Shchors Nikolay Alexandrovich. Nikolai Alexandrovich Shchors: biography

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Nikolai Aleksandrovich Shchors (May 25 (June 6) 1895 - August 30, 1919) - wartime officer of the Russian Imperial Army (second lieutenant), commander of Ukrainian rebel forces, commander of the Red Army during the Civil War in Russia, member of the Communist Party since 1918 (before that was close to the Left Social Revolutionaries).

Biography

Born and raised on the Korzhovka farm, Velikoschimel volost, Gorodnyansky district, Chernigov province (since 1924 - the city of Snovsk, now the regional center of Shchors, Chernigov region of Ukraine) in the family of a railway worker.

In 1914 he graduated from the military paramedic school in Kyiv. On August 1, 1914, the Russian Empire entered the First World War. Nikolai went to the front as a volunteer military paramedic.

Civil War

In March - April 1918, Shchors led the united rebel partisan detachment of Novozybkovsky district, which, as part of the 1st Revolutionary Army, participated in battles with the German occupiers.

In September 1918, he formed the 1st Ukrainian Soviet Regiment named after. Bohuna. In October - November he commanded the Bogunsky regiment in battles with the German occupiers and hetmans, from November 1918 - the 2nd brigade of the 1st Ukrainian Soviet Division (Bogunsky and Tarashchansky regiments), which liberated Chernigov, Kyiv and Fastov from the troops of the Directory of the Ukrainian People's Republic.

On February 5, 1919, 23-year-old Nikolai Shchors was appointed commandant of Kyiv and, by decision of the Provisional Workers' and Peasants' Government of Ukraine, was awarded an honorary revolutionary weapon.

Front in December 1919

From March 6 to August 15, 1919, Shchors commanded the 1st Ukrainian Soviet Division, which, during a rapid offensive, recaptured Zhitomir, Vinnitsa, Zhmerinka from the Petliurists, defeated the main forces of the Petliurists in the area of Sarny - Rivne - Brody - Proskurov, and then in the summer of 1919 defended itself in the area of Sarny - Novograd-Volynsky - Shepetovka from the troops of the Polish Republic and the Petliurists, but was forced under pressure from superior forces to retreat to the east.

On August 15, 1919, during the reorganization of the Ukrainian Soviet divisions into regular units and formations of a single Red Army, the 1st Ukrainian Soviet division under the command of N. A. Shchors was merged with the 44th border division under the command of I. N. Dubovoy, becoming 44th Rifle Division of the Red Army. On August 21, Shchors became its chief, and Dubova became the deputy chief of the division. The division consisted of four brigades.

The division stubbornly defended the Korosten railway junction, which ensured the evacuation of Kyiv (on August 31, the city was taken by the Volunteer Army of General Denikin) and a way out of the encirclement of the Southern Group of the 12th Army.

On August 30, 1919, in a battle with the 7th brigade of the 2nd corps of the Ukrainian Galician Army near the village of Beloshitsa (now the village of Shchorsovka, Korostensky district, Zhitomir region, Ukraine), being in the advanced chains of the Bohunsky regiment, Shchors was killed under unclear circumstances. He was shot in the back of the head at close range, presumably from 5-10 steps away.

The probable perpetrator of the murder of the red commander is Pavel Samuilovich Tankhil-Tankhilevich. He was twenty-six years old, he was born in Odessa, graduated from high school, spoke French and German. In the summer of 1919 he became a political inspector of the Revolutionary Military Council of the 12th Army. Two months after the death of Shchors, he left Ukraine and arrived on the Southern Front as a senior censor-controller of the Military Censorship Department of the Revolutionary Military Council of the 10th Army.

Interesting Facts
Rebuke of “Ataman” Shchors to “Pan-Hetman” Petlyura, 1919

Until 1935, the name of Shchors was not widely known; even TSB did not mention him. In February 1935, presenting Alexander Dovzhenko with the Order of Lenin, Stalin invited the artist to create a film about the “Ukrainian Chapaev,” which was done. Later, several books, songs, even an opera were written about Shchors; schools, streets, villages and even a city were named after him. In 1936, Matvey Blanter (music) and Mikhail Golodny (lyrics) wrote “Song about Shchors”:

A detachment walked along the shore,
Walked from afar
Walked under the red banner
Regimental commander.
The head is tied,
Blood on my sleeve
A bloody trail is spreading
On damp grass.

"Boys, whose will you be,
Who is leading you into battle?
Who is under the red banner
Is the wounded coming?
“We are the sons of farm laborers,
We are for a new world
Shchors marches under the banner -
Red commander.

In hunger and cold
His life has passed
But it was not for nothing that it was spilled
There was his blood.
Thrown back beyond the cordon
Fierce enemy
Tempered from a young age,
Honor is dear to us."

Like many commanders of the Civil War, Nikolai Shchors was only a “bargaining chip” in the hands of the powers that be. He died at the hands of those for whom their own ambitions and political goals were more important than human lives. These people did not care that, left without a commander, the division had practically lost its combat effectiveness. As the hero of the Civil War and former member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Ukrainian Front E. Shadenko said, “only enemies could tear Shchors away from the division in whose consciousness he was rooted. And they tore it off."

