The works of how many foreign writers. Tass news agency
One of the first well-known translators was Vasily Andreevich Zhukovsky. More than half of what he wrote is translations from ancient Greek, German, English and other languages. It was he who revealed Goethe and Schiller to the Russian reader. The translated works of Zhukovsky the poet are perceived as masterpieces not only of translated, but also of literature in general. They rightfully deserved worthy attention among readers, some of the works turned out to be stronger than the originals. According to Vasily Andreevich, the reason for the success of his translations lies in the fact that he himself liked the works he undertook.
At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries Vikenty Veresaev presented the reader with translations of ancient Greek works: Iliads, Odyssey, Sappho, etc. Veresaev's translated works are almost more known to the reader than his own.
Akhmatova, Balmont, Blok and other poets of the Silver Age translated a lot and varied, French and English. Popular is "Madame Bovary" by Flaubert and short stories by Maupassant, performed by I. Turgenev. This Russian writer knew French and English perfectly. Another writer of the 19th century who translated world classics is F. Dostoevsky. Popular among readers is his translation of the novel "Eugene Grande" by Balzac.
From the point of view of translation, Vladimir Nabokov is interesting. This is a bilingual writer whose authorship belongs to works and languages. He translated a lot from Russian into English, for example "The Lay of Igor's Campaign" and his own novel "Lolita".
German anti-fascist writer Heinrich Belle translated many of the works of English writers into German. Together with his wife, they discovered the works of Salinger and Malamud for Germany. Subsequently, the novels of Belle himself were brought to the Russian-speaking reader by the Soviet writer Rita Rait-Kovaleva. She also owns the translations of Schiller, Kafka, Faulkner.
The modern writer Boris Akunin, who has won fame among the Russian reader as the author of works of the detective genre, is no less famous for his translations. His translation has been published by Japanese, English and French authors.
Children's translations
Many fairy tales for Russian children were translated by Kornei Ivanovich Chukovsky. With his help, the kids met Baron Munchausen, Robinson Crusoe and Tom Sawyer. Boris Zakhoder translated "The Adventures of Winnie the Pooh". For many Russian children, the first book they read was the fairy tales of the Brothers Grimm in a magnificent translation by S.Ya. Marshak. The tale of Cipollino was translated by Z. Potapova. Elena Blaginina, a famous children's poet, translated humorous poems for children and adapted them to Russian realities.
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Now the current generation sees everything clearly, marvels at the delusions, laughs at the folly of their ancestors, not in vain that this chronicle is strewn with heavenly fire, that every letter shouts in it, that a piercing finger is directed at him, at him, at the current generation from everywhere; but the current generation laughs and arrogantly, proudly begins a series of new delusions, which the descendants will also laugh at later. "Dead Souls"
For what? As if inspiration
Will fall in love with the given subject!
As if a true poet
Sell your imagination!
I am a slave, a day laborer, I am a huckster!
I owe you, sinner, for gold,
For your insignificant piece of silver
Pay with divine payment!
"Improvisation I"
Literature is a language that expresses everything that a country thinks, what it wants, what it knows and what it wants and should know.
In the hearts of the simple, the feeling of the beauty and grandeur of nature is stronger, more alive a hundred times than in us, enthusiastic storytellers in words and on paper.
"Hero of our time"
And everywhere there is sound, and everywhere there is light,
And all the worlds have one beginning,
And there is nothing in nature,
That would not breathe love.
In days of doubt, in days of painful thoughts about the fate of my homeland - you alone are my support and support, oh great, mighty, truthful and free Russian language! If it weren't for you, how not to fall into despair at the sight of everything that is happening at home? But one cannot believe that such a language was not given to a great people!
Poems in prose, "Russian language"
So, completing his dissolute escape,
Thorny snow flies from naked fields,
Driven by an early, violent blizzard,
And, stopping in the forest wilderness,
Gathers in silver silence
Deep and cold bed.
Listen: it's a shame!
It's time to get up! You know yourself
What time has come;
In whom the sense of duty has not cooled down,
Who is incorruptibly straight with his heart,
In whom is the gift, strength, accuracy,
Tom should not sleep now ...
"Poet and Citizen"
Really, here too, they will not allow and will not allow the Russian organism to develop nationally, by its organic strength, and certainly impersonally, servilely imitating Europe? But what to do with the Russian organism then? Do these gentlemen understand what an organism is? Separation, “split off” from their country leads to hatred, these people hate Russia, so to speak, naturally, physically: for the climate, for the fields, for the forests, for the order, for the liberation of the peasant, for Russian history, in a word, for everything, for everything they hate.
