Types of nervous system

types of higher nervous activity, a complex of basic innate properties and acquired individual characteristics of the nervous system (HC), which determine in humans and animals differences in their behavior and attitude to the same environmental influences. The concept of T.n. pp., introduced into physiology and medicine by the founder of the doctrine of higher nervous activity (See Higher nervous activity) I. P. Pavlov , associated with the concepts of temperament, human constitution (See Human Constitution) and the constitution of animals, interest in which arose at the dawn of human culture and civilization.

The higher nervous activity of animals, along with general features and patterns, has individual characteristics characteristic only of the NS of a given organism, its basic nervous processes (NP) - excitation (See Excitation) and inhibition (See Inhibition). , characterizing the activity of the cerebral cortex (See Cerebral cortex). Classification of T. n. With. based, according to Pavlov, on the strength, balance and mobility of the processes of excitation and inhibition. The strength of the NP is determined by the property of nerve cells to maintain normal performance under significant stress of excitatory and inhibitory processes. Depending on the performance of the cortical cells, NPs can be strong or weak. The balance of NPs is understood as their equal strength. Depending on the ratio of the strength of excitatory and inhibitory processes, they can be balanced or unbalanced, that is, both processes are equally strong or one of them noticeably predominates.

The mobility of NPs is expressed by the speed of their emergence and cessation, and the ease of transition from one process to another. Depending on this, NPs can be mobile (labile) or inert. The nervous system of each organism has a certain combination of these features, or properties, which constitute individual differences in higher nervous activity, characteristic features of animal behavior. Among the numerous possible combinations of the basic properties of excitation and inhibition - their strength, balance and mobility - Pavlov identified and characterized four main so-called. With. - three strong and one weak.

Based on the strength of the NP, all animals are divided into strong ones, with pronounced processes of excitation and inhibition, and weak ones, in which both of these processes are weakly expressed. Animals strong T. n. With. According to the balance of NP, that is, according to the ratio of excitation and inhibition, they are divided into unbalanced, in which excitation predominates over inhibition, and balanced, with equally strong processes of excitation and inhibition. Based on their mobility, strong, balanced animals are divided into inert, or slow, and mobile, or fast. The strong unbalanced, or “uncontrollable” (excitable) type is characterized by great strength of both NPs, but in it the irritative process sharply prevails over the inhibitory one. Positive conditioned reflexes in animals (dogs) with such so-called. With. are developed quite quickly, but inhibitory conditioned reflexes are formed with great difficulty, require long-term training, the differentiation reflex is not always complete and is easily disinhibited (see Differential inhibition) . Higher nervous activity associated with the tension of the inhibition process is difficult and often impossible for such animals, because a conflict arises between the weakened inhibition process and the excessively increased excitation process. Hence the lack of restraint and the name “unrestrained” type. A strong, balanced inert, or slow (calm) type has equally strong and fairly well-balanced processes of excitation and inhibition, but they are inactive and inert, which has a negative effect in conditions where a quick change of NP is required. Positive and inhibitory conditioned reflexes are formed slowly, but, having become entrenched in a certain stereotype, they are difficult to destroy and alter. When free, such a dog gives the impression of being bold but slow. The strong, balanced, mobile, or fast (living) type has equally pronounced strong and mobile NPs. In animals of this T. n. With. In a short time, positive and inhibitory conditioned reflexes are formed, which are quite easily altered when the signal value of the stimuli changes. It is relatively easy to switch from one complex reflex reaction to another, from one type of “work” to another. Outwardly, these are fast, lively, energetic, always active animals. According to Pavlov, the NS of such an animal is ideal, the most perfect. The behavior is calm, but when free, the dog is playful, energetic, easily comes into contact with people, treats surrounding dogs with indifference in a calm environment, and quickly and easily restrains itself. This T.n. With. has the greatest adaptability. capabilities to changing environmental conditions; most vitally stable. The weak type is characterized by weak irritable and inhibitory NPs. Positive and inhibitory conditioned reflexes in such animals are developed with great difficulty, and the resulting reflexes are easily inhibited. In response to very strong stimuli, protective inhibition develops in the brain of such an animal. The dog of this T. n. With. timid, cowardly, afraid of everything, shy away. The weak type is characterized by rapid exhaustion, leading to loss of performance; it cannot be improved by training.

