Human definition in social science. In social science, a person is a subject, a person, an individual? What is individuality in social science definition

Hello, dear readers of the blog site. Despite the fact that this concept is used by many scientific areas, biology is considered to be its ancestor.

She interprets the term as individual, a living organism endowed with characteristics and qualities that distinguish it from other types of living things. That is, an individual can be called a separate camel, a person, a ciliate shoe, and so on.

Individual of the human race studied by psychologists, sociologists, social scientists. It will be discussed in this article.

Definition - what is an individual

An individual in social science is absolutely any person with a set of characteristics characteristic of him that determines his belonging to Homo sapiens (translated from the Latin word individuum literally means indivisible).

Some qualities are given to him at birth, others are acquired in the process. For example, I, as a person, differ from a dog in that I walk upright on two legs, I have hands - tools that I use in my activities.

In addition to instincts, I have thinking, memory, perception, and other mental processes. I can create something new, improve the old and many other things that are unusual for a dog. Therefore, I will never become her, and she will never be me (although, who knows). She and I are individuals, but belonging to different living groups.

The individual is impersonal concept: it does not take into account gender, age, or services to the Fatherland. Everyone is born to them and continues to be such throughout life. Human? Hence, an individual.

Properties of an individual (person)

In psychology, the definition of an individual is not limited only to his belonging to the human race. An individual is someone who also belongs to a certain social group. Based on these facts, three signs are distinguished that state that we have an individual:

1. integrity and commonality of psychophysiological traits;
2. the ability to adapt in society and the surrounding reality;
3. own position and activity corresponding to it.

To briefly answer the question "who is an individual", then this this particular person.

Individual, individuality, personality - what is the difference

Next to the term individual are two more close: and. Some even think that they mean the same thing, but this is not entirely true. Or rather, not at all. I will quote from the statement of A.G. Asmolov - a modern psychologist and politician:

“An individual is born, a person becomes, individuality is defended.”

To understand the essence of this phrase, let's take a closer look at the terms contained in it.

Really, all people are born individuals as members of the human race. The first part of our life we ​​try to "join" society, and for this we need to comply with the norms and rules established in this society. The last fact makes us learn to be like everyone else through imitation of adults.

First, we understand that we need to clean up toys after ourselves, then that we can’t beat the weak, and in general it’s not good to fight. We understand that elders must be respected, give way to the elderly, help those in need. It is not good to talk loudly, climb out of line, and so on.

Now you know what an individual is, but what happens next? After all, people differ not only from other representatives of the living world, but also from each other, including.

Individuality

Individual, individuality, personality - in that order, you cannot immediately jump over the step. Individuality presupposes unique set of qualities that distinguish a person from his "brothers".

That is, we acquire our individuality when we grow up and learn to live among others. The presence of individuality in a person does not always mean that he is a person.

Personality

In the process of this training, the individual acquires many of his own, specific characteristics, becomes a personality. It is the result of learning interaction with society.

It is important to add here that if everyone is born as an individual, then not everyone becomes a person.

If you like, this is the next stage of human mental development. Before that, you looked at others and did as they did. But the moment you decide to do something, but in your own way, and also take responsibility for that decision, personality is born.

She knows how to set goals and achieve them in her own unique ways, she is an active and therefore effective unit in society.

The personality is self-organized, highly developed and occupies a significant place in its group or society.

Brief summary

The distinction between the individual and the individual has become clear. But there is more. What can be said about this? A person is always an individual, but not always a person..

Good luck to you! See you soon on the blog pages site

You may be interested

What is personality and how to develop it What is development: definition, characteristics and types Humane - what is it, what is humanity, who are humanists and what are their distinguishing features Deviant behavior - what is it, types and causes of deviation, as well as ways to correct it What is adaptation - its types, purpose and scope (biology, psychology, personnel adaptation) What is ambition - traits of an ambitious personality, the pros and cons of ambition What is a need - its types, classification, as well as the pyramid of human needs from Maslow Socialization is what will allow you to live in harmony with the world What is life - definition and 4 main stages of human life What is affect: signs, types and causes of affect What is infantilism: signs of infantile behavior in men and women, causes of infantilism

Back forward

Attention! The slide preview is for informational purposes only and may not represent the full extent of the presentation. If you are interested in this work, please download the full version.

Target: to give an idea of ​​the concepts of "man", "individual", "personality"

Tasks:

Educational:

• To characterize the concepts of individual, individuality, personality;
• Reveal the correlation of biological and social conditions for personality development

Developing:

• Contribute to the development of skills in working with the text of the textbook, analysis and generalization
• proposed material

Educational:

• Contribute to the education of respect for the person, the individual.

