German sea battle in the 18th century. The largest sea battles

Sea battles of the late XIX century: Tsushimsky battle, fox battle.

One of the first marine battles between the steam fleets occurred on July 20, 1866 at the Lisa Island during the Austro-Italian War. In fact, it was the first battle of screw ships, and it did not lead to tactical innovations compared to battles in which sailing ships were participating: the Italian armored squadron acted as the Kilwater Column, and the Austrian Wedge, which allowed her to break through the enemy's system and break his ships into small Groups. During the fight "Ferdinand Max" with Admiral Tegettthoff on board, the Thalent blow to the Italian armor "Re d" Italy "and Skilled him. The Austrian armor" Kaiser "also tried to roll" Rei Di Portogallo ", but unsuccessfully. The battle during Lissee revived the military The marine tactics of the century of junior vessels, when a ram was served by the main weapon, since the artillery fire could not be used to fully because of the low range of guns, still shooting cores.

On May 27, 1905, absolutely different tactic was used in the Tsushimsky battle. The decisive role was played not a ram, but artillery.

The battle occurred between the Russian fleet, under the command of the Vice-Admiral of the Rodial, and Japanese, who headed the admiral of Togo.

Russian squadron, leaving October 14, 1904. The Baltic Port of Libaou (Liepaja), having rented Africa, crossed the Indian Ocean and after seven months (May 20, 1905) entered the East-China Sea. A heading of the Korean Strait of Rodestraysky intended to break through to Vladivostok - the Russian Far Eastern Marine Base - but on the night of May 26, he was seen by the Japanese sentiment cruiser. In the Tsushimsky battle, ships were kilvater columns. This demonstrated the importance of gallery long range. Ships entering the battle should have seen each other, light mist or clouds, not to mention the darkness, it was enough to stop the battle.

For the first time, the Russians noticed Japanese ships from the side of the left side, which was taken into account by the Rodnyensky when choosing the combat construction of ships. But when the fog dissipated, the village found that the major forces of the Japanese were located on board from it. The Japanese immediately opened fire from the long-range guns, sterling and damaging a lot of Russian ships, which even before dawn were attacked by torpedoes from the destroyer. With the onset of darkness, under the command of the counter-admiral of the Neboratova, the remains of the Russian squadron moved to the north. But in the morning they were discovered by the superior forces of the Japanese and were forced to surrender.
Tsushimsky battle (May 27, 1905)

The battle occurred during the Russian-Japanese war 1904-1905. And played an important role in the development of naval tactics, demonstrating the unsuitable of Taran. The diagram shows the initial stages of the battle. The first and second Japanese squadron promoted one kilvater column, the shooting went parallel to them. The Russian squadron approached a single line. She noticed the enemy from the left side and took advantage of the fog cover to change the combat construction and confuse the enemy. But when the fog dissipates, the first and second Japanese squadron turned out to be right on board. The battle occurred at the maximum range of fire and proved the superiority of Japanese artillery.

The diagram shows the location of the Italian and Austrian flotilla at the beginning of the battle. The Italian squadron, under the command of Admiral Persano, was from Ancona to Lisse and numbered 11 armadors and armadagna taran "Affondator." The Austrian squadron, under the command of Admiral Tegtetthof, was located in the port of the floor, which left July 19 to enter into battle with the enemy. Squades of Tegetthoff numbered 7 armor and 7 wooden ships. The main weapon of the fox battle was a ram, since the range of the guns, which shot the nuclei was small.

The prerequisites of the battle were long before the arrival of Napoleon to power - there was a continuous struggle between France and the UK. Throughout the 18th century, the countries were competing with each other for the championship in Europe, which was the cause of a number of bloody battles included in the history called the "second century of war". After the fall of the French monarchy, the struggle reached his peak: the United Kingdom became the main obstacle to the submission of Europe for Bonaparta. To get rid of the dangerous enemy, in whose Arsenal was the most powerful naval fleet of that time, Napoleon decided to attack from sushi. His huge army, many times exceeding the troops of any countries, without much difficulty could break the minor forces of Britain.

A 150,000 landing land was prepared, which was supposed to land on the British Islands and give a crushing land battle to the British. However, for its implementation there was a serious obstacle: to get into the United Kingdom, the French needed to overcome the La Mans, incentively guarded by British ships. Attempts by Vice Admiral Villenev to remove the attention of the British from the strait not only did not bring the necessary results, but also brought the French to the blockade in the harbor of Cadiz. Here the fleet has connected with Spanish troops and lingered for two months. Napoleon was displeased with the passivity of Villenev and appointed him a replacement in the face of Vice Admiral Rosilly. Insulting, Villenev decided to leave Cadiz, which ultimately led French to defeat.

On October 21, the French squadron was seen and attacked by English ships at Cape Trafalgar a few hours after leaving the port. Allied troops are numerically superior to the British, but they failed to win. This was largely due to the next Promach Vilnesev: contrary to the instructions of their admirals, he built a fleet in one arcuate line. This allowed two columns of British ships in parallel to the Spaniards and French, divide them and start loudling them in parts. The disparate actions of the Allies did not allow the well-coordinated work of the English captains and to the outcome of the day the battle was lost.

British forces commanded Vice-Admiral Nelson, who by the time of battle for more than two years she pursued Villenev. Upon learning of the blockade of the French fleet, Nelson personally volunteered to command by English troops. According to one of the versions, before the start of the battle, he ordered a signal to give a sailor: "Nelson believes that everyone will fulfill their debt", which, due to the lack of the necessary signaling codes, was replaced by "England is waiting for everyone to fulfill their debt." Subsequently, this phrase became the battle motto of the British.

Vice Admiral put on a parade uniform with all orders, issued the will and took a place on the flagship bridge of the Victory linear ship near the captain Thomas Hardy. On requests to go to a safer place, Nelson responded with refusal: he believed that the view of the commander standing on the deck would inspire sailors. Nelson's sparkling awards attracted the attention of French shooters - Vice Admiral was fatal wound. Nevertheless, he did not pass the command to the squadron until the latter and demanded that the Hardy had a permanent progress report. Nelson died, having heard the words of the captain: "Milord, this day is yours."

The courage was shown not only by British commanders. An innovative plan was almost turned around for the British defeat because of the heroism of the French captain Jean-Jacques Etienne Lucas, attacked on his army Redoutable (Grozny) flagship Nelson. The French ship was at the most disadvantageous place building - in the center for which both lines of English construction were sent. But thanks to the decision of Captain Lucas to go to the board, the French penetrated on board "Victoria", where bloody battle was unleashed. It is not known how this battle for the British would end up, do not come to them to help another ship. The general efforts of two crews of the British managed to deal with almost the entire team of Lucas, killing and wounding more than five hundred sailors. Redoutable was badly damaged and began to go under the water, but did not give up and continued to fight until the latter. The captain himself received severe injuries and was captured, but in England he was taken with great reverence. After the liberation of captain, the captain was raised to the Commander and took the Order of the Honor Legion from the hands of Napoleon.

The results of the Trafalgar battle were amazing: the Allied troops lost 18 ships in it and 15 thousand people killed, wounded and captured. The British disabled almost the entire Franco-Spanish fleet, without having lost a single ship at the same time. The United Kingdom remained unresponsible, and Bonaparte changed the course of his conquest towards Austria and Russia.

Vice-Admiral Williness escaped death on the day of the battle, but at return to his homeland, he soon died in mysterious circumstances. Officially mentioned suicide, but 6 knife wounds on his body spawned a version of the possible revenge on the side of the Bonaparte.

Gangut battle
Gangut battle - the sea battle of the Great Northern War of 1700-1721, held on July 27 (August 7) \u200b\u200bof 1714 at Cape Gangut (Hanko Peninsula, Finland) in the Baltic Sea between the Russian and Swedish Fleets, the first in the history of Russia, the sea victory of the Russian Fleet.
By the spring of 1714, South and almost the entire central part of Finland were busy with Russian troops. In order to finally resolve the issue of Russia's exit to the Baltic Sea, which was controlled by the Swedes, was required to defeat the Swedish fleet.
At the end of June 1714, the Russian Rowing Fleet (99 Gallery, SPEMWA and Auxiliary Ships with 15-Comaant) under the command of the Admiral General of Count Fedor Matveyevich Apraksin focused on the east coast of Ganguut (in Tremin Bay) in order to land troops to enhance the Russian garrison in Abo (100 km northwest Cape Gangeut). The path of the Russian fleet was blocked by the Swedish fleet (15 linear ships, 3 frigates, 2 bombarded ship and 9 gallers) under the command of G.Varthar. Petr I (Shautbenacht Peter Mikhailov) applied tactical maneuver. He decided part of his gallery to transfer to the area of \u200b\u200bnorth of Gangut through the experiencing of this peninsula with a length of 2.5 kilometers. To fulfill the plan, he ordered to build a pass (wooden flooring). Having learned about this, Vitrang sent a detachment of ships to the northern coast of the peninsula (1 frigate, 6 gallery, 3 Schkerbot). He headed the detachment of the counter-admiral Erenshöld. Another detachment (8 linear ships and 2 bombarded ships) under the top of Vice Admiral Lillea, he decided to use to strike at the main forces of the Russian Fleet.
Peter expected such a decision. He decided to take advantage of the separation of the enemy forces. He favored the weather. On the morning of July 26 (August 6) there was a windless, because of what Swedish sailing ships have lost mannevism. The avant-garde of the Russian fleet (20 ships) under the command of Commander Matvey Christophore Zmaevich began a breakthrough, bypassing the Swedish ships and staying outside the reach of their fire. Following him, I carried out a breakthrough of another detachment (15 ships). Thus, the need for a passage disappeared. The detachment of Zmaevich blocked the Erenseld detachment at the island of Lakkisser.