Spring! the first frame is exposed -
And the noise rushed into the room,
And the gospel of the nearby temple,
And the talk of the people, and the sound of the wheel ...
Well, what are you afraid, pray tell! Now every grass, every flower rejoices, but we are hiding, we are afraid, as if we are in trouble! The storm will kill! This is not a thunderstorm, but grace! Yes, grace! You are all thunderstorm! The northern lights will light up, one should admire and marvel at the wisdom: "the dawn rises from midnight countries"! And you are horrified and come up with: for war or for pestilence. Whether a comet is coming, I would not take my eyes off! The beauty! The stars have already taken a closer look, they are all the same, and this is a new thing; Well, I would look and admire! And you are afraid even to look at the sky, you are trembling! You scared yourself out of everything. Eh, people! "Storm"
There is no more enlightening, soul-cleansing feeling than that which a person feels when meeting with a great work of art.
We know to handle loaded rifles with care. And we don’t want to know that we must treat the word in the same way. The word can kill and make evil worse than death.
There is a well-known trick of an American journalist, who, in order to raise a subscription to his magazine, began to publish in other publications the most harsh, impudent attacks on himself from fictitious persons: some in print portrayed him as a swindler and perjurer, others as a thief and murderer, and others as a libertine on a colossal scale. He was not stingy to pay for such friendly advertisements until everyone thought about it - but you can see this curious and remarkable person when everyone is shouting about him like that! - and began to buy up his own newspaper.
"Life in a Hundred Years"
I ... think that I know a Russian person in the very depths of him, and I do not take any credit for this. I did not study the people by talking to Petersburg cabbies, but I grew up among the people, on the Gostomel pasture, with a cauldron in my hand, I slept with him on the dewy grass of the night, under a warm sheepskin sheepskin coat, and in the panin's wicked crowd behind circles of dusty habits ...
Between these two clashing titans - science and theology - there is a stunned public, quickly losing faith in the immortality of man and in any deity, quickly descending to the level of purely animal existence. Such is the picture of an hour illuminated by the shining midday sun of the Christian and scientific era!
"Isis Unveiled"
Sit down, I'm glad to see you. Throw away all fear
And you can keep yourself free
I give you permission. You know the other day
I was elected king by the people,
But it's all the same. Confuse my thought
All these honors, greetings, bows ...
"Crazy"
- But what do you want abroad? - I asked him at a time when in his room, with the help of a servant, was packing and packing his things to be sent to the Varshavsky railway station.
- Yes, just ... to feel! - he said bewildered and with a kind of dull expression on his face.
"Letters from the Road"
Is it really the point to go through life so as not to hurt anyone? This is not happiness. To touch, break, break, so that life is in full swing. I am not afraid of any accusations, but I am a hundred times more afraid of colorlessness than death.
Verse is the same music, only combined with the word, and it also needs a natural ear, a sense of harmony and rhythm.
You get a strange feeling when, by lightly pressing your hand, you make such a mass rise and fall at will. When such a mass obeys you, you feel the power of man ...
"A meeting"
The feeling of the Motherland should be strict, restrained in words, not spoken, not talkative, not "waving his arms" and not running forward (to appear). The feeling of the Motherland should be a great ardent silence.
"Solitary"
And what is the secret of beauty, what is the mystery and charm of art: whether in a conscious, inspired victory over torment or in the unconscious longing of the human spirit, which sees no way out of the circle of vulgarity, squalor, or thoughtlessness and is tragically condemned to seem complacent or hopelessly false.
"Sentimental Memory"
Since my birth I have lived in Moscow, but by God I don’t know where Moscow came from, why it, why, why, what it needs. In the Duma, at meetings, I, along with others, talk about the urban economy, but I do not know how many miles there are in Moscow, how many people there are, how many are born and die, how much we get and spend, how much and with whom we trade ... Which city is richer: Moscow or London? If London is richer, then why? And the jester knows him! And when a question is raised in the Duma, I shudder and the first to start shouting: “Transfer to the commission! To the commission! "
Everything is new in the old way:
The modern poet
Into a metaphorical outfit
Poetic speech is dressed.
But others are not an example for me,
And my charter is simple and strict.
My verse is a pioneer boy
Lightly dressed, bare-legged.
1926
Under the influence of Dostoevsky, as well as foreign literature, Baudelaire and Edgar Poe, my passion began not with decadence, but with symbolism (even then I already understood their difference). The collection of poems, published at the very beginning of the 90s, I titled "Symbols". It seems that I was the first to use this word in Russian literature.
Running of changeable phenomena
Past the soaring ones, speed up:
Merge into one sunset of accomplishments
With the first brilliance of gentle dawns.