V. M. Sklyarenko, I. A. Rudycheva, V. V. Syadro. 50 famous mysteries of the history of the 20th century

Nikolai Shchors was one of the most prominent representatives of the “new wave” of commanders of the regular Red Army. How far the results of the victory of the Red Army would satisfy this independent, charismatic personality is another, difficult question. People of a completely different type took advantage of its fruits - Stalin, Trotsky (they were still formally together), Voroshilov, Budyonny. The heroes or anti-heroes of the Civil War (on the part of the “winners”) for the most part did not survive the repression of the 30s

Sergey MAKHUN, “Day”, (Kyiv - Shchors, Chernihiv region - Kyiv)

The purpose of this article is to find out how the vile murder of the Civil War hero NIKOLAI SHCHORS is included in his FULL NAME code.

Watch "Logicology - about the fate of man" in advance.

Let's look at the FULL NAME code tables. \If there is a shift in numbers and letters on your screen, adjust the image scale.

26 41 58 76 90 100 111 126 138 139 149 150 162 168 179 197 198 212 217 234 249 252 262 286
SCH O R S N I K O L A Y A L E K S A N D R OVICH
286 260 245 228 210 196 186 175 160 148 147 137 136 124 118 107 89 88 74 69 52 37 34 24

14 24 35 50 62 63 73 74 86 92 103 121 122 136 141 158 173 176 186 210 236 251 268 286
N I K O L A Y A L E K S A N D R OVI C H SCH O R S
286 272 262 251 236 224 223 213 212 200 194 183 165 164 150 145 128 113 110 100 76 50 35 18

Readers familiar with my articles on assassination attempts with a gun and traumatic brain injuries may immediately notice that this article is also about a gunshot to the head. In particular, speaking about this, such figures as:

103 = SHOT. 50 = HEAD. 139 = BRAIN, etc.

Let's decipher individual words and sentences:

SHCHORS = 76 = WEAPON, RUINED.

NIKOLAI ALEXANDROVICH = 210 = 154-SHOT + 56-DIED.

The number 154 is between the numbers 148 = THE SKULL IS BREAKED and 160 = BLOOD GOES TO THE BRAIN, and the number 56 is in the word NICHOLAY between the numbers 50 = HEAD and 62 = DIRECTLY.

210 - 76 = 134 = PASSED AWAY.

SHCHORS NIKOLAY = 149 = FATAL, KILLED INSTANTLY.

ALEXANDROVICH = 137 = DOOMED, KILLED, INSTANT \I am death\.

149 - 137 = 12 = L\detail\.

ALEXANDROVICH SHCHORS = 213 = DEATH HAS OCCURRED.

NICHOLAY = 73 = BROKEN, WILL BEND.

213 - 73 = 140 = HEAD WOUND.

From the three words received, we make up sentences that correspond to the “scenario” embedded in the FULL NAME code:

286 = 134-PASSED AWAY + 12 + 140-HEAD WOUND = 134-PASSED AWAY + 152-\ 12 + 140 \-HEAD PUNCH.

286 = 140-HEAD WOUND + 146-\ 134 + 12\-BLEEDING, KILLED BY A BULLET.

DEATH DATE code: 08/30/1919. This = 30 + 08 + 19 + 19 = 76 = RUINED.

DEATH DAY CODE = 115-THIRTIET, DEATH + AUGUST 66, NON-LIVING, CUSTOM = 181 = BRAIN PUNCH BY BULLETS = TERMINATION OF LIFE.

Code for the FULL DATE OF DEATH = 181-THIRTIENTH OF AUGUST + 38-KHAN, MURDER \ n \-\ 19 + 19\-\ code for the YEAR OF DEATH \ = 219 = OCCASION OF DEATH.

286 = 219 + 67-DIMER.

Code FULL YEARS OF LIFE = 86-TWENTY, DIE + 100-FOUR, SURVIVED = 186 = 82-SHOT + 104-KILLED = KILLED BY A BULLET AT Point-blank range.

286 = 186-TWENTY-FOUR + 100-OBSOLVED.

186-TWENTY-FOUR - 100-SURVIVED = 86 = DIE.

In the Soviet Union, his name was a legend. Streets and state farms, ships and military formations were named in his honor. Every schoolchild knew the heroic song about how “the regiment commander walked under the red banner, his head was bandaged, blood was on his sleeve, a trail of blood was spreading across the damp grass.” This commander was the famous hero of the Civil War, Nikolai Shchors. In the biography of this man, whom I. Stalin called the “Ukrainian Chapaev,” there are quite a lot of “blank spots” - after all, he even died under very strange and mysterious circumstances. This secret, which has not yet been revealed, is almost a hundred years old.

In the history of the Civil War 1918-1921. there were many iconic, charismatic figures, especially in the camp of the “winners”: Chapaev, Budyonny, Kotovsky, Lazo... This list can be continued, without a doubt including the name of the legendary red division commander Nikolai Shchors. Poems and songs were written about him, a huge historiography was created, and 60 years ago the famous feature film by A. Dovzhenko “Shchors” was shot. There are monuments to Shchors in Kyiv, which he courageously defended, Samara, where he organized the partisan movement, Zhitomir, where he crushed the enemies of Soviet power, and near Korosten, where his life was cut short. Although a lot has been written and said about the legendary commander, the history of his life is full of mysteries and contradictions, which historians have been struggling with for decades. The biggest secret in the biography of division commander N. Shchors is connected with his death. According to official documents, the former second lieutenant of the tsarist army, and then the legendary red commander of the 44th Infantry Division, Nikolai Shchors, died from an enemy bullet in the battle near Korosten on August 30, 1919. However, there are other versions of what happened...