Dogs with strong NPs and high efficiency of nerve cells are able to withstand strong irritations, respond to them with energetic activity, and solve difficult problems. For a dog with weak NP and a low level of performance, intense nervous activity is unbearable. For various T.n. With. certain features of autonomic functions are characteristic (see Autonomic nervous system). In animals of a strong, balanced, mobile type, there is easy adaptability of vegetative functions to changes in the environment, and their rapid and complete restoration after the elimination of the factors that caused the disturbance. In a strong, balanced inert type, reactions of adaptation and restoration of vegetative processes proceed more slowly. In animals of a strongly unbalanced type, vegetative functions after a sharp change are restored for a long time and unevenly. In weak-type animals, vegetative processes are sluggish, easily disrupted when exposed to various factors, and are difficult and incompletely restored. Neuroses and psychosomatic diseases more often occur in animals of strong, unrestrained and weak so-called. With.

Since the ratio of the main properties of NP is different in different animals, intermediate types are distinguished. For example, in animals of the strong type there may be the following variations: both NPs are strong, but with a certain predominance of the inhibitory force; or a strong, but somewhat inert process of excitation and a very weak inhibitory process. Some animals occupy a middle place between strong and weak in terms of NP strength: a strong variation of the weak type and a weak variation of the strong T. n. With. Especially many variations were found in animals of the weak type, for example, imbalance of the NP and greater or lesser inertia. Pavlov assumed that as a result of possible fluctuations in the basic properties of the NS, their combinations and simple arithmetic calculations, 24 technical sciences could be distinguished. With. New classifications of types, although they make it possible to more accurately characterize the properties and characteristics of the animal’s nervous system, which is undoubtedly of great importance for the theory and practice of medicine and animal husbandry (especially in the genetic and selection aspect), in this form are still far from perfect. They are cumbersome and require numerous research techniques and the use of functional tests, with the help of which the so-called so-called. With. Installed on dogs T. n. With. Pavlov transferred it to humans. He believed that the four main T. n. pp., common to animals and humans, coincide with the ancient Greek classification (Hippocrates) Temperament in people: a strong unbalanced type corresponds to choleric temperament (see Choleric) , strong balanced inert - phlegmatic (see Phlegmatic) , strong, balanced, mobile - sanguine (see Sanguine) , for the weak - melancholic (see Melancholic). In addition to general T.n. p., Pavlov proposed to distinguish specifically human private types in humans, characterizing the interaction of the first and second signaling systems and the relationship between them: mental type - the predominance of the second signaling system (See Second signaling system) over the first; artistic type - predominance of the first signal system (See First signal system) , and medium type - both signaling systems are represented in equal proportions. Pavlov's concept of two signaling systems is confirmed in modern electrophysiological studies of human brain function.

I. T. Kurtsin.

Soviet psychologists B. M. Teplov and V. D. Nebylitsyn disseminated the doctrine of properties and technical sciences. pp., developed by Pavlov for animals, for humans, taking into account, however, his specificity as a social being. Thus, Pavlov and most of his students more often considered the main properties of the NS either as positive for the body or as negative. Theoretical and experimental work carried out by the Teplov-Nebylitsyn school showed that such an “evaluative” approach to studying the properties of NS is hardly exhaustive. A constructive approach was formulated, according to which each of the poles of any of the properties of the NS (for example, strength - weakness) is a synthesis of positive and negative sides (for example, strong - insensitive, weak - sensitive). A number of new original techniques have been developed to assess the basic properties of the NS in relation to humans, which has made it possible to significantly expand and deepen the understanding of the properties of the human NS.

