Economic development of the Galicia Volyn principality. Galicia-Volyn principality: the history of the Russian outskirts

In 1199 Volyn prince Roman Mstislavovich, the son of Mstislav Izyaslavich united the Galicia and Volyn principality, and also took possession of Kiev and created a strong state with the center in Vladimir. Most of the Ukrainian lands were part of this state. This state was located between the Dnieper and the Carpathians. In foreign policy, Roman Mstislavovich relied on the middle strata of the population, he fought against boyar anarchy.

In foreign policy, Roman Mstislavovich established good relations with Hungary, Byzantium, Germany (the Hohenstavfen dynasty). After his death (1205), taking advantage of the early childhood of his sons Danila and Vasily, the boyar oligarchy raised its head. Boyarin Vladislav Kormilchich even declared himself a prince for a short time (1213 - 1214). At this time, Poland and Hungary intervened, who placed their appointee of the Hungarian prince on the princely throne. Koloman(1214 - 1219). The struggle against the Hungarian - Polish aggression was waged jointly (1219, 1221, 1227) by the Galician prince Mstislav Udatnaya (1219 - 1228) called by the boyars and the young prince Danilo. In 1229, Danilo captured Volyn, in 1238 - Galicia, and in 1239 he subdued Kiev, where he imprisoned his voivode Dmitry (who heroically defended the city from the Tatars).

In 1238, Prince Danilo Romanovich defeated the German knights near Dorogochin. After the invasion of the Tatars, Danilo Romanovich was forced to go to the Golden Horde and admit his dependence on the Golden Horde. However, he prepared for the fight against the Mongol - Tatars, built fortifications in Podolia, Volyn and Kiev region, punished "Tatar people" - those who collaborated with the Tatars.

Danilo wanted to organize an anti-Tatar coalition, into which he tried to attract the Pope Innocent 4, Hungarian king, Polish and Lithuanian princes. For this, Danilo agreed to a union (religious union) and in 1253 received the royal crown from the Pope. However, the idea of ​​a crusade against the Tatars did not find support. In 1254, Danilo himself repulsed the raids of the Tatars, but after a new raid under the leadership of the Khan Burunday in 1259 he was forced to recognize the power of the Horde and tear down the fortifications.

In the north, in 1250, Danilo fought against the Yatvingians and Lithuanians, occupying Novgorodok, Slonim and in 1254 forced the Lithuanian prince Mendovga to the union. In domestic politics, he fought against the rebellious boyars, relying on the bourgeoisie and the boyars loyal to him. He pursued a policy of economic and cultural

development of their state. He built cities like Lviv(named for his son Leo), Hill and others. During the entire period of his reign, he ruled the state together with his brother Vasily.

After the death of Danil, his son reigned a lion(1264 - 1301), who tried to find a compromise with the Tatars and participated in their campaigns against Poland. He expanded the borders of the Galicia - Volyn state: he took part of Transcarpathia from Hungary, together with the Czech king Wenceslas 2 fought against Poland and in 1292 annexed the Ljubljana region. He tried to seize Lithuania, which led to a break with the Volyn principality. In the 1270s, Leo moved the capital of the state to Lvov, where it remained until 1340.

Leo's son - prince Yuri 1(1301-1315) again united the Galician and Volyn principality. However, due to strong pressure from his neighbors, he was forced to give Ljubljana to Poland, and Transcarpathia to Hungary. The state of Yuri 1 had world prestige. Yuri himself was called "the king of Russia" - Georgi Regis Rusiae, and the Patriarch of Constantinople Atanasius agreed (1303) to create the Galician Metropolis. With the death of Yuri, the heyday of the Galicia - Volyn principality ends.

His sons Leo 2 and Andrew 1(1315 - 1323) ruled together in Galicia and Volyn. They helped the development of foreign trade, gave trade privileges to merchants from Krakow and Torun. Both princes died defending their country from the Mongol - Tatars. With these princes, the direct dynasty along the male line of the Monomakhs ends: the council of the boyars chose the Galician prince Boleslav- the son of the sister of Leo 2 and Andrew 1 and the prince Troiden Mazowiecki... Boleslav, ascending the throne, took the name Yuri 2 and converted to Orthodoxy (before that he was a Catholic). Yuri 2 Boleslav (1323 - 1340), married to the daughter of the Grand Duke of Lithuania Gediminas, was in alliance with Lithuania and Germany. He helped the German colonists, granted Magdeburg rights to some cities (Sianok). Under him, the number of foreigners at court increased. This caused outrage among the boyars who poisoned Yuri 2.

