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Despotism of the East. Expansion of the area of ​​civilization.

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... Asia stands out in comparison with tiny Europe in all the grandeur of its vast space. Chronologically, it seems to be the all-encompassing basis from which all people came out. K. Jaspers - How do you understand the words of the modern German philosopher K. Jaspers?

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… History has transformed a person into a creature striving to go beyond his limits. K. Jaspers - The French philosopher-educator M. J. Condorcet and the American ethnographer, historian L. G. Morgan identified the stages of human development, according to which humanity goes through three stages, remind which ones?

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Remember what life was like in a primitive society. What are the main distinguishing features of a society that has embarked on the path of civilization? When answering, you can use the electronic version of the textbook: V. Khachaturyan History of world civilizations from ancient times to the end of the 20th century, following the link: http://www.gumer.info/bibliotek_Buks/History/hach_istmir/01.php

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distinctive features of a society that has embarked on the path of civilization

the craft was separated from agriculture; irrigation facilities have increased agricultural productivity; different social strata of society appeared, which caused the complication of the social structure; states were formed - a system of governing bodies of society and its suppression; writing was created, thanks to which people were able to consolidate laws, scientific and religious ideas and pass them on to posterity; cities appeared.

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Where and when did the most ancient civilizations of the world originate? List all the largest civilizations that existed in the IV-I millennium BC. and show them on the map.

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… Rivers are the great educators of mankind LI Mechnikov - What role did the natural environment around them play in the life of ancient civilizations? Why does Mechnikov call rivers the educators of mankind?

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"River of Life" received the status of the Indian Ganges

The Yellow River is the second longest river in China after the Yangtze

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The creation of irrigation systems required the organization of the collective work of a large number of people, the efforts of the entire country as a whole. It was also difficult to maintain the system of channels in order. All these works could not be carried out without a rigid organization, without a strong centralized government. Scientists believe that this influenced the formation of a special type of state - Eastern despotism. To understand why the first civilizations were despots, let's turn to electronic dictionaries using the Internet in your phones.

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http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%E5%F1%EF%EE%F2%E8%E7%EC Wikipedia is the free encyclopedia Despotism is unlimited power. Despot (from ancient Greek δεσπότης - lord) is a sovereign ruler (not to be confused with a cruel ruler - a tyrant). The Slavic analogue of the term “despot” is the term “lord.” It should not be confused with the Byzantine court title “despot”, which does not imply any absolute power - the Byzantine despots were vassals of the emperor, and the territory ruled by the Byzantine despot was called “despotate”. Despotism is a form of state government, when the supreme state power is concentrated in the hands of an absolute ruler or a narrow group of persons who have the right to freely dispose of the fate of their subjects, that is, in despotism, an autocratic monarch is not only the ruler of his state, but also the lord of his subjects. Despotism also often refers to totalitarian rule, accompanied by repression, suppression of civil liberties, control and surveillance of state subjects. However, despotism is not always a totalitarian state.

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http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/ESBE/ Despotism Despotism // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary: In 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb., 1890-1907. Despotism (Greek) - as a concept of state law - is a form of state structure in which the decisive force is the will of the ruler, directed towards the realization of his personal desires, alien to the desire for the common good, and most importantly, not restrained by laws, even if issued by the same government. - What conclusion can be drawn from all of the above?

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Consequently, the states of the Ancient East and Ancient Africa were the classical despots: Assyria, Babylon, Ancient Egypt, the ancient Indian states, the Chinese empires, the Achaemenid Persia and the Sassanid Persia. In addition, Greek tyrannies, the state of the Great Mughals in India and the Ottoman Empire were classical despotisms.

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What are the main functions performed by the centralized state power in the states of the Ancient East?

In different civilizations, it could have some differences, but its essence was the same: at the head of the state was a ruler who possessed full power and was considered the owner of all the land. This type of power was realized at the expense of an extensive administrative system, that is, the apparatus of officials, which covered the entire country. Officials not only collected taxes from the population, but also organized joint agricultural work, construction, monitored the condition of the canals, recruited recruits for military campaigns, and carried out court proceedings.

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Such a state structure was very durable and stable: even when large empires fell apart, each of them reproduced despotism in miniature.

Group work. Prepare a presentation where to trace the features of the development of primary civilizations: Group 1 - Egyptian civilization Group 2 - Indian civilization Group 3 - Chinese civilization Speech by groups

The diversity of the social, spiritual and cultural life of peoples has grown.