Using modern methods, it has been shown that the main properties of the human nervous system are not three (strength, mobility and balance), but more. Several more new properties of the NS have been described, for example, lability, isolated as a result of the “splitting” of mobility into lability and mobility, and dynamism. According to Teplov and Nebylitsyn, lability is a property of the NS, characterized by the rate of occurrence and cessation of NS. Dynamism is understood as a property of the neural network associated with the generation of conditioned excitatory or inhibitory neural signals by brain structures during the formation of reactions that are adequate to the conditions of experience, i.e., the ability to learn. Nebylitsyn put forward the position that properties should be considered separately in relation to excitation and in relation to inhibition. Such properties of the nervous system as strength, lability, dynamism and mobility were called primary, and balance for each of them was called secondary. Thus, the structure of the basic properties of the human nervous system appears, according to Nebylitsyn, to be twelve-dimensional: eight primary properties (strength, lability, dynamism and mobility in excitation and inhibition) and four secondary (balance in each of these properties).

Basic properties cannot differ significantly in different human analyzers, and their indicators do not always correlate with the general personality characteristics of the individual, for example, with emotionality. This phenomenon is called the phenomenon of partiality. Each analyzer has its own and relatively independent level of expression of properties. These properties were not called private or partial by Nebylitsyn. And although they are largely hereditary, their influence on human behavior is limited. Particular properties determine mainly only special aspects of behavior, for example, memory functions. Nebylitsyn suggested that along with particular properties there should be so-called general properties of NS. They are determinants of individual human behavior in some of the most general manifestations and traits (in activity, emotionality and self-regulation) and are suitable for explaining individual differences that have a general personality nature. General properties of a non-human are features of the holistic cerebral integration of the NP (appearing, for example, in indicators of distant synchronization of the electroencephalogram), while particular properties are features of local integration (for example, properties of analyzers, hemispheres, anterior brain structures).

The functional-psychological differences between general and particular properties are expressed in the fact that general typological properties determine a person’s temperament, while private ones may probably be of greater importance in determining special abilities.

Thus, the work of the Teplov-Nebylitsyn school made a significant contribution to the development of ideas about the properties of the human nervous system. However, the complexity and “multidimensionality” of the problems of the main technical sciences. With. human require further more in-depth study of them in all the diversity of structures, functions and manifestations. Solving this problem will help to understand the causes of individual differences and ultimately develop a scientific scheme for the multidimensional classification of technical sciences. With. human as the most stable combinations of general and particular properties of the NS.

V. M. Rusalov.

Lit.: Pavlov I.P., Physiological doctrine of the types of the nervous system, temperaments and also, Complete. collection op., vol. 3, book. 2, M.-L., 1951, p. 77-88; him, General types of higher nervous activity of animals and humans, in the same place, p. 267-93; Usievich M. A., Physiology of higher nervous activity, M., 1953; Kupalov P.S., The doctrine of the types of higher nervous activity of animals, “Journal of Higher Nervous Activity”, 1954, vol. 4, century. 1; Dolin A. O., Dolina S. A., Pathology of higher nervous activity, 2nd ed., M., 1972; Kurtsin I. T., Theoretical foundations of psychosomatic medicine, Leningrad, 1973; Teplov B. M., Problems of individual differences, M., 1961; his, New data on the study of the properties of the human nervous system, in the collection: Typological features of higher nervous activity of man, vol. 3, M., 1963; Nebylitsyn V.D., Basic properties of the human nervous system, M., 1966; Golubeva E. A., Guseva E. P., Properties of the nervous system as a factor in the productivity of involuntary and voluntary memorization, in the collection: Problems of differential psychophysiology, vol. 7, M., 1972; Ravich-Shcherbo I.V., Genotypic conditioning of the properties of the nervous system and the problem of their stability, in the collection: On the diagnosis of mental development of personality, Tal., 1974; Rusalov V.M., The main problem of modern differential psychophysiology, “Human Physiology”, 1975, No. 3; Nebylitsyn V.D., Psychophysiological studies of individual differences, M., 1976.

Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .

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The type of nervous system directly depends on the intensity of the processes of inhibition and excitation and the conditions necessary for their development. The type of nervous system is a set of processes occurring in the cerebral cortex. It depends on genetic predisposition and may change slightly over the course of an individual's life.

I. P. Pavlov based the division of the nervous system into types on three properties of nervous processes: strength, balance and mobility (excitation and inhibition).

The strength of nervous processes is understood as the ability of cells in the cerebral cortex to maintain adequate reactions to strong and super-strong stimuli.

Balance should be understood as equal intensity of the processes of excitation and inhibition. The mobility of nervous processes characterizes the speed of transition of the process of excitation to inhibition and vice versa.

Based on the study of the characteristics of nervous processes, I. P. Pavlov identified the following main types of the nervous system: two extreme and one central type. The extreme types are strong unbalanced and weak inhibitory.

Strong unbalanced type. Characterized by strong unbalanced and mobile nervous processes. In such animals, the process of excitation prevails over inhibition, their behavior is aggressive (uncontrollable type).

Weak braking type. Characterized by weak, unbalanced nervous processes. In these animals, the process of inhibition predominates; they are cowardly when they find themselves in an unfamiliar environment; tuck their tail between their legs and hide in a corner.

The central type is characterized by strong and balanced nervous processes, but depending on their mobility it is divided into two groups: strong balanced mobile and strong balanced inert types.

Strong balanced mobile type. The nervous processes in such animals are strong, balanced and mobile. Excitation is easily replaced by inhibition and vice versa. These are affectionate, inquisitive animals that are interested in everything (the living type).

Strong balanced inert type. This type of animal is distinguished by strong, balanced, but sedentary nervous processes (calm type). The processes of excitation and especially inhibition change slowly. These are inert, sedentary animals. Between these main types of the nervous system there are transitional, intermediate types.

The basic properties of nervous processes are inherited. The set of all genes inherent in a given individual is called a genotype. In the process of individual life, under the influence of the environment, the genotype undergoes certain changes, as a result of which a phenotype is formed - the totality of all the properties and characteristics of an individual at a certain stage of development. Consequently, the behavior of animals and humans in the environment is determined not only by the inherited properties of the nervous system, but also by the influences of the external environment (upbringing, training, etc.). When determining the types of higher nervous activity in humans, it is necessary to take into account the relationship of the first and second signaling systems. Based on these provisions, I. P. Pavlov identified four main types, using Hippocratic terminology to designate them: melancholic, choleric, sanguine, phlegmatic.

Choleric is a strong, unbalanced type. The processes of inhibition and excitation in the cerebral cortex in such people are characterized by strength, mobility and imbalance, excitation predominates. These are very energetic people, but excitable and quick-tempered.

Melancholic is a weak type. Nervous processes are unbalanced, inactive, the process of inhibition predominates. A melancholic person sees and expects only the bad and dangerous in everything.

Sanguine is a strong, balanced and agile type. Nervous processes in the cerebral cortex are characterized by great strength, balance and mobility. Such people are cheerful and efficient.

Phlegmatic is a strong and balanced inert type. Nervous processes are strong, balanced, but inactive. Such people are even, calm, persistent and persistent workers.

Taking into account the peculiarities of the interaction of the first and second signaling systems, I. P. Pavlov additionally identified three true human types.

Artistic type. In people of this group, in terms of the degree of development, the first signaling system prevails over the second; in the process of thinking, they widely use sensory images of the surrounding reality. Very often these are artists, writers, musicians.

Thinking type. In people belonging to this group, the second signaling system significantly predominates over the first, they are prone to abstract, abstract thinking and are often mathematicians and philosophers by profession.

Medium type. It is characterized by the same importance of the first and second signaling systems in human higher nervous activity. Most people belong to this group.