After the death of the last prince Yuri 2 (1340), a struggle began between neighboring states for Galicia and Volhynia. Lithuanian prince Dmitry - Lyubart occupied Volhynia, and the Polish king Casimir 3 entered Galicia (1340), captured Lvov and took the treasury of the Galician princes. The Hungarians also intervened in the affairs of Galicia. At this time, the Galician boyars under the leadership of the Przemysl governor Dmitry Dyadka established a boyar oligarchy, which was recognized by Poland and Hungary. Boyar power lasted until 1349, when King Casimir 3, in alliance with the Mongol-Tatars, suddenly seized Lviv and Galicia. He signed a treaty with Lithuania and Hungary, according to which Galicia, Western Volyn and Kholmshchyna remained until the end of Casimir 3's life as part of Poland. In 1370 - 1387. Galicia was ruled Louis- the Hungarian king, who also became the Polish king. Since 1387 the Polish queen Jadwiga annexed Galicia to Poland, trying to turn it and Kholmshchyna into Polish provinces. There was an intensified colonization of Galicia by Poles and Germans. Catholic missions were organized in Galicia. With the strengthening of the Polish power in Galicia, the Polish gentry(nobles). Which got into possession of many Galician lands. Galicia was part of Poland until 1772.

Transcarpathia came under the rule of Hungary and remained there, with the exception of some years of the reign of Leo 1 and Yuri 1, until 1918. After the collapse of the Galicia - Volyn state, Bukovina was annexed to the Moldavian Voivodeship, in which it was until 1774.

It was formed in 1199 as a result of the unification of the descendant - Roman Mstislavich of the Vladimir-Volyn land and the city of Galich. During the time, the Galicia-Volyn principality was one of the most developed and largest principalities. It consisted of about 9 lands and several territories of modern regions.

The princes of the Galicia-Volyn principality were actively pursuing foreign policy in central and eastern Europe. The main competitors located in the vicinity of the principality were the Polish and Hungarian kingdoms, the Polovtsians, and closer to the middle of the 13th century, also with.

Mutual relations with Poland, Hungary and Lithuania

The Galicia-Volyn state with its center in Galich came under the power of Poland and Hungary after the death of Roman Mstislavich in 1214. However, already in 1238 - 1264. The Galicia-Volyn principality is regaining strength and independence thanks to Mstislav the Utter and the son of Roman Mstislavich - Daniel.

The social structure of the Galicia-Volyn principality

The main feature of the social structure of the principality was that practically all land holdings there were in the power of a large group of boyars. The patrimonials played an important role, they fought against the unjust, in their opinion, princely power, which tried to limit their rights in their favor. Serving feudal lords belonged to another group. Most often, they owned land only while they were on duty. They provided the prince with an army, which consisted of peasants dependent on them. This was the mainstay in the fight against the boyars for the Galician princes.

At the top of the feudal staircase was the church nobility. They owned vast lands and peasants. The main part of the rural population of the Galicia-Volyn principality were peasants. More than 80 different cities were located on the territory of the principality. Most of the urban population was made up of artisans. There were many workshops here, and their products went to domestic and foreign markets. The salt trade also brought good income.

State system of the Galicia-Volyn principality

Despite the power of the large boyars, the Galicia-Volyn principality retained its unity longer than the rest of the Russian lands. The Galician boyars were at the head, deciding who would sit at the prince's table and who should be removed. They conducted their power with the help of a boyar council, which included large landowners, bishops and people of the highest government positions. Due to the fact that there were boyars in the council, it is safe to say that the entire state administrative apparatus was in its power.

The princes of the Galicia-Volyn principality were sometimes convened, but they did not have much influence, since there was a palace and patrimonial system of government.

The legal system of the principality was practically no different from the system of other Russian lands. The norm (with minor changes) also extended to the territory of the Galicia-Volyn principality. The princes have issued a number of normative acts that are worthy of mention, these are:

• Charter letter of Ivan Berladnik (1134);
• Manuscript of Prince Vladimir Vasilkovich;
• Charter letter of Mstislav Daniilovich (1289).

Prerequisites for the collapse of the Galicia-Volyn principality

Being in feudal dependence on the Golden Horde, relations between it and the Galicia-Volyn principality deteriorated sharply, the sons of Daniel led, this entailed a weakening of the principality. The collapse of the Galicia-Volyn principality occurred due to the increased influence of Poland and Lithuania on it, as well as in connection with the simultaneous death of Leo and Andrei Yuryevich in 1323. In 1339, the Galician principality was completely captured by Poland, and in 1382, Poland and Lithuania divided Volyn between themselves.