Believing that other squads of Russian ships will continue to break through the same way, Vitrang recalled the detachment of Lille, thus freed, so the coastal fairway. Taking advantage of this, Apraksin with the main forces of the rowing fleet broke through the coastal Farvatera to his avant-garde. At 14 hours on July 27 (August 7), the Russian avant-garde as part of 23 ships attacked the Erenscheld detachment, which built his ships on a concave line, whose flank was resting in the island. The two first attacks of the Swedes managed to beat off the fire of ship guns. The third attack was undertaken against the flanking ships of the Swedish squad, which did not allow the enemy to use an advantage in artillery. Soon they were taken to the boarding and captured. Peter I personally participated in the boarding attack, showing the sailors an example of courage and heroism. After the stubborn battle, the Swedish flagship surrendered - the Elefant frigate. All 10 ships of Erencheld detachment were captured. Part of the Swedish Fleet forces managed to go to the Aland Islands.

The victory of the Gangeut Peninsula has become the first major victory of the Russian regular fleet. She provided him with freedom of action in Finnish and the Hardware, effective support for Russian troops in Finland. In the gangut battle, the Russian command boldly used the advantage of the rowing fleet in the fight against the Swedes linear sailing fleet, skillfully organized the interaction of the fleet forces and the ground forces, flexibly responded to changes in the tactical situation and weather conditions, managed to solve the enemy maneuver and impose his tactics.

The forces of the parties:
Russia - 99 Gallery, Standway and Auxiliary Ships, 15-thousand landing
Sweden - 14 linear ships, 1 Provantship, 3 frigates, 2 bombards and 9 gallers

Military losses:
Russia - 127 killed (8 officers), 342 wounded (1 brigadier, 16 officers), 232 prisoners (7 officers). Total - 701 people. (Including 1 Brigadier, 31 officer), 1 galley - captured.
Sweden - 1 Frigate, 6 gallery, 3 Schkerbot, 361 killed (9 officers), 580 prisoners (1 admiral, 17 officers) (from them - 350 wounded). Total - 941 people (including - 1 Admiral, 26 officers), 116 guns.

Battle with Grengama
The battle of GreenGame is the sea battle that occurred on July 27 (August 7) \u200b\u200bof 1720 in the Baltic Sea near the Island of Greengam (South Group of the Aland Islands), was the last major battle of the Great Northern War.

After the gangut battle, England, concerned about the increase in the power of the Russian army, formed a military alliance with Sweden. However, the demonstrative approximation of the United Anglo-Swedish squadron did not forced Peter I to look for the world, and the squadron went to the shores of Sweden. Peter I, having learned about it, ordered to move the Russian fleet from the Aland Islands to Helsingfors, and near the squadron leave several boats for patrol. Soon one of these boats, which came stranded, was captured by the Swedes, as a result of which Peter ordered to return the fleet back to the Aland Islands.
July 26 (August 6) The Russian fleet under the command of M. Golitsyn as part of 61 galleys and 29 boats approached the Aland Islands. Russian reconnaissance boats noticed the Swedish squadron between the islands of Lamaland and Fritutberg. Because of the strong wind, it was impossible to attack it, and Golitsyn decided to go to the island of Greengam in order to prepare a good position among Schcher.

When July 27 (August 7), Russian ships approached Greengam, the Fleet of Swedes under the command of the K.G. Shablad, having 156 guns unexpectedly starred from the anchor and went on rapprochement by exposing the Russians to the massive shelling. The Russian fleet has become hasty to retreat in shallow water, where and the Swedish ships pursued. In the shallow water, more maneuverable Russian galleys and boats moved into the attack and managed to take on the abordag 4 frigates (34-cannon "Stor-Phoenix", 30-cannon "Verek", 22-gun "Kiskin" and 18-gun "Dansk-Ern" ), after which the remaining part of the Swedish fleet retreated.
The result of the battle in Greengam was the end of the undivided Swedish influence on the Baltic Sea and the approval of Russia. The battle brought the conclusion of Nesteadt world.

The forces of the parties:
Russian Empire - 61 Gallery and 29 boats
Sweden - 1 linear ship, 4 frigates, 3 galleys, 3 Schkerbot, Snava, Galiot and Brigantine

Military losses:
The Russian Empire - 82 killed (2 officers), 236 wounded (7 officers). Total - 328 people (including - 9 officers).
Sweden - 4 frigates, 103 killed (3 officers), 407 prisoners (37 officers). Total - 510 people (including - 40 officers), 104 guns, 4 flags.

Chesme Battle

Chesme Battle - Marine Battle July 5-7, 1770 in the Chesmen Bay between Russian and Turkish Fleets.

After the start of the Russian-Turkish War in 1768, Russia sent several squadors from the Baltic Sea to Mediterranean to distract the attention of the Turks from the Black Sea Fleet - the so-called First Archipelago Expedition. Two Russian squadrons (under the command of Admiral Grigoria Spiridov and the English Advisor Council Admiral John Elfinson), united under the general command of Count Alexey Orlov, discovered the Turkish fleet on the raid of the Chesmen Bay (the West Coast of Turkey).

July 5, fight in the Holy Strait
After coordinating the action plan, the Russian fleet approached all the sails to the southern edge of the Turkish line, and then, unfolding, began to occupy the position against Turkish ships. The Turkish fleet opened fire at 11:30-11: 45, Russian - at 12:00. Manovr did not succeed in three Russian ships: "Europe" slipped his place and was forced to turn around and stand behind the "Rostislav", "three saint" reinforced the second Turkish ship from the back side before it was able to go into operation and was mistakenly attacking the ship "three Hierarch, "and" St. Yanuariya "was forced to turn around before became commissioned.
"St. Eustafium "under the command of Spiridov began a duel with the flagship ship of the Turkish squadron" Real Mustafa "under the command of Gassan-Pasha, and then tried to take him to the board. After the burning grotto "Real Mustafa" fell on "St. Eustafius, "he exploded. After 10-15 minutes, "Real Mustafa" exploded. Admiral Spiridov and the brother of the Commander Fedor Orlov left the ship before the explosion. Also saved and captain "St. Eustafia "Cruise. Spiridov continued command from the ship "Three Saint".
By 14:00, the Turks collapsed the anchor ropes and retreated to the Chesmen bay under the cover of the coastal batteries.

July 6-7, battle in Chesmen Bay
In the Chesmen Bay, Turkish ships formed two lines of 8 and 7 linear ships, respectively, the rest of the vessels took a position between these lines and the shore.
During the day, July 6, Russian vessels fired a Turkish fleet and coastal fortifications from a long distance. Frames were made of four auxiliary ships.

At 17:00 on July 6, the Bombarer Ship "Thunder" became anchored before the entrance to the Chesmen Bay and began the shelling of Turkish ships. At 0:30, it was joined by a linear ship "Europe", and by 1:00 - "Rostislav", in whose Kilvater was a brand.

"Europe", "Rostislav" and approached "not touching me" formed a line from the north to south, enhancing the battery with Turkish ships, "Saratov" stood in reserve, and Thunder and Frigate "Africa" \u200b\u200battacked the batteries on the West Bank . At 1:30 or a little earlier (at midnight, according to Elfinson), as a result of the fire "Thunder" and / or "not Tron me", one of the Turkish line ships exploded due to the transition of the flame from the burning sails on the body. Last minute debris from this explosion scored other ships in the bay.

After the explosion at 2:00 second Turkish ship, Russian ships stopped fire, and branders entered the bay. Two of them under the command of Captains Gagarin and Dagdale Turks managed to shoot (according to Elfinston, only Brander captain Dagdale was shot, and Brander Captain Gagarin refused to go into battle), one under the command of Mackenzie clung to the already burning ship, and one under the command of Lieutenant D. Ilyina clung to the 84-cannon linear ship. Ilyin podzhёg Brander, and himself, together with the team he left him on the boat. The ship exploded and tagged most of the remaining Turkish ships. By 2:30, another 3 linear ships exploded.

At about 4:00, the Russian ships sent boats in order to save the two not yet burning large vessels, but only one of them managed to take out - 60-cannon "Rhodes". From 4:00 to 5:30, another 6 linear ships exploded, and in the 7th hour - at the same time 4. By 8:00, the fight was completed in the Chesmen bay.
After Chesme battle, the Russian fleet managed to seriously disrupt the communications of the Turks in the Aegean Sea and establish the blockade of Dardanwell. All this played an important role at the conclusion of the Kychuk-Kainardzhi peace treaty.

