Course work: Russian and American filmmakers of the novel "Anna Karenina". Graduation work Students Marina Couches Introduction CHAPTER I

Criticism about the novel L. N. Tolstoy "Anna Karenina" 39

Conclusion 57.

List of references 61

Introduction

Relevance. Roman L.N. Tolstoy "Anna Karenina" is one of the most famous novels of Russian literature. He knows well not only in Russia - this work is one of the "business cards" of Russian art. According to the novel, about two dozen films, the performances on its basis play on the theater scenes of the whole world, there are musical and ballet "Anna Karenina".

If in the "war and the world", Lev Nikolayevich depicts us a picture of European humanity in his spontaneous movements and then gives the types of that time in a detailed development, of which everyone is like a generic concept, then in Anna Karenina, the artist gives us a picture of a private group People are random, with all their family flags. If, reading the "war and the world", you feel like a hill, contemplating the majestic panorama, on which the artist's skillful hand is in front of you in the wrestling proportion, and delicate hordes, and individuals, dear for you, with a deep mental life, but Nevertheless, as if twisted the cloud of the past, then in Anna Karenina, you feel a family hearth, a large Salon, a peasant hut with all its smallest details right in front of the eyes, and people depicted in this picture - people now with you Living (events in the novel were brought until the very last day of the current era), and therefore the author's power left, so to speak, in the development of those mental movements of human, of which the life of every person is being made, and therefore, and the whole mankind. "So wrote one of the nearest friends of Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy Pavel Ivanovich Biryukov.

"Anna Karenina" struck contemporaries "daily content of content." Extremely freedom, the discrepancy of the narration was surprisingly combined in this novel with the integrity of the author's artistic view of life. He performed here as an artist and thinker and the appointment of art saw "not to dispense the question to be indisputable, but to make life love in countless, never exhaust all its manifestations."

In the 70s, one mastted writer (apparently, Goncharov said Dostoevsky: "This thing is unheard of, this is the first thing. Who are we, from writers, can be poisoned with it? And in Europe - who will present at least something like that? " FM Dostoevsky found in the new novel of the thick "huge psychological development of the human soul", "terrible depth and strength" and, most importantly, "unprecedented accommodation we have a realism of an artistic image."

Time confirmed this high rating. From articles and books in all languages \u200b\u200bof the world dedicated to Anna Karenina, you can make a whole library. "I have called" Anna Karenina "without hesitation, the greatest social novel in all world literature," Thomas Mann wrote.

The relevance of appeal to the study of the plot-composite structure of the novel "Anna Karenina" is the possibility of opening new, deep layers (both in a substantial and formal terms) in the Great Roman L.N. Tolstoy. Its plot-composite structure is the most complex interweaving of ideas, heroes, peripetias, harmonious in their live misfortune. The term "plot-composite structure" itself is so wide that it allows to carry out various approaches to the analysis of the work, including those, from the point of view of which the novel "Anna Karenina" has not yet been considered or was considered partly.

The evolution of literary work on "Anne Karenina" - from the study B.V. Christmas, who has named the main directions of study of the composition "Anna Karenina", to E.G. Babayeva, who devoted to the novel, an extensive and versatile monograph, not to mention the many of the other rates of work, and did not exhaust the novel in his entire fullness, it allows you to hope for the discovery with the help of the new aspects of the scientific base in the study of the novel L.N. Tolstoy "Anna Karenina".

The value of the thickness novel consists not in the aesthetic value of individual paintings, but in the artistic completeness of the whole.

Methodological basis research. The basis of the study is the concept of specifics of the literary and critical activities of such writers and as F. M. Dostoevsky, M. Gorky, V.G. Korolenko, with. Route, Leontyev K. N., Ji. E. Obolensky, V. V. Veresev, B. A. Zhdanova, V. 3. Mountain, V. F. Asmus, JL D. Epubskaya, K. N. Lomunov, B. S. Meilakh, V. A. Zhdanov , E. E. Zaidenshunur. Researchers of the thick second half of the XX century N. K. Goodzii, K. N. Lomunov, E. A. Mimin, A. I. Shiffman, N. N. Ardens, L. D. Epubskaya, N. K. Gusev, B. M Eikenbaum, N. N. Ardens, X. Sh. Nalgiev, V. Ya. Kirpotin, E. Ji. Lozovskaya), I. S. Turgenev (N. P. Loschinin). New approaches to the study of the novel "Anna Karenina" were marked in the writings of such researchers as N. F. Yevova, K. N. Leontiev, D. Orvin, L. Kastler, M. G. Urtmintseva, E. V. Matsiak, A. Grodetskaya, I. V. Vysotskaya, N. V. Gureeva, N. O. Kirsanov, V. I. Sakharov, B. Lonnkvist, D. M. Shevtsova, Yu. Sato, A. M. Bulanov, V. N. Azbukin, T. D. Proskurin, O. V. Slivitskaya.

Unfortunately, as the analysis of numerous scientific research shows, in one degree or another devoted to the study of the Roman L. N. Tolstoy Anna Karenina, "there are no works containing a holistic description of the techniques of the antithesis principle.

purpose Studies: Note and explore the methods of structural constructing novel Anna Karenina, using the principle of antithesis.

Tasksresearch:

1. Consider the problem of the protagonist.

2. Examine the principle of antithesis in the composition of the novel.

3. Analyze the perception of the novel critics.

An object Research: Roman L.N. Tolstoy "Anna Karenina".

Subject The studies were those elements of the structure of the novel "Anna Karenina", which in the aggregate give an idea of \u200b\u200bthe principle of antithesis and its functional meaning in the structure of the novel.

Research methods. The paper uses comparative, historical and typological methods, methods of analysis, interpretation, systematization of generalization.

Scientific novelty Research is as follows: Theoretical, research parts and conclusions can be used when writing lecturing university courses on the history of Russian literature of the XIX century, special courses on the work of L. N. Tolstoy, as well as on literature lessons in high school.

Structure The final qualifying work is due to the goal of the tasks and problems of the study. The work consists of an introduction, three chapters: Chapter I.- The problem of the protagonist in the novel L. N. Tolstoy "Anna Karenina", Chapter II. - The principle of antithesis in the composition of the novel, chapter III.- Perception of the novel, conclusions for each chapter and imprisonment.

Chapter I. Problem's problem in Roman L.N. Tolstoy "Anna Karenina"

History of creating a novel "Anna Karenina"

Roman L.N. Tolstoy "Anna Karenina" is one of the most famous novels of Russian literature. After completing his epic about war and peace, the author continues to look for new topics for writing work. Tolstoy attracts pedagogy and he as a result of this, creates a "alphabet", as well as books to children for the original reading.

At the same time, the author is enjoys the creation of Roman times Peter I. Tolstoy thoroughly studies the original sources of historical time and writes a lot of text as options for the work. And then the author visited the impression - this often happens to writers. He suddenly passes to a completely different topic. This is the greatness of the Great - everything will throw everything and start first. Tolstoy began writing a novel, who later received its name - "Anna Karenina".

The work itself was written long enough, and the writer spent a lot of strength to create it. Since 1873 and in 1877, Tolstoy stubbornly and in one breath creates the story of the novel. The author initially intended to write is not a social novel of wide coverage, but a narrower, family romance. The topic of divorce, or rather, the moral conviction of the divorce, should have become central. The first sketch ("The mistress has just removed a sable coat ..."), does not have title. He concludes a rather developed novel scheme from start to junction. The names of the actors are as follows: Mikhail Mikhailovich and Tatiana Sergeeva Starovichi (future carpeurs), Ivan Balashov (future Alexey Vronsky). In the controversial of the finished novel in this first sketch, the husband gives consent to the divorce, and Tatyana Stavrovich comes marriage with Ivan Balashov. The new marriage turns out to be unhappy, and Tatiana cums suicide (rushes to the Neva). The second sketch, entitled "Well done Baba", the names and surnames of Heroes changed: they received the name of Karenina. The husband bears the name Alexey Alexandrovich, the future Anna is no longer Tatiana Sergeyevna, but Nastasya Arkadyevna, abbreviated by Nana; Future Vronsky-Alexey Gagin.

Later, the work had the name "two marriages", only then the name was changed, but the composition of the novel was preserved. Also, the parallel of the plan remained untouched, which was still initially: two plots - about Anna, about her unfortunate marriage, which later led to the tragedy; And about Levin, whose life turned out to be happy and successful. With whatever parties, do not approach this work, the images in the framework of a simple philistine does not fit. The decent family man Levin must enjoy life, and he suffers from a lack of love and caress, homemade hearth and coziness.

In our life, there are also people who are not sufficiently happiness. So Levin is trying to get the happiness that so much wishes, to fasten the string, pulling it for which he will find the way to universal happiness. Anna also lives in the same desire - get their own female happiness, and not painful thoughts, separation and shame. First, the reader finds out the main heroine as a sophisticated, respected and wise woman, but after new feelings came to life, she visits flour, which change it. But no matter how the image of Anna Karenina, we still love her.