After the collapse of Kievan Rus in the XII century. on regional formations, the Galicia-Volyn principality took over the state traditions of Russia. Despite the devastating wars, these lands were also not bypassed; the stabilization of economic and political development was observed on the territory of the principality. In the Galician and Volyn lands, the population increased, the economic potential increased, and economic relations developed. In 1199, the principalities with similar economic and cultural conditions, political and economic relations united in the Galicia-Volyn state under the leadership of the Galician prince Roman Mstislavich, a descendant of Vladimir Monomakh and the last representative of the Rostislavich dynasty. Prince Roman was the first in the history of the Old Russian state to introduce special appeals to the ruler - "the great prince" and "the ruler of all Russia".

The peculiarity of the internal political situation of the Galicia Volyn principality was increased in comparison with most other Russian lands, the dependence on external factors. This resulted from the geographical location of the state, bordering on the European state formations (Poland, Lithuania and Hungary). This circumstance, on the one hand, increased the state's vulnerability to an external threat, and on the other hand, made it possible to actively participate in the political processes of Central and Eastern Europe, and also influenced the development of the Galicia Volyn state. The territorial proximity promoted an intensive comparison with other principalities, the assimilation of the spiritual values ​​of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe.

Roman Mstislavovich led an active foreign policy through wars with the Polovtsy and Lithuanians. On the way to Saxony, he died in an accidental skirmish with the troops of the Krakow prince Leszko Bely near Zavikhost on the Vistula (1205).

After the death of Roman, boyar groups did not allow the widow Anna and his young sons Daniel and Vasilko to power. They invited foreign conquerors - Poles and Hungarians. In 1214, the Hungarians and their allies proclaimed Koloman, a young Hungarian prince, as the ruler of the Galicia-Volyn principality, who married the two-year-old Polish princess Salome.

Roman's descendants did not accept the loss of the throne and began to fight the conquerors, relying on the support of friendly Russian princes, part of the boyars and urban strata of the population (merchants and artisans). Help was provided by the Novgorod prince Mstislav Udaloy, who, together with Daniil Romanovich (married to his daughter), successfully repelled the offensive of the Hungarian and Polish troops. However, later Mstislav transferred the reign not to Daniel, but to the youngest Hungarian prince Andrei, who was married to Mstislav's second daughter. After persistent efforts in 1229, Daniel united the Volyn principality, from where he launched an offensive on the Galician land.

1230 Daniil Romanovich managed to oust the Hungarians from Galich, but he could not stay in the city. A new attempt was made in 1233. The Hungarian king Bela recognized the reign in Galich by the protege of the boyars of the Chernigov prince Rostislav Mikhailovich. In the end, as a result of a long struggle, Daniil Galitsky managed to defeat the groups of Galician and Przemysl boyars who supported the Hungarian kingdom. In 1238 Daniel finally conquered Galich. He left Volhynia to his younger brother Vasilkov, in all important matters he acted together with Daniel. Shortly before the destruction of Kiev, Batu Daniel strengthened his position in the city. In general, this war can be considered a liberation war for the revival of independence and territorial unity of the Galicia-Volyn principality.

In the early 40s of the XIII century. the main threat to the Galicia Volyn state was the invasion of the Mongol-Tatars. Prince Daniel tried to reduce the threat using a combination of military and diplomatic means. At the end of the 30s of the XIII century. Daniel Galitsky managed to establish peaceful relations with his neighbors by marrying his son to the daughter of Bela IX, King of Hungary. The prince made significant efforts to protect the country's borders from the Mongol invasion. Stone fortresses, strong castles, which were built immediately after the Mongol invasion, contributed to a decrease in the number of robberies in comparison with other principalities.

The Galicia-Volyn principality suffered from the Mongol invasion relatively less than other principalities, although the Mongols managed to capture Galich and Zvenigorod, Danilov and Kremenets survived at the same time. To strengthen security, the prince moved the capital west to Kholm, then to Lvov. 1245 the army of Daniel Galitsky won a battle with the army of the Hungarian king and his allies near the city of Yaroslav on the river. Sane. The battle of Yaroslavl stopped the aggression of the Hungarian kingdom north of the Carpathians for a long time and contributed to the rapprochement of former enemies. Around 1250, between Daniel and the Hungarian king Bela And friendly relations were established, which were consolidated by the marriage of Danilov, the son of Leo, with the daughter of Bela Constance. Daniel counted on the help of the Hungarians, but this was not enough and the prince was forced to show obedience to the Golden Horde. So, after 1259 the Horde commander Burunday with a huge army moved to Volhynia, Daniil and Vasilko were defeated and were forced to submit to the Mongols, agreeing to destroy the fortifications of the largest cities as proof that they submitted to the Horde. Only the capital Kholm did not submit and retained its fortifications.

Domestic and foreign policies of Daniil Galitsky helped to increase his popularity in the eyes of the world community. The courtiers of the European crowned heads considered it an honor to have connections with the Galicia-Volyn prince. After the death of the last Austrian duke from the Babenberg dynasty, Daniel's son Roman married Gertrude Babenberg and, with the help of the Hungarian king, tried to seize the ducal throne of Austria. However, this attempt was unsuccessful, after a long struggle here from 1282 the dynasty of the Absburgives was established.