• Man, approaches to his study.
• Individual and individuality (originality of human manifestations)
• Personality.

Type of lesson: lesson learning new material.

Technology: IT, problem-based learning method

Equipment: computer, multimedia projector

Basic concepts: person, individual, individuality, personality

Homework: paragraph 2, write an essay on the topic “Man is unthinkable outside of society” L.N. Tolstoy

During the classes

1. Organizational moment.

2. Checking homework.

Students read poems on a given topic.

Frontal survey on topics covered

Sample questions:

1. What is a society?

2. What areas of public life do you know?

3. Are the spheres of public life interconnected (examples)

3. Introductory conversation

Lesson topic announcement

Setting the goal of the lesson: to characterize the concepts: a person, an individual, a person, to identify the relationship between biological and social conditions for the development of a person.

4. Man, approaches to his study.

In modern science, there are over 800 disciplines that study man and society. Biology, genetics, medicine, psychology, history, sociology are just some of them. Despite the many scientific disciplines, there is still a lot of controversial and unknown in the origin and nature of man and society.

The first man appeared on Earth approximately 2.5 - 3 million years ago. Together with the first people, human society inevitably arose.

Let's take a look at the concept of "person". Who is such a person? (student answers)

Man is an integral biosocial being. At the same time, an organism in a number of other organisms (a representative of Homo sapiens), the creator and bearer of the culture of human society.

There are many theories about the origin of man. Let's get acquainted with some of them.

The main theories of the origin of man

1. To date, many adherents have the theory divine origin, or theological. Within five days, God created light and peace. On the sixth day God created man:

26. And God said, Let us make man in our image, in our likeness; and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the birds of the air, and over every living thing that moves on the earth.

27. And God created man in his own image, in the image of God he created him; male and female he created them.

The Koran, the holy book of Muslims, says that Allah created the world with the help of the life-giving word “kun” (“be”). The creation of heaven and earth took two days. It took four days to create what is on Earth. God created the first man from the dust of the earth, “from ringing clay”. God "created him with a better constitution and breathed soul into him."

In Judaism, God is the creator of all things. Brahma created brahmins (priests) from his mouth, kshatriyas (warriors) from his mighty hands, vaishyas (farmers) from his stomach, and sudras (servants) from dusty feet. These are the four main castes in Indian society.

All peoples of the world have their own legends about the creation of the world and man by higher powers.

2. The development of astronautics, the popularity of science fiction, the inability of science to immediately answer many important questions, interest in the paranormal - all this contributed to the emergence ufological theory(from UFO - the English abbreviation for UFO). The essence of the theory is the assumption of the settlement of the Earth by aliens from outer space.

Man almost simultaneously appeared in Central Europe, North America and Southeast Asia, i.e. in regions separated by very large distances. On the walls of the Temple of the Sun in Central America, on the Egyptian pyramids, on the walls of the Sumerian temples, ancient images of aircraft similar to modern spaceships were found.

Natural science (materialistic) theories are associated primarily with the names of Ch. Darwin and F. Engels.

By the beginning of the 19th century, a huge amount of factual material had been accumulated in botany and zoology, which needed to be systematized. New evolutionary theory and it was created. This was done by Charles Robert Darwin. In 1859 he published The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection.... The main scientific merit of Darwin is that he identified the driving factor of evolution - natural selection: the preservation, the survival of the fittest organisms in the struggle for existence. Natural selection is based on variation and heredity. But Darwin's theory did not answer the question why man differs from monkeys in upright posture, developed forelimbs, and a large brain volume.

Adherents labor theory agreed that the appearance of the above differences was due to the systematic activity in the manufacture and use of tools, first primitive, and then more and more perfect. In his work “The role of labor in the process of turning a monkey into a man,” F. Engels concluded: “Labor made a man out of a monkey.” It was under the influence of labor activity and the manufacture of labor tools that such qualitative characteristics of a person as consciousness, speech were formed, various forms of human community developed.

Today there are facts that cannot be explained by this theory. For example, tool making skills are not written into the genes. Each new generation learns again the skills of labor activity.

Anomaly theory was put forward in 1903 by the Russian biologist I.I. Mechnikov in the book “Etudes on the Nature of Man”. Mechnikov writes: “From the sum of all known data, we have the right to conclude that man represents a halt in the development of the anthropoid ape of an earlier era. He is something like a monkey "freak" not from an aesthetic, but purely from a zoological point of view. Man can be considered as an “extraordinary” child of great apes, a child born with a much more developed brain and mind than his parents ... An abnormally large brain, enclosed in a voluminous skull, allowed the rapid development of mental abilities much more powerful than those of his parents ... We know that sometimes extraordinary children are born, differing from their parents in some new, very developed abilities ... We have to admit that some types of organisms do not obey slow development, but appear suddenly, and that in this case nature makes a significant leap. Man probably owes his origin to such a phenomenon.