It is not easy to determine the type of nervous system in a person, since the relationship between the cerebral cortex and subcortical formations, the degree of development of signaling systems, and the level of intelligence play an important role.

It has been proven that a person’s academic performance is largely influenced not by the type of nervous system, but by the environment and social factors, since in the process of learning and upbringing, moral principles are primarily acquired. In animals, the biological environment plays a major role. Thus, animals of the same litter placed in different living conditions will have different types. Thus, the genetically determined type of the nervous system is the basis for the formation of individual phenotype characteristics during life.

a complex of basic congenital and acquired individual properties of the nervous system of humans and animals that determine differences in behavior and attitude to the same environmental influences. The concept of T.n. With. introduced by I.P. Pavlov (1927). The basis for the classification of technical sciences. With. formed ideas about the strength, balance and mobility of the processes of excitation and inhibition. I.P. Pavlov identified and characterized four main so-called. With. (see Type of nervous system: strong, unbalanced (unrestrained), Type of nervous system: strong, balanced, sedentary (inert), Type of nervous system: strong, balanced, mobile (living), Type of nervous system: weak), which revealed the neurophysiological essence of the four known types of temperament. In addition to general T.n. With. I.P. Pavlov identified three special types in humans, characterizing the relationship and interaction between the first and second signaling systems (see Type of nervous system: mental, Type of nervous system: average, Type of nervous system: artistic); (see also Type of higher nervous activity)

TYPE OF NERVOUS SYSTEM

type of higher nervous activity) - a set of properties of the nervous system that constitute the physiological basis of the individual uniqueness of human activity. The concept of T.n. With. introduced by I.P. Pavlov as a result of the properties of the nervous system he identified - strength, mobility and balance. On this basis, he identified four T. c: 1) strong, unbalanced, mobile or unrestrained; 2) strong, balanced, inert or slow; 3) strong, balanced, agile and lively; 4) weak. In accordance with these technical principles. With. There are four types of temperament: 1) choleric; 2) phlegmatic; 3) sanguine; 4) melancholic. Selected four T.n. With. are considered common to both humans and animals. In addition, I.P. Pavlov proposed another classification of technical sciences. s, characteristic only for humans. It is based on the relationship between two signaling systems: 1) artistic type (predominance of the first signaling system); 2) thinking type (predominance of the second signaling system); 3) mixed type. Further research (B. M. Teplov, V. D. Nebylitsyn) made it possible to clarify and expand Pavlov’s classification and create the prerequisites for developing a new idea about the physiological basis of individual psychological differences in humans. Regulations on specific human technical technologies. With. are confirmed in modern psychophysiological studies of functional asymmetry of the brain. .

Determining the basic properties of the nervous system is of great importance. This has direct relevance to both theoretical and applied research. Most laboratory methods developed to diagnose the basic properties of the nervous system require certain conditions and specialized equipment. Therefore, not only they are recognized as quite labor-intensive.

In contrast, express methods are free of this kind of disadvantages, including the tapping test, which will be discussed today. So, we present to your attention a tapping test, which is also a test for determining the properties of the nervous system based on psychomotor indicators.

To conduct the tapping test, we will need certain blank sheets with an approximate size of 203×283, on which six equal rectangles will be depicted three in a row. Also among the necessary things are a stopwatch and a pencil.

Instructions

Now we will put dots in the squares. Let's start with the very first square. From now on we will move exclusively clockwise. Each transition from one square to another is carried out without interrupting work and only at the command of the experimenter. During the entire time allocated for marking dots, work at your maximum rhythm. Each square will be given 5 seconds, during which it is necessary to place the maximum possible number of dots.

So, the experimenter gives the signal “Start”, then every 5 seconds he gives a new signal “Move to another square”, after 5 seconds of putting dots in the 6th square the experimenter gives the last signal “Stop”. All clear? Okay, then take a pencil in your right/left hand and fix it in front of the first square.