Nikolai Shchors, a native of Snovsk Gorodnyanskosh district, during his short life, and he lived only 24 years, accomplished a lot - he graduated from a military paramedic school in Kyiv, took part in the First World War (after graduating from the cadet school in Poltava, Shchors was sent to the Southwestern Front as a junior company commander), where after difficult months of trench life he developed tuberculosis. Throughout 1918-1919. the former ensign of the tsarist army made a dizzying career - from one of the commanders of the small Semenovsky Red Guard detachment to the commander of the 1st Ukrainian Soviet Division (from March 6, 1919). During this time, he managed to be the commander of the 1st Regular Ukrainian Regiment of the Red Army named after I. Bogun, the commander of the 2nd Brigade of the 1st Ukrainian Soviet Division, the commander of the 44th Streltsy Division and even the military commandant of Kyiv.

In August 1919, Shchors's 44th Streltsy Division (which included the 1st Ukrainian Soviet Division), which was part of the 12th Army, held positions at the strategically important railway junction in the city of Korosten, west of Kyiv. With their last strength, the fighters tried to stop the Petliurists, who were trying to take possession of the city at any cost. When on August 10, as a result of a raid by the Don Cavalry Corps of General Mamontov, the Cossacks broke through the Southern Front and moved towards Moscow along its rear, the 14th Army, which took the main blow, began to hastily retreat. Between the whites and the reds there now remained only Shchors's division, which was pretty battered in battle. However, it was clear to everyone that Kyiv could not be defended; it was considered only a matter of time. The Reds had to hold out in order to evacuate institutions, organize and cover the retreat of the 12th Army of the Southern Front. Nikolai Shchors and his fighters managed to do this. But they paid a high price for this.

On August 30, 1919, division commander N. Shchors arrived at the location of the Bogun brigade near the village of Beloshitsa (now Shchorsovka) near Korosten and died on the same day from a fatal wound to the head. The official version of the death of N. Shchors looked like this: during the battle, the division commander watched the Petliurists with binoculars, while simultaneously listening to the reports of the commanders. His fighters went on the attack, but suddenly an enemy machine gun “came to life” on the flank, the burst of which pinned the Red Guards to the ground. At that moment, the binoculars fell out of Shchors’ hands; he was mortally wounded and died 15 minutes later in the arms of his deputy. Witnesses to the fatal wound confirmed the heroic version of the death of their beloved commander. However, from them, in an unofficial setting, came the version that the bullet was fired by one of their own. Who benefited from this?

In that last battle, next to Shchors in the trench there were only two people - assistant division commander I. Dubova and another rather mysterious person - a certain P. Tankhil-Tankhilevich, a political inspector from the headquarters of the 12th Army. Major General S.I. Petrikovsky (Petrenko), who at that time commanded the cavalry 44th brigade of the division, although he was nearby, ran up to Shchors when he was already dead and his head was bandaged. Dubovoy claimed that the division commander was killed by an enemy machine gunner. However, it is surprising that immediately after Shchors’ death, his deputy ordered the dead man’s head to be bandaged and forbade the nurse, who came running from a nearby trench, to unbandage it. It is also interesting that the political inspector lying on the right side of Shchors was armed with a Browning. In his memoirs, published in 1962, S. Petrikovsky (Petrenko) cited Dubovoy’s words that during the shootout Tankhil-Tankhilevich, contrary to common sense, shot at the enemy from a Browning gun. One way or another, after the death of Shchors, no one saw the staff inspector again; traces of him were lost already in early September 1919. It is interesting that he got to the front line of the 44th division under unclear circumstances by order of S.I. Aralov, a member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the 12th Army, as well as the head of the intelligence department of the Field Headquarters of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic. Tankhil-Tankhilevich was a confidant of Semyon Aralov, who hated Shchors “for being too independent.” In his memoirs, Aralov wrote: “Unfortunately, persistence in personal appeal led him (Shchors) to premature death.” With his intractable character, excessive independence, and disobedience, Shchors interfered with Aralov, who was the direct protege of Leon Trotsky and therefore was endowed with unlimited powers.

There is also an assumption that Shchors’ personal assistant I. Dubova was an accomplice in the crime. General S.I. Petrikovsky insisted on this, to whom he wrote in his memoirs: “I still think that it was the political inspector, not Dubovoy, who fired. But without the assistance of Dubovoy, the murder could not have happened... Only relying on the assistance of the authorities in the person of Deputy Shchors Dubovoy, on the support of the Revolutionary Military Council of the 12th Army, the criminal [Tankhil-Tankhilevich] committed this terrorist act... I knew Dubovoy not only from the Civil War. He seemed to me an honest man. But he also seemed weak-willed to me, without any special talents. He was nominated, and he wanted to be nominated. That's why I think he was made an accomplice. But he didn’t have the courage to prevent the murder.”

Some researchers argue that the order to liquidate Shchors was given by the People's Commissar and head of the Revolutionary Military Forces, L. Trotsky, who loved to purge the Red Army commanders. The version associated with Aralov and Trotsky is considered by historians to be quite probable and, moreover, consistent with the traditional perception of Trotsky as the evil genius of the October Revolution.