Starting "Anna Karenina" with the words "all happy families are similar to each other, every unhappy family is unhappy in their own way," Tolstoy, as if finishing readers, that his attention in the novel will be addressed most of all on families unhappy. However, the history of the "happy family" Levin is also subject to detailed and in-depth research. In her example, Tolstoy convinces us that Konstantin Levin appears in front of us, from the storms of the century can not save the family, even if it is based on married happiness. Feeling "dissatisfaction with their activities and the vague hope of finding amendments to all this," he experienced the "sense of internal alarm and a close resolution."

In the chapters of the novel, saturated anxiety, expectations of "junctions", the developing parallel plot lines of Anna and Levin are most trained. To the thoughts about the disadvantages of those worlds; In which their life passes and their fate make up, leads to the analysis of the whole complex labyrinth of "clips", determining the relationship between the main characters with other actors of the novel, with their nearest medium. Relationships These are dramatic, and for Anna Karenina - tragic. Anna's marriage with Karenin was "arranged" to her aunt as a marriage by calculation. Anna became a man's wife who "his own life ... lived and worked in the areas of service, dealing with reflections of life." The decisive trait of the character of Karenina was that "every time he came across his life of his life, he pulled away from her." It could not happen to what happened: Doveless Anna went to meet life, left Karenina.

Far from the interests of genuine life and Graph Alexey Vronsky with his artificial "arrow rules" of a secular man. Not in vain, Levin is experiencing anxiety for Anna, thinking that "Vronsky does not fully understand it." It is not by chance that the first meetings of Anna and Vronsky are illuminated by the light of an imminent trouble. Returning from Betsy Tverskaya, where she saw with Vronsky, "Anna walked down his head and played the tasies of the Bolka. Her face glittered bright glitter; But this brilliance was not cheerful, he reminded the terrible shine of the fire among the dark night. "

The artificiality of the Karenin house in St. Petersburg and the house of Vronsky in his estate, the Valley's extractive noticed to any false dolly - Wife Stepana Arkadyevich Oblonsky, which the author of the novel calls the "immaculately moral woman."

From one artificial setting, Anna fell into another. In the scene of the night explanation with Dolly Anna, he tells her son Serya and Vronsky left: "Only these two creatures I love, and one excludes another. I can't connect them, but I need it one thing. And if this is not, it is still. Everything, anyway. And somehow end, and therefore I can't, I do not like to talk about it. So you do not blame me, do not judge me in anything. You can't with your purity to understand what I am suffering ... I do not stand contempt. I'm unhappy. If anyone is unhappy, so it is me, "she said, and, turning away from her, cried." Here, the words of the heroine of Tolstoy expressed the most important cause of the tragic hopelessness of its position. And here the attitude of Tolstoy to the collision is shown, allowing the heroine of the novel wanted, but could not. The Anna and Vronsky family, High-level dollars, considers the "wrong family" because it arose at the cost of destruction of the Karenina family. Not only carnine suffered, but also devoid of maternal care and pets of small seinelery. He cannot forget Anna, nor Vronsky on his unusual lipstick. "This child," says Tolstoy, - with his naive look at life was a compass that showed them the degree of their deviation from what they were downloaded, but did not want to know. "

In the final text of the novel, the image of its main heroine Woven from many and not only positive features. Anna is not an idealized, "blue" heroine of a family novel. She was a sharp, annoyed, picky and even unfair in their estimates who did not favor her people. She was a terrestrial, alive, passionate, fondant man. "... I'm living," she says about himself, I'm not guilty that God made me like that I need to love and live. " The only time having met with Anna, the insightful and sensitive Levin managed to understand the most important thing in it: "In addition to the mind, grace, beauty, there was a truthfulness. She did not want to hide all the severity of her position. "

From the very first lines in the novel "Anna Karenina", family thought appears to the reader in conflict and dramatic development. Prince Blond changed his wife. She, having learned about it, announced that he did not want to live with her husband in the same house. Further relationships of spouses are slightly settled. Against the background of the family conflict, the history of the main character is unfolding. The fate of Anna Karenina, the native sister of the Oblonovsky appears in the novel a series of disasters. Starting with a symbolic foresight (death under the train railway), the history of Anna Karenina is deployed as a chronicle of insane passion and predicted death. Vronsky appeared to her in the symbolic blizzard on the way back from Moscow to St. Petersburg. So began the story of invincible love, which led the heroine on the rails. Staying in the house of the unloved her husband, Karenin gets closer with Vronsky. Then she throws her husband and son at all and goes to Vronsky. Karenina seems to have gained new happiness. But this happiness is not real, it is ephemeral and asking as sand.

When Vronsky and Karenina, overcoming numerous obstacles (the jealousy of her husband, a dangerous disease, the Ostrakism of the Light), begin to live together, instead of love happiness Anna feels increasingly disbelief, distrust and indifference, which sometimes goes into jealousy. Vronsky wants to prove Anna that his love for her should not interfere with his freedom. But she needed his love. She wants him even more and pretended to her, dissolved in it, but the Vronsky opposite farther and further distinguishes from her.

The interchange of their connection was tragic and inevitable. The indifference of the feelings of the Vronsky led Anna to the station. At this station, the history of their love began, but also death under the wheels of the railway guard. Subconsciously remembering this death and autumn himself with the sign of Anna Karenina rushes under the wheels of the train and dying.

Why did the beautiful Anna died? Answers to this question were different, the most elementary answer - marital treason must be punished. Poet Nikolai Nekrasov, after reading the novel, wrote such verses:

Tolstoy, you proved with patience and talent,

that a woman should not "walk"

neither with a camera-junker, nor with a fligel administant,

when she is a wife and mother. "

But why did the fate punished only Anna, and her brother, an inclination of the Oblonsky - no? Tolstoy meets us with a formidable epithetoma at the beginning of the novel: "I am a mess and az we will repay." Thirty years later, after the publication of the novel, Tolstoy spoke about this epigraph more deployed: "That is bad, which makes a person, has its consequence, everything is bitter, which is not from people, but from God, and what has experienced Anna Karenina. Yes, I remember exactly what I wanted to express ... "

The second protagonist of the novel, which is the next, the more turns out to be in the foreground in the novel is Konstantin Lövin. In the Roman Loevin appears before Anna and the most important steps permanently after the death of Anna. Lawin, as Anna is striving for family happiness. Having lost failure in the first sentence to Kitty Shcherbatsky, he suffers and jealous. But family happiness is not a goal for him, but a condition for broader life tasks. In his search, Levin is experiencing three stages, which are somehow connected with rural labor, relations with liberated peasants and plans for the arrangement of Russia. He first strives for a common work with men, with undisguised curiosity and pleasure watches the life of a simple peasant family. But all this can not save him from the feeling of meaninglessness of life, which brings him to thoughts about suicide. Lawin can not understand why and why he lives. He was so close to suicide that he hid the lace at which he wanted to hang, and stopped walking with a gun so as not to shoot.

From the state of shocking Lyowin, laid a simple insight. One man in a conversation he said that people in the world were different. One lives for his need, another for the soul, also comes to God. After this conversation, Levinus embraced a joyful feeling. Thoughts, blinding with their light circled in his head.

Anna Karenina's gazing candle of life contrasts with a dazzling light of spiritual insight of Constantine Lövin. And on this acquisition of life in God, the ideal of good finishes Roman Tolstoy.

Syotanova Daria

The work is written by a student of grade 11 for a school scientific and practical conference.

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Introduction .................................................................................... .2.

Personal relations of the heroes of the novel .................................. 4

Parliament family ............................................................ 4
Levin family .......................................................................... ... 7
Family of the Oblonian ......................................................... .... 9

Life and position in society ................................................ .11

2.1. Parliament family ............................................................ .11

2.2. Levin family .......................................................................... ... 13

2.3. Family of the Blond ..........................................................................14

Conclusion .............................................................................. ..15

List of references used ..............................................16

Introduction

This work is devoted to the study of the "ideal of the family" L.N. Tolstoy. The relevance of this work is that in our time the "family question" is very acute. The novels are considered both young families and couples that have created their union over the years. This novel is valuable not only as an artistic work, but also as instruction to all people having their family.

The purpose of this work is to compare three families (Oblon, Karenina and Levin) and find the "ideal of the family" according to L.N. Tolstoy.

The object of study of this work will be the text of the novel Lion Nikolayevich Tolstoy "Anna Karenina", as well as diaries and writer's letters.