The origins of the weakness of the despotism of antiquity

The ancient Egyptian state existed for more than two thousand years, which in the dynamic New and especially the Newest time seems almost incredible. However, it is necessary to take into account the nature of social development in the ancient world. The life of civilizations proceeded as if in a vicious circle, obeying the natural rhythm, the cycle of agricultural work. Minor improvements technicians the manufacture of dishes and tools could not qualitatively change the existing way of life. If new knowledge appeared, it became the property of a narrow circle of priests, who kept it secret, using it to strengthen the influence of their temples.

The actions of slaves, servants of the pharaoh and the nobility against their dependent position were extremely rare. Prisoners from other lands understood that protest or escape would not return them to their native tribe, distant hundreds of kilometers of desert lands, the prevailing religious beliefs encouraged them to perceive the adversity of life as a disgrace of fate and higher powers.

Oppression by those in power was a typical phenomenon. Egypt and Sumeria made complaints about extortions and arbitrariness of officials. At the same time, in the states of antiquity, a system of legal norms had already developed, which provided certain protection to all layers of the population, including the poor. Many of them reflected tribal traditions that were formed in ancient times.

The first written laws that have come down to our times were published in Sumer in the 20th century BC. The most famous were the laws of the Babylonian king Hammurabi (ruled 1792-1750 BC), who created a powerful state in Mesopotamia. They divided the population Babylonia into categories such as free community members, people working in the state (royal) economy, and slaves. For the same crimes, different punishments were established, the most severe - for slaves.

At the same time, the slaves were not powerless: they could complain about the cruelty of their master. They were allowed to have their own home and their own family. The slaves did not pay taxes. Providing them with food, housing, clothing was the responsibility of their owner (temple, nobleman or state).

The main threat to the stability of ancient despotism was represented by the separatism of individual provinces, the struggle of the nobility for supreme power, conflicts between secular and spiritual rulers, which sharply escalated during external invasions.

In the 18th century BC. Egypt was invaded by the nomads of the Hyksos, who defeated the troops of the pharaoh and settled in the fertile valley of the Nile. The single state split into rival provinces (nomes). Only two centuries later the power of the pharaohs was restored. In the 12th century BC. Libyan invaded Egypt tribes and the so-called "Sea Peoples" living in the Balkan Peninsula and Asia Minor. They had already mastered the skill of making weapons from iron and were a formidable enemy, Egypt managed to repel this attack, but its forces were undermined. The decline of the central government began. The country again split into two kingdoms - Lower and Upper Egypt, which were conquered by more powerful neighbors.

Military despotism of the ancient world

With the onset of the Iron Age - the appearance of the first tools made of iron - the productivity of farmers' labor increased. It became possible to plow up lands that previously could not be cultivated, but were used as pastures. Farmers began to crowd out the ancient pastoral tribes. The expanding agricultural territories had to be protected from the raids of nomads, which required the creation of new states. Unlike the first kingdoms of antiquity, their functions were not associated with the organization of irrigation of the land. With this task, thanks to more advanced tools, rural communities have already coped.

New state formations were military despotism, They provided agricultural communities, for lovers and the merchants of cities protection from external enemies. The taxes collected went to the upkeep of the army, the administrative apparatus, and the court nobility. The more lands the military despotia controlled, the more funds were at the disposal of its overlords. This stimulated continuous expansion. The wars in the name of territorial expansion were fought continuously.

The emerging empires were fragile, relying only on military force. The economic, religious heterogeneity of the lands included in them, the desire of the local nobility for independence in the face of serious military defeats led to their disintegration. The centers of the first military despotism were the states that were formed in Asia Minor, on the Iranian Mountain (the Hittite state, Acsyria, Urartu). A struggle developed between them for control over the fertile lands of Mesopotamia. In the XIV-XIII centuries, BC. the Hittites achieved the greatest successes, not unsuccessfully fighting the Egyptians. Then the Acciruya was promoted to the role of the first military despotism. She has been since the 19th century BC. competed with Babylon for dominance over the fertile lands of Mesopotamia. In the X - VII centuries, BC Assyria extended its power to all of Asia Minor, conquered not only Babylon, but also Phenicia, the Damascus kingdom, the Jewish and Israeli kingdoms in Palestine, Egypt, land of the Hittites, Persian and Median tribes.

In the 7th century BC. the union of the Median tribes refused to obey Assyria and began a war against it. Babylon took advantage of the weakening of Assyria, seizing most of its possessions.

In the VI century BC. the rise of the Persidek state began. The Persians, who freed themselves from the power of Media, under Tsar Il Cyrus (ruled 558-5ZO to ll, E.), began campaigns of conquest. They managed to conquer Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine, Phenicia, Asia Minor. Under King Cambyses, they conquered Egypt. Under King Darius 1 (ruled 522-486 BC), who conquered the west of India, a new administrative system of government was formed. His empire was divided into 20 provinces (satrapies), each of which paid taxes depending on the size and fertility of the cultivated land. For the convenience of settlements and trade, for the first time in the world, minting of a silver coin began, and silver bars were also used as a means of payment. Darius' treasury received about 400 tons of silver annually.