According to another assumption, the death of N. Shchors was also beneficial to the “revolutionary sailor” Pavel Dybenko, a more than well-known personality. Alexandra Kollontai’s husband, an old party member and friend of Lenin, Dybenko, who at one time held the post of head of Tsentrobalt, provided the Bolsheviks with detachments of sailors at the right time. Lenin remembered and appreciated this. Dybenko, who had no education and was not distinguished by special organizational skills, was constantly promoted to the most responsible government posts and military positions. He failed with invariable success wherever he appeared. First he missed P. Krasnov and other generals, who, having gone to the Don, raised the Cossacks and created a white army. Then, commanding a sailor detachment, he surrendered Narva to the Germans, after which he not only lost his position, but also lost his party card. Failures continued to haunt the former Baltic sailor. In 1919, holding the position of commander of the Crimean Army, local People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs, as well as head of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Crimean Republic, Dybenko surrendered Crimea to the Whites. Soon, however, he led the defense of Kyiv, which he mediocrely failed and fled from the city, leaving Shchors and his fighters to their fate. Returning to his possible role in the murder of Shchors, it should be noted that as a person who came from poverty and managed to get a taste of power, Dybenko was panicky afraid of another failure. The loss of Kyiv could be the beginning of his end. And the only person who knew the truth about how Dybenko “successfully” defended Kyiv was Shchors, whose words could be listened to. He knew all the vicissitudes of these battles thoroughly and also had authority. Therefore, the version that Shchors was killed on the orders of Dybenko does not seem so incredible.

But this is not the end. There is another version of the death of Shchors, which, however, hardly casts doubt on all the previous ones. According to her, Shchors was shot by his own security guard out of jealousy. But in the collection “Legendary Division Chief,” published in September 1935, in the memoirs of Shchors’ widow, Fruma Khaikina-Rostova, the fourth version of his death is given. Khaikina writes that her husband died in a battle with the White Poles, but does not provide any details.

But the most incredible assumption, which is associated with the name of the legendary division commander, was expressed on the pages of the Moscow weekly Sovremennik, popular during “perestroika and glasnost”. An article published in 1991 in one of its issues was truly sensational! It followed from it that the division commander Nikolai Shchors... did not exist at all. The life and death of the Red commander is supposedly another Bolshevik myth. And its origins began with the famous meeting of I. Stalin with artists in March 1935. It was then that the head of state allegedly turned to A. Dovzhenko with the question: “Why do the Russian people have the hero Chapaev and a film about the hero, but the Ukrainian people do not have such a hero?” Dovzhenko, of course, instantly understood the hint and immediately began working on the film. As Sovremennik claimed, the unknown Red Army soldier Nikolai Shchors was appointed as a hero. To be fair, it should be noted that there really was a meeting between the Soviet leadership and cultural and artistic figures in 1935. And it was precisely from 1935 that the all-Union fame of Nikolai Shchors began to actively grow. The Pravda newspaper wrote about this in March 1935: “When director A.P. Dovzhenko was awarded the Order of Lenin at a meeting of the Presidium of the USSR Central Executive Committee and he was returning to his place, he was overtaken by Comrade Stalin’s remark: “You have a duty - the Ukrainian Chapaev.” . Some time later, at the same meeting, Comrade Stalin asked questions to Comrade Dovzhenko: “Do you know Shchors?” “Yes,” answered Dovzhenko. “Think about him,” said Comrade Stalin.” There is, however, another – absolutely incredible – version, which was born in “around the cinema” circles. A legend still roams the corridors of GITIS (now RATI) that Dovzhenko began filming his heroic-revolutionary film not at all about Shchors, but about V. Primakov, even before the latter’s arrest in 1937 in the case of the military conspiracy of Marshal Tukhachevsky. Primakov was the commander of the Kharkov Military District and was part of the party and state elite of Soviet Ukraine and the USSR. However, when the investigation into the Tukhachevsky case began, A. Dovzhenko began to re-shoot the film - now about Shchors, who could not possibly have been involved in conspiracy plans against Stalin for obvious reasons.

When the Civil War ended and memoirs of participants in the military and political struggle in Ukraine began to be published, the name of N. Shchors was always mentioned in these stories, but not among the main figures of the era. These places were reserved for V. Antonov-Ovseenko as the organizer and commander of the Ukrainian Soviet armed forces and then the Red Army in Ukraine; corps commander V. Primakov, who proposed the idea of creating and commanded units and formations of the Ukrainian “red Cossacks” - the first military formation of the Council of People's Commissars of Ukraine; S. Kosior, a high party leader who led the partisan movement in the rear of the Petliurites and Denikinites. All of them in the 1930s. were prominent party members, held high government positions, and represented the USSR in the international arena. But during the Stalinist repressions of the late 1930s. these people were mercilessly destroyed. The country learned about who I. Stalin decided to fill the empty niche of the main characters in the struggle for Soviet power and the creation of the Red Army in Ukraine in 1939, when Dovzhenko’s film “Shchors” was released. The very next day after its premiere, the leading actor E. Samoilov woke up popularly famous. At the same time, no less fame and official recognition came to Shchors, who died twenty years earlier. A hero like Shchors, young, brave in battle and fearlessly killed by an enemy bullet, successfully “fit” into the new format of history. However, now the ideologists have a strange problem when there is a hero who died in battle, but there is no grave. For official canonization, the authorities ordered an urgent search for the burial of Nikolai Shchors, which no one had ever remembered until now.

It is known that at the beginning of September 1919, Shchors’ body was taken to the rear - to Samara. But only 30 years later, in 1949, the only witness to the rather strange funeral of the division commander was found. He turned out to be a certain Ferapontov, who as a homeless boy helped the guard of the old cemetery. He told how, late in the autumn evening, a freight train arrived in Samara, from which they unloaded a sealed zinc coffin, which was a great rarity at that time. Under cover of darkness, maintaining secrecy, the coffin was brought to the cemetery. After a short “funeral meeting,” a three-time revolver salute sounded and the grave was hastily covered with earth and a wooden tombstone was installed. The city authorities did not know about this event and no one looked after the grave. Now, 30 years later, Ferapontov led the commission to the burial place... on the territory of the Kuibyshev Cable Plant. Shchors' grave was discovered under a half-meter layer of rubble. When the hermetically sealed coffin was opened and the remains were exhumed, the medical commission conducting the examination concluded that “the bullet entered the back of the head and exited through the left parietal bone.” “It can be assumed that the diameter of the bullet was a revolver... The shot was fired at close range,” the conclusion wrote. Thus, the version of the death of Nikolai Shchors from a revolver shot fired from a distance of just a few steps was confirmed. After a thorough examination, the ashes of N. Shchors were reburied in another cemetery and finally a monument was erected. The reburial was carried out at a high government level. Of course, materials about this were kept for many years in the archives of the NKVD and then the KGB under the heading “Secret”; they were made public only after the collapse of the USSR.