In accordance with the purpose of the goal, the following specific tasks are resolved:

1) to explore the life of each family;

2) consider the personal relationship of heroes in the family;

3) consider the situation of families in society;

This work consists of administration, two chapters, conclusion, a list of used literature. The following research methods will be used:

1) comparison, analogy

2) Request

3) Comparison

Lion Nikolayevich Tolstoy is one of the most significant Russian writers and thinkers. Member of the Defense of Sevastopol, Enlightenment, Publicist, at the end of life the founder of the new religious and moral teachings - hoodies. In the late 50s L.N. Tolstoy met with Sofia Andreevna Bar, the daughter of the Moscow doctor from the Ostsey Germans. He was walking the fourth ten, Sophia Andreevna was only 17 years old. It seemed to him that this difference was very great, his love would be unreserved, the marriage would be unhappy and sooner or later a young woman would love the other, also the young, like she herself. Based on the worried personal motive, he writes his first novel, "family happiness", in which the plot develops precisely on this path. In fact, Roman Tolstoy blocked completely differently. Three years, in my heart, our passion for Sofye in the heart, married her fat autumn, and his biggest fullness of family happiness had fallen into a share, which only happens on Earth. In the person of his wife, he found not only a faithful and devoted friend, but also an indispensable assistant in all matters, practical and literary. Seven times, she rewrite without the end of them reworkable, supplemented and corrected works, and a kind of transcript, that is, not finally argued, not addressed words and revisions under its experience in the decryption of this kind of hand, a clear and definite expression was often obtained. For Tolstoy, the brightest period of his life comes - the use of personal happiness, very significant thanks to the practicality of Sophia Andreevna, the material well-being, the greatest, easily given tension of literary creativity and in connection with him the unprecedented fame of the All-Russian, and then worldwide.

1. Personal relations of the heroes of the novel

1.1 Careline family

Anna Karenina is a secular married woman, as well as the mother of an eight-year-old son. Anna occupies a high position in society thanks to his husband. She lives, as well as all of her surroundings, ordinary secular life. But Anna is different from other secular people. She does not know how to hypocrite. Anna always feels false surroundings, and this feeling is intensifying after meeting with Vronsky.

Alexey Alexandrovich Karenin - Husband Heroine, a high-ranking St. Petersburg official. The main features of character - prudence, has the power of will. At the beginning of Roman, Alexey Alexandrovich Karenin - a successful official who constantly rises and firming his secular position. He is a very influential person, respected in society for decency, honesty, justice and hardworking.

The kartine family in the novel reveals the following type of relationship. The heroine of Roman Dolly recalls that she "didn't like their home; Something was false in the whole warehouse of their family life. " For Alexey Alexandrovich Karenina Family is a legal form of relationships. Karenin understands that he is powerless that "everything is against him and that he will not be allowed to do what it seemed so natural now and good, but will make it seem to be bad, but it seems to them." The opinion of people, the tradition of society turns out to be most significant for him, because this man lives a mind. Thus, the family life of Anna acquires a deeper meaning. It is already about the collision of the human soul.

Anna also compares her husband with a soulless mechanism, calls it a "angry machine". Karenin suffers from the treason of his wife, but somehow very peculiar, wanting to "devourge from the dirt that she spattered him in his fall, and continue to walk on his way of active, honest and useful life." Now he is hard and irreconcilable in the inner bonds, which were connected to them: "Without honor, without a heart, without religion, a spoiled woman! .. I was mistaken, tied my life with her ... I don't care about her." He lives the mind, not a heart. His hatred for Anna tells him the way of cruel ignition to her. Alexey Alexandrovich Karenin gives the main heroine with a hot friendly son of Seryozhey. Anna has to choose, and she does "step" to the Vronsky, but this is a very narrow way, he leads to the abyss. Anna does not want to change anything in his life, but she already made this "step". She comes along the chosen path, suffering and suffering. Anna is unable to solve these problems. She wants to get away from them. Just live happily: love and be loved

Karenin is not a "evil car", as in the gust of despair calls her husband Anna. Tolstoy shows his sincerity, humanity in the scene of reconciliation with his wife. Even Vronsky admits that in a minute of reconciliation, Karenin was "at an inaccessible height." After all, the relationship with Karenin to the hobby of Vronsky had soft, even, respectful, truly family relations, when two are trying to become one, live with experiences, joys and sorrows of the other - such relationships about which Vronsky dreams, and from which Anna is dreamed and sharply refuses: "Why are you, praising with your directness, do not tell the truth? "I never brag and never tell a lie," he said quietly, holding anger rising in him. "It's a sorry if you do not respect ..." Respect was invented to hide an empty place where love should be. And if you do not love me, it is better to say it better. " Relations with Vronsky are gradually glowing. Anna behaves like a jealous and passionate mistress who wants to keep a beloved man with you, to own them completely, to the end. Vronsky is alone trying to establish a family life, to behave with a carpentine as a reasonable, patient husband that Anna every time takes out: "In tenderness, she now saw the shade of calm, confidence that was not before and who were annoyed." Vronsky never manage to establish relations with Anna. He does not know how to behave with her in this situation.

The author himself condemns Anna not for the fact that she with all the courage of a strong and direct man challenged the society, and for the fact that she dreamed of sake of a personal feeling to destroy the family. By reading the head of the novel, dedicated to Anna, we see that the reasons for her actions lie not only in its proud character, but also in that social pressure on the heroine, which is connected by a woman in society. "Laws" of this company deprive Anna any independence. Vronsky saw it and tried to help the carina, but he did not work. And the helplessness of the Vronsky oppressed and angry Anna, but she also could not do anything. Her personal life collapsed, and the inner world collapsed with life.

1.2 Levina family

The ideal example of a family that the Vronsky is trying to create is the Levin and Kitty family.

Konstantin Levin - a landowner, lives in the village, leads a large farm. He seeks to form life, which is based on love, he believes in personal happiness and in the happiness of all people who surround it. Family for Levin is the deepest manifestation of feelings, which is only possible between people. The love of his life, Kitty, the girl chosen by him, depends on his fate. For Vronsky Kitty, who has not yet understood his love, just a girl he headed. He decides to make a proposal to Kiti Shcherbatskaya, but gets a refusal. This refusal deeply wounded it. After many sufferings and tests, fate reiterates him with Kitty. This time she took a proposal from Constantine and began preparations for the wedding.

Konstantin Levin - the embodiment of the Lion itself Nikolayevich Tolstoy. The surname itself, whom the writer pronounced with an emphasis on the letter "E", indicates a connection with the author, on autobiographical origins.

Kitty Shcherbatskaya - Princess, a beautiful young girl from a good family, the younger sister Dolly Blondsky. She is sweet and good. Count Vronsky begins to care for the girl, and she replies to him. At the same time, Konstantin Levin makes her an offer, and she refuses, not wanting to offend him, as it does not feel attaching to him. Soon the Vronsky leaves, and without making the Kitty proposal, which she waited so long. After leaving Vronsky, it feels abandoned and humiliated. In connection with the poor well-being of Kitty and its depression, parents are decided to take her abroad, where she meets with the pupil of Mrs. Stand, Varnika. Thanks to Varna, Kitty filled out a spiritual life, sought to help people. From abroad, Kiti is returned to healthy, but not so funny as before. Fate again leads it to Levin, on which she looked in a new way. Levin again makes her an offer, and she agrees. After the wedding, she becomes a happy wife, in all supporting her husband. She manifests itself a magnificent mistress, arranging the life of a young family. Kitty helps her beloved spouse to care for a sick brother before his death. After Kitty gave birth to the first child, she also became a caring mother.

In the image of Kitty Shcherbatski embodied the features of an ideal wife, the representation of the writer himself. Beautiful, good-natured woman who suits his home focus and protects him. Kitty is the happiest heroine of the novel. She has everything in life, what every girl dreams about. The image of Kiti belongs to the best female images of Russian literature. The meek truthful eyes, in which the kindness of her soul was expressed, gave her special charming - for all this, Konstantin loved his wife. Based on this, I can conclude that Konstantin Levin and Kitty family is an example of a happy couple, people who have found their half, ready to come to each other for help.

1.3 Family Oblissky

Stepan Arkadyovich (Steve) Oblonsky - Native Brother Anna Karenina. Steve married to Dolly, that is, Darius Alexandrovna, the older sister Kitty Shcherbatsky. They have five children. Oblonsky - very good-natured, sociable, cheerful man. He always feels healthy and blooming. He does not envy, never offended, does not quarrel with anyone, but also does not like to work and strain, so it is often lazy at work. Steve has a beautiful appearance. He is interested in women, in love and changes his wife. In his treason, he admits a share, but does not repent, and it worms only that he failed to hide her from his wife, causing her mental pain. Dolly the road Steve, but it is no longer as attractive as before, exhausted by a bunch of children and household. He believes that the wife should treat his treason condescendingly. He likes to spend time with children, but Dolly gives them more time.

Daria (Dolly) Aleksandrovna Oblonskaya - Wife Steve Oblonsky, Native Brother Anna. Dolly married love, but in her family there are a lot of problems. Dolly is tortured by money, care for children who have to carry it alone. She wears paid blouses to save, all the power gives children. Due to eternal concerns, Dolly lost their appeal. She became not tidy, to which the husband began to pay attention and began to change it.Dolly is just in horror from the change, she can not forgive them. She stopped respecting her husband, even his cheerful mood periodically begins to annoy it. The spouses are quarreling, then lay down. But it is sensitive, gentle, right and predicted, she loves children very much and cares about them. These qualities should have a real woman. She has a big heart, she sincerely loves people and prefers no one to condemn, even the deeds of her husband.