The Persian Empire turned out to be fragile: after the defeat in the war with the city-states of Greece, in the IV century BC "it collapsed under the blows of the Macedonian troops.

Ancient india

In India, several large state formations have also changed. In the III - II centuries, BC. most of its territory was controlled by the Mauryan Empire.

After its collapse, a long period of rivalry between small states began, which ended only in the 4th century, when the borders of the power of the Tupt dynasty expanded. However, under the blows of nomadic tribes in the 6th century, this empire also collapsed. Many small states have re-emerged on the territory of India.

The difficulty of creating large military despotisms in India was partly due to the vastness of its territory, a significant part of which was occupied by rugged jungles, deserts and mountains. The unique system of social relations played an important role here.

Even within the framework of the tribal system, on the basis of subsistence farming communities (they usually included several settlements), a rigid system of occupation inheritance was formed. The society divided the axis into varnas - closed groups of people. The highest were the varnas of the brahmanas (priests) and kshatriyas (leaders and warriors). The most numerous var in the Vaisya united ordinary members of the community. Outsiders (who had fled from their communities, prisoners and their descendants) constituted the lowest varna - sudras. Marriages between representatives of different varnas, the transition from one varna to another were impossible.

The origin of the varna system is not exactly known. One hypothesis is that it was associated with the conquest of India by the Indo-European Aryan tribes. According to Indian scientists, the ancestral home of the Aryans was Central Europe. At the beginning of the II millennium BC. some of their tribal alliances began to move eastward. Part settled on the territory of modern Iran (in particular, the Medes and Persians are their descendants). Others moved south into India, subduing local tribes. Relatively few conquerors - leaders, warriors, priests, not wanting to completely merge with the conquered population, sought to make their power hereditary. The tradition of inheritance of a social role, laid down by them, took root in society over time.

The Varna system, which originated in the Ganges Valley, gradually spread to most of India. With the emergence of new professions, the varnas at the beginning of the new era, especially among the vaisyas, were divided into castes of artisans, merchants, farmers, etc.

The caste system, of which there were more than a hundred (it was abolished only in the twentieth century), divided society into many small segments that avoided contact with each other. She was extremely conservative, excluding the possibility of any changes. Representatives of each caste had different, strictly defined privileges, rights and duties. The strong tradition of intra-caste solidarity and mutual support.

Successive conquerors could tax communal farms, but were unable to influence the prevailing norms of caste behavior, to secure support for themselves in the Indian society, living by its own laws. The decisive role was played by the local spiritual and secular nobility - brahmanas and kshatriyas. This determined the fragility of the empires that arose in India.

China in the era of antiquity

The development of the state in ancient China had its own characteristics. Agricultural tribes have long lived in the vast territory between the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers, which gradually settled on the flat part of the territory of modern China.

In the process of rivalry between small state formations, headed by the ascended tribal nobility (their number reached several hundred), a number of major powers gradually emerged. At the turn of the 2nd - 1st millennium BC. the most influential was Western Zhou, whose head, wang (emperor), was considered the son of Heaven, standing between gods and people. In the VIII century BC. Zhou declines, and seven large rival states emerge in China. The most powerful of these, the Qin Empire, in the 3rd century BC. for a short time unites almost the entire country. It is believed that it was at this time, at the behest of Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi, that the construction of the Great Wall of China was completed to protect against nomads.

The gigantic dimensions of the wall (its length reaches 5000 km, its height is from 6.6 to 10 m, the thickness in the lower part is 6.5 m, in Bepxnay it is 5.5 m, watchtowers rise every few hundred meters) gave rise to many hypotheses about the time of its construction, however, their reliability is questionable. Since the nomadic tribes constantly approached the borders of the ancient Chinese states, it is possible that the wall was built by them over several centuries, was repeatedly completed and repaired.

From the 2nd century BC until the 3rd century A.D. domination in China passes to the Han Empire. During this period, campaigns of conquest were organized to Korea and Vietnam, trade relations were established with many states of Central Asia and the Middle East (the Great Silk Road).

Questions and tasks

1. Indicate the reasons for the weakness of the despotic powers of antiquity. How long did the Ancient Egyptian state exist? What are the reasons for its decline?
2. What relations were regulated by the most ancient systems of legal norms? Which of the ancient Eastern rulers was the first to back their power by the power of law?
3. Describe the despotism that took shape at the beginning of the Iron Age. Why were the wars to expand the territory Been continuous? What military despotism arose on the territory of Western Asia? Why did they disintegrate relatively quickly?
4. Tell us about the features of the development of Ancient India. What are varnas and castes?