The forces of the parties:
Russian Empire - 9 linear ships, 3 frigates, 1 scorer,
17-19 small ships, approx. 6500 people
Ottoman Empire - 16 linear ships, 6 frigates, 6 Shebek, 13 gallery, 32 small vessels,
OK. 15,000 people

Losses:
Russian Empire - 1 linear ship, 4 brandera, 661 people, of which 636 - with the explosion of the vessel of St. Eustafium, 40 wounded
Ottoman Empire - 15 linear ships, 6 frigates, a large number of small ships, approx. 11.000 people. Captured: 1 Linear ship, 5 gallery

Rochensalm battles

The first Rochensalm battle is the sea battle between Russia and Sweden, which occurred 13 (24) of August 1789 on the Rochensalm Rochensalm raid and the end of the victory of the Russian Fleet.
On August 22, 1789, the Swedish fleet with a total number of 49 ships under the command of Admiral K. A. Erensverd was hiding at the Rochensalm Raid among the islands near the modern Finnish city of Kotka. The Swedes blocked the only one affordable for large vessels to Rochensalm, flooding there three vessels. On August 24, 86 Russian ships under the command of Vice-Admiral K. G. Nassau-Siegen began the attack on both sides. South detachment under the command of General-Major I. P. Ball was distracted by the basic forces of the Swedes for several hours, while the main forces of the Russian fleet were made from the north under the command of the counter-admiral Yu. P. Litti. Ships led fire, and special teams of sailors and officers looted the passage. In five hours, Rochensalm was cleared, and the Russians broke into the raid. The Swedes were defeated by losing 39 ships (including the Admiral, captured). Russian losses amounted to 2 ships. In the battle, the commander of the right wing of the Russian avant-garde Antonio Koronelli distinguished himself.

The forces of the parties:
Russia - 86 ships
Sweden - 49 ships

Military losses:
Russia -2 ship
Sweden - 39 ships

The second rochesalm battle is the sea battle between Russia and Sweden, which occurred on July 9-10, 1790 on the Rochensalm Rochensalm raid. Swedish naval forces caused a crushing defeat by the Russian fleet, which led to the end of the Russian-Swedish war almost already won by Russia in unprofitable for the Russian side.

Attempting Vyborg's storm, undertaken by the Swedes in June 1790, was not crowned with success: July 4, 1790 Swedish fleet blocked by Russian courts in Vyborg Gulf, broke out of the environment of the price of significant losses. Taking the gallery fleet to Rochensalm (the main composition of sailing boards who survived in the breakthrough of the Vyborg blockade, went to repair in Sveaborg), Gustavi III and Flag-Captain Lieutenant Colonel Karl Ulof Krastedt began preparations for the alleged attack of Russians. On July 6, the final orders were made about the organization of defense. At dawn on July 9, 1790, in mind the approaching Russian courts, an order was given to the beginning of the battle.
Unlike the first Rochensalm battle, the Russians decided to break through to the Swedish raid on the one hand of the Rochenzalm Strait. The head of the Russian rowing fleet in the Finnish Gulf Vice-Admiral Karl Nassau-Siegen approached Rochensalm at 2 o'clock in the morning and at 9 o'clock in the morning, without prior intelligence, began the battle - probably wanting to make a gift to Empress Catherine II to the day of the Edessa for the throne. From the very beginning of the battle, its move turned out to be favorable for the Swedish fleet, which secured a powerful M-shaped anchor system on the RochenSalm raid - despite the significant superiority of Russians in the personnel and ship artillery. On the first day of the battle, the Russian ships attacked the southern flank of the Swedes, but were discarded by the hurricane wind and fired from the shore with Swedish coastal batteries, as well as the Swedish Galers and Cavalonian boats.

Then the Swedes, skillfully maneuvering, moved the gunboats on the left flank and mixed the system of the Russian gallery. During the panic retreat, most Russian gallers, and after them, frigates and Shebek were broken by storm waves, sank or overturned. Several Russian sailing vessels who have anchored in combat positions have been taken to the boardage, captured or burned.

On the morning of the next day, the Swedes secured their disposition with a new successful attack. The remains of the Russian fleet were finally bent from Rochensalm.
The second battle at Rarhensalm cost about 40% of the Baltic Coastal Defense Fleet. The battle is considered one of the largest naval operations (in relation to the number of courts involved) in all maritime history; More warships - if not to take into account the data of ancient sources about battles with the island of Salamin and Cape Ecåne - took part in the battle in the Gulf of July 23-26, 1944.

The forces of the parties:
Russian Empire - 20 linear ships, 23 galleys and Shebeci, 77 combat boats, ≈1400 guns, 18,500 people
Sweden - 6 linear ships, 16 gallery, 154 combat boate and gunboats, ≈1000 guns, 12,500 people

Military losses:
Russian Empire - more than 800 killed and wounded, more than 6,000 prisoners, 53-64 vessels (mainly galleys and canoners)
Sweden - 300 killed and wounded, 1 galley, 4 small vessel

Battle at the Tender Cape (Battle of Hajibay)

Battle at the Tendra Cape (Battle at Hajibay) - the sea battle on the Black Sea during the Russian-Turkish war 1787-1791 between the Russian squadron under the command of F. F. Ushakov and Turkish under the command of Hasan-Pasha. It happened on August 28-29 (September 8-9) of 1790 near the tendrovskos.

After the joining of Crimea, a new Russian-Turkish war began to Russia. Russian troops began the offensive in the Danube area. To help them, the gallery flotilla was formed. However, it could not make the transition from Kherson to the region of hostilities because of the presence in the West of the Black Sea of \u200b\u200bthe Turkish squadron. The counter-admiral F. Ushakov F. Ushakov was reserved to help the flotilla. Having under its team of 10 linear ships, 6 frigates, 17 cruising vessels, a scorer ship, a rehearsal ship and 2 brandera, on August 25, he left Sevastopol and headed for the Ochakov to connect with the rowing fleet and give a fight to the enemy.

The Commander of the Turkish Fleet Hasan Pasha, having gathered all his strength between Hajibem (now Odessa) and Trendne Cape, eager for the defeat in the battle of Kerch Strait 8 (19) July 1790. He managed to convince Sultan in his determination The rapid defeat of the Russian sea forces on the Black Sea and the topics he deserved his favor. Selim III was given to help his friend and relative (Hasan-Pasha was married to Sultan's sister) experienced Admiral Said Beea, intending to reverse the course of events to the sea in favor of Turkey.
On the morning of August 28, the Turkish fleet, consisting of 14 linear ships, 8 frigates and 23 other ships, continued to be anchored between the Trende's Cape and Hajibem. And suddenly, from Sevastopol, Gasan discovered Russian ships, walking under all the sails in a hiking order of three columns. The emergence of Russians led Turks to confusion. Despite the superiority in the forces, they hastily began to chop ropes and move to the Danube in disorder. Ushakov ordered all the sails and, remaining in a marching order, began to descend on the enemy. Advanced Turkish ships, filling the sail, retired at a considerable distance. But, noticing the danger that hung over the argeragard, Hasan-Pasha began to connect to him and build a battle line. Ushakov, continuing rapprochement with the enemy, also gave the order to rebuild into a combat line. As a result, the Russian ships "very spore" lined up in the battle order in the wind at the Turks.

Using justifying himself in the Kerch battle, a change in combat order, Fyodor Fedorovich brought three frigate from the line - "John the warrior", "Jeronim" and "Pokrov Virgin" to ensure a maneuverable reserve for the change of wind and possible at the time of the enemy's attacks from two sides. At 15 o'clock, approaching the enemy at the distance of the boot shot, F.F. Ushakov forced him to battle. And soon, under the powerful fire of the Russian line, the opponent began to shock the wind and come to the disorder. Going closer, the Russians collapsed with all the power to the forefront of the Turkish fleet. The flagship ship Ushakov "Christmas of Christ" led the fight with three vehicles of the enemy, forcing them to get out of the line.

By 17 o'clock, the entire Turkish line was finally broken. Purpose Russians, advanced enemy ships turned to them with food to get out of battle. Their example was followed by the rest of the vessels, which became as a result of this maneuver in advance. During the turn on them, a number of powerful volunteers, causing them great destruction. The two flagship Turkish ships were especially injured, which were against the "Nativity of Christ" and the "Transfiguration of the Lord". In the Turkish flagship, the grotto-marcel was shot down, the rei, walls are interrupted and the aft destroyed. The fight continued. Three Turkish ships were cut off from the main forces, and the stern part of the Hasan-Pashinsk ship was separated into the chips of Russian nuclei. The enemy appealed to the Danube. Ushakov pursued him until the darkness and intensified wind did not forced to stop the chase and stand anchor.
At the dawn of the next day it turned out that the Turkish ships are in close proximity to the Russians whose frigate "Amvrosiy Mediolsky" and was at all among the enemy fleet. But since the flags have not yet been raised, the Turks accepted him for her. The resource of the commander - Captain M.N. NeloSky - helped him get out of such a complex position. Recovering from anchor with other Turkish ships, he continued to follow them, not raising the flag. We gradually lagging behind, the Nelozysky waited for the moment when the danger passed by, raised the Andreev flag and went to his fleet. Ushakov gave the team to raise anchor and join the sail to persecute the enemy, which, having a winding position, began to dissipate in different directions. However, a strongly damaged 74-gun ship "Kapayan", which was the flagship Said Bee, and 66-cannon "Macelets Bahri" were behind the Turkish Fleet. The latter, having lost his commander of Kara-Ali, killed by the core, surrendered without a fight, and "capping," trying to break away from persecution, sent his course to the shallow water, separating the Favorter between Kinbourn and Hajibem. In the pursuit of the commander of the avant-garde captain of the brigadyr rank G. Golenkin with two ships and two frigates. Ship "St. Andrei "the first overtaken" Capugation "and opened fire. Soon arrived "St. Georgii, and after him - "Transfiguration of the Lord" and a few more ships. Fiting from the wind and producing a volley, they replaced each other.