The family of the Oblonsky is not ideal, but these are people who overcome obstacles, misunderstanding each other. Often they come for the same rake, but as far as they can, try to forgive each other, love and raise children together.

2. Life and position in society

2.1 Careline family

Anna and Alexey Karenina lived together for eight years, but about their marital life in the novel quite a little.For example, it is not known how long Anna was the "governor" and when she moved to Petersburg with her husband. Settling in the capital, Anna freely and easily entered the top society of her husband. She opened access to three different circles of selected people of St. Petersburg World, where, according to the author, she "had friends and close ties." One consisted of high-ranking government officials, closely related to the service with carpentine. With a much larger hunt, Anna appeared in that circle, the center of which was the Countess Lydia Ivanovna. Anna usually came accompanied by her husband, who appreciated the Countess. Especially closely Anna was associated with the people of the "Croquet Party" - with the circle of Princess Betsy Tverskaya. In this salon, who united the cream of the St. Petersburg light, Anna introduced his mistress, the princess of Betsy, who was a far-relative Anna, - the wife of her cousin - and was a Vron's cousin. Anna often visited this salon, which later became the place of her meetings with Vronsky. Anna, being married, indulged in ordinary secular entertainment and pleasures for which she had a lot of free time. She is not like the young lady and ladies of St. Petersburg Light by the fact that he was distinguished by the modesty of his behavior and marital loyalty. Although it was noticeable for something "fake in the whole warehouse of their family life", but externallyAnna and Karenin looked quite prosperous and very calm.

In a word, until a certain time, Anna was nothing and did not express dissatisfaction with his family life with Karenina, his destiny and its position in a secular society. Karenin is not an ideal husband, and he was not a couple. But still one should not forget that the tough judgments came Anna to the mind after her betrayal of Karenin. After that, she lost everything: family life, a high place in society, but acquired love, which blocked all the losses.

2.2 Levina family

In the first days of his family life, Kiti took up the economy, "having fun of his future nest". Levin mentally reproached her in that "she does not have serious interests. Neither interest in my case, to the housework, nor to the men, or to the music in which she is rather strong or reading. She does nothing and completely satisfied. " Kiti also defended himself from her husband's reproaches, because she was preparing for an important period of her life, when "she will be at the same time his husband, the hostess at home, will wear, feed and educate children." After Chiti, Levin, barely holding back the tears of joy, stood on his knees and kissed his wife's hand. At that moment he was happy. After the birth of a baby, Levin, despite the admonition of loved ones and the surprise of peasant men, takes a braid and works along with them. He is not afraid of physical labor, loves rustic life, responsibly refers to his farm and considers every penny. So fragile Kitty was also. Without disgusting, she cares for a dying brother Nikolai, standing out tiredness and sleepless nights. The life of Kitty and Levin is full, so they have no time to miss, there is no need to go to the city on the balls, the secular gossip and different cash fun are interesting.

2.3 Family Oblissky

Family of the Blonds is constantly experiencing any difficult life situations. Dolly, tortured by the economy and children, mired in life, forever pregnant and giving birth, no longer represents no interest to her husband.

Steve himself flies from one "love" to another and feels that the wife knows about his adventures and looks at them through the fingers. Family affairs and problems are not concerned - they, as well as the upbringing of children, is engaged only by dolly. Steve care make up the organization of good dinners for friends and loved ones, the content of mistresses, rates on jumps and other small joy. Steve's mired in debt so much that his wife with numerous children considers every penny, looking for goods cheaper, stinks clothes and looking for ways to pay minor debts to wood level, fishing, shoe. Dolly with children in the village, in the old, rotten house with the flowing roof, without food and money. Steve, who lives in the city, in letters to all the complaints of his wife promises to come at the first opportunity, asking for forgiveness for all his misconduct. Without waiting for help from her husband, Dolly, herself, as maybe, sells his life.

There is no family as such, there is no obansky, since Steve all destroyed his own hands. Dolly because of the behavior of her husband became for children and mom, and dad. She only wanted her children to grow and did not need anything.

Conclusion

"The ideal family", according to L.N. Tolstoy, is a family that is based on love, forgiveness, confidence between spouses. After all, it is native people that we are accustomed to, first of all, to forgive everyone, tolerate from them the resentment, forget the evil caused by them.

The first chapter speaks of the personal qualities of heroes, about what kind of relationships are between two people who have created a family. We learn about their personal life. The second chapter speaks of the position of the heroes in society, about their interests and hobbies.

This study helped us to identify the "ideal of the family" for Lion Nikolayevich Tolstoy. An example of an ideal family in the novel is the Levin family, which lives in spiritual harmony, in love and loyalty. In this paper, three models of family relations were considered. The topic of this study is relevant, because Every of these models we can meet in modern society.

Lion Nikolayevich Tolstoy Roman helps the reader understand what the relationship should be based on, which should be a priority in family life. L.N. Tolstoy argued that "human genus is developing only in the family." Family for man eating a base for a happy life. It is needed to every person. And the example of this is Konstantin and Kitty Levins.

List of references:

1. Tolstoy L.N. Full composition of writings. - Reprint. Refrigerate. ed. 1928 - 1958 - M.: Ed. Center "Terra", 1992. - T. 18, 19, 20. Anna Karenina: Roman.

2. Linkov V.L. The world of man in the work of L. Tolstoy and I. Bunin. - M.: Publishing House of Moscow State University.

3. Babayev E.G. "Anna Karenina" L.N. Tolstoy - "Roman wide breathing." - In the book: Babaev E.G. From the history of the Russian novel XIX century. - M., 1984.

4. Tolstoy L.N. "Anna Karenina" m., "Science", 1970.1-4 Tom.

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Syotanova Daria, 11B class

Compare three families (Oblon, Karenina and Levin) and find the "ideal of the family" according to L.N. Tolstoy.

Explore the life of each family; Consider the personal relationship of heroes in the family; Consider the position of families in society.

Carpentry? Levins? Blond?

The ideal is not the ideal occupy a good position in society. Treason Anna. Have a well-established relationship. For Alexey Alexandrovich, the family is only a legal form of relationships. The opinion of the world and the tradition of society affect their relationship.

The ideal is not the ideal of love. Start of relationship. Mutual understanding between people. Long tests and suffering from love. Readiness to come in a difficult moment to help.

Ideal is not an ideal ability to forget the offense. Treason Steve. The ability to forgive each other. Steve reluctance to conduct business.

Anna Karenina's novel was conceived and written in a turning point, in 1873-1875, when Russian life was transformed in his eyes. And Tolstoy as an artist and man was inseparable from this dramatic era, which reflected in his novel relief and distinctly. Roman began to be printed in the magazine "Russian Bulletin" from January 1875 and immediately summoned in society and Russian criticism, a storm of disputes, opposite opinions and feedback from reverend admiration for disappointment, discontent and even disturbances.

"Anna Karenina" is a novel about a universal break, some universal divorce in all spheres of life. There are all alone and can not understand each other, because the whale of love is lost, without which there is no family life. The loyal family performs in the novel as a generalized image of the entire loyal life of humanity. Criticizing the eyes of the family the whole of the modern social system, Tolstoy does not go beyond the family theme; He spreads these frames, expands this topic to the whole life of humanity.

The image of the main heroine of the novel did not immediately have for the author. In the process of work, Tolstoy consistently elevated the form of Anna, endowing it not only with a wonderful physical beauty, but also a rich inner world, an outstanding mind, the ability to merciless self-analysis. This is one of the relatively rare cases in the artistic practice of Tolstoy, when there is no contradiction between the heroine in the image between the herois and inner essence. The moral cleanliness and moral decency of Anna, who did not want to adapt, deceive themselves and others in accordance with the "norms" of secular life, served as the main reason for her bold decision - to openly escape from the unloved her husband to Vronsky, which was the source and the cause of her sharp conflict with the surrounding The medium that Mstit Anna precisely for its honesty, independence, disregard for the hypocritical polls of the false basis on the basis of its secular society. Contrasting the vitality of Anna Lifelessness of the carnine in the novel is carried out consistently with a characteristic artistic thinking of a thick pointing on non-symptoms of contradiction. When Alexey Alexandrovich collided with the idea that the spouse is able to change him, he felt that "stands face to face in front of something illogical and stupid. He stood face to face before the possibility of love in his wife to someone, besides him, before life. And every time he came across his life of his life, he removed from her. "

The real life for Tolstoy is a passionate desire and ability of a person to exist the life of all people, a common life and every individual human life. Only such a life for Anna Karenina and is present. Anna is endowed with the most valuable, from the point of view of a thick, human gift: the gift of communication, openness for everyone, understanding of all and the ability to jointly feel with other people. This creates the poetic world of heroine. In the novel, the vitality of Anna's lifeless of the carnine is opposed. Love that broke out in Anna is life itself as it is, with all her confusion, confusion, not stacked in any schemes. Karenin also wanted to remove his wife from love to another person, pretend that it was simply not. Aleksey Alexandrovich's attitude to Anna embodies the essence of his relationship with life itself: ignoring the living complexity, replacing it with artificial synthesis of external logic. Their family relationships were violent over life - slow, everyday, permanent oppression, with all the infancy and even the hidden kindness of Alexey Alexandrovich.