Keys to tapping test:

In order to process the results of the tapping test, first of all it is necessary to count the resulting number of points in each square. Next, you should build a graph of the subject’s performance in accordance with the results obtained; for this, 5-second time intervals should be plotted on the abscissa axis, and the calculated number of points in each square should be plotted on the ordinate axis.

Analysis of tapping test and interpretation of results

The strength of nervous processes is an indicator of the performance of nerve cells and the nervous system as a whole. A strong nervous system can withstand a greater load and duration than a weak one. The technique is based on determining the dynamics of the maximum tempo of hand movement. The experiment is carried out sequentially - first with the right and then with the left hand. The resulting maximum tempo dynamics can be divided into five types:

• convex type— the pace increases to the maximum in the first 10-15 seconds of work; then by 25-30 seconds it may drop below the initial level, that is, the level that was observed in the first 5 seconds of work; this type of curve indicates that the subject has a strong nervous system;
• smooth type— the maximum tempo is maintained at approximately the same level throughout the entire operating time; this type of curve characterizes the subject's nervous system as a nervous system of average strength;
• descending type– the maximum pace taken by the test subject decreases already from the second 5-second segment and remains at a reduced level throughout the entire work; this type of curve indicates the weakness of the subject’s nervous system;
• intermediate type— the pace of work decreases after the first 10-15 seconds; this type is regarded as intermediate between medium and weak nervous system strength - medium-weak nervous system;
• concave type— an initial decrease in the maximum tempo is then replaced by a short-term increase in tempo to the initial level; due to the ability for short-term mobilization, such subjects also belong to the group of people with a moderately weak nervous system.

The tapping test is usually used in combination with others that measure different levels of personality characteristics. Such a test is especially useful in determining career guidance and conducting psychological counseling to correct and/or improve a personal style of activity. Testing is done individually and usually takes about 2 minutes.

Types of dynamics of maximum tempo of movements

a – convex type graph; b – flat type graph; c – descending type graph; d – graph of intermediate and concave types (the horizontal line is the line marking the level of the initial tempo of work in the first 5 seconds).

All the variety of meanings of the nervous system follows from its properties.

Excitability, irritability and conductivity are characterized as functions of time, that is, it is a process that occurs from irritation to the manifestation of the response activity of the organ. According to the electrical theory of the propagation of a nerve impulse in a nerve fiber, it spreads due to the transition of local foci of excitation to adjacent inactive areas of the nerve fiber or the process of spreading depolarization of the action potential, which is similar to an electric current. Another chemical process occurs at synapses, in which the development of an excitation wave of polarization belongs to the mediator acetylcholine, that is, a chemical reaction.

The nervous system has the property of transforming and generating energies of the external and internal environment and converting them into a nervous process.

A particularly important property of the nervous system is the ability of the brain to store information in the process of not only ontology, but also phylogenesis.

Types of nervous systems

There are several types of organization of the nervous system, represented in various systematic groups of animals.

The diffuse nervous system is represented in coelenterates. Nerve cells form a diffuse nerve plexus in the ectoderm throughout the animal's body, and when one part of the plexus is strongly stimulated, a generalized response occurs - the whole body reacts.

Stem nervous system (orthogon) - some nerve cells are collected into nerve trunks, along with which the diffuse subcutaneous plexus is preserved. This type of nervous system is represented in flatworms and nematodes (in the latter the diffuse plexus is greatly reduced), as well as many other groups of protostomes - for example, gastrotrichs and cephalopods.

The nodal nervous system, or complex ganglion system, is represented in annelids, arthropods, mollusks and other groups of invertebrates. Most of the cells of the central nervous system are collected in nerve nodes - ganglia. In many animals, the cells are specialized and serve individual organs. In some molluscs (for example, cephalopods) and arthropods, a complex association of specialized ganglia with developed connections between them arises - a single brain or cephalothoracic nerve mass (in spiders). In insects, some sections of the protocerebrum (“mushroom bodies”) have a particularly complex structure.

A tubular nervous system (neural tube) is characteristic of chordates.