The Said Beea ship was almost surrounded, but continued to defend the brave. Ushakov, seeing the useless perseverance of the enemy, at 14 o'clock approached him for a distance of 30 saved, hit him all the masts and gave way to the place for him "St. George. Soon "Christmas of Christ" again rose on board against the nose of the Turkish flagship, preparing for the next pricky. But here, seeing his hopelessness, the Turkish flag has lowered the flag. Russian sailors have come aboard the flames of the enemy ship already arranged, first of all trying to take away to land in the officers boat. With a squall wind and dense smoke, the last boat with a big risk again approached the board and removed Said Bee, after which the ship flew into the air together with the remaining crew and the treasury Turkish fleet. The explosion of a large Admiral ship in front of the entire Turkish fleet made a strong impression on the Turk and tried the moral victory, mined by Ushakov with a tender. Increasing wind, damage in the rabort and rigging did not allow Ushakov to continue the persecution of the enemy. The Russian Commander gave an order to stop the chase and connect with the Liman squadron.

In a two-day sea battle, the opponent suffered a crushing defeat, losing two linear ship, brigantine, Lanson and Floating.

The forces of the parties:
Russian Empire - 10 linear ships, 6 frigates, 1 bombardir and 20 auxiliary ships, 830 guns
Ottoman Empire - 14 linear ships, 8 frigates and 23 auxiliary vessels, 1400 guns

Losses:
Russian Empire - 21 killed, 25 wounded
Ottoman Empire - 2 ships, more than 2 thousand killed

Battle at Kaliacria

The battle of Kaliacria is the last sea battle of the Russian-Turkish war 1787-1791 between the fleets of Russia and the Ottoman Empire, held on July 31 (August 11) of 1791 in the Black Sea of \u200b\u200bCape Kaliakra (Northern Bulgaria).

The Russian fleet under the command of Admiral Fyodor Fedorovich Ushakov consisting of 15 linear ships, 2 frigates and 19 smaller ships (990 cannons) left Sevastopol on August 8, 1791, and at noon on August 11, the Turkish-Algerian fleet was discovered under the command of Hussein-Pasha in 18 Linear ships, 17 frigates (1,500-1,600 cannons) and a large number of smaller courts at anchor near Cape Kaliakra in Northern Bulgaria. Ushakov built his ships in three columns, from the northeast, between the Ottoman Fleet and Cape, despite the fact that the Cape was Turkish batteries. Seit-Ali, commander of the Algerian fleet, raised anchor and followed east, followed by Hussein-Pasha with 18 linear ships.
The Russian fleet turned to the south, forming one column and then attacked the back of the opponent's fleet. Turkish ships were damaged and fled from the battlefield. Seit-Ali was heavily injured. Losses of the Russian Fleet: 17 people died, 28 injured and only one ship was hard damaged.

The battle brought the end of the Russian-Turkish war, which ended with the signing of the yossary peace treaty.

The forces of the parties:
Russian Empire - 15 linear ships, 2 frigates, 19 auxiliary ships
Ottoman Empire - 18 Linear Ships, 17 Frigates, 48 \u200b\u200bAuxiliary Ships, Coast Battery

Losses:
Russian Empire - 17 killed, 28 wounded
Ottoman Empire - Unknown

Sinop Battle

Sinop Battle - the defeat of the Turkish squadron of the Russian Black Sea Fleet 18 (30) of November 1853, under the command of Admiral Nakhimov. Some historians consider it as a Swan Sailing Fleet and the first battle of the Crimean War. The Turkish fleet was crushed within a few hours. This attack was served for the United Kingdom and France by the reason for the announcement of the war of Russia.

Vice-Admiral Nakhimov (84-gun Linear Ships "Empress Maria", "Chesma" and "Rostislav") was sent by Prince Menshikov in cruisers to the shores of Anatolia. There were information that the Turks in Sinop are preparing forces to land the landing of Sukhum and Poti. Going to Sinop, Nakhimov saw a detachment of Turkish ships in the bay under the protection of 6 coastal batteries and decided to close the port closely to attack the enemy from Sevastopol.
16 (28) November 1853 The squadron counter-admiral F. M. Novosilskiy joined the detachment of Nakhimov (120-gun linear ships "Paris", "Grand Duke Konstantin" and "Three Saint", Frigates "Kagul" and "Kulevichi"). Turks could be strengthened by the Union of the Anglo-French fleet, located in the Bay of Besik-Kerthesis (the Strait of Dardanelles). It was decided to attack 2 columns: in the 1st, nearest to the enemy - the ships of the Nakhimov detachment, in the 2nd - Novosilskiy, the frigates were to watch the enemy vapors under sails; Consular homes and generally the city was decided to spare, hitting only the trial and batteries. For the first time it was assumed to use 68-pound bombing guns.

On the morning of November 18 (November 30), it was raining at a gusty wind from OSO, the most unfavorable for sale by Turkish ships (they could easily be thrown ashore).
At 9.30 am, holding rowing vessels in ships, the squadron went to the raid. In the depths of the bay, 7 Turkish frigates and 3 Corvette were located moon-like under the cover of 4 batteries (one - 8-gun, 3 - 6 guns each); There were 2 steamer and 2 transport vessels behind the battle line.
At 12.30 in the afternoon, the 1st shot from the 44-cannon frigate "Aunni Allah" was opened from all Turkish ships and batteries.
Linear ship "Empress Maria" was covered with shells, most of his rangout and standing rigging is interrupted, only one guy remained untouched by the mast. However, the ship was not stopped forward and, acting by battle flames in the enemy courts, gave anchor against the Frigate "Aunni Allah"; The latter, not withstanding the half-hour shelling, jumped ashore. Then the Russian flagship ship drew its fire exclusively on the 44-cannon frigate "Fazley Allah", which soon caught fire and also jumped ashore. After that, the action of the ship "Empress Maria" focused on the battery No. 5.

Linear ship "Grand Duke Konstantin", put anchor, opened a strong fire on the battery No. 4 and 60-cannon frigates "Navel-Bakhri" and "Nesimi-Zefer"; The first was twisted 20 minutes after the opening of fire, shook the sailors and bodies of the sailors with a battery No. 4, which almost ceased to act; The second was thrown by the wind to the shore when he was interrupted an anchor chain.
The linear ship "Chesma" with his shots of the batteries of the batter No. 4 and No. 3.

The linear ship "Paris", standing by anchor, opened the battlefire on the battery No. 5, Corvette "Guli Sefid" (22-Push.) And Frigate "Damyad" (56-Push.); Then, blowing the corvette and dropping the frigate ashore, began to hit the frigate "Nizamiya" (64-Push.), Fock and Bizan-masts of which were shot down, and the most shipped to the shore, where soon caught fire. Then "Paris" began to fill the battery number 5 again.

The linear ship "Three Saints" entered into the fight against the frigates "Caidi-Zefer" (54-Push.) And Nizamiya; He interrupted the first enemy shots, and the ship, turning around the wind, was subjected to a longitudinal fire of batteries No. 6, and his senior suffered. He shook his stern again, he began to act very successfully in Caidi-Ciefer and other vessels and forced them to rush to the shore.
The linear ship "Rostislav", covering the "three saint", focused on the battery No. 6 and on Corway "Faise Meazabud" (24-Push.), And dropped Corvette ashore.

At 1 ½ hours of the day, it seemed due to the Cape of the Russian steamer "Odessa" under the flag of the Adjutant-General Vice-Admiral General V. A. Kornilov, accompanied by the shipipregates "Crimea" and "Chersonese". These vessels immediately took part in the battle, which, however, was already nearing an end; The forces of the Turks very weakened. Batteries No. 5 and No. 6 continued to disturb Russian ships up to 4 hours, but "Paris" and "Rostislav" soon destroyed them. Meanwhile, the remaining Turkish ships lit, apparently with their crews, flew over the air one by one; From this in the city there was a fire that had no one to extinguish.

About 2 hours Turkish 22-Canifer TAIF Warehouse, Arms 2-10 DM Bombing, 4-42 FN., 16-24 FN. The guns, under the command of Yahya-Bay, escaped from the line of Turkish ships who endured a cruel defeat, and turned to flight. Taking advantage of the advantage in the speed of Taifa, Yahya-Bay managed to escape from the pursuing of his Russian ships (Frigates "Kagul" and "Kulevichi", then steamed fleefficers of Kornilov's squad) and inform Istanbul about the full extermination of the Turkish squadron. Captain Yahya-Bay, who was awaiting the reward for saving the ship, was dismissed from the service with the deprivation of ranks for "unworthy behavior."

The forces of the parties:
Russian Empire - 6 linear ships, 2 frigates, 3 steamers, 720 ship guns
Ottoman Empire - 7 frigates, 5 Corvettes, 476 ship cannons and 44 on coastal batteries

Losses:
Russian Empire - 37 killed, 233 wounded, 13 guns
Ottoman Empire - 7 frigates, 4 Corvette,\u003e 3000 killed and wounded, 200 prisoners, including Admiral Osman Pasha

Tsushimsky Battle

Tsushima Marine Battle - Maritime Battle of May 14 (27) in 1905 - 15 (28) May 1905 in the area of \u200b\u200bthe island of Tsushima (Tsushimsky Strait), in which the Russian 2nd squadron of the Pacific Fleet under the command of Vice Admiral Zinovia Petrovich Rodially suffered a crushing Defeat from the Imperial Fleet of Japan under the command of Admiral Heihatiro Togo. The latter, the decisive sea battle of the Russian-Japanese war 1904-1905, during which the Russian squadron was completely crushed. Most of the ships were surrounded or flooded by the crews of their ships, part of the capitulated, some were interquered in neutral ports and only four managed to reach Russian ports. The battle was preceded by an exhaustive, unparalleled in the history of steam fleets 18,000-mile (33,000-kilometer) transition of a large, variety of shipping composition, the Russian squadron from the Baltic Sea to the Far East.