The theme of loneliness in love permeates the entire novel. She is also devoted to the whole story of the relations of Anna and Vronsky. Love Anna and Vronsky doomed in the novel from the very beginning and this is preceded by a bad omen - the death of a person under the wheels of the train, the prototype of the death of the heroine, the death of love. So the acquaintance of Anna with Vronsky became painted by the thought of death. And the history of love turns out to be a death story. The proximity that has been established between the Vronsky and Anna, Tolstoy depicts as a murder. Love Anna inevitably had to come to his denial, turning into his opposite. Love, which in essence means the most complete unity of people, turns into the most complete disconnection. From the very moment Anna begins to love, it comes to an insoluble contradiction with all forms of public relations. It turns out that it is the humanity of love Anna itself inevitably leads the heroine to the separation from all and from everything, in addition to his beloved person, and ultimately from him. Already shortly before his death, Anna herself begins to consult that it is precisely the depth of her feeling to Vronsky dismisses her and with him. For Anna Roman with Vronsky - the novel of her life, but he was not created for the love she is waiting for from life. The reason for the death of love is concluded in the love itself, in this inevitable concentration only on themselves. It gives rise to "unprecedented" irritation, outbreaks of "unprepaid" hatred. Even the conversations themselves are beginning to annoy the Vronsky. The Bunken Anna vs. Lix Morale Light turns out to be fruitless. She becomes a victim of not only his conflict with society, but also that there is in it from this society ("Spirit of Lies and Deception") and with which it cannot be reconciled by her own moral feeling.

Anna's death is not to blame for a person representing society. In the death of Anna, the structure of society is guilty. Lifeless society, lifeless reality kills love by depriving her content: life. But the origins of the tragedy of Anna are not only in external obstacles, but also in it, in the nature of her passion, in the impossibility of getting away from the stors of conscience.

The idea of \u200b\u200bthe writer Show a woman who lost himself, but not guilty, is emphasized by the epigraph to the novel: "I am a mess and az we will repay." The meaning of the epigraph is that to judge a person, his life and actions can God, but not people. Not secular guans to judge Anna. The thought of the epigraph sounds several times in the words of the novels of the novel. Anna's old aunt says Dalley: "God will judge them, and not we." Sergey Ivanovich Koznayshev, having met with the mother of Vronsky, in response to the condemnation of Anna says: "We do not judge, Countess." The biblical saying taken for the epigraph, the thick resistance of the state and religious legitimacy and the secular morality, who argued "evil, lie and deception" "... All this was drowned and only fit" the tragic life path of Anna takes place in the beland era. Sophisticated questions about marriage, the love family of Tolstoy considers in connection with the most various sides of the modern reality in connection, when new, bourgeois coasters came to replace the political and moral basics. Presents St. Petersburg Sanovnikov, Military Palace Circles, Moscow and Local Nobility; Zemsky figures; Lawyers and Studies; Employees in the noble families of the teacher, doctors who manage estates, cuzzers, bourgeois delta, servants, village men - in a word, all classes and classes in new socio-economic conditions, after the cancellation of serfdom. The originality of the genre of Anna Karenina is that this is combined in the novel, features characteristic of several types of romance creativity. He cries, first of all, features characterizing a family romance. The history of non-families, family relationships and conflicts are put forward here to the fore. It was not by chance that Tolstoy emphasized that when creating "Anna Karenina", they owned the thought of family, while working on the "war and the world", he wanted to realize the thought of folk. But at the same time, Anna Karenina is not only a family romance, but also a novel social, psychological, work in which the history of family relations is closely connected with the image of complex social processes, and the outcome of the heroes is inseparable from the deep disclosure of their inner world. Showing the time of time, describing the formation of a new social order, lifestyle and psychology of various layers of society, Tolstoy attached to his novel the features of the epic.

Anna Karenina novel was created in the period 1873-1877. Over time, the plan has undergone great changes. Roman's plan changed, expanded and complicated his plot and compositions, the heroes and the very names of them were changed. Anna Karenina, which millions of readers know it, is little similar to its predecessor from the initial editions. From the editors to the editorial office, Tolstoy spiritually enriched his heroine and morally towered her, made it more and more attractive. The images of her husband and Vronsky (in the first ways, he wore another surname) changed in the opposite direction, i.e., the spiritual and moral level of them decreased.

But with all the changes made to the thickness of Anna Karenina, and in the final text of Anna Karenina remains, in the terminology of thick, at the same time "lost", and the "innovative" woman. She retreated from his sacred duties of mother and wife, but she had no other way out. The behavior of his Heroine Tolstoy justifies, but at the same time, the tragic fate it turns out to be inevitable.

In the image of Anna Karenina, the poetic motives of "War and Peace" are developing and deepened, in particular those who have affirmed in the form of Natasha Rostova; On the other hand, there are already harsh notes of the future "cracker sonata" in times.

Comparing "War and Peace" with "Anna Karenina", Tolstoy noticed that in the first novel he "loved the people's thought, and in the second - family." In the "war and the world" directly and one of the main items of the narration was the activity of the people themselves who selflessly defended his native land, in Anna Karenina, and the family relations of the heroes taken, however, as derived from general socio-historical conditions. As a result, the theme of the people in Anne Karenina received a kind of form of expression: it is given mainly through spiritual and moral search for heroes.

The world of good and beauty in Anna Karenina is much more closely intertwined with the world of evil, rather than in the "war and the world." Anna appears in the novel of "seeking and giving happiness." But on her way, fortunately, the active forces of evil get up, under the influence of which ultimately she dies. The fate of Anna is therefore full of deep drama. Intense drama imbued with the whole novel. Feelings of a mother and a loving woman experienced by Anna, Tolstoy shows how equivalent. Her love and maternal feeling or two great feelings are unconnected for her. With Vronsky, she has an idea of \u200b\u200bherself as a loving woman, with Karenin - as about the immaculate mother of their son, as about the once faithful wife. Anna wants both and the other at the same time. In a semi-conscious state, she says, turning to the kartine: "- I'm still the same ... But in me there is another, I am afraid of her, she loved that I wanted to hate you and could not forget about the one that was before. That is not me. Now I am real, I'm all. " "All", that is, the one that was before, before meeting with Vronsky, and the one she became then. But Anna was not destined to die. She did not have time to still experience all the suffering that had fallen into her share, she did not have time to try and all the roads fortunately, to whom her lifeless nature was so rushed. Again to make a faithful wife of Karenina she could not. Even on the threshold of death, she understood that it was impossible. The position of "lies and deception" she was also not able to be more transferred.

Following the fate of Anna, we notice with bitterness, how her dreams are rushing. I collapsed her dream to leave with Vronsky abroad and forget there about everything: did not find your happiness Anna and abroad. The reality from which she wanted to leave, caught her and there. Vronsky missed out of idleness and was illustrated, and this could not not take Anna. But the most importantly the son remained in his homeland, in the separation with which she could not be happy. In Russia, it was expecting torment even more serious than those she worried before. The time when she could dream of the future and thus to some extent to reconcile himself with on standing, passed. Reality has now appeared in front of her terrible appearance.

As the conflict develops, the meaning of the whole occurring. So, Anna, recognizing the Petersburg aristocracy, divides it into three circles: the first circle is the colleagues of the Karenina, to whom she first fifth almost certain respect. Having become closer to this circle, she lost all interest towards him. She became known, "who for whom and how and how and what and who and with whom and what is going to". The second round was the one by which Karenin did his career. In the center of this circle stood Lydia Ivanovna. The first time Anna treasured this circle, had even friends in it. Soon, however, he became unbearable for her. "It was a circle of old, ugly, virtuous and pious women and smart, scientists, ambitious men." Anna realized that they were all hypocritical, pretend to be virtuous, and in fact evil and calculating. Anna broke with this circle after his acquaintance with Vronsky. Meeting with him, she turned out to be drawn into the third round, whose center was Tverskaya. Princess Beta externally opposes Lydia Ivanovna with her piety. Beta does not hide his free behavior, but going in old age to become the same as Lydia Ivanovna. The behavior of the princess of beta Tverskaya and the Countess Lydia Ivanovna is two sides of the same medal. Recognition by beta that she in old age will be similar to Lydia Ivanovna, throws a bright light on the lifestyle and herself, and Lydia Ivanovna; They both need a hypocrisy mask. Musicly was the whole society, with whom Anna faced. With each turn of his hard fate, she was increasingly convinced of this. She was looking for honest, uncompromising happiness. Around myself I saw a lie, hypocrisy, a chanting, obvious and hidden debauchery. And not Anna judges these people, and these people judge Anna. That is the horror of her position.