At that time, the anomaly theory was not widely used. But in the 1960s, the situation changed. Data have accumulated on the impact on a person and even on his genetic code of magnetic anomalies and fluctuations in solar activity. A radiation anomaly has been discovered on the alleged ancestral home of mankind. As a result of volcanic activity several million years ago, the earth's crust broke up in the places of occurrence of uranium ores and the radiation background increased. The monkeys living in this area may have given birth to various mutants, including those who were physically weak but had a relatively large brain. Trying to survive, the mutants began to use different tools and probably evolved to modern man. But there are no facts that absolutely confirm these assumptions.

Thus, the mystery of the origin of man is still very far from being solved.

Which theory do you think is the most convincing? Why? (student answers)

Nevertheless, two approaches to the study of man can be distinguished.

Undoubtedly, man is an amazing and immensely interesting creature. Since ancient times, man has tried to find out his nature, essence.

Filling in the table “Philosophical search for the essence of man” (working with the text of the textbook)

It can be assumed that this table is not complete, because the search for the essence of man continues.

4. Individual and individuality

How often one hears about a person who stands out among others: “He is an individuality!”. Close in sound and origin to this word is the concept of “individual”. In everyday speech, these words are used as equivalent. However, science distinguishes them in meaning. Let's consider these differences.

1. a single representative of the entire human race;

2. man - as one of the people.

For the first time the concept of "individual" was used in his writings by the ancient Roman scientist and politician Cicero. From the Greek "atom" - an individual.

The term “individuality” makes it possible to characterize the differences of a person from other people, implying not only the appearance, but also the totality of socially significant qualities.

Individuality is the unique originality of a person, a set of his unique properties.

Each person is individual, although the degree of this originality may be different. Examples: Leonardo da Vinci, Nicolo Machiavelli.

5. Personality. The concept of "personality" is inextricably linked with the social properties of a person.

Personality -

1. the human individual as a subject of relations and conscious activity;

2. a stable system of socially significant features that characterize an individual as a member of a particular society.

Approaches to the study of personality:

1. Through the essential (most important for understanding a person) characteristics: a) a person is an active participant in his actions;

b) other people's assessment of a person's personality in accordance with the norms;

c) self-esteem.

2. Through a set of functions, roles.

The study of personality through role characteristics necessarily implies a person's connection with social relations, dependence on them.

Thus, the concept of "personality" is connected with the concept of "society".

6. Summing up.

So, in the course of the lessons, we got acquainted with the concepts of a person, an individual, a personality, revealed the correlation of biological and social conditions for the development of a personality.

7. Reflection. Working with basic concepts.

1. Knowledge of the term “individual”

From the list of words below, choose one that fits this sentence.

A person as a separate representative of the human community, a carrier of individually special features is called:

b) the figure;

c) an individual;

d) a person;

e) personality.

2. On the knowledge of the main features that characterize the personality:

From the list of signs, select those that characterize a person as a person:

a) the winner of the erudite competition;

b) a tall person;

c) the “soul” of the team;

d) ready to help at any moment

8. Grading, announcement of homework.

Each person in society has a certain status, both social and psychological: a person, an individual and a personality are different concepts.

Depending on the situation, a person can simultaneously be a person, an individual, but, for example, not have an individuality.

The concepts of "man", "individual", "personality", "individuality" - definitions and characteristics

Let's start with the fact that the definition of "man" refers to a person as a biological species that embodies an example of evolution and has consciousness. A person, as a social object, has a way of communication - language, but it is worth noting that not every person is a person.

Characteristics of a person as a biological object:

• body anatomy;
• the ability to create tools or fruits of one's labor;
• the presence of consciousness and awareness.

From this it can be determined that a person is a representative of his species, and therefore he is an individual.

An individual is a subject who has all the social qualities that are inherent in a certain group.

Characteristics of the individual as an object of the human population:

• activity in the social environment;
• psychological stability;
• adaptability of psychophysical characteristics.

Personality is a person endowed with certain qualities, character, which were formed during interaction with society. She is able to experience feelings, be aware of what is happening and herself in the world, and also form relationships with society according to her beliefs.

As a rule, a person is not born - they become one. The human factor plays a huge role in this aspect.