V. M. Sklyarenko, I. A. Rudycheva, V. V. Syadro. 50 famous mysteries of the history of the 20th century

Shchors Nikolai Alexandrovich in the Bryansk region

N.A. Shchors, as a remarkable organizer and commander of the first detachments of the Red Army, began his activities in the Novozybkovsky, Klintsovsky, Unechsky districts, which in 1918 were part of Ukraine.

When the Austro-German troops, which included the 41st Corps, began to attack Novozybkov from Gomel, dozens of Red Guard and partisan detachments of workers and peasants, led by communists, rose up to meet them: One of these detachments led by N. A. Shchors arrived in the village of Semyonovka, Iovozybkovsky district. Having united with the Semyonovsky partisan detachment, Shchors made an attempt to detain the Germans in Zlynka.

After a difficult battle under the command of Shchors, a small group of fighters died down. But that didn't stop him. Having replenished the detachment in Novozybkov with the help of the city party organization with new volunteers, Shchors continued the fight against aeyevYaiii. occupation of Amtam. Holding back their advance, he fought back from Novo-zybkov to Klintsy and further to Unecha - to the border of Soviet Russia,

After the very first battles with the Germans, Shchors realized that it was impossible to fight the enemy’s regular troops, armed to the teeth, “with small scattered small partisan detachments. He began to create regular units of the Red Army from the partisan detachments.

In September 1918, in Unecha, he organized from the partisan masses the First Ukrainian Soviet Insurgent Regiment named after Bohun (Bogunsky Regiment). Shchors was preparing the regiment for an offensive to support the growing popular uprising in Ukraine. At the same time, he established contact with partisan detachments operating in the forests of the Chernigov region. Through Shchors, help came from Soviet Russia to the struggling Ukraine.

Not far from the location of the Bohunsky regiment, several more rebel regiments were simultaneously formed from partisan detachments. In the village of Seredina-Buda, Kiev carpenter Vasily Bozhenko formed the Tarashchansky regiment. And in the forests east of Novgorod-Seversk the Novgorod-Seversky regiment was formed. All these regiments later united into the First Ukrainian Insurgent Division.

The revolution in Germany changed the situation somewhat. A delegation of soldiers from the German garrison arrived in Unecha, at the headquarters of the Bohunsky regiment. Lyshchichy, bypassing her command, began negotiations on the evacuation of her units. A meeting was held at Unecha station, which was attended by delegates, local communists, soldiers of the Bohunsky regiment and other military units. Shchors sent a telegram to Moscow addressed to V.I. Lenin, V which he reported that the delegation with music, banners, and the Bogunsky regiment in full combat strength set off on the morning of November 13 for a demonstration beyond the demarcation line of the village. Lyshchychy and Kustichy Vryanovy, where representatives from German units arrived from.

No longer relying on their soldiers, the German command began hastily replacing them with Russian White Guards and Ukrainian nationalists. The strangler of freedom, Petliura, swam out onto the sienna again. This created a great danger for the revolution. A quick offensive against the enemies of the Russian and Ukrainian peoples was necessary.

At this time, a powerful popular uprising began in Ukraine. November 11 Council of People's Commissars chaired by V.Y. Lenin gave the command of the Red Army a directive: to begin an offensive within ten days to support the rebellious workers and peasants in Ukraine. On November 1, on the initiative of V. I. Lenin, the Ukrainian Revolutionary Military Council was created under the chairmanship of I. V. Stalin, and on November 19 it was sent order to attack Kiev. By this time, in the neutral zone, the Ukrainian Insurgent Army was formed from separate units and partisan detachments, consisting of two divisions. Following the instructions of Lenin and Stalin, despite the opposition of the Trotskyist traitors, this army quickly went on the offensive. The division from the Unecha area was advancing on Kiev. Shchors's Bohunsky regiment was at its head, Bozhenko's Tarashchansky regiment, which was subordinate to Shchors as the brigade commander, was in a ledge to the left of it.

How. As soon as Shchors went on the offensive, volunteers again flocked to him from all sides. Almost every village fielded a platoon or company of rebels who had been waiting for Shchors for a long time. Shchors reported: “The population everywhere welcomes you joyfully. There is a large influx of volunteers, who are vouched for by the Councils and Committees of the Poor.”