In 1254, a significant event took place in the history of Ukrainian statehood: Pope Innocent IX crowned Daniel in the city of Dorogochin in Podlasie. This act confirmed the recognition of the Galicia-Volyn principality as a subject of international law and part of the Western world. Western European chronicles called the Galicia-Volyn principality a kingdom long before the coronation of Dorogochinsky, therefore, sending the crown as a gift to Danila, the Pope simply recognized the existing realities. The relationship between the Kholmsk court and Rome was predominantly political in nature. However, the Pope could not provide concrete assistance against the Horde, so Daniel's relationship with Rome did not lead to a lasting alliance.

After the death of Daniel Galitsky (1264), his son Shvarno Danilovich for a short time united the Galician principality with Lithuania. Lev Danilovich (died 1301), who inherited Lvov and Przemysl, and after the death of Shvarn - Kholm and Galich, significantly expanded his possessions, annexing the Lublin land and part of Transcarpathia with Mukachevo. Vladimir Vasilkovich ruled in Vladimir at this time (1271 - 1289 pp.), In Lutsk - Mstislav Danilovich, and from 1289 in Vladimir.

At the beginning of the XIV century. The Volyn and Galician principalities again united at the head of the prince of Leo's son, Yuri I. Taking advantage of the internal rebellions in the Golden Horde, the Galicia-Volyn principality was able for some time again to move the southern borders of their possessions to the lower reaches of the Dniester and the Southern Bug. Evidence of the power of Yuri I was that he, like Daniel, took the royal title, calling himself the king of Russia (that is, the Galician land) and Prince Vladimir (Volyn). He obtained from the Patriarch of Constantinople the establishment of the Galician Metropolis, in which several dioceses belonged - Vladimirskaya, Lutsk, Przemyslskaya, Kholmskaya, Turovskaya-Pinsk (previously Russia was part of one metropolis - Kievskaya). The formation of the Galician Metropolitanate contributed to the development of traditional culture and helped defend the political independence of the united principality. The first Galician Metropolitan Pyotr Ratensky later became the first Metropolitan of Moscow.

In 1308-1323 pp. in the Galicia-Volyn principality ruled by the sons of Yuri - Leo II and Andrew. On the international arena, Galicia Volyn principality was guided by an alliance with the Teutonic Order. This was useful both for ensuring trade with the Baltic, and in a situation when the pressure of Lithuania on the northern outskirts of the principality was all the more tangible. The letter of Andrew and Leo 1316 on the confirmation of the alliance with the Order, to which the Galician-Volyn princes promised protection from the Golden Horde, has been preserved. So, although the Galicia-Volyn principality should recognize formal dependence on the Horde, in fact it pursued an independent foreign policy. The Polish king Vladislav Loketka called his eastern neighbors the princes Andrei and Lev "an insurmountable shield against the cruel tribe of Tatars." However, blocking the Horde's access to the lands of its western neighbors, the Galicia-Volyn principality suffered from the devastating campaigns of the Horde. The exhausting struggle with external enemies, acute internal conflicts between the princes and the boyars and internecine wars weakened the Galicia-Volyn principality. The neighboring states took advantage of this, they suffered much less from the Horde hard times. After the death of the last Galician-Volyn prince Yuri II (on April 7, 1340 he was poisoned in Vladimir Volynsky), the Polish king Casimir III attacked Lviv, robbed the prince's palace, but was soon forced to retreat. The boyar Dmitry Dedko became the ruler of the Galician land, and the prince of Lithuanian origin Lubart (Dmitry) Gediminovich, who adopted the language and customs of the local population, was strengthened in Volyn.

In the struggle for the Galician lands, which went on with varying success, the sympathies of the majority of Galicians were on the side of Lyubart. Yet the forces were too unequal. 1349 Poland again captured Galicia-Kholmsk and Przemysl principality, and the Polish king Casimir proclaimed himself the ruler of the Kingdom of Rus, that is, Galicia. The Grand Duke of Lithuania Algirdas (Olgerd Gediminovich), taking advantage of the weakening of the Golden Horde, in the 60s of the XIV century. subjugated other Ukrainian lands - Podillya, Kiev, Pereyaslavshchina. The Galician principality from 1370 was under the rule of the Hungarian kingdom, but in 1372 - 1378 and 1385 - 1387 pp. here ruled as a vassal of the Hungarian king, a Germanized prince from Silesia, Władysław Opolski. He strove for independence from Hungary and even began to mint a coin in Lvov with the coat of arms of Galicia and his own name. During the reign of Vladislav Opolsky, state power belonged to foreigners, and the local boyars were relegated to secondary positions. A different situation developed in Volhynia under the rule of Dmitry-Lyubart Gediminovich, where the traditions of the previous days were largely preserved. 1387 The Galician land and the western part of ancient Volyn (Kholmshchyna) were seized by Poland for a long time. The lands between the Dniester and the Prut, the former Galicia Volyn principality, as well as the territory of modern Bukovina were part of the Moldavian principality, formed at this time.