Having lost his son, Anna remained only with Vronsky. Consequently, the attachment of her to life half has decreased, as the son and the Vronsky were equally expensive for her. Here is a raidness of why she now began to ride the love of Vronsky. For her it was life itself.

But Vronsky with egoistic nature could not understand Anna. Anna was with him and therefore little interested him. There is still misunderstanding between Anna and Vronsky now and more often. Moreover, formally, the Vronsky, as previously and carnine, was right, and Anna is not right. However, the essence of the case was that the actions of the carnine, and then Vronsky managed "Prudence", as his people understood their circle; The actions of Anna led her great human feeling, which could not agree with the "prudence". At one time, Karenin was scared in the fact that in the "Light" already noticed the relationship of his wife with Vronsky and that it threatens the scandal. So, "unwise" behaved, Anna! Now the public scandal is afraid of the Vronsky and the reason for this scandal sees everything in the same "non-volatile" Anna.

In the estate of Vronsky, the final act of the tragic fate of Anna Karenina is played.

Anna, man is strong and driving, seemed to many and even wanted to seem very happy. In fact, she was deeply unhappy. The last meeting of Dolly and Anna seems to summarize the life of the same. The fate of Dolly and the fate of Anna Tolstoy draws as two opposite options of the fate of the Russian woman. One acceptable and therefore unhappy, the other, on the contrary, dared to defend his happiness and is also unhappy.

In the form of Dolly Tolstoy poetic the maternal feeling. Her life is a feat in the name of children, and in this sense a kind of Ukore Anna.

We have a new example of the latitude and depth of lighting and disclosure to the thick fate of your heroine.

A few minutes before the death of Anna thinks: "Everything is not true, all a lie, all deception, all evil! .." Therefore, she wants to "put out a candle", that is, to die. "Why not to put out the candle when you look no longer what, when I gadko look at all this?"

Problems of interertension classics.

Roman L.N. Tolstoy "Anna Karenina" in movies and on television
Thesis Female Students Marina Couches

Introduction

Chapter I. Roman Lev Tolstoy "Anna Karenina"

in the assessment of criticism .......................................... .. 8

Chapter II. Tolstoy and cinema ................................. 21

Conclusion ............................................................... 63.

Bibliography ............................................................ 68.

Introduction
The classic was shielded, put, embodied. But even never fashion for the interpretation of works of Russian classics was not so converted. However, and the fashion was never. Attracting large masses to comparison of the film product with the original, i.e. The text of the artistic work was very noticeable after after a long stagnation in filmmaking, the Cinema drew attention to the classics, and then the extensive space of Russian literature mastered television. Thus, the television, which seemed to be their own small laws, where the king and God are a rating. And it is necessary: \u200b\u200bsince the unpredictable success of the "Idiot" of the TV channels, and the point is collecting a multi-million audience, competing with each other who who. It's fun to read these reports, sounding like reports from the battlefields: What is the "Master and Margarita" rating, "things about dead souls" and others, and what is all waiting for us in the future. "Demons"? "Hero of our time"? "Crime and Punishment"?
How did the guesses of the producers coincided with the so-called collective subconscious ... Intente-free producers, taking care of mastering remarkable literature, choose not ababa that, and novels with a clearly prescribed melodramatic structure. And therefore, a sudden interest in Bulgakov, Dostoevsky, Pasternac and Tolstoy, quite explain: besides the fact that it is simply good literature, it is also fascinating literature. Reading at many levels, where everyone is an intellectual and prostacle - will find its interest.

In general, our directors, from Vladimir Bortko (who was shielding the novels M. Bulgakov "Dog's Heart" and "Master and Margarita", Roman F.Dostovsky "Idiot") to Alexander Pokhina-senior (who put the series on the novel Boris Pasternak "Dr. Zhivago" ) I found good playwrights. Vladimir Bortko about Master Margarita Bulgakov: "Master and Margarita" - a very sad book, and I am sure, many are aware that it is after our film. Only I am sure: for Hollywood, this material is motionless. Not in the plan of the budget, but in mentality issues. In the West, if a book is printed, there are special additions to her with a passionist, explanations: what is neither Annushka, spilling oil, nor Berlioz with a sliced \u200b\u200bhead, is incomprehensible to the Western reader. 1 Alexander Proshkin about "Dr. Zhivago": "It was my initiative, and I spent about a year for the persuasion of producers. Having two Western shields, we were obliged to return to the original source from the inside, show how we understand it. There is, it seems to me, three key works in Russia of the twentieth century, which the Nobel Committee chosen unmistakably choke. This is "Quiet Don", "Dr. Zhivago" and "Archipelago Gulag". Roman Pasternak is a launder to the phenomenon of the twentieth century in the history of Russia. " 2 Ulyana Shilkin about the "golden calf" Ilf and Petrov: " If we talk about the images, then this novel is the thematic compound of two myths - biblical about the Golden Taurus and ancient Greek about the golden rune. I could not not take advantage of such a find, and the producers too! " 3

If we recall the world history, it all started with the fact that in Cuban cigar factories was made to read out loud. Work monotone: Hands are busy - free head. At first they read Dumas - "Count Monte Cristo", "Three Musketeers". Then - "Anna Karenina". Several years ago in New York even put a play about it: as in the old harvan, the cigars listened to Roman Tolstoy. This very successful performance was called "Anna Karenina".

Perhaps something similar happens today on the small screens of Russia. This suggests that classical literature is looking for itself, outside the binding, a new form of existence, and, therefore, the new viewer-reader's audience. But how do they make direct director-interpreters? This is the whole problem.

In the screen vendors, Anna is a wonderful woman in love, a free nature, which Hangseed was prevented by which the partner was unnecessary. In the novel is obsessed. This is a wonderful nature, inside which "emptiness disgust" pulled everything, distorted everything, replaced. For the fact that for a thick-moralist is unconditionally evil, for a thick-artist, he is heated by the power of human nature that the author himself does not consider himself to condemn the heroes just as unconditionally and immediately, with the epigraph, gives the last court to God.

By turning to the great texts, the cinema of the sixties found that he has a richest for his task, another truly not tested arsenal of funds. And the purpose of the shields was declared himself Tolstoy.

No one else wants to "correct" the classics, nor "eat" him, neither to solve any extraneous tasks with it. It comes to promises to open with the help of an empty, nor little, "genuine fat". Although genuine Tolstoy is its writings. In order to gain genuine fat, do not go to the movies, but to the library. Well, before the movie, then it should be taken for another link.

The screen version is always active interaction with the material, his look at it, it is always an interpretation - otherwise the film, sorry, will not stick as a work. But if you choose, then I think that the most interesting interpretations, as the experience of the last decades shows, do not get there, where directors go with fat to fight, and where they go to learn. Although at the same time, it turns out not "genuine Tolstoy", but our attitude to him. The degree of our needs in it. And finally, Tolstsky filmms are accompanied by a continuous, inconsistent discussion of this problem in print.

Reviews - Articles - Books - Discussions - dissertations - All this comes around the box with a celluloid tape, so that in the end it seems: not so much they talk about the paintings, how much permanent discussion and the experience of the topic "Tolstoy and we" goes. At the same time, the paintings are the same burning material as the opinions of the audience, the explanations of the directors, the considerations of decorators, acting questionnaires, treatises of the writer's experts.

It was in the sixties, when the film composure from the curb of the film process is overlooking its axis, - it is for the first time a complex, motley, but also holistic in its own phenomenon, and the main reason for this, of course, is not in the achievements of cinema, not in the efforts of individual directors And not in the activity of viewers or critics, but in the general state of the minds and souls, which the eyes of the audience and the lenses of cinematographers in this side are powerful.

Cinema retreats from Tolstoy - the left positions are quickly occupied by television. Tele-scan has its own laws that are not yet fully conscious of criticism and theory. There is no dark cinema here, where many people are collected, - the viewer sits in his room, it is in principle "individual". Then, there is no rigid framework of the film administration - the series can stretch at least a month and the rhythm of the narration will completely approach the reading book. Finally - and this is the third circumstance there is a consequence of the first two - tele-rails by its very nature in principle allows a more accurate figurative duplication of prosaic text than movies. Television - to a much lesser degree of sight, rather than cinema ... The nature of the perception of Telplexacle, television writing of the literary work is akin to the nature of the perception of prose ... Cinematographer taught the viewer to spectacular - television returns him to narration .

Tolstoy - a magnet that attracts cinematographers that helps them solve their own tasks. So he will remain. And in the proof, the decision of the director Sergei Solovyov to remove the series according to Anna Karenina. Solovyov will finally fulfill a long-time dream to remove the "Karenina", which has not left him for several decades. And the viewer will receive a classic to the house in a pleasant five-sister performance.