The Bohuntsy advanced to Klintsy, where the 106th German Regiment was concentrated for evacuation, without a fight. In Klintsy, a trap was being prepared for Shchors. The German command openly announced the evacuation of troops, but secretly armed the urban bourgeoisie and the Haidamaks. Shchors moved the regiment into the city, counting on the neutrality of the Germans, but when the first and third battalions of the Bohuntsy entered Klintsy, the Germans, who had calmly let them through, suddenly struck in the rear. Shchors quickly turned his battalions against the Germans and with a swift blow cleared his way back. The Bohunsky regiment retreated to its original positions. The insidiousness of the German command forced Shchors to change tactics. He ordered the first battalion of the Tarashan regiment, which had already occupied Ogarodub, to immediately turn to the Svyatets junction and, going to the rear of the Germans, cross the Klintsy-Novozybkov railway. Maneuver

Shchorsa turned out to be successful, - Now the Germans were trapped. The Klintsrva garrison of the invaders was surrounded. The German soldiers refused to obey their officers and laid down their arms. Thus ended the attempt of the invaders to delay the advance of Shchors. German-; the command was forced to negotiate. evacuation. The meeting took place in the village of Turosna. The Germans pledged to clear Klintsy on December 11 and leave bridges, telephones and telegraphs completely intact along the way of their retreat. A hasty evacuation began in Klintsy. tion. The Germans, selling weapons, left Ukraine; Gaidamaki, having lost the support of the occupiers, fled from the city. Shchors telegraphed to division headquarters: “Klintsy is occupied by revolutionary troops at 10 o’clock in the morning. The workers greeted the troops with banners, bread and salt, and shouts of “Hurray.”

From Klintsy, the Germans retreated by rail to Novozybkov - Gomel. Every day the retreat of the invaders became hasty and disorderly. On December 25 in Novozybkov, the rear German outpost fled when the Red Army units approached, leaving their weapons. Shchors' troops occupied Novozybkov, Zlynka and other settlements - the western part of the Bryansk region. The threat to Bryansk has passed.

In Unecha, Novozybkov, Zlynka, buildings where the headquarters of units of the Bogunsky regiment were located have survived to this day; and in Klintsy a house has been preserved where the coffin with the body of the legendary division commander N.A. Shchors, who was killed near Korosten, stood. There is a memorial plaque on the house. In Klintsy and Novozybkov, workers erected monuments to N. and A. Shchors.

The name of Nikolai Aleksandrovich Shchors, a hero of the civil war, a talented commander of the Red Army, is dear and close to the working people of our region. In the Bryansk region, he began his activities as an organizer and commander of the first detachments of the Red Army.
N. A. Shchors was born in the village of Snovsk (now Shchors) in the Chernigov province in the family of a railway driver. He received his primary education at the Snovskaya railway school. In 1910 he entered the military paramedic school in Kyiv. The end of school coincided with the beginning of the First World War. Shchors serves as a military paramedic, and after graduating from ensign school in 1915, as a junior officer on the Austrian front. In the fall of 1917, after being discharged from the hospital, Shchors came to his native Snovsk, where he contacted the underground Bolshevik organization, and in March 1918, Shchors went to the village of Semyonovna to form a rebel Red Guard detachment.
In February 1918, the governments of Germany and Austria-Hungary began their occupation of Ukraine. German troops occupied the western districts of our region. The arrival of N. A. Shchors with a detachment in the Bryansk region was of great importance in organizing resistance to the German occupiers.
In September 1918, N.A. Shchors, on behalf of the Central Ukrainian Military Revolutionary Committee, formed in the Unecha region from individual rebel detachments the 1st Ukrainian Soviet Regiment named after Bohun, a brave associate of B. Khmelnitsky. Party organizations of the Bryansk region actively participated in the formation of the regiment. The workers of Starodub, Klintsov, Novozybkov, and Klimova went to N. Shchors. In October, the Bohunsky regiment already numbered over one and a half thousand bayonets.
In November 1918, revolution broke out in Germany. Bohuntsy fraternize with soldiers of German garrisons in the border strip near the village. The Lyshchichi send a telegram to V.I. Lenin. A reply telegram from the leader arrives in Unecha: “Thank you for the greeting... I am especially touched by the greeting of the revolutionary soldiers of Germany.” Having further indicated what measures should be taken for the immediate liberation of Ukraine, V. I. Lenin writes: “Time is running out, not a single hour can be lost...”
At the end of November 1918, the Bohunsky and Tarashchansky regiments went on the offensive. On December 13, the Bohuntsy liberated the city of Klintsy; on the 25th, Novozybkov, having occupied Zlynka, began an attack on Chernigov. On February 5, 1919, the Bohunsky regiment entered Kyiv. Here the regiment was awarded an honorary revolutionary banner, and commander Shchors was awarded an honorary golden weapon “For skillful leadership and maintenance of revolutionary discipline.”
In early March, by order of the Revolutionary Military Council, N.A. Shchors was appointed commander of the 1st Ukrainian Soviet Division, which successfully operated against the Petliurists and Belottolians near Zhitomir and Vinnitsa, Berdichev and Shepetivka, Rovno and Dubpo, Proskurov and Korosten.
By the summer of 1919, Denikin became the main enemy of the Soviet Republic, but Shchors' division remained in the West, where, in accordance with the Entente plan, the Petliurists began their offensive. The former deputy commander of the Shchors division, I.N. Dubova, writes about this difficult time: “It was near Korosten. At that time it was the only Soviet bridgehead in Ukraine where the Red Banner fluttered victoriously. We were surrounded by enemies. On the one hand, the Galician and Petliura troops, on the other, Denikin’s troops, and on the third, the White Poles squeezed a tighter and tighter ring around the division, which by this time had received the number 44.” In these difficult conditions, both in attack and defense, Shchors proved himself a master of wide, bold maneuver. He successfully combined the combat operations of regular troops with the actions of partisan detachments.
August 30 in the battle of Korosten II. A. Shchors was killed. The division commander was 24 years old. The Bolsheviks of the division decided to take Shchors’ body to the rear, to Samara (now Kuibyshev), where he was buried. Nikolai Aleksandrovich Shchors enjoyed great authority among the troops and among the population. Having joined the ranks of the Bolshevik Party in 1918, he selflessly served the party and the revolution until the end of his life.
The death of N.A. Shchors resonated with deep sorrow in the hearts of the working people of the Bryansk region. Residents of Klintsy wished to say goodbye to the ashes of their beloved hero-commander. The coffin with the body of Nikolai Alexandrovich was brought to Klintsy and installed in the house of the district party committee.
People's memory carefully preserves the image of a talented commander. In the cities of Shchors, Kyiv, Korosten, Zhitomir, Klintsy, Unecha, monuments were erected at the grave in Kuibyshev. Memorial plaques have been installed in places associated with N. Shchors’ stay in the Bryansk region.