In general, the successors of Daniil Romanovich managed not only to maintain state independence, but also to obtain a number of lands.

However, the constant exhausting struggle with internal and external enemies eventually weakened the Galicia-Volyn state, which its enemies immediately took advantage of. At the end of the XIV century. the lands of the principality were divided among themselves by Poland, Lithuania, Hungary and Moldova.

So, the Kiev-Galician historical epoch of the development of Ukrainian statehood grew into the Galicia-Volyn XIII century. (and not in Vladimir-Moscow) and the next - Lithuanian-Russian-Polish XIV-XVI centuries. statehood. "Vladimir Muscovy was neither the heir or the successor of the Kiev state, it grew on its own roots, and the relationship of Kiev to it could sooner be equated with the relationship of the Roman state to its Gallic provinces, rather than the acceptance of two periods in the political and cultural life of France. the government transplanted into the Great Russian lands the forms of socio-political structure, law, culture, developed by the historical life in Kiev, but on this basis it is still impossible to include the Kiev state in the history of the Great Russian nationality. their mixing - they lived their life behind their historical stichnostyamy and meet ", - wrote M. Grushevsky.

In Soviet times, this opinion was crushingly criticized by Soviet historiography. It is criticized even now by Moscow scientists, some of whom call this concept "Galician" or even "American" (?). It is clear that such pseudoscientific labels are far from objective reality and historical justification.

Now in the Ukrainian historical science the first shoots of new approaches to this global problem of the history of the East Slavic world have appeared: it was proposed to single out in it in the first centuries of the second millennium A.D. e. four parts: Kievskaya

Russia (actually the southern Russian principalities), the Novgorod Republic, the Russian North and the Central Russian principality - the Volga region.

• Grushevsky M. The usual scheme of "Russian" history and the rational structure of the history of Eastern Slavs // Articles on Slavic Studies (Ed. By Academician V.I. Lamansky). - SPb, 1904. - S.299-300.

SAINT PETERSBURG UNIVERSITY

Department: History

Subject: Domestic history

Test

Topic: "Galicia-Volyn principality"

Listener of 1 course of correspondence course

Dmitry Chernyavsky

Plan

Introduction

Conclusion

Used Books

Introduction

The history of the Fatherland, the history of Russia aims to show the place and role of its peoples in world development, helps us to comprehend our special place in a long line of human generations. Who we are, where are our historical roots, what place does our people occupy in the history of Europe and Asia, what are their relations with other countries and peoples. What the people of Russia gave to the world and what they received from them.

History should give us precise guidelines for our own people. It should arouse our respect and admiration for his worthy deeds and feelings of regret and condemnation for his deeds bad and shameful. History should and can give a calm and honest answer to the question - what constitutes pride and glory on the life path of peoples, and what is dishonor and shame. The past generations invisibly stretch out their hands to us. They pass on to us not only their labor skills, experience, achievements, their acquisitions, successes - material and spiritual, cultural, but also their mistakes, miscalculations, failures, troubles and sorrows. All this left its mark on history and was inherited by living people. And we, having accepted something of their past and rejected something, ourselves leave as a legacy to future generations both our achievements, and our mistakes and shortcomings.

The history of Russia gives us the opportunity to learn about the process of creating a human society on the territory of our Fatherland, to identify the stages of development of this process over the centuries, to compare this development with the entire course of human movement, to enrich our memory, our mind with knowledge of the laws of this development.

Knowing the past means in many ways to understand the present and foresee the future. Truly, as the ancient Romans said, "history is the teacher of life."

1. Grand Dukes of Galicia-Volyn principality

In the second half of the 12th century, the most notable figures on the political horizon of Galicia-Volyn Rus were the descendants of Rostislav and Monomakh. Let us name five princes here: the princes of Galitsky - the grandson of Rostislav Vladimir Volodarevich, his son, Yaroslav Osmomysl, famous for "The Word of Igor's Regiment", Yaroslav's cousin Ivan Berladnik, and also the Volyn princes of the descendants of Monomakh - his great-grandson Volodymyr Volodymyr Romanian ...