This folder contains the development of a lesson, a presentation, a table for filling out by students. This development is compiled in accordance with the UMK N.V. Zagladina, Simonia N.A.

"Eastern despotism"

Eastern despotism.

The purpose of the lesson: characterize oriental despotism

Lesson Objectives

highlight the main features of the legal system of oriental despotism

tell about the features of despotic power

consolidate the skills to draw conclusions from the material learned

learn to work with video material

consolidate knowledge on the topic

DURING THE CLASSES

1. The emergence of the first states

... Asia stands out in comparison with tiny Europe in all the grandeur of its vast space. Chronologically, it seems to be the all-encompassing basis from which all people came out.

K. Jaspers, modern German philosopher

- How do you understand the words of the modern German philosopher K. Jaspers?

Exercise. Define the concept of the state and list its signs.

State- the main institution of the political system of society, managing society, protecting its economic and social structure.

State signs:

1) the presence of a special public authority, separated from society and not coinciding with it;
2) state power is exercised by a special apparatus of management and coercion (bureaucracy);
3) the territorial organization of power and population;
4) taxes;
5) sovereignty;
6) uniform laws:
7) symbols of the state.

Exercise. Write down the socio-political and economic prerequisites for the emergence of the first states and make a table The first states of the Ancient East.

Prerequisites:

1. Socio-political preconditions:

a) special institutions are created that had the right to make and execute decisions;
b) customs and traditions are replaced by law;
c) an army appears;
d) a bureaucratic apparatus appears.

a) the emergence of metal tools;
b) increasing labor productivity;
c) the appearance of a surplus of products.

... Rivers are the great educators of humanity

L.I. Mechnikov, Russian historian, 19th century

- What role did the natural environment around them play in the life of ancient civilizations? Why does Mechnikov call rivers the educators of mankind?

Exercise. Write down theories explaining the origin of the state.

1 theory - the interest of the wealthy tribal elite in strengthening their power and protecting wealth from poor fellow tribesmen (Marxist theory).
2 theory - the conquest of other tribes.
3 theory - the needs of the organization of large-scale general work on irrigation and protection from nomadic tribes.

Task number 1

2.Eastern despotism- (from Greek - "unlimited power") - a form of autocratic power.

Working with the tutorial p. 59 - 62

Exercise:

Describe the social structure of society.

Tasks on sheets.

Working with a document on page 62

3. Spiritual values ​​of ancient Eastern societies

Exercise. Working with the textbook pp. 63-66.

a) write down the achievements of the Egyptians.

Tasks on sheets.
Working with a document on pages 65 - 66

Anchoring

Question No. 3, 5 p. 66

View document content
"table"

"Oriental despotism"

5 thousand years BC NS.

Development of the valleys of great rivers.

« Asia stands out in comparison with tiny Europe in all the grandeur of its vast expanse. Chronologically, it seems to be the all-encompassing basis from which all people came from. "

K. Jaspers, n german philosopher

• Write down the socio-political and economic preconditions for the emergence of the first states.

Prerequisites

Socio-political:

• Special institutions are being created that had the right to make and execute decisions
• Customs and traditions are replaced by law

• An army appears
• A bureaucratic apparatus emerges

• The emergence of metal tools
• Increase in labor productivity
• The appearance of surplus products

"Rivers are the great educators of humanity"

L.I. Mechnikov

• What role did the natural environment around them play in the life of ancient civilizations?
• Why does Mechnikov call rivers the educators of mankind?

• Write down theories explaining the origin of the state.

3100 BC NS.

Unification of Egypt

Eastern despotism(from Greek - "unlimited power") - a form of autocratic power

State in Ancient Egypt

STATE

Organization of the country's power.

• Write down the achievements of the Egyptians

• Paragraph 6

View presentation content
"Expansion of the area"

• The craft separated from the state
• Irrigation facilities have increased agricultural productivity
• Different strata of society have emerged
• States formed
• Writing system created

• Despot (from ancient Greek δεσπότης - lord) - sovereign ruler
• Despotism - a form of government, when the supreme power is concentrated in the hands of an absolute ruler or a narrow group of persons who have the right to freely dispose of the fate of their subjects.

Work on p. 2 - 4 page 68

a) make diagrams and compare the socio-political structure of Ancient Eastern societies

b) determine the state structure of Ancient Eastern societies

• Paragraph 7 - 8

1. Indicate the reasons for the weakness of the despotic states of antiquity. How long did the Ancient Egyptian state exist? What are the reasons for its decline?