In his thesis work, I will consider the problem of interpretation of the Russian classics on the example of the film-trip of the novel Lion Nikolayevich Tolstoy "Anna Karenina". The image of Anna Karenina is attractive not only for readers for several centuries. In the cinema and theater, this image embodied the best and famous actresses. In the world cinema - Greta Garbo, Vivien Lee, Tatyana Samoilova, Sofia Marso. In the ballet - the Great Maya Plisetskaya. Take the number of theatrical productions. The brilliant novel Lion Tolstoy brilliantly resist time test. His reissues do not stop. He continues to worry millions of readers. However, Graph Tolstoy did not know that his great work would be supplied through the prism of the worldview of other people - called director-leaders.
Chapter I.

^ Roman Lev Tolstoy "Anna Karenina" in the assessment of criticism
The novel Lion Nikolayevich Tolstoy "Anna Karenina" was launched in 1873, completed in 1877. Seven parts were published in 1875-1877. The magazine "Russian Bulletin", the eighth part (due to the disagreement of the editor with the author in the Slavic issue) came out separately. In 1878, a complete publication appeared. The archive has survived more than two and a half thousand autographs, copies, corrections.

In an earlier, not sent, but the preserved letter is called Pushkin passage, especially struck thick: "Guests gone to the country ...". The first sketch of the future "Anna Karenina" begins conversations in the secular living room after the theater; The heroine is named Anastasia Arkadyevna, or Anna Pushkin.

It is known that in the portrait of Anna Karenina reflected the features of the daughter of Pushkin Maria Alexandrovna Gardung, which Tolstoy saw in Tula at the evening of General A.A. Toulubeva in the late 60s. S.A. Thick, explaining, "Why Karenina Anna and that brought to the idea of \u200b\u200bsuch suicide," said the housekeeper (and lover) of their neighbor A.N. Bibicova Anna Stepanova Pirogova. Tolstoy went to Ash, where he saw anatomy corpse (in handwritten versions of the novel, the same did the same.

This event occurred in 1872. But on February 24, 1870, Sophia Andreevna recorded in the diary. "Last night, he told me that he had a type of woman, married, from the highest society, but lost himself. He said that the task of him to make this woman only pitiful and not guilty ... ". four

Lion Tolstoy performed his intent. Work on the novel flowed unevenly, but in the end, the embodiment was one of the most significant works of Russian literature.

Despite the very optimistic start of work on the work, L. Tolstoy soon cooled to him: in 1874, he wrote his wife that "not occupied by poetry and stopped typing his novel and I want to throw it, since I don't like it" ... 5

S. Tolstaya writes TA Kuzminskaya: "Roman (" Anna Karenina ") is not written, but letters will be raised from all the editions: ten thousand ahead and five hundred rubles silver for the sheet. Levochka does not speak about it, and as if it doesn't care about it. And I, God, with them, with money, and most importantly, it is his case, that is, the writ of novels, I love and appreciate and even worrying it is terrible, and these alphabets, arithmets, grammar I despise and faithfully I can sympathize with. And Now I miss something in life, something that I loved; And this is, it is, it does not get his work that I always delivered pleasure and inspired respect. Here, Tanya, I, a real writer's wife, how to take to heart Our Copyright. " 6.

After a small break, Lev Nikolayevich returned to literary classes. It is less and less paying attention to pedagogical activities, and in the fall of 1875, it all wants to stop it, as it "takes too much time." At the beginning of the year, the continuation of the "Anna Karenina" is printed. Sophia Andreevna met with joyful satisfaction in her husband to change, tried to protect him in every way and in this desire showed ordinary family egoism. But the state of L. Tolstoy has practically not changed. In his soul there is a difficult job, and there are already some shifts in it.

Due to difficult internal work, the work on the novel is constantly interrupted, the energy is distracted into another area or simply disappears under pressure of unsolvable questions, and Lev Nikolayevich, leaving the requirements of the artist, still feels a complete impossibility to deal with such an empty case, There is to continue working on "Anna Karenina".

But still L. Tolstoy returns to work on novel in the spring of 1876. In the summer, he is again interrupted, and only at the end of the autumn returns to him. In a letter to T.A. Kuzminskaya Sophia Andreevna writes: "Levochka does not write at all, in despondency and everything is waiting for him to understand in his head and work will go. It is very sad and poisoning my calm and life. " 7.

But as soon as the situation changes, Sophia Andreevna is again satisfied and his joy infects the whole family: "Well, here! "Anna Karenina" we write, finally, truly, that is, without interrupting. The left lifted and focused, he adds every day on the whole chapter, I rewrite hard, and now, even under this letter, there are ready-made leaves of the new chapter, which he wrote yesterday. Katkov telegraphed the third day, begging to send several chapters for the December book, and the left of himself the other day will be lucky in Moscow. I think that now in December, printed, and then go so on until everything end. " 8 After the holidays, Sophia Andreevna writes in the same joyful tone and everything for the same reason, without understanding the mental state of her husband: "Did you read the" Anna Karenina "in the December book? Success in St. Petersburg and in Moscow is amazing, I did not even expect, but I drank with the pleasure of glory to my spouse. Praise and in words and in reviews, I read in the "Voice", and also say, in the "New Time" and somewhere else is praised. For the January book, it is also sent to the printing house, but now the left of something went on and says: "You're not grinding on me that I don't write, my head is hard," and the hares left to shoot ... I grumble! With what right! I myself lead a celebrating life, I almost do nothing and starting to indulge in it, but I get better, and then the health was very bad. " nine

After entering the light completely in all chapters, the novel was perceived ambiguously. Rather, critics were prone to see in it a display of interests of a particular literary party than displaying problems of this time.

But L.N. Tolstoy did not interest party trends in the literature. He was interested in the problem of the view of the contemporary people on his family, in her place in society. He brings the novel a beautiful, strong woman who has in life, it would seem, all: and high social status, and material security, and family, and a child. She does not get only one - love, passion. And she sacrifices all for this missing. And what does she get in return?

Lev Nikolayevich writes: "Passion, the source of the greatest disasters, we are not the fact that they are humiliated, we die, but togging all the means, and then complaining that they suffer." 10

Criticism still will appreciate the deep philosophical meaning of the novel "Anna Karenina", and his artistry. The images created by the imagination of the writer in the novel "Anna Karenina" not only embody the "truth" of life, but also reveal the secret of being, detecting inseparable ties of all things, subordination with the highest laws of being.

The image becomes a symbolic sign: railway and generally iron, omens and prophetic dreams, mysterious changes in the sky. And above all this is the formidable biblical Old Testament words, take away hope, and re-giving it: "I will bend, and Az We will repay."

The most insightful contemporaries of Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy noticed in the "Anne Karenina" a change in his artistic style: its compression, purity, clarity.
Nadia, for you

Anna Karenina Roman Lion Nikolayevich Tolstoy for the 70s was a "topical" work, despite the fact that critics for a long time refused to him in this. In the controversy about the novel and his meaning, the largest magazines and newspapers of the 70s were involved: "Russian Bulletin", "Case", "Public Notes", "Exchange Vedomosti", "European Bulletin" and other publications.

The most clear distinction of the parties is marked in the "Diffirable" V. Avseenko in the reaction-monarchical "Russian messenger", where "Anna Karenina" was perceived as a "Great Motor Roman", and in P. Tkachev's pamphlet in the radical-democratic magazine "Case", where The art of Tolstoy was treated as "salon art."

Some critics assumed that the novel belongs to the category of historical, and the reality shown in them or implausible, or shown from the wrong point of view; Other publicists believed that the novel does not displays real life, since the whole focuses in the "children's" and "living rooms", and, often, is unnoticed by the realism of some scenes.

The first type of critics was M.N. Ratops. Disagreements between him and L.N. Tolstoy, did not allow to publish the end of the novel in the Russian Bulletin. M.N. Ratops, emphasizing the gap with L.N. Tolstoy, spoke on the pages of the newspaper with his article "What happened on the death of Anna Karenina". It was an ironic retelling of the last part of the novel, who argued that "by death Anna Karenina" nothing happened that the novel ended, and the final part of him, not printed in the journal, and did not deserve to be printed.

"Announced an epilogue of Anna Karenina not to appear on the pages of the" Bulletin's Russet ", we noticed that the novel with the tragic death of the heroine ended. As far as we were right, now it can judge anyone, having an end of the work before our eyes ..." 11.

This is how the last part of the novel "retells" risks, not a little interested in the integrity of its content and its main idea: "Levin remains in his village and angry with Slavic committees and volunteers."

And not a word about the moral victory Levin - victory over the unbelief, over the mud of life. Only "Slavic Committees" and "Volunteers". Then, what does Anna Karenina with Anna Karenina? What is the meaning of its existence and Konstantin Levin on the pages of one novel?

Without the end, in which Levin finds faith, finds God, the romance does not make sense. The case is not in the "committees", but in the fact that Levin comes out the winner in the moral struggle between good and evil, in the fight against himself. Without this victory there will be no ideal family, who, together with him, will serve God and people.