Due to the exceptionally fertile chernozem soil, feudal land tenure emerged and flourished here relatively early. It is for South-Western Russia that the powerful boyars, often opposing themselves to the princes, are especially characteristic. Numerous forestry and fishing industries were developed here, skilled artisans worked. Slate spinning wheels from the local city of Ovruch were distributed throughout the country. Salt deposits were also of great importance for the region.

In the middle of the 12th century, in the Galician principality, which by that time had become independent and separated from Volyn, the first great princely turmoil began, behind which the interests of both boyar groups and urban strata were visible. The townspeople of Galich, taking advantage of the departure of their prince Vladimir Volodarevich to hunt, invited him to the city in 1144 to reign his nephew from the younger branch of the same Rostislavich, Ivan Rostislavich, who reigned in the small town of Zvenigorod. Judging by the later deeds of this prince, he showed himself to be a ruler close to the wide urban strata, and his invitation instead of the eccentric and pugnacious Vladimir Volodarevich was quite natural. Vladimir laid siege to Galich, but the townspeople stood up like a mountain for their chosen one, and only the inequality of forces and the lack of military experience among the townspeople tipped the cup in favor of the Galician prince. Ivan fled to the Danube, where he settled in the Berlad region, which is why he received the nickname Berladnik. Vladimir occupied Galich and cruelly dealt with the rebellious townspeople.

After long wanderings, Ivan Berladnik once again tried to return to Galich. The chronicle reports that the smerds openly went over to his side, but he faced strong princely opposition. By this time, his opponent Vladimir Volodarevich had already died, but the Galician throne passed to his son - the energetic, intelligent and warlike Yaroslav Osmomysl, married to the daughter of Yuri Dolgoruky Olga. About Yaroslav Osmomysl "Slovo" says that he "propped up with his iron shelves" the mountains of the Ugorsk (Carpathians). The rulers of Hungary and Poland rose up against Ivan, and the Chernigov princes also molested his head. And he received support from the Kiev prince, who in those years sought to weaken his opponent Yaroslav Osmomysl, who was supported by Yuri Dolgoruky.

Under Yaroslav, the Galician principality reached its highest prosperity, was famous for its wealth, developed international relations, especially with Hungary, Poland, Byzantium. True, it was not easy for Yaroslav Osmomysl, and the author of "The Lay of Igor's Campaign", talking about his successes and power, omits the political difficulties that this prince had to experience in the fight against the boyar clans. At first he fought with Ivan Berladnik. Later, his son Vladimir rebelled against him, who, together with his mother, the daughter of Yuri Dolgoruky and prominent Galician boyars, fled to Poland. Behind this rebellion, one can clearly see the confrontation between the self-willed Galician boyars and the policy of Yaroslav Osmomysl, who sought to centralize power, relying on the "junior squad" and the townspeople who had suffered from the willfulness of the boyars.

The Galician boyars who remained in the city persuaded Vladimir to return and promised help in the fight against his father. Indeed, in the course of the boyar conspiracy, Yaroslav Osmomysl was taken into custody and released only after he "kissed the cross" on the fact that he would show loyalty to his wife and son. However, the struggle between Yaroslav and Vladimir continued for a long time. Vladimir fled, ended up in Novgorod - Seversky with his sister Efrosinya Yaroslavna, Igor's wife, participated in the unsuccessful Polovtsian campaign of the Seversky prince. He returned to Galich only after the death of his father in 1187, but was soon expelled from there by the boyars.

If the Galician principality was firmly in the hands of the Rostislavichs, then the descendants of Monomakh firmly sat in the Volyn principality. Monomakh's grandson Izyaslav Mstislavich ruled here. Then the Monomakhovichs divided the Volyn principality into several smaller principalities that were part of the Volyn principality.

By the end of the twelfth century, in this principality, as well as in other large principalities - states, the desire for unification, for the centralization of power began to be seen. This line was especially vividly manifested during the reign of Prince Roman Mstislavich. Relying on the townspeople, on small landowners, he resisted the willfulness of the boyar clans, subjugated the appanage princes with an imperious hand. Under him, the Volyn principality turned into a strong and relatively unified state. Now Roman Mstislavich began to lay claim to the whole of Western Russia. He took advantage of the strife among the rulers of Galich after the death of Yaroslav Osmomysl and tried to reunite the Galicia and Volyn principality under his rule. At first he succeeded, but the Hungarian king joined the internecine struggle, who managed to capture Galich and expelled Roman from there. His rival, the son of Osmomysl Vladimir, was captured, sent to Hungary and imprisoned there in a tower. But soon the enterprising prince fled from captivity, descending the ropes to his friends waiting with horses. He appeared in Germany with the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa and, with the support of German and Polish troops, reigned in Galich again. And only after his death in 1199, Roman Mstislavich again united and now for a long time Volyn and Galich. Later he became the Grand Duke of Kiev, becoming the ruler of a vast territory equal to the German Empire.