The ancient Egyptian civilization existed for more than two and a half thousand years, but not continuously. Its history has several periods of decline, disintegration of the state. They are associated, first of all, with the disruption of the normal cycles of irrigation agriculture, long years of crop failures, most likely associated with climatic changes. Foreign invasions were often the culmination of crises. The history of the successive kingdoms of Ancient Egypt was stopped by another foreign invasion, but it was hardly associated with climatic changes.

In a similar way, other great civilizations of antiquity ceased to exist: most often they became victims of foreign invasions. Sometimes the conquerors completely adopted the achievements of civilization and poured in, became just another stage in the development of this civilization (there were especially many such episodes in Mesopotamia), and sometimes they created something fundamentally new in the old place, or annexed a new territory to some vast empire.

Ancient despots had several weaknesses.

They, like any state with any form of government, sometimes found themselves helpless before the conquerors.

They were highly dependent on climate change. The society trusted the ruler with absolute power so that the gods would allow them to continue to carry out the cycle of irrigation and agricultural work that had been established for centuries and to get the harvest. When natural disasters began, the usual climatic rhythm was disrupted and famine began, then the central government lost all legitimacy.

Despotic power could be shaken by the nobility that received too much power, especially the high priesthood.

- Like any inherited power, despotic power in ancient civilizations was vulnerable to dynastic crises.

2. What relations were regulated by the most ancient systems of legal norms? Which of the ancient Eastern rulers was the first to back their power by the power of law?

The oldest of the collections of laws are considered to be preserved only fragmentarily Mesopotamian Laws of Shulga (ruled 2094-2046 BC). The first collection that has come down to us is the Laws of Hammurappi (1792-1750 BC). The text suggests that the ancient despots made laws only out of their own will. It is believed that the life of society was mainly regulated only by the will of the ruler, but this will, like the aforementioned collections of laws, apparently relied heavily on the traditions and customs that had developed in society.

3. Describe the despotism that took shape at the beginning of the Iron Age. Why were the wars to expand the territory fought continuously? What military despotism arose on the territory of Western Asia? Why did they disintegrate relatively quickly?

At the beginning of the Iron Age, the so-called military despotism took shape. Their main function was no longer the maintenance of irrigation agriculture, but the protection of society from other military despotism and the extraction of additional resources through victories over neighboring states. Despots strove to seize more and more territories. Moreover, the larger territories they conquered, the more resources were concentrated in their hands, the more they could invest in new conquests. Thus, a tendency towards endless expansion was laid in the military despotism. However, the lands were united only with the help of brute military force and repression (like the forcible resettlement of peoples), economically the regions continued to remain fragmented, which was supplemented by separatism of the nobility who came from the center to the new lands and the surviving descendants of local elites. Internal political problems were usually supplemented by new attacks from external enemies, which made major military despotisms very fragile. Assyria and the Persian state fully fit this description. Urartu and the Novovalonian kingdom fell more under the blows not of internal problems, but of one strong external enemy (respectively, Assyria and the Persian state).

4. Tell us about the features of the development of Ancient India. What are varnas and castes? What points of view on their occurrence do you know?

A feature of the development of ancient Indian civilization is that it began, as it were, twice. In the interfluve of the Indus and the now dry Saraswati, there existed the so-called Harappa civilization (named after the modern name of the settlement, near which its archaeological monuments were discovered. Traditionally it is dated to the III - the beginning of the II millennium BC, but thanks to new discoveries, its emergence can be revised in This civilization fell for reasons unknown to us, after which the invasion of the Aryan tribes began, apparently destroying only the remnants of the Harappan culture. into which the Indian society was divided. Each varna had its own circle of occupations and its own unequal rights. Belonging to the varna was hereditary. Gradually, towards the end of our era, the varnas were divided into castes, which differed from the varnas mainly in their greater numbers and greater dependence on professional flaccidity. The most common version of the origin of the varnas refers to the conquest of India by the Aryan tribes. According to it, the conquerors formed three higher castes, depending on the type of their activities (brahmanas (priests), kshatriyas (warriors) and vaisyas (farmers)), and the conquered local population was allocated to a lower caste - sudras (servants).

5. What were the features of the civilization of Ancient China?

The main feature was that after the reign of Qin Shi Huang, the main problem of civilization was precisely the separatism of the local nobility, which grew rich due to the developing exchange, gradually striving to develop into real trade.

For all the differences between these religions, they are united by a common idea: existence in this world is just a test, those who have passed it with dignity will receive a better life after death (in another world or in the next life).