Child growth and development, i.e. quantitative and qualitative changes are closely interrelated with each other. Gradual quantitative and qualitative changes that occur during the growth of the body lead to the appearance of new qualitative characteristics in the child.

The entire period of development of a living being, from the moment of fertilization to the natural end of individual life, is called ontogenesis (Greek ONTOS - existing, and GINESIS - origin). In ontogenesis, two relative stages of development are distinguished:

• 1. Prenatal
• 2. Postnatal

Prenatal - begins from the moment of conception until the birth of the child.

Postnatal - from the moment of birth to death of a person.

Along with the harmonious development, there are special stages of the most dramatic spasmodic atom-physiological transformations.

In postnatal development, three such “critical periods” or “age crises” are distinguished.

Changing Factors

Consequences

from 2x to 4x

Development of the sphere of communication with the outside world.

Development of speech form.

Development of a form of consciousness.

Increasing educational requirements.

Increased motor activity

from 6 to 8 years

New people

New friends

New responsibilities

Decreased motor activity

from 11 to 15 years

Changes in hormonal balance with maturation and restructuring of the endocrine glands.

Expanding your social circle

Conflicts in the family and at school

Hot temper

An important biological feature in the development of a child is that the formation of their functional systems occurs much earlier than they need it.

The principle of accelerated development of organs and functional systems in children and adolescents is a kind of “insurance” that nature gives to humans in case of unforeseen circumstances.

A functional system is a temporary combination of various organs of a child’s body, aimed at achieving a result useful for the existence of the organism.

Comprehensive diagnostics of the level of functional development of a child. Child's readiness for school.

Psychological readiness for school includes:

intellectual readiness;

motivational readiness;

volitional readiness;

communicative readiness.

Intellectual readiness presupposes the development of attention, memory, formed mental operations of analysis, synthesis, generalization, and the ability to establish connections between phenomena and events. By the age of 6-7 years, a child should know:

• * his address and the name of the city in which he lives;
• * name of the country and its capital;
• * names and patronymics of their parents, information about their places of work;
• * seasons, their sequence and main features;
• * names of months, days of the week;
• * main types of trees and flowers.

He should be able to distinguish between domestic and wild animals, understand that the grandmother is the mother of the father or mother. In other words, he must navigate time, space and his immediate environment.

Motivational readiness implies that the child has a desire to accept a new social role - the role of a schoolchild. Therefore, it is very important that the school is attractive to him for its main activity - study. To this end, parents need to explain to their child that children go to study to gain knowledge that is necessary for every person.

You should give your child only positive information about school. Remember that your assessments and judgments are easily borrowed by children and are perceived uncritically. The child should see that his parents are calm and confident about his upcoming entry into school.

The reason for the reluctance to go to school may be that the child “hasn’t played enough.” But at the age of 6-7 years, mental development is very plastic, and children who “have not had enough of playing”, when they come to class, soon begin to experience pleasure from the learning process.

You don't have to develop a love for school before the start of the school year, because it's impossible to love something you haven't already encountered.

It is enough to let the child understand that studying is the responsibility of every modern person and the attitude of many of the people around the child depends on how successful he is in learning.

Volitional readiness presupposes that a child has the ability to set a goal, make a decision to start an activity, outline an action plan, carry it out with some effort, evaluate the result of his activity, as well as the ability to perform not very attractive work for a long time.

The development of strong-willed readiness for school is facilitated by visual activities and design, since they encourage one to concentrate on building or drawing for a long time.

Communicative readiness is manifested in the child’s ability to subordinate his behavior to the laws of children’s groups and the norms of behavior established in the classroom. It presupposes the ability to become involved in the children's community, to act together with other children, if necessary, to give in or defend one's innocence, to obey or lead.

In order to develop communicative competence, you should maintain friendly relationships between your son or daughter and others. A personal example of tolerance in relationships with friends, family, and neighbors also plays a big role in the formation of this type of readiness for school.