This is a celebration of moral principle over "demonic." There are losers-Vonsky and Karenina, there are those who stayed with their dolly and Steve, and there are winners - Levins. The circle closes, breaking it, the meaning of the novel eludes the inattentive reader.

In addition to Katkova, many criticism of the time did not appreciate the entire philosophical depth of the novel L. Tolstoy "Anna Karenina". For them, he remained mystery for seven seals.

"Many vile details of the life of these layers are depicted in Anna Karenina, and the inhabitants of the basements, cavemen, trogloditis with pride pointed to these details." 12

And it really happens, and not only in the novel L. Tolstoy, but in reality. But there is no way to society before that, he has a desire "easy and pleasant to live."

Nature
And what was described in Roman Lion Nikolayevich Tolstoy is not yet another tragedy - because it is not the destruction of the family, but, according to the requirements of the time, the education and liberation of a woman. - from what? From moral obligations? From what were the men themselves were able to release themselves? Who else frees and what right?

Here are the questions that sound in each line of the novel "Anna Karenina". And it has not only questions, but also answers to them. Despite the huge number of critical articles, fellietones, pamphlets, etc., the novel was not revealed almost to anyone.

"The meaning of the" Anna Karenina "for the vast masses of the reading society," V. Rozanov - was not very clear, it was not very small, even insignificant: in the latter merged and managed to convince many the then criticism - not bright, but abundant " . 13

Only after some time the novel will be appreciated. And literary criticism, unlike journalistic, will be able to determine the main idea of \u200b\u200bthe work, and his ideas.

The only article, according to which Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy said that it reflects everything that he thought, creating "Anna Karenina," was the feta article "What happened to the death of Anna Karenina in the Russian Bulletin?" Unfortunately, this article was not published, about which L. Tolstoy was very sorry.

^ In his article, Fet was able to reveal the true value of the novel dictated by the epigraph. He was as able to answer the replicas about the greatness of the novel:

"... if Anna is undeveloped poor seamstress or a laundry, then no artistic development of her drama would have saved the task of ordinary district objections: moral undeveloped did not imagine the supports in the fight, poverty of the bore, etc. Pictures the carpenter as it is, which is, The author set it out of all these comments. " 14

^ Starting with the justification of "pure art", he came to approval of the social meaning of the novel Tolstoy.

"... This novel is a strict, incorruptible court to our whole line of life. From the man to the prince's beef. Few, there is an eye on them, otherwise it is armed than their elbow-born seals. What seems to be undoubtedly honest, good, desirable, Elegant, enviable, turns out to be stupid, rude, meaningless and funny. That they do not like terribly in their English traffic. And it comes out of trouble. "

Fet saw in the novel not only a significant work of this time, but he understood all the horror of what L. Toltoy reasoned, which the author of the novel never took in his own life, and did not want social life to be infected with it. - Violation of all moral norms leads to death.

Only in the family can, with strict observance of the moral and moral debt, grow a new, spiritually healthy generation. That is why Tolstoy so appreciated the letters of Feta and his article about Anna Karenina. "All I wanted to say," said Tolstoy. But because all this was not printed at one time, the judgments of Feta could not take a place for them for a long time in the critical literature about the Tolstoy and his novel "Anna Karenina".

Later, Tolstoy wrote about the biblical river from the Book of Deuteronomy - the epigraph to "Anna Karenina": "Many thin people make themselves and each other only because weak, sinful people took the right to punish other people. "I'm ignition, and Az we will".

He punishes only God and then only through the person himself. " According to A. A. Feta, "Tolstoy points to" Az We will repay "not as on the row of a terrible mentor, but as for the punitive power of things" 15 "The novel epigraph, so categorical in its own direct, initial value, opens with a reader another possible meaning : "To me messages, and Az we willre."

Only God has the right to punish, and people judge are not entitled. This is not only a different meaning, but also the opposite initial one. In the novel, the pathos of unrequisites is eliminated. Depths, truth - and therefore unresolved.

In Anna Karenina, there is no one exceptional and unconditional truth - in it many truths coexist and at the same time face each other ", 16 - so interprets E. A. Maimmin (Anna ends the life of suicide, but not it is divine retribution - the meaning of divine punishment Anna is not revealed to Tolstoy. (In addition, according to Tolstoy, the Supreme Court deserves not only Anna, but also other characters committed to sin are primarily in Vronsky).

Anne's wines for Tolstoy - in evading the purpose of his wife and mother. Communication with Vronsky is not only a violation of marital debt. It leads to the destruction of the Karenina family: their son Sergei is now growing without mother, and Anna and her husband are fighting each other for her son. Anna's love to Vronsky is not a high feeling in which the spiritual principle is dominated over physical activation, but blind and destructive passion. Its symbol is a fierce blizzard, during which Anna and Vronsky explains.

Anna deliberately comes against the Divine Law guarding the family. In this for the author of her wine. Three story lines are connected in the thickest novel - the stories of three families. These three stories are simultaneously and similar, and different. Anna chooses love, chipped family. Dolly, her brother's wife Steve Oblonsky, for the sake of happiness and well-being of children, reconciles with her husband changed her. Konstantin Levin, marrying on a young and charming sister Dolly, Kitty Shcherbatsky, seeks to create a truly spiritual and clean marriage, in which her husband and wife become one, similar to the feeling and thinking creature.

On this path, his temptations and difficulties lie. Levin loses an understanding of his wife: Kitty is alien to his desire for care, rapprochement with the people. The story of the marriage of Levin on Kitty, their marriage and spiritual quest Levin autobiographic. It largely reproduces the episodes of marriage and family life of Leo Nikolayevich and Sofia Andreevna.

A distinctive feature feature of the novel - reversals of situations and images that fulfill the role of predictions and foresight. Anna and Vronsky get acquainted at the railway station. At the time of the first meeting, when Anna adopted the first sign of attention from a new acquaintance, the train plugger crushed the composition.

At the railway station there is an explanation of the Vronsky and Anna. The cooling of the Vronsky to Anna leads it to suicide: Anna rushes under the train. The image of the railway is correlated in the novel with the motives of passion, a deadly threat, with a cold and soulless metal. The death of Anna and the Wine of the Vronsky predugaded in the scene of horse racing, when Vronsky because of his awkwardness breaks the ridge to the beautiful mare Fru-Fra. The death of the horse is foreshadowed by the fate of Anna. Symbolic dreams Anna, in which she sees a man working with iron. Its image echoes with the images of railway employees and sheepiyan threat and death.

Four years before the completion of the novel - in 1873 - Sophia Andreevna recorded: "Yesterday, the leaving completely unexpectedly began writing a novel from modern life. The plot of the novel is an incorrect wife and the whole drama that happened from this. "

Indeed, Tolstoy wanted to write a novel about a woman from the highest society, "Lost". In many respects, the motives of Pushkin creativity pushed the motifs of Pushkin creativity, in particular, the incomplete prosaic passages "at the corner of a small area" and "Guests went to the country."

It is reliably known that the appearance of the heroine has developed a writer under the impression of a meeting with the senior daughter Pushkin - M. A. Gardung. Contemporaries found other prototypes, certain circumstances of the life and death of which correlated with the storyline of the Heroine of Roman. Anna Karenina at the same time attractive, truthful, unhappy, pathetic and guilty.

In the first part of the novel, the heroine appears with an exemplary mother and wife, respected by the secular lady and even the conformity of the turmoil in the family of the Oblonsky. After a meeting with Vronsky, not yet giving the wrong feeling, Anna Karenina is aware of a certain impartial force, which, regardless of her will, manages actions, pushing to rapprochement with Vronsky and creating a feeling of the security of "impermeable lying armor".

Influenced by the meeting with Vronsky sharply change the relations of Anna with all others. Get close to Vronsky, she realizes himself a criminal. After a generosity repeatedly manifested with her husband, especially after the sorry received during the postpartum disease, Anna more and more begins to hate him, painfully feeling his guilt and conscious of the moral superiority of her husband.

Neither a little daughter nor a trip with Vronsky in Italy nor life in his estate gives her the desired rest, but only aware of the depths of their unhappiness and humiliation (the scandalous episode in the theater). Anna constantly feels his complete dependence on the will and love of Vronsky, which annoys it, makes suspicious. Gradually, she comes to complete despair, thoughts about the death she wants to punish Vronsky, remaining for everyone is not guilty, but miserable.

The idea of \u200b\u200bthe plot of Roman is associated with the plot of Pushkin "Eugene Onegin": "It is obvious that" Anna Karenina "begins with the fact that Evgeny Onegin ends. Tolstoy believed that in general the story should be started with the fact that the hero married or the heroine married. In the harmonic world of Pushkin, marriage is preserved. In the tormented world of the Tolstsky novel - collapses. Nevertheless, the Epos wins the tragedy in the "Anne Kar Yinoin".