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Presentation on the topic: The first states of the Ancient World

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PERIODIZATION OF THE HISTORY OF THE ANCIENT WORLD. THE TIME SINCE THE MOMENT OF THE FIRST STATES ARE CALLED THE ERA OF THE ANCIENT WORLD. IT IS DIVIDED INTO THREE PERIODS: THE PERIOD OF THE EARLY ANCIENT WORLD - 4 - 2 THOUSAND. BC. - THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE FIRST STATE FORMATIONS. COLORING PERIOD - END 2 - 1 THOUSAND. BC. DECLINE PERIOD - LATE ANCIENT PERIOD - FIRST HALF OF 1 THOUSAND BC - THE GROWTH OF THE ROLE OF GREECE AND ROME.

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PREREQUISITES FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE STATE NEOLITHIC PERIOD ALL BASIC ISSUES ARE RESOLVED BY COMMUNICATION. DISPUTES ARE RESOLVED ON THE BASIS OF TRADITION AND CUSTOMS. AUTHORITY OF THE ELDERS. THE RIGHTS OF LEADERS AND SOLDIERS WERE LIMITED AND THEIR POWER RELYED NOT ON CODE BUT ON THE FORCE OF AUTHORITY. PERIOD OF ESTABLISHMENT OF THE STATE. THE BASIS FOR THE CREATION OF THE STATE WAS A TRANSITION TO METAL PROCESSING. THIS HAS INCREASED PRODUCTIVITY AND SURPLUS PRODUCTS TO CONTAIN A POWER DEVICE. THEORIES OF ORIGIN OF THE STATE DIFFERENT: CLASS, CONTRACTUAL. ETC.

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BACKGROUND OF THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE STATE FIRST STATES: RIVER CIVILIZATIONS. NIL, EFRAT, IND, HUANGE. THREE FACTORS: EARTH, WARM CLIMATE, WATER - SWEETS, DESERT HINDERED WORKS. ALL THIS DEMANDED SCALE WORKS ON DEVELOPMENT AND THEREFORE THE RISE OF THE STATE. 1.In 4 - THOUSAND BC THERE ARE TWO STATES IN THE NILE VALLEY, A IN 3118 BC ONE STATE WITH THE CAPITAL IN MEMPHIS. MESSOPOTAMIA - THE TRIBE OF THE SHUMERS - THE CITIES OF AKKAD, UMMA, LAGASH, UM, ERIDU. ONE STATE IN THE 24TH CENTURY BC CREATED THE KING OF THE CITY AKKAD SARGON. AT THE BORDER 3 - 2 THOUSAND BC. STATES ARE ARISING IN INDIA, CHINA, PALESTINA, FINICIA.

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EMPLOYMENT AND SOCIAL RELATIONS IN ANCIENT STATES. Slavery in the family system, slavery carried the character of a patriarch and did not play a special role. WITH THE APPEARANCE OF THE FIRST STATES, THE NUMBER OF CAPTIVE SLAVES HAS BEEN DARKLY INCREASED. THEIR LABOR WAS USED FOR IRRIGATION WORKS. CONSTRUCTION OF PYRAMIDS AND TEMPLES. IN EGYPT SLAVES CALLED "LIVING DEAD" DURING THE CONQUERING WARS OF THE EARTH AND THEIR RESIDENTS HAVE BEEN TURNED TO THE PROPERTY OF PHARAOH AND TEMPLES AND REMAINED FORMALLY FREE (HEMU) OR BECAME RAMED. COMMUNITY LAND OWNERSHIP PLAYED GREAT, BUT COMMUNITIES BECAME NEIGHBORHOOD: JOINT USE OF LAND FULFILLMENT AND PAYMENT OF TAXES. REMAINS OF COMMUNITY SELF-GOVERNMENT HAVE BEEN REMAINED.

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CULTURE AND BELIEFS IN ANCIENT EGYPT. THE CULTURE OF EGYPT IS DIVERSE: PYRAMIDS, SCULPTURES. WRITING (HIEROGLYPHES) HAVE HUGE SIGNIFICANCE THE PAPYRUS SAVED KNOWLEDGE ON MATHEMATICS, MEDICINE, ASTRANOMY AND NAVIGATION. ACCORDING TO THE BELIEFS OF THE EGYPTIANS, MAN CONSISED OF BODY (KHET), SHADOW (KHAYBET), NAME (RAS) AND INVISIBLE DUAL (CA). BELIEF IN A LIFE ABOVE REFLECTED IN THE RELIGION OF THE EGYPTIANS. THE SUN GOD IS RA, THE FAVORITE GOD IS OSIRIS. THE HARDEST BALMING PROCEDURE WAS APPLIED TO THE MUMMY. THEREFORE IT WAS SO IMPORTANT TO PRESERVE THE BODY IN THE FORM OF A MUMMY.