There are the following factors influencing the formation of personality:

• heredity;
• circle of friends;
• character;
• upbringing;

Individuality is a set of physiological, psychological, social qualities of a person that are unique. Of course, each of us is unique, but it is worth noting that some have bright individual traits, while others do not have them at all.

What characterizes a person as a person

The very word "personality" had a negative connotation, since since ancient times it meant a mask under which the true face of a person is hidden.

Usually, the word "mask" was used to characterize the social image of a person, and most often it was used to insult.

But a lot of time has passed, and now the word "personality" is widely used both in everyday life of ordinary citizens and in educational literature.

Manifestations of personality can be both permanent and temporary: at one moment a person can show willpower, and in another situation he can simply remain silent.

This topic is studied at school in the 6th grade, in the social studies lesson, and already in the 8th grade this topic is fully disclosed.

What is the difference between an individual and an individual

In order to understand what “personality” is, it is necessary to know the difference between “individual”, “individuality”, “person”.

The very definition of "individual" comes from the Latin word "individ", which means "someone in the crowd", but the individual is "someone" outside the crowd.

If we compare the personality and the individual, then the first determines the social circle, while the second, only his belonging to a certain group.

What is the individuality of a person

Individuality is distinctive features, and at the same time these features are defining.

Manifestations can be seen in the manner of speaking, laughter, or vice versa, in anger. Mostly in emotions, but there are times when a person presents his individuality through creativity.

"Individual" and "individual" - what is the difference

Any person is an individual and an individual at the same time, only this manifests itself in different life situations. A person who does not include a personality is a primitive creature, on a par with primates.

For example, if you come to the bank and want to get a loan, then you provide a passport - at this moment, you are an individual.

But if you want to stand out from the crowd or be out of the crowd, then you are already an individual. The individual is defined by character and socialization in society.

What does "outstanding personality" mean in social science

The term "outstanding personality" characterizes a person as strong-willed and strong, distinguished from everyone.

The signs of such a person are obvious: willpower, determination in achieving their goals.

Most often, people perceive such a person as a standard: for example, Yuri Gagarin. After his flight, a huge number of Soviet boys wanted to become astronauts. This is the psychology of the crowd - the bulk is always equal to someone alone.

Of course, a person cannot be a bright and outstanding personality without individuality: these concepts are interconnected and mutually compensate each other.

Conclusion

As a rule, the formation of personality occurs throughout a person's life. Depending on the acquired experience and skills, a person can degrade or, conversely, become outstanding. It all depends on how a person positions himself in life.

2. PERSONALITY

Personality- this is a person with his socially conditioned and individually expressed qualities: intellectual, emotional and strong-willed.

Personality Traits:

Personality is a human individual who is aware of the totality of his social traits;

The individual participates in the life of society as a subject of social and cultural life;

Personality is a carrier of individual characteristics that manifest themselves in the process of social relations, communication and work;

A person understands his social significance, his own properties and qualities that are realized in public life.

Psychology claims that a person is every person with his own characteristics of character, intellect and emotional sphere. Psychological properties of personality: character, temperament, abilities, features of the course of mental processes. Personal qualities- a set of internal traits and characteristics of a person that respond to external influences.

personal status the position of a person that he occupies, depending on how society evaluates his personal qualities, is called. A person may have a prestigious or non-prestigious personal status, depending on the usefulness of his functions, the degree of his success and the value system of society. There are unreasonably high and unreasonably low personal statuses (for example, prestigious and non-prestigious professions).

External factors affecting personality development: upbringing (strict or liberal); a person's belonging to a particular culture (western or eastern); his stay and activity in the social environment (life in a metropolis or in the taiga); the influence of the system of connections and relations of groups in which a person was included in the course of his development.

The activity of a person presupposes the presence freedom and responsibility. Personal qualities are manifested in the course of social relations and imply a certain degree of human freedom in their actions and behavior. The scope of freedom is determined by legal, religious and moral rights and obligations and personal responsibility for one's misdeeds. Thus, a person can be characterized: as a part of society; as a representative of a culture, social community or group; as an individual.

The most important stage in the formation of personality is considered puberty (adolescence). At this time, a person begins to play a significant role for society. The teenage period is characterized by: a person's choice of his life positions, goals and means of self-realization; the inclusion of the individual in the system of moral and cultural traditions of society; determination of their future professional activities, integration into the life of society; during this period, a person begins to make vital and future-determining decisions, as well as bear full moral and legal responsibility for his actions.

Personality Personality (philosopher) is an internal definition of a single being in its independence, as having a mind, will and a peculiar character, with the unity of self-consciousness. For reason and will are (in possibility) forms of infinite content (for we can