The second Russian Pacific squadron under the command of Vice-Admiral Z. P. Rodistrensky was formed in the Baltic and was intended to strengthen the first Pacific squadron, which was based in Port Arthur on the yellow sea. Starting his way in Libava, the destroyer's escade by mid-May 1905 reached the shores of Korea. By that time the first Pacific squadron was already practically destroyed. In the hands of Russians in the Pacific Ocean, there was only one full-fledged naval port - Vladivostok and approaches to him were covered with a strong Japanese fleet. As part of the Squadron of the Rodial, there were 8 squadron armor, 3 armadios of coastal defense, one armored cruiser, 8 cruisers, one auxiliary cruiser, 9 destroyers, 6 transports and two hospital vessels. The artillery armament of the Russian squadron was 228 guns, 54 of them - caliber from 203 to 305 mm.

14 (27) May The second Pacific squadron entered the Korean strait in order to break through in Vladivostok, and was discovered by the Japanese sentient cruiser "Idzumi". The Commander of the Japanese fleet Admiral X. To this time was located with 4 supar battleships, 8 armored cruisers, 16 cruisers, 6 gunboats and ships of coastal defense, 24 auxiliary cruisers, 21 destroyers and 42 destroyers, armed with a total of 910 tools, of which 60 Have caliber from 203 to 305 mm. The Japanese fleet was divided into seven combat units. Togo immediately began to deploy his strength in order to impose the battle of the Russian squadron and destroy it.

The Russian squadron walked along the East Passage of the Korean Strait (Tsushimsky Strait), leaving Tsushima Island Island on the left side. It was chased by Japanese cruisers who followed the fog parallel to the Russian squadron. Russians discovered Japanese cruisers about 7 o'clock in the morning. Rodial, not starting a fight, rebuilt the squadron into two rounded columns, leaving the transportists and covered their cruisers in the angroup.

At 13 o'clock 15 minutes, the main forces of the Japanese fleet were found from the Tsushimsky Strait (armored and armored cruisers), which sought to cross the Russian squadron. Rodralsky began to rebuild ships into one brilvater column. During rebuilding, the distance between the ships of opponents was reduced. Having finished rebuilding, Russian ships at 13 o'clock 49 minutes from a distance of 38 cable (over 7 km) opened fire.

Japanese ships opened a retaliatory fire in three minutes, focusing on his head Russian ships. Using superiority in the squadron velocity (16-18 knots against 12-15 among the Russians), the Japanese fleet kept ahead of the Russian column, crossing her course and seeking to cover her head. By 14 o'clock, the distance decreased to 28 cable (5.2 km). The Japanese artillery had greater rapidity (360 shots per minute against 134 in Russian), Japanese shells on fundamental action were exceeded Russian 10-15 times, the booking of Russian ships was weaker (40% of the area against 61% of the Japanese). This superiority predicted the outcome of the battle.

At 14:00 25 minutes, the flagship armadiole "Prince Suvorov" failed, Rodial was injured. After another 15 minutes, the excanded armadiole "Ocksham" was killed. Lost management, the Russian squadron continued to go in the column to the north, twice by changing the course to increase the distance between themselves and the opponent. During the battle, Japanese ships consistently focused on head ships, trying to deal with them.

After 18 hours, the command was transferred to the counter-admiral N. I. Naugatov. By this time, four squadron battleship had already died, all ships of the Russian squadron were damaged. Japanese ships also damaged, but none had been sweeping. The Russian cruiser's seeded column reflects the attacks of Japanese cruisers; In battle killed one auxiliary cruiser "Ural" and one transport.

On the night of May 15, the Japanese destroyers have repeatedly attacked Russian ships, releasing 75 torpedoes. As a result, the armadapor "Navarin" sank, the teams of three who lost control of armored cruisers were forced to flood their ships. The Japanese in the night battle lost three destroyers. In the dark, Russian ships lost their connection between themselves and then acted themselves. Under the command of Nekhivatov, only two squadron armor, two armadents of coastal defense and one cruiser remained.
Part of the ships and the squad of Neequate was trying to break through to Vladivostok. Three cruisers, including Aurora, went south and got to Manila, where were interned. The squad of Neequate was surrounded by Japanese ships and surrendered to the enemy, but the cruiser "Emerald" managed to break through the environment and go to Vladivostok. In the Gulf of St. Vladimir, he was stranded and was blown up by the team. The Japanese also surrendered to the Esminets "Dischal" with the wounded Rodial.

15 (28) May in battle killed themselves alone alone by one armor, one corned coastal defense, three cruisers and one destroyer. Three destroyers were sinking with their crews, and one destroyer went to Shanghai, where he was interned. Only the "Diamond" cruiser and two destroyers were broken in Vladivostok. In general, the Russian fleet lost in the Tsushimsky battle of 8 squadron armor, one armor cruiser, one armadios of coastal defense, 4 cruisers, one auxiliary cruiser, 5 destroyers and several transports. Two squadron battleships, two armadents of coastal defense and one destroyer surrendered to the Japanese.

The forces of the parties:
Russian Empire - 8 squadron armored residents, 3 armadire coastal defense, 3 armored cruisers (2 obsolete), 6 cruisers, 1 auxiliary cruiser, 9 Docontians, 2 hospital vessels, 6 auxiliary ships
Japanese Empire - 4 Class Bandnapots, 2 Class 2 armored rooms (outdated), 9 armored cruisers (1 Outdated), 15 cruisers, 21 destroyers, 44 Mission Mission, 21 Auxiliary cruiser, 4 gunboats, 3 Avizo, 2 hospitals

Losses:
Russian Empire - 21 Ship Skill (7 armadiors), 7 ships and ships captured, 6 ships were internally, 5045 people killed, 803 wounded, 6016 captured
Japanese Empire - 3 Mission Sunshine, 117 people killed, 538 wounded

A more tragic and bloody sea battle than the fight with Dadano, the story did not see. Two fleets participated in it - Ottoman and Spain-Venetian. The largest marine battle was held on October 7, 1571.

The battle isna became the Prica Bay (Cape Scream), which is near Peloponnese - Greece Peninsula. In 1571, the Union of Catholic States was created, whose activities were aimed at uniting all the peoples confessing the Catholicism in order to assign and weakened the Ottoman Empire. I existed the union until 1573. So the largest Spain-Venetian fleet in Europe, the number of 300 ships, belonged to the coalition.

The collision of the warring parties occurred unexpectedly in the morning of October 7. The total number of ships was about 500. The Ottoman Empire suffered a crushing damage caused by the Fleet of the Union of Catholic States. More than 30 thousand people died, the share of Turks accounted for 20 thousand killed. This largest marine battle showed that the Ottomans are not invincible, as at that time many were considered. In the future, the Ottoman Empire could not return the position of the undivided host of the Mediterranean Sea.

History: Battle for Lepanto

Trafalgar, Ukrainskoe, Tsushimskoye, Sinop and Chesme Battles are also the largest marine battles in world history.

On October 21, 1805, the battle of Cape Trafalgar (Atlantic Ocean) occurred. Opponents - the fleet of Great Britain and the united fleet of France and Spain. This battle led to a series of events of the predicted fate of France. The most surprising was the fact that the British did not lose any ship as opposed to France, which suffered losses at twenty-two. More than 30 years after the above-mentioned events needed the French to increase shipping power to the level of 1805. Trafalgar battle The largest battle of the 19th century, which practically put an end to the long-lasting confrontation of France and the UK, which was called the second century war. And the maritime superiority has strengthened.

In 1588, another largest marine battle was held - Engralinskoye. According to custom, named after the area in which it happened. This naval conflict is one of the most important events of the Italian war.

On June 27, 1588, the British fleet completely defeated the fleet of the Great Armada. She was considered as invincible, as later, in the 19th century the Ottoman Empire will be considered. The spanish fleet consisted of 130 ships and 10 thousand soldiers, and the UK from 8500 soldiers. The battle was desperate on both sides and the forces of the British pursued Armada for a long time in order to complete the defeat of the enemy.

The Russian-Japanese war was also marked by a large sea battle. This time we are talking about the Tsushimsky battle, which took place on May 14-15, 1905. The squadre of the Pacific Fleet from Russia under the command of the Vice-Admiral of the Christmas and Squades of the Imperial Fleet of Japan, who commanded the admiral of Togo took part in the battle. Russia in this sea duel suffered a crushing defeat. From the whole Russian squadron, 4 ships got to the native shores. The prerequisites for such an outcome was that Japanese tools and strategies significantly exceeded the enemy's resources. Russia as a result was forced to sign a peace agreement with Japan.

No less impressive and historically important was the SOINS OFFERS. However, this time Russia showed itself with a more favorable side. The sea battle took place between Turkey and Russia on November 18, 1853. Admiral Nakhimov commanded the Russian fleet. He was needed for the defeat of the Turkish fleet no more than a few hours. And Turkey lost more than 4,000 soldiers. This victory brought a fleet of Russia the possibility of domination in the Black Sea.