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MAIN CONCLUSIONS. THUS THE ESTABLISHMENT OF STATES WAS DIRECTLY RELATED TO THE NEEDS OF SOCIETY DEVELOPMENT. THE FIRST STATES ARISE IN THE RIVER VALLEIES (CLIMATE, SOIL, WATER). THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE DEMANDED ORGANIZATION OF LOTS OF LAND DEVELOPMENT. BUT EVERY SPECIFIC CASE HAS BEEN REASONED THE SIGNS OF THE STATE WERE: TERRITORY. PUBLIC GOVERNMENT, LAWS AND TAXES. EXCESS PRODUCTS ALLOWED TO CONTINUE THE EQUIPMENT OF OFFICIALS AND THE MILITARY. SLAVERY BECAME DEVELOPED AND SLAVES BECAME OWNERSHIP OF OWNERS. Along with this, there were free community members. THE CULTURE OF THE ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS WAS REFLECTED IN RELIGIOUS BELIEFS, THE DEVELOPMENT OF WRITING AND SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE.

Slide No. 11

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EXPANDING THE AREA OF CIVILIZATION. IN 2 - 1 THOUSAND. BC. THE FIRST STATES OF THE ANCIENT WORLD ENTERED A LANDSCAPE. NEW STATES ARE ARISING. THE IMPORTANCE OF THE SOCIAL, SPIRITUAL, CULTURAL LIFE OF PEOPLES INCREASES. RESULTS OF WEAKNESS OF ANCIENT DEPOSITS. THE ANCIENT STATE EXISTED MORE THAN 2 THOUSAND. YEARS. PECULIARITIES OF SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT: 1. DEVELOPMENT IN A CIRCLE. 2. LACK OF IMPROVEMENT OF LABOR TOOLS. 3.KNOWLEDGE IS A NARROW CIRCLE OF PEOPLE. 4. RARE PERFORMANCES BY WORKS. 5. HARASSMENT OF THE PEOPLE AND THE CREATION OF CODES OF LAW. 6. THE BASIC THREAT TO THE STABILITY OF ANCIENT DEPOTIES WAS PRESENTED BY THE SEPARATISM OF PROVINCES, THE FIGHT OF KNOWLEDGE FOR POWER, CONFLICTS BETWEEN SOCIAL AND SPIRITUAL RULES. FROM THE 18TH CENTURY BC EGYPT HAS BEEN ATTACKED BY THE NEIGHBORS: GYKSOS, LIBYANS. THE COUNTRY FALLS IN TWO PARTS.

Slide No. 12

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MILITARY DELIVERIES OF THE ANCIENT WORLD. MILITARY DELIVERIES. WITH THE APPEARANCE OF IRON WORKS, THE LAND PROCESSED BY THE PEASANTS HAS BEEN INCREASED. THESE TERRITORIES WAS NEEDED TO BE PROTECTED FROM NOMAD RACES. STATES ARE ARISING, THE MAIN OBJECTIVES OF WHICH THE PROTECTION OF THEIR TERRITORIES AND THE CAPTURE OF NEW TERRITORIES. THESE STATES ARE MILITARY DEPOSITS. FIRST MILITARY DESTINATIONS: URARTU, Hittites, Assiriya. IN THE 7TH CENTURY BC. THE RISE OF THE PERSIAN POWER STARTED. AT 4 B.C. She fell under the blows of ALEXANDER MAKEDONSKY. THE MORE LANDS WERE CONTROLLED BY MILITARY DESPOTIA, THE MORE FUNDS WERE AT THE DISPOSAL OF ITS AUTHORITIES. THE MILITARY EXPANSION WAS RUNNING CONTINUOUSLY. THESE EMPIRE WERE WEAK BY THE POWER OF THEIR DIFFERENCE.

Slide No. 13

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ANCIENT INDIA INDIA IN 3-4 BCE BIG PART OF THE COUNTRY WAS CONTROLLED BY THE EMPIRE OF THE MAURIES AND THE POWER OF THE GUPT DYNASTY, BUT IN 6 BCE BCE AGAIN A LOT OF SMALL STATES. FEATURES OF THE FORMATION OF MILITARY DEPOSITS: 1. BIG TERRITORY. 2. DIVISION OF SOCIETY INTO VARNA (KASTA): BRAHMANS, KSHATRIYA, VAYSHU AND SHUDRA. TRANSITION FROM ONE VARNA TO ANOTHER WAS IMPOSSIBLE. THE ORIGIN OF SUCH SYSTEM IS ASSOCIATED WITH ARIES WHO DID NOT WANT TO MIX WITH THE LOCAL POPULATION. THE VARN SYSTEM DIVIDED THE COMMUNITY INTO MANY SMALL SEGMENTS, NOT IN CONTACT WITH EACH OTHER. NEW CASE OF CONQUEST, NIODE OF THE WINNERS COULD DO ANYTHING WITH THIS SYSTEM. THEREFORE, THE EMPIRE WERE STRONG.