Date of death Affiliation

Russian empire
Ukrainian SSR

Type of army Years of service Rank

held the position of division commander

Nikolay Shchors on a postcard from IZOGIZ, USSR

Nikolay Aleksandrovich Shchors(May 25 (June 6) - August 30) - second lieutenant, red commander, division commander during the Civil War in Russia. Member of the Communist Party since 1918, before that he was close to the Left Social Revolutionaries.

Biography

Youth

Born and raised in the village of Korzhovka, Velikoschimel volost, Gorodnyansky district, Chernigov province (with - the city of Snovsk, now the regional center of Shchors, Chernigov region of Ukraine). Born into the family of a wealthy peasant landowner (according to another version, from the family of a railway worker).

Civil War

In September 1918, he formed the 1st Ukrainian Soviet Regiment named after. Bohuna. In October - November he commanded the Bogunsky regiment in battles with German interventionists and hetmans, from November 1918 - the 2nd brigade of the 1st Ukrainian Soviet division (Bogunsky and Tarashchansky regiments), which captured Chernigov, Kyiv and Fastov, repelling them from the troops of the Ukrainian Directory .

On August 15, 1919, the 1st Ukrainian Soviet Division under the command of N. A. Shchors was merged with the 44th Border Division under the command of I. N. Dubovoy, becoming the 44th Infantry Division. On August 21, Shchors became its chief, and Dubova became the deputy chief of the division. The division consisted of four brigades.

The division that stubbornly defended the Korosten railway junction, which ensured the evacuation of Kyiv (on August 31, the city was taken by the Volunteer Army of General Denikin) and a way out of the encirclement of the Southern Group of the 12th Army.

Death studies

The official version that Shchors died in battle from a bullet from a Petlyura machine gunner began to be criticized with the beginning of the “thaw” of the 1960s.

Initially, researchers blamed the murder of the commander only on the commander of the Kharkov Military District, Ivan Dubovoy, who during the Civil War was Nikolai Shchors’s deputy in the 44th division. The 1935 collection “Legendary Division Commander” contains the testimony of Ivan Dubovoy: “The enemy opened strong machine-gun fire and, I especially remember, one machine gun showed “daring” at the railway booth... Shchors took binoculars and began to look at where the machine-gun fire was coming from. But a moment passed, and the binoculars fell from Shchors’ hands to the ground, and Shchors’s head too...” The head of the mortally wounded Shchors was bandaged by Dubovoy. Shchors died in his arms. “The bullet entered from the front,” writes Dubovoy, “and came out from the back,” although he could not help but know that the entrance bullet hole was smaller than the exit hole. When Bohunsky Regiment nurse Anna Rosenblum wanted to change the first, very hasty bandage on the head of the already dead Shchors to a more accurate one, Dubovoy did not allow it. By order of Dubovoy, Shchors’ body was sent for preparation for burial without a medical examination. It was not only Dubovoy who witnessed the death of Shchors. Nearby were the commander of the Bohunsky regiment, Kazimir Kvyatyk, and the representative of the Revolutionary Military Council of the 12th Army, Pavel Tankhil-Tankhilevich, sent with an inspection by a member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the 12th Army, Semyon Aralov, Trotsky’s protégé. He was twenty-six years old, born in Odessa, graduated from high school, spoke French and German. In the summer of 1919 he became a political inspector of the Revolutionary Military Council of the 12th Army. Two months after the death of Shchors, he left Ukraine and arrived on the Southern Front as a senior censor-controller of the Military Censorship Department of the Revolutionary Military Council of the 10th Army.

The exhumation of the body, carried out in 1949 in Kuibyshev during reburial, confirmed that he was killed at close range with a shot to the back of the head. Near Rovno, Shchorsovite Timofey Chernyak, commander of the Novgorod-Seversky regiment, was later killed. Then Vasily Bozhenko, the brigade commander, died. He was poisoned

Youth

Born and raised in the village of Korzhovka, Velikoschimel volost, Gorodnyansky district, Chernigov province (since 1924 - the city of Snovsk, now the regional center of Shchors, Chernigov region of Ukraine). Born into the family of a wealthy peasant landowner (according to another version, from the family of a railway worker).

In 1914 he graduated from the military paramedic school in Kyiv. At the end of the year, the Russian Empire entered the First World War. Nikolai went to the front first as a military paramedic.

In 1916, 21-year-old Shchors was sent to a four-month accelerated course at the Vilna Military School, which by that time had been evacuated to Poltava. Then a junior officer on the Southwestern Front. Shchors spent almost three years as part of the 335th Anapa Infantry Regiment of the 84th Infantry Division of the Southwestern Front. During the war, Nikolai fell ill with tuberculosis, and on December 30, 1917 (after the October Revolution of 1917), Second Lieutenant Shchors was released from military service due to illness and went to his native farm.