We are all persecuted recently about tragedies in the army that are associated with modern weapons. The feeling of pride, covering Russians when descending to the water of the newest atomic submarine "Cheetah", naturally the best in the world, or about the news about the newest domestic developments in the field of armaments, is replaced by bewilderment from messages when the unscrewed submarine or unexpectedly for everyone The most reliable plane is broken down when taken over. It becomes clear that the sharp saturation of the Russian army of the newest military equipment, the lack of which the generals constantly complain, will not solve the problem of its combat capability. Historian Klyuchevsky V.I. Wisely warned that "History is not a teacher, but an overseas ...: She does not teach anything, but only punishes lessons for ignorance." The military history of Russia of the 20th century has many tragic examples given to us to extract lessons, but, unfortunately, and not learned by us, condemning to repeat them again and again. One of these examples, when the human factor was crucial to the outcome of the war, was a terrible defeat of the Russian Imperial Fleet in the war I Japan 1904-1905.

Our ideas about the terrible defeat of the Russian fleet in the war with Japan so firmly established that, at first glance, they do not require a special conversation on this topic. Indeed, if you summarize the reasons for the defeat of the Pacific squadron during the Russian-Japanese war, the conclusion seems simple and understandable - the Japanese fleet of the admiral of that who had superiority in the forces, artillery and speed, won. In domestic historiography, the tradition has already developed to justify and look for the causes of military defeats of the Russian army and the fleet in the "quantitative superiority of the enemy", the presence of a "outdated military equipment", "rotten autocracy", the superiority of the enemy "in forces, artillery and speed", etc. Of course, it is very seductive to write off the causes of the terrible catastrophe of the Russian fleet in the war with Japan on the royal regime and the technical superiority of the enemy.

However, in the work of Tsushimi's Witnesses, the historian Weshud N. rightly noted that in the views of the Russian-Japanese war Russian fleet "was a collection of technically obsolete battleships under the command of idiots and anarchists managed by anarchist, the other - the top of the English shipbuilding, managed by immaculately prepared people under the command of Nelson " And further, summarizing the study, he concludes that "no Russian artillery shooting, nor the design of Russian ships was so bad, as it is usually presented, Russian officers were generally incompetent." There are still no disputes on how to explain that the Russian fleet, one of the largest in the world, lost the battle for the sea.

On October 2, 1904, the 2nd Pacific Squadre was departed from the port of Libava to the Far East, under the command of the counter-admiral Zinovia Petrovich of the Rodial. The campaign was difficult and long. Only on December 8, passing in the storm Cape of Good Hope, the squadron reached the Indian Ocean. On April 25, 1905, off the coast of Indochina all ships, including the escade of Admiral Nebathody (Emperor Nicholas Barny (1892), "Admiral Ushakov" (1895), "Sisoy the Great" (1896), "Navarin" (1891)) , connected. In historiography, there was an opinion that the ships of the Squadron of the Squada "without presenting combat values \u200b\u200b... At best, they could only count on the fact that they would distract part of the Japanese forces." However, "old people" proved that they are capable of greater. In just two and a half months, the squad of Nekatov managed to catch up to the Squadron of the Rodial, having completed an exemplary far transition.

The power of the 2nd Pacific squadron was impressive. The combat column included the 4 newest armadents: "Borodino" (1903), "Prince Suvorov" (1904), "Emperor Alexander III" (1904), "Eagle" (1904). Seven battleships complemented the main strike squad: "General Admiral APRAKSIN" (1895), "Osh" (1898), "Admiral Senyavin" (1895), "Admiral Ushakov" (1895), "Navarin" (1891), "Sisoy the Great "(1896) and" Emperor Nicholas I "(1892). In addition to 11 armadors in the squadron there were armored cruisers: "Admiral Nakhimov" (1888), "Vladimir Monomakh" (1884) and "Dmitry Donskoy" (1885). Armpalube, light and auxiliary cruisers: "Oleg" (1904), "Aurora" (1902), "Pearls" (1904), "Svetlana" (1898), "Emerald" (1904), "Almaz" (1901) and " Urals "(1890), as well as 9 Mortgies -" Brave "(1901)," Buyny "(1901)," Fast "(1901)," trouble "(1902)," Cheerful "(1902)," flawless "( 1902), "Brilliant" (1901), "Grozny" (1901), "loud" (1901). Thus, the Russian squadron of the Admiral of the Rodralsky, who joined the Tsushimsky Strait, consisted of 38 pennants taking into account transport ("Irtysh", "Korea", "Anadyr"), hospital ships ("Eagle", "Kostroma"), tugs ("Russia "," Svir ") and the transport-workshop" Kamchatka ".

The main task set by Petersburg, in front of the Admiral Rodialsky, consisted in the "conquest of domination in the Japanese Sea", that is, to defeat the Japanese fleet and turn the course of the Russian-Japanese war in favor of Russia. But the death of the Arthur squadron greatly complicated the fulfillment of the task. In December 1904, all ships of the Pacific squadron were flooded in Port Arthur Bay. Ironically, the last armor, voluntarily "who committed suicide" at the external raid from the Japanese torpedo, was the fateful name "Sevastopol". Soon after the end of the war, the Japanese will raise and repaired almost all Russian ships flooded at the port Arthur's domestic raid, and introduce them to their fleet.

The entire fleet of the opponent under the command of the Japanese Nelson, Heihatiro had 4 by 4 armor, 2 outdated armor of coastal defense, 8 armored cruisers, 14 armor and light cruisers, several auxiliary cruisers and about 30 Museum.

In the late XIX - early XX centuries. The main shock power of fleets was armor and armored cruisers. Light cruisers and the destroyer in a decisive squadron played a supporting role and active participation in marine battles did not take. If you take into account the armor and armored cruisers of the main fighting columns of opponents, the ratio of the forces of the Russian and Japanese squadron will be as follows:

Quantitative ratio of artillery of the main caliber of Russian and Japanese combat columns on the eve of the Tsushimsky battle

Caliber artillery in inches (mm) 12 // (305 mm) 10 // (254 mm) 8 // (203 mm) 6 // (152 mm)

Russian combat column (12 ships - 11 armadors and 1 armor cruiser) 26 20 8 91

Japanese combat column (12 ships - 4 armor and 8 armor cruisers) 16 1 30 158

Consequently, the armored ships of the 2nd Pacific squadron had an advantage in modern artillery of a large caliber of 305 and 254 mm, but was inferior in speed due to the presence of transport and low-speed ships. In the order on the eve of the Tsushim battle, Admiral Rodistrensky properly described the ratio of forces: "... We and the Japanese we have 12 ships in the battle column, but we will exceed them by the number of heavy guns that decide the outcome of the battle. True, we are inferior to the Japanese at speed, but it doesn't matter much, since we are not going to ride. "

It is necessary to take into account the fact that the enemy's ships were pretty fear of battles with the 1st Pacific squadron and the Blocade of Port Arthur. The decisive advantage of the Japanese was military experience and knowledge of the enemy. Japanese ships could lead a felt shooting at a distance of over 30-40 cable. Consequently, to paralyze this advantage, the command of the Russian squadron was necessary in the upcoming battle to strive for rapid and maximum rapprochement with the Japanese combat column. At the same time, the combat potential of the Russian squadron made it possible, if not defeat the Japanese fleet, then put it a significant damage and achieve victory in the open sea battle.

In the afternoon of May 13 (a day before the battle (?!) Admiral Rodestriansky for the first time!) I decided to make a squadal check of the rangefinder installations on all the warships of the battleship column. The Svetlana cruiser was sent to the horizon, and on the signal all ships at the same time should have shone a distance measured to the cruiser determined by the rangefinders. While on the Barny "Suvorov" determined the distance in 100 cable, other ships were shown 60-70. The results demonstrated the unpreparedness of the squadron to the decisive battle, which depended on the outcome of the war. What prevented over six months of the campaign to check and put in order the rangefinder for artillery remains a mystery? This fact can be explained by only one - the negligence of the officer composition of Russian ships.

Admiral Rodially understood that with such a deplorable combat training, to fulfill the task of mastering the Japanese sea is impossible. Therefore, moving towards the Tsushimsky Strait, the task was tasked to try to break into Vladivostok. The studies about the tragedy of the Russian squadron dominates the opinion of historians about the complete lack of admiral of the Admiral Rodial. For the sake of justice, it should be noted that the admiral is unlikely to have managed to carry out the 2nd Pacific squadron without loss in three oceans to the shores of Japan.

As can be seen, the weakness of the 2nd squadron of the Admiral of the Rodestrian was buried not in its insufficient quantitative composition or artillery armament, as was customary in historical literature. Not tons of displacement and not the number of cannons will solve the outcome of the main collision in the Tsushimsky Strait. There is still good combat training, a high level of organization of combat forces, understanding the meaning of the struggle and, most importantly, will to victory. Only in the presence of these prerequisites, the ships acquire combat value, turn into a formidable force for the enemy, and not in helpless targets for enemy artillery. It is significant that when the squadron leaves the Kronstadt commander of the armadire "Emperor Alexander III" N.M. Cules stated: "Victory will not be! .. I am afraid that we are confused by half a squadron on the way, and if this does not happen, we will disarm the Japanese ... For one I turn: we will die, but we will not give up" (in the Tsushimsky battle from 900 person's personnel of the armor did not escape a single person). With such affected sentiments of Russian officers, there was no chance of victory.

At dawn on May 14, 1905, the squadron of Rodially moved towards the Tsushimsky Strait. Stood cloudy and foggy weather. The marching system of Russian ships consisted of two columns, which were headed by the Barny "Suvorov", the flag of the admiral of the Rodial and Barny "Nikolai I", the flag of Admiral Nekhivatov. At 7.30, a Japanese cruiser "Idzumi", which passed the information about the movement of Russian ships, the admiral of Togo, appeared on the parallel squeak. When the squadron, overtaking it, passed the detachment of light Japanese cruisers under the command of Admiral Virgo, it became clear to everyone that the decisive collision with the main forces of the Japanese fleet would not be avoided. A random shot of the Eagle armor tool on the flagship on the flagship of the Deva's squadron was perceived by the ships to the opening of fire. Barny "Admiral Senavin", "Admiral Ushakov" and "Admiral APRAKSIN" made a volley on the column of Japanese cruisers. One shell fell to the flagship cruiser "Chitozé", but the Rodnyensky gave the order to stop the fire.