Slide No. 14

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CHINA IN ANCIENT ERA. THE STATE IN ANCIENT CHINA HAD ITS PECULIARITIES. EDUCATION STATE. COMBINATIONS HAPPEN BETWEEN YANGZA AND HUANGHE RIVERS - SEVERAL HUNDREDS OF SMALL STATES. AT THE BORDER 2 - 1 THOUSAND BC - THE LARGEST WESTERN ZHOU, THE HEAD OF WHICH WAN (EMPEROR) WAS CONSIDERED THE SON OF HEAVEN FROM 8 TO 3 CENTURIES THE COMPETITION OF SEVEN STATES. AND ONLY IN THE 3TH CENTURY, THE QING EMPIRE UNITES THE COUNTRY. EMPEROR QING SHI HUANGDI IS BELIEVED TO BUILD THE GREAT WALL OF CHINESE. CO 2 B BC PO 3 IN AD - EMPIRE OF HAN. CHINA'S FEATURE WAS IN THIS: 1. SEPARATISM THREATED THE UNITY OF THE COUNTRY. 2. ATTEMPTS TO LIMIT THE INFLUENCE OF KNOWLEDGE. GOT DISTRIBUTED PRACTICE: 1. EXAMINATIONS FOR THE OFFICIAL POSITION. 2. LAND OWNED BY THE EMPEROR. DON'T KNOW. 3. LIMITATION OF THE SIZE OF THE LAND OF THE FEUDALS. BUT ALL THIS DID NOT SAVE THE STATE FROM PUBLIC UPRISES.

Slide No. 15

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A NEW STAGE OF SPIRITUAL LIFE. WITH THE BEGINNING OF THE IRON AGE, HUMAN DEPENDENCE ON NATURE DECREASED. THE FALL OF RELIGIONS BASED ON THE DECIFICATION OF THE FORCES OF NATURE HAS BEEN OCCURRED. AT THE SAME TIME THE MYSTERY OF DEATH LEADED TO THE APPEARANCE OF NEW RELIGIONS: ZOROASTRISM, BUDDHISM, CONFUCIANCE, JUDAISM. COMMON TO THESE RELIGIONS WAS THE UNDERSTANDING THAT HUMAN'S WAY ON EARTH IS A TEST AND HE SHOULD RECEIVE A REWARD AFTER DEATH. JUDAISM CONFIRMED IN PALESTINA IN 10 - 8 BC - FAITH IN ONE GOD WHO PROMISED SALVATION TO THE ELECTED PEOPLE OF ISRAEL ON THE DAY OF THE DREAMING JUDGMENT. CONFUCIANCE IS NOT A RELIGION BUT A SYSTEM OF MORAL NORMS. CONFUCIUS STATED THAT STATES ARE A FAMILY, AND THE EMPEROR A FATHER. THE BASIC IDEA OF BUDDHISM IN THE LAW OF KARMA (ADMISSION) ABSOLUTE RIGHTNESS LEADS TO NIRVANA. THE MAIN IDEA OF ZOROASTRISM IN THE FIGHT OF TWO FORCES: GOOD AND EVIL. MAN MAKES A CHOICE BETWEEN THEM

Slide No. 16

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MAIN CONCLUSIONS. EARLY DEPOSITS HAVE BEEN REPLACED BY NEW STATE EDUCATIONS: MILITARY DEPOSITS. THE REASONS FOR THEIR APPEARANCE WERE THE APPEARANCE OF IRON WORKS AND THE POSSIBILITY OF USING NEW Arable LANDS. ALL THIS DEMANDED NEW CONQUERING HIKES. IN GENERAL CONSIDERING THE HISTORY OF MILITARY DISTANCES IN PERSIA, INDIA AND CHINA WE SEE GENERAL FEATURES AND FEATURES. THE WEAKNESS OF THESE PUBLIC EDUCATIONS CONSIDERED IN THEIR INTENSITY. AT THE SAME TIME, THERE WERE ATTEMPTS TO LIMIT THE POWER OF KNOWING SEPARATISM IN CHINA. THE APPEARANCE OF IRON WORKS HAS WEENED RELIGIONS BASED ON THE WORSHIP OF NATURAL FORCES. RELIGIONS ARE ARISING, THE MAIN PURPOSE OF WHICH IS TO PROVIDE BETTER PARTICIPATION OF HUMAN BEING AFTER DEATH. THIS IS JUDAISM, ZOROASTRISM, BUDDHISM. CONFUCIENCE IS RATHER A MORAL CODE OF HUMAN AND STATE STANDARDS.

Slide No. 17

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