mass conscious in the impossibility of living in the old age and demanded changes; For the revolution, it is necessary that the exploiters cannot live and manage the old.