After rebuilding, the combat order of the 2nd Pacific squadron was as follows: the Bronnosny detachment led by the flagship "Prince Suvorov", behind him in the column - "Alexander III", "Borodino", "Eagle". To the left of them, a separate column was "obsaled", "Sisoy the Great", "Navarin", "Admiral Nakhimov", "Nicholas I", "General-Admiral Apraksin", "Admiral Senavin", "Admiral Ushakov". Next, the cruiser "Svetlana", "Diamond" and "Ural". The cruiser "Pearls" and "Emerald" accompanied the column of the Rodial. They were followed by transport and destroyers under the cover of Oleg cruisers (flag of Admiral Enincist), "Aurora", "Dmitry Donskoy", "Vladimir Monomakh".

At 13.30, the combat column of the main forces of the Japanese fleet appeared on the horizon from MGLL. The Japanese battleships were in front of the "Mipaque" under the flag of Admiral Togo, the armadors "Shikishima", "Fuji", "Asahi" and the armored cruiser "Kassuga" and "Nissin" followed. The first six ships were armored cruisers: "Iwate" under the flag of Admiral Camimura, and behind him "Izumo", "Asama", "Tokiva" and "Azamum". In total in one kilvater column-11 warships (later the cruiser "Yakumo" will join). The Japanese squadron was moving at least 16 knots at a speed.

The rebuilding of the Russian squadron in two columns, when the strongest and high-speed armadors ("Suvorov", "Alexander III", "Eagle" and Borodino) walked a separate column and could paralyze the action of the squadron of Togo with the help of a maneuver, was the right decision of the Rodial. Thus, the initial admiral of the Rodralist, an experienced artilleryman and a fleet, was configured to decide. However, when approaching the Japanese battle column, the Rodralsky began to unexpectedly rebuild his dial of armaduses into a common line. Ships led by "Osh" were forced to slow down to skip the armor of the first detachment. The unsuccessful maneuver of the Rodralsky at the very beginning of the breaking of the fight led to a violation of the system of the whole squadron, and the carmen "Osh" even stroopped the cars and stopped, turning his left side to the enemy. This moment took advantage of the admiral of Togo and turned his squadron consistently at 1800.

Refusing decisive actions, Admiral Rodially obeyed the tactics of the enemy and accepted the fight on the far distance, which was extremely unprofitable for Russian ships. Russian shells have a big destructive power at small distances (15-20 cab.). Therefore, the battle on the smallest distance was beneficial for us, when the accuracy of the fire did not depend on the accuracy of the instruments, and the damage for the ships of the enemy would be the maximum. Thus, at the beginning of the battle, Rodially had the opportunity to decisively attack the squadron of the newest armadors and to confuse the system of the Japanese, having deprived them of maneuver. Having tightening the second column led by the armadillo "Osh", the fight would turn into a landfill on a close distance, where the advantage would be on the side of the Russian armor.

Shooting, the Japanese developed the full intensity of fire. Thunder breaks, clannogy steel, the fiery whirlwind covered the Russian squadron. Basically, the Japanese ships beat on the battleships "Prince Suvorov" and "Osh", which they literally fall asleep with shells. These ships carried terrible damage and were embraced by flames of fires. The armadiole "Osh" became the first victim in the Tsushimsky battle. The Japanese from the first volley came to the stationary "outstanding", which began to get a 12-inch heavy shells into the nose on a waterline against combat cutting. The ship shuddered with a squall of the enemy's shells, threw out the response volley. At first, all the armadors first shot, and then the six armored cruisers Admiral Camimura. As a result of repeated hits of Japanese shells to "Osh" began to fall off from the side of armor plates, whose bolts were destroyed by an explosion of fugasic shells. In a bare board, new hits made a huge breach. The nose of the battleship plunged to the upper deck. 30 minutes after the start of the battle of "obsaled" with a broken board of the entire nose, with underwater holes on the waterline in the nose, broken and tilted by a 10-inch nasal tower, with destroyed nasal caasemates and with a huge fire on the nose bridge, doused, plunging his nose . Leaving into the water, the ship continued to fall on the left side, and gradually the pipes lay on the water, laying the clouds of the sea. The command "Osh" began to rush into the water. The dysfrellic ship was hurried by the Municipal Music "Buyny" and "Fast" and began to pick up people. "Osh" disappeared under water. Killed commander of the ship Captain 1st Rank V.I. Baer, \u200b\u200bmost officers, all mechanics and machine team remaining under armor deck. The Museum "Buyny" managed to choose from the water to 250 people.

The squadron, in front of which the armored stage "Ocksham" died, tested shock. It was impossible to imagine that this huge, like an iceberg, the ship could sink so quickly! "The impression of the overturning of this gigantic height of the armadire," the eyewitnesses recalled, "it was stunning. From other ships it was clearly seen how people clung to his side from the decks on his side, as they clung, slid, fell ... they got down the fire of enemy shells. " Memories of the surviving participants of the Tsushimsky battle (more precisely, the slaughterhouse) is calmly reading. They described the battle as Armageddon's Day.

The flagship armadapole "Suvorov" became the main target of six front Japanese ships. It was shot down by the grotto mast and a stern flock tube, a fodder 12-inch tower was blown up, the roof of which broke the explosion and dropped to the side. All artillery towers of the left side have already been inactive, breaks all the unarnown board, had an underwater breakdown against combat logging, as well as "Ocksham" due to the separation of armor plates. The Japanese shell fell to the combat lap flagship. The officers of the ship and the headquarters of the admiral of the village of Gorrelovsky were seriously injured and died, who was also seriously injured. The ship covered a solid fire. After him, the tail of smoke was stable. Managing the machines, he walked out, following the squadron and crossed it twice. After 5 hours of the day, both pipes and masts were shot down on the battleship. His appearance became so unrecognizable that Russian ships took him for the disfigured Japanese ship and shot it.

The agonizing Russian squadron rushed to go out, at least for a time, from under the murderous fire of the enemy. The armadiole "Emperor Alexander III" attempted to break through the tail of the enemy. However, this maneuver was quickly seen by the admiral of that. His battleship made the turn "all suddenly" and, having the cruiser "Nissin" head, was formed for the return course. This complex maneuver, the Japanese squadron, clearly performed at full speed, showing high training and ability to quickly refer to battle. At the same time, the Russian squadron lost an organized command and was convinced of the superiority of the enemy both in the art of maneuvering, and in the ability to conduct a squadron artillery fire.

"About 3 hours. 20 minutes. "Alexander", strongly beaten along the left side, with a huge fire, failed to the right, that is, to the side opposite to the enemy. At first he tried to join the Kilwater "Orlo", but rolled to the left. "Eagle" overtook him within the distance of one Cable. At "Alexander" there was a lot of slopes in a thin board; A particularly large hole, apparently, from two 12-inch shells released by a volleune from the guns of one tower, accounted for the nasal 12-inch tower. In many places, an old peuric red primer from time to build was burnt around the scrapets. The ship seemed to be bloody. Flames and clubs of thick smoke were knocked out of the samplers. Pipes and masts were standing on it. Most of the towers continued to act. "

Head remained Borodino armadios, who had not had severe damage. Turning to the south, where transports were bored at this time, and the light cruisers were dismissed from numerous enemy cruisers, the squadron approached Suvorov. "Suvorov" without a grotty mast and rear pipe, with a fragment of Fock-mast, with destroyed bridges and nose, huge fires, cut through the blind, Russian column.

"About 4 hours. 20 minutes. "Suvorov" once again cut through our system. By this time, he lost both pipes and masts and represented a solid bonfire from the nose to the stern. The view was unrecognizable and terrible. Since the appearance of Suvorov near our column seemed unexpected many, then some ships accepted him for a ruined Japanese ship and gave them a few shots. From the Japanese side, Energetic mine attacks were taken against Suvorov. He was shot by one surviving 75-millimeter gun from the feed of the caasemap. For the cover of Suvorov, "Borodino" and "Eagle" opened a rapid fire on the enemy destroying destroyers from all tools left side. On the bridges, even a servant of 47-mm guns was caused. They shot segmented shells of 6-inch towers, and the enemy destroyed minorities retreated. "

When the "Suvorov" armored stage was able to remove the need from the doomed ship of the wounded admiral of the Rodestrian and his headquarters from the doomed ship, then the Municipal Music "Raynyny" approached the ship. Commander of the Ministry of Education "Rayny" captain of the 2nd rank N.N. The Kolomisians subsequently recalled: "The masts are shot down, the pipes are shot down, the whole board beaten and cured, the paint burned on board, and the flames of the flame escape from the inside ... the picture reminds me of the roar with coals." The wounded admiral and 19 officers and the orders of the headquarters were removed from Suvorov to the "Buyny" destroyer. At this time, only one tool of the feed casemate operated on the armadapor. The signal from the "fast" admiral of Rodially informed the squadron, which transmits the command to Admiral to Naugatov.