Civil War

In February 1918, in Korzhovka, Shchors created a Red Guard partisan detachment, in March - April he commanded a united detachment of the Novozybkovsky district, which, as part of the 1st Revolutionary Army, participated in battles with the German interventionists.

In September 1918, he formed the 1st Ukrainian Soviet Regiment named after. Bohuna. In October - November he commanded the Bogunsky regiment in battles with German invaders and hetmans, from November 1918 - the 2nd brigade of the 1st Ukrainian Soviet division (Bogunsky and Tarashchansky regiments), which captured Chernigov, Kyiv and Fastov, repelling them from the troops of the Ukrainian Directory .

On February 5, 1919, he was appointed commandant of Kyiv and, by decision of the Provisional Workers' and Peasants' Government of Ukraine, was awarded an honorary weapon.

From August 21, 1919 - commander of the 44th Infantry Division (the 1st Ukrainian Soviet Division joined it), which stubbornly defended the Korosten railway junction, which ensured the evacuation of Kyiv (captured by Denikin’s troops on August 31) and the exit from the encirclement of the Southern Group of the 12th army.

On August 30, 1919, while in the advanced chains of the Bohunsky regiment, in a battle against the 7th brigade of the II Corps of the UGA near the village of Beloshitsa (now the village of Shchorsovka, Korostensky district, Zhitomir region, Ukraine), Shchors was killed under unclear circumstances. He was shot in the back of the head at close range, presumably from 5-10 steps away.

Shchors' body was transported to Samara, where it was buried in the Orthodox All Saints Cemetery (now the territory of the Samara Cable Company). According to one version, he was taken to Samara, since the parents of his wife Fruma Efimovna lived there.

In 1949, the remains of Shchors were exhumed in Kuibyshev. On July 10, 1949, in a solemn ceremony, Shchors’ ashes were reburied on the main alley of the Kuibyshev city cemetery. In 1954, when the three-hundredth anniversary of the reunification of Russia and Ukraine was celebrated, a granite obelisk was installed on the grave. Architect - Alexey Morgun, sculptor - Alexey Frolov.

Death studies

The official version that Shchors died in battle from a bullet from a Petlyura machine gunner began to be criticized with the beginning of the “thaw” of the 1960s.

Initially, researchers accused only the commander of the Kharkov Military District, Ivan Dubovoy, of the commander’s murder, who during the Civil War was Nikolai Shchors’s deputy in the 44th division. The 1935 collection “Legendary Division Commander” contains the testimony of Ivan Dubovoy: “The enemy opened strong machine-gun fire and, I especially remember, one machine gun showed “daring” at the railway booth... Shchors took binoculars and began to look at where the machine-gun fire was coming from. But a moment passed, and the binoculars fell from Shchors’ hands to the ground, and Shchors’s head too...” The head of the mortally wounded Shchors was bandaged by Dubovoy. Shchors died in his arms. “The bullet entered from the front,” writes Dubovoy, “and came out from the back,” although he could not help but know that the entrance bullet hole was smaller than the exit hole. When Bohunsky Regiment nurse Anna Rosenblum wanted to change the first, very hasty bandage on the head of the already dead Shchors to a more accurate one, Dubovoy did not allow it. By order of Dubovoy, Shchors’ body was sent for preparation for burial without a medical examination. It was not only Dubovoy who witnessed the death of Shchors. Nearby were the commander of the Bohunsky regiment, Kazimir Kvyatyk, and the representative of the Revolutionary Military Council of the 12th Army, Pavel Tankhil-Tankhilevich, sent with an inspection by a member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the 12th Army, Semyon Aralov, Trotsky’s protégé.

Memory

A monument was erected at Shchors’ grave in Samara.
Equestrian monument in Kyiv, erected in 1954.
In the USSR, the IZOGIZ publishing house published a postcard with the image of N. Shchors.
In 1944, a USSR postage stamp dedicated to Shchors was issued.
The village of Shchorsovka, Korosten district, Zhytomyr region, bears his name.
The urban-type settlement of Shchorsk in the Krinichansky district of the Dnepropetrovsk region is named after him.
Streets in the cities are named after him: Chernigov, Balakovo, Bykhov, Nakhodka, Novaya Kakhovka, Korosten, Moscow, Dnepropetrovsk, Baku, Yalta, Grodno, Dudinka, Kirov, Krasnoyarsk, Donetsk, Vinnitsa, Odessa, Orsk, Brest, Podolsk, Voronezh, Krasnodar, Novorossiysk, Tuapse, Belgorod, Minsk, Bryansk, Kalach-on-Don, Konotop, Izhevsk, Irpen, Tomsk, Zhitomir, Ufa, Yekaterinburg, Smolensk, Tver, Yeisk, Bogorodsk, Tyumen, Buzuluk, Saratov, Lugansk, Ryazan Belaya Church, children's park in Samara (founded on the site of the former All Saints Cemetery), Shchors Park in Lugansk.

Until 1935, the name of Shchors was not widely known; even TSB did not mention him. In February 1935, presenting Alexander Dovzhenko with the Order of Lenin, Stalin invited the artist to create a film about the “Ukrainian Chapaev,” which was done. Later, several books, songs, even an opera were written about Shchors; schools, streets, villages and even a city were named after him. In 1936, Matvey Blanter (music) and Mikhail Golodny (lyrics) wrote “Song about Shchors”:

When the body of Nikolai Shchors was exhumed in Kuibyshev in 1949, it was found well preserved, practically incorrupt, although it had lain in a coffin for 30 years. This is explained by the fact that when Shchors was buried in 1919, his body was previously embalmed, soaked in a steep solution of table salt and placed in a sealed zinc coffin.