Roman, like Yaroslav Osmomysl, continued the policy of centralizing power, suppressed boyar separatism, and promoted the development of cities. Similar aspirations were seen in the policy of the emerging centralized power in France, England, and other European countries. In this sense, the rulers of the large Russian principalities followed the same path as other countries, relying on growing cities and small landowners dependent on them. It was this stratum that became both in Europe and later in Russia the basis of the nobility - the support of the central government. But if in Europe this process proceeded naturally, then in Russia it was interrupted at the very beginning by the devastating Tatar-Mongol invasion.

The policy of Roman Mstislavich was continued by his son Monomakhovich in the fifth generation, Daniil Romanovich. He lost his father in 1205 when he was only four years old. The Galicia-Volyn boyars immediately raised their heads. The princess and her young heir fled the principality, leaving her palace through an underground passage, and found shelter in Poland. And the boyars invited the sons of Igor Seversky to Galich, which has now become the capital city of the united principality. In the course of civil strife, the principality again split into a number of appanages, which allowed Hungary to conquer it. The Igorevich princes continued the struggle for power, in the fire of which many boyar families, townspeople, peasants perished, and two of the Igorevichs were hanged.

In 1211, Daniel returned to Galich, but not for long - the boyars again drove him out of the city with his mother. The boyars put a protege from their councils at the head of the principality, which caused discontent among all the Rurikovichs. Only in 1221, Daniil Galitsky first regained the Volyn throne, and a few years before the Tatar-Mongol invasion, in 1234 he established himself in Galich. Only in 1238, Daniil Romanovich confirmed his rule over the Galicia-Volyn land. In 1240, having occupied Kiev, Daniel managed to unite Southwestern Russia and the Kiev land. He was known as a brave and talented commander. His personal courage was legendary.

During these years of struggle against the headstrong and wealthy Galician boyars, Daniel relied on the townspeople, the "junior squad", like other Russian princes - centralizers. One of his assistants advised Daniel: "Lord, do not kill the bees - do not eat honey", that is, do not retain power without dealing with the boyars.

But even after Daniel was established in the principality, the boyars continued to fight against his policy of centralizing power, colluded with Hungary or Poland, and undermined the political and military power of the principality.

2. Galicia-Volyn land in the XII - XIII centuries.

In the extreme South-West of Ancient Rus there were Galician and Volyn lands: Galitskaya - in the Carpathian region, and Volyn - next to it along the banks of the Bug. Both Galician and Volyn, and sometimes only Galician land were often called Chervonnaya (i.e. Red) Rus, after the city of Cherven on Galich. The Galicia-Volyn principality was formed on the basis of the lands of the former Vladimir-Volyn principality, which was located on the western and southwestern borders of Russia. In the XI - XII centuries. in Vladimir - Volynsky, secondary princes ruled, sent here by the great Kiev princes.

Galicia-Volyn land was located in places that were extremely favorable for the economy, trade, political contracts with the outside world. Its borders came from one side to the foothills of the Carpathians and rested against the Danube. From here it was a stone's throw to Hungary, Bulgaria, to the trade route along the Danube to the Center of Europe, to the Balkan countries and Byzantium. From the north, north-east and east, these lands embraced the possessions of the Kiev principality, which protected it from the onslaught of the mighty Rostov-Suzdal princes.

Here there were rich black soil in wide river valleys, as well as vast forests, fertile for fishing activities, and significant deposits of rock salt, which was exported to neighboring countries. Large cities arose and flourished on the territory of the Galicia-Volyn land. This is Volodymyr - Volynskiy, named after Volodymyr 1. For many years it was the residence of the grand-ducal governors. Galich, who grew up on the salt trade, was also located here, where in the middle of the 12th century a powerful and independent boyars, active urban strata were formed. The centers of local appanage principalities, where the descendants of Rostislav, the son of the eldest son of Yaroslav the Wise Vladimir, who died early, had grown noticeably. Rostislav Vladimirovich was given life-long possession of the insignificant Vladimir - Volynsky. And now the Rostislavichs owned Przemysl, Dorogobuzh, Terebovl, Buzhesk, Turiysk, Cherven, Lutsk, Kholm. These cities were rich and beautiful, they had many stone buildings, almost all of them were well fortified, had powerful fortresses. Once many of these cities were conquered from Poland, first by Vladimir, and then by Yaroslav the Wise. Convenient geographical location (proximity to Hungary, Poland, Czech Republic) allowed for active foreign trade. In addition, the lands of the principality were relatively safe from nomads. As in Vladimir-Suzdal Rus, there was a significant economic upturn.