The helpless and abandoned squadron of the flagship ship "Prince Suvorov" was attacked at 19 o'clock. 29 min. Evenings with a detachment of the Japanese destroyers and surrounded by an explosion of four torpedoes released into focus. Not far from Suvorov sank, trying to defend his transport "Kamchatka". The commander of the ship Captain 1st Rank Ignatius, all officers and the personnel of Suvorov died with the flagship ship.

About 19 hours. Barny "Alexander III", with huge samples, with a big roll and fire, the signal "suffer disaster!", Fastered. The armadiole quickly fell on the right side, giving the last volley from two surviving guns of the middle tower. His bottom seemed to be over the water, and several dozen people had to climb to climb, who all died during the ship's immersion. The cruiser and the Milunos rushed to him, but their enemy was hardly fired. From the armadapors "Emperor Alexander III" was not rescued.

Taking advantage of the South of the Japanese battleship detachment, temporarily lost the Russian squadron, Borodino collected the remaining ships and led them to the north. When Japanese battleships, going from the south parallel to the course, caught up with a column, "Borodino" was subjected to focused shelling, but stubbornly continued to go to Vladivostok, no longer maneuvering. The artillery "Borodino" became gradually silent. It began the strongest fires. Kait-company burned, admiral premises, nasal incomemates, fodder bridges, on which 47-millimeter shells rushed. There were continuous ingress of 12-inch Japanese guns in its waterline. At the side rose huge pillars of water shrouded in smoke and flame. From the gunkeepers of the armadire, huge languages \u200b\u200bof fire broke out. At the last moment there was an explosion of a watery, from the water from Waterlini, the fire flame was trembled and the battleship fell into the right side of one minute. For some time, the ship was still swimming up the keel, and his screws continued to rotate. Thought around the bottom people waved their hands and cried about help. Suddenly there was an internal explosion of the ammunition, the body went under the water and all died.

With the onset of darkness, the battle stopped. At night, the surviving ships of the Russian squadron lost each other. Only a small detachment under the command of Admiral Naugatova, knocking back from mine attacks of the enemy, continued to maintain organized management. As a result of night mine attacks, the Barny "Navarin", the "Sisoy the Great", the cruiser "Admiral Nakhimov" and "Vladimir Monomakh", the Montarosphere "impeccable".

On the morning of May 15, a detachment of five ships of Admiral Nebathody (Emperor Nicholas I "," Eagle "," Admiral APRAXIN ", Admiral Seyhanin and the Emerald cruiser) turned out to be surrounded by Japanese ships led by Admiral Togo. All the ships of the enemy did not have any external damage! With a large distance, Kasuga cruiser opened fire on the flagship ship "Emperor Nicholas I". The Russian column stopped and stroked the car. "Nikolai" did not answer the enemy's fire and raised the signal: "Surrounded, I give up." Then it was transferred by the detachment: "surrounded by the excellent forces of the enemy, forced to surrender." Only the armadiole "Eagle" even before raising the delivery signal opened fire from the gun tower. The Japanese did not immediately disassemble the sign of a kind and continued shelling a fixed flagship. The smoke trumpet was broken on it, a huge hole was obtained in the nose from Waterlinia, a fire on a nasal bridge arose. Admiral of Nekhivatam ordered to raise the Japanese flag. The cruiser "Emerald" gave a complete move by rush to a breakthrough through the brought line of Japanese cruisers. Two Japanese cruisers joined him, but the Emerald escaped from the ring. Having broken down to the Russian shores, the team flooded the Emerald cruiser in St. Vladimir's bay. Also, the Japanese managed to take a departure of the "trouble" with the wounded Admiral Rodial. Flooded by the personnel in order to avoid the capture of the opponent's transport "Irtysh", the Municipality "Buyny" and "Brilliant".

On the afternoon of May 15, alone were shaken by the Japanese, the ships were drained: the armadapor "Admiral Ushakov", the cruiser "Svetlana", the Municipality "Bodry" and "loud". The cruiser "Dmitry Donskaya" entered an unequal battle with 6 enemy cruisers. And only after the ammunition was spent, Dmitry Donskoy was flooded with his team. The "Almaz" cruiser "Brave" and "Grozny" broke into Vladivostok. Cruiser "Oleg", "Aurora" and "Pearls" went to the neutral port in the Philippine Islands, the Montarosphere "Bodry" - in Shanghai and disarmed

The Tsushimsky battle on May 14-15, 1905 ended with a disaster for the 2nd Pacific Squadron and the Naval Forces of Russia. In battle, 21 ship from 38, captured 5 ships, disarmed 6 ships, 4 ships broke out, one was flooded with a person, detained by the Japanese 1 hospital ship, released by the Japanese 1 ship returned to the Baltic Sea 1 ship. In total, the squadron counted 16170 people. Losses of the personnel of the squadron: killed and drowned by officers 208, artilleryrs 75, lower ranks 4761, and only 5044 people. Taken in captivity of officers 225, artilleryrs 87, the lower ranks of 5670, just 5982 people. It remains on disarmed ships of 2110 people. I broke out in Vladivostok 870 people.

The Japanese fleet in the Tsushimsky battle lost three minorities!

After the end of the Russian-Japanese war and signing in Portsmouth in the world for Russia, conditions in St. Petersburg decided to conduct a lawsuit on the delivery of ships in CSUME. In addition to the Admiral of Nekhivatov, the commanders of the surrendered armor and their entire officer composition were attracted to responsibility. In addition, the investigation was made in the case of the delivery of the destroyer "Zavtov", according to which the accused was the admiral of the villagers, the officers of his headquarters, commander and officers of the destroyer "trouble". Thus, the villagers', stupid, their headquarters, the commanders captured ships and all officers should incur a kara for the death of the fleet in Tsushim. Admiral of the Relatives and Commanders of the ships "Nicholas I", "Admiral Apraksin" and "Admiral Senyavin", who received minor damages that preserved artillery, shells and rescue funds were sentenced to shooting with a replacement for a fortress for a period of 10 years. The officers of the ships surrendered from responsibility were released, because they were subordinate to the orders of their bosses and their condemnation would be equivalent to the demand of the rebellion and disobedience on the ship. Admiral Rodial, captured on the Montarosce "Zavtny" in an unconscious state, from responsibility for the surrender was released. They are found guilty and are awarded to shoot with a replacement in the fortress for 10 years. Organizers of delivery - Head of the headquarters of the admiral of the Captain of the 1st rank of Clapier de Colonman, flagship navigator Colonel Filippovsky, flagship Maine Lieutenant Leontyev and commander of the Ministry of State Captain 2nd Rank of Baranov . All the officers of the "bad" and the remaining ranks of the headquarters were released from responsibility. All convicts were released by amnesty in 2 years in 1909

The defeat of the Russian squadron in the Tsushimsky battle in historical science is determined by the following reasons: "The defeat of the squadron was due to a significant superiority of the enemy in the forces, technical imperfection of Russian ships, insufficient combat training of personnel, the progress of the command. In a word, the defeat was predetermined by the economic retardation of the Tsarist Russia, the rotten of its political system and the adequacy of the Foreign Policy.

What kind of technical imperfection of Russian ships can be said when during the Tsushimsky combat in the Japanese flagship armadiole "Miakak" fell 36 shells, and, for example, in the Eagle armadiole - 142! "Eagle" resisted afloat and did not die only because the night came and the battle temporarily stopped. Consequently, the Russian battleships died in the Tsushimsky battle during the battle received much more hits of Japanese shells than the Eagle armadiole! According to the Japanese themselves on the flagship ship, the admiral of that "Miakak" was damaged, the combat, front and rear bridges were damaged, the entire servant of one gun was killed, the pipes are broken, the trunks of the guns are damaged, the caasemates and deck are broken. You can imagine that I would have left from the Barny "Miakak" (and, accordingly, from other Japanese ships), when at least 142 Russian shell fell into it!

It should be argued about the allegedly low booking of Russian ships. The Japanese spent the whole battle with one fugasic shells, without the use of armorbonic. During the battle, neither the Russian ship was not broken armor protection. The death of the armadapors "Ock" occurred as a result of a breakdown of armor plates of the upper belt of protection. This happened due to a large number of 15-inch japanese barbecue shells. The armor belt "Prince Suvorov", "Emperor Alexander III" and "Borodino" remained unharmed and allowed them to keep the survivability for a long time. Their tipping and death ("Emperor Alexander III" and "Borodino") occurred as a result of the accumulation of water during the extinguishing of fires and rolls. By the way, the Japanese officers after the battle expressed an extreme surprise on the persistence of our battleships who remained in the ranks, even having received so heavy and numerous damage.

The common losses of the Russian fleet in the war with Japan were terrible. In the war on the sea, the Japanese connected fleet was able to destroy the ships of the Pacific and Baltic fleets (the 2nd Pacific Squada) almost in full force.

The irrevocable losses of Russian and Japanese warships in the war of 1904-1905.

battleship armor cruiser light cruiser canoner boats destroying

If you compare the losses of opponents across the battleship, the main shock for the time of that time, then the ratio of the loss of Russian ships compared to Japanese will be simply fantastic - 17: 2! The expensive price was paid by the Russian Navy for tactical illiteracy and deficiencies in organizing the army, retaining from the rapidly growing technical equipment with modern to the weapons.

Admiral Makarov S.O. In the book of "Correspondence on Maritime Tactic", quite correctly noted by one of the decisive factors of victory in the sea combat: the absolute and decisive role of the Flotovodians in achieving the victory. Thus, the main causes of the inglorious defeat of the Russian fleet in the Tsushimsky battle is the lack of will to victory, both at the highest maritime command and most of the officers of the warships, low combat training and backward organization of the armed forces.