The Volyn land with the center in Volodymyr Volynskiy began to separate out earlier than all. Vladimir - Volyn principality for a long time passed from under the authority of one prince to another, until in 1134 the grandson of Vladimir Monomakh, Izyaslav Mstislavich, reigned here. He became the founder of the local princely dynasty.

Later, the Galician land was isolated with the center in Galich. It was originally only part of the possessions of the father of the son of Yaroslav the Wise Vladimir, who died during his lifetime, and the son of the last Rostislav. Only in the XII centuries. under Vladimir Volodarevich (1141 - 1152) Galician lands became independent from Kiev, and this principality reached special power under the son of Vladimir Yaroslav Osmomysl. However, it was under this prince that feudal strife began to tear apart the land. Boyars, to fight against Yaroslav Osmomysl, who was trying to establish a strong power, took advantage of his complicated family affairs. The boyars managed to arrest Yaroslav, and his mistress Nastasya was burned at the stake. In the end, Yaroslav still won this fight, and appointed Oleg "Nastasich" as his heir. However, after the death of Yaroslav, the boyars achieved the expulsion of Oleg and proclaimed the legitimate son of Yaroslav Vladimir the prince. But they did not get along with Vladimir either, since the prince, according to the chronicle, "does not love thoughts with his husbands." Foreign forces also intervened in the internecine struggle. The Hungarian king put his son Andrei on the Galician throne, and took Vladimir to prison in Hungary. However, Vladimir managed to escape to the court of the German emperor Frederick Barbarossa and, having returned, again reigned.

Already during these civil strife, many of the boyars were thinking about a new ruler: Vladimir-Volyn prince Roman Mstislavich. After the death of Vladimir (1199) Roman Mstislavich was proclaimed prince of Galicia. Thus, the unification of the Volodymyr-Volyn and Galician principalities took place into a single Galicia-Volyn principality, one of the largest principalities of the Russian land.

Outstanding military leader Roman Mstislavich temporarily managed to stop boyar strife, he occupied Kiev and took the title of Grand Duke, maintained peaceful relations with Byzantium and established peace with Hungary. However, pursuing an active foreign policy, he intervened in the civil strife of the Polish princes (whose relative he was) and in 1205 he died in a battle with his cousin the Krakow prince Leszk White. A new strife began in the Galicia-Volyn principality: after all, the heir to the princely throne, Daniel, was only 4 years old. The boyars seized power.

One of the boyars, Volodislav Kormilichich, even became a prince for some time, which was a complete violation of all the customs that then existed in the Russian land. This is the only case of a boyar's reign.

Strife led to the actual fragmentation of the Galicia-Volyn principality into a number of separate small estates, constantly at war with each other. Polovtsian, Polish, Hungarian troops helped rivals, plundering, taking them into slavery, and even killing the local population. The princes of other lands of Russia also interfered in the Galicia-Volyn affairs. And yet, by 1238, Daniel managed to deal with the boyar opposition. He became one of the most powerful princes of Russia. Kiev also obeyed his will. In 1245, Daniil Romanovich defeated the combined forces of Hungary, Poland, the Galician boyars and the Chernigov principality, thereby completing the struggle to restore the unity of the principality. The boyars were weakened, many boyars were exterminated, and their lands passed to the Grand Duke. However, Batu's invasion, and then the Horde yoke, disrupted the economic and political development of this land.

Conclusion

Galicia-Volyn Rus was in special climatic conditions. The mild climate and fertile lands have always attracted a lot of the agricultural population here. At the same time, this flourishing land was constantly exposed to the raids of its neighbors - Poles, Hungarians, steppe dwellers - nomads. In addition, an extremely strong boyars formed early here, which not only oppressed the farmers, but also fiercely fought for power with the local princes. Only in 1199, with great difficulty, Roman Mstislavich managed to unite Galicia and Volhynia under his rule. After his death in 1205, the boyars seized power in the principality, for a long time turning it into a number of small, feuding estates. Only in 1238, after a fierce struggle, Roman's son and heir Daniel returned power and became one of the most powerful Russian princes. In 1240, Daniel managed to unite southwestern Russia and the Kiev land. However, in the same year, the Galicia-Volyn principality was devastated by the Mongol-Tatars, and after 100 years these lands were included in Lithuania (Volyn) and Poland (Galich).

Galician Volyn principality prince

Used Books

1.History of Russia from ancient times to 1861, Pavlenko N.I., Moscow, 2001

2.Formation of the state territory of North - Eastern Russia in the X - XIX centuries. Kuchkin V.A., Moscow, 1984

.Kievan Rus and Russian principalities of the XII - XIII centuries., Rybakov B.A., Moscow, 1982

.History of Russia, Orlov A.S., Moscow, 2004

.Old Russian principalities of the 10th - 13th centuries, Moscow, 1975

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