From lower reaches of life to origins
Observe in a single moment:
Into one face with a clever eye
Take your doubles.
Unchanged and wonderful
Gift of the Blessed Muse:
In the spirit, the form of slender songs,
There is life and heat in the heart of the songs.
"Thoughts on Poetry"
I have a lot of news. And all are good. I'm lucky". It is written to me. I want to live, live, live forever. If you knew how many new poems I wrote! More than a hundred. It was crazy, a fairy tale, new. I am publishing a new book, not at all like the previous ones. She will surprise many. I changed my understanding of the world. No matter how funny my phrase sounds, I will say: I understood the world. For many years, perhaps forever.
K. Balmont - L. Vilkina
Man - that's the truth! Everything is in a person, everything is for a person! There is only man, all the rest is the work of his hands and his brain! Human! It's great! It sounds ... proud!
"At the bottom"
I am sorry to create something useless and unnecessary to anyone now. A collection, a book of poetry at this time is the most useless, unnecessary thing ... I do not want to say that poetry is not needed. On the contrary, I argue that poetry is necessary, even necessary, natural and eternal. There was a time when everyone seemed to need whole books of poetry, when they were read completely, everyone understood and accepted. Time is the past, not ours. The modern reader does not need a collection of poems!
Language is the history of a people. Language is the path of civilization and culture. That is why the study and preservation of the Russian language is not an idle occupation with nothing to do, but an urgent need.
What nationalists and patriots these internationalists become when they need it! And with what arrogance they mock "frightened intellectuals" - as if there is absolutely no reason to be frightened - or over "frightened philistines", as if they have some great advantages over "philistines." And who, in fact, are these ordinary people, "prosperous bourgeoisie"? And who and what do the revolutionaries care about, in general, if they so despise the average person and his welfare?
"Cursed Days"
In the struggle for their ideal of "freedom, equality and fraternity", citizens must use means that do not contradict this ideal.
"Governor"
“Let your soul be whole or split, let the world outlook be mystical, realistic, skeptical, or even idealistic (if you are so unhappy), let the creative techniques be impressionistic, realistic, naturalistic, the content - lyrical or fabulistic, let there be a mood, an impression - whatever you want, but, I beg you, be logical - may this cry of my heart be forgiven! - logical in concept, in the construction of the work, in syntax. "
Art is born in homelessness. I wrote letters and stories addressed to a distant unknown friend, but when a friend came, art gave way to life. I'm talking, of course, not about home comfort, but about life, which means more art.
"You and me. Love diary"
An artist cannot do more than open his soul to others. You can’t show him the rules drawn up in advance. He is a still unknown world, where everything is new. We must forget what captivated others, here is different. Otherwise, you will listen and you will not hear, you will look without understanding.
From the treatise by Valery Bryusov "On Art"
Well, let her rest, she was worn out - they tortured her, worried. And as soon as daylight rises, the shopkeeper starts to fold her goods, grabs the blanket, goes, pulls out this soft bedding from under the old woman: wakes the old woman up, raises her to her feet: not dawn, if you please get up. That's that. In the meantime - our grandmother, our Kostroma, our mother, Russia! "
"Swirling Russia"
Art never speaks to the crowd, to the masses, it speaks to an individual person, in the deep and hidden recesses of his soul.
Mikhail Andreevich Osorgin (Ilyin) (1878 - 1942)
How strange / ... / How many cheerful and cheerful books there are, how many brilliant and witty philosophical truths - but there is nothing more consoling than Ecclesiastes.
Babkin dared, - read Seneca
And whistling the carcasses,
Took it to the library
Noting in the margin: "Nonsense!"
Babkin, friend, is a harsh critic,
Have you ever thought
What a legless paralytic
A light chamois is not a decree? ..
"Reader"
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The critic's word about the poet must be objectively concrete and creative; the critic, while remaining a scientist, is a poet.
"Poetry of the word"
It is only worth thinking about great things, only big tasks should a writer set for himself; put it boldly, without being embarrassed by your personal small forces.
“It’s true, there are both devil and watery ones,” I thought, looking in front of me, “and maybe some other spirit also lives here… A mighty northern spirit that enjoys this savagery; maybe real northern fauns and healthy, blond women wander in these forests, devour cloudberries and lingonberries, laugh and chase each other. "
"North"
You need to be able to close a boring book ... leave a bad movie ... and part with people who do not value you!
Out of modesty, I hesitate to point out the fact that on my birthday the bells were rung and there was general popular rejoicing. Evil tongues associated this jubilation with some big holiday that coincided with the day of my birth, but I still don’t understand why there was any other holiday?
That was the time when love, good and healthy feelings were considered vulgar and a relic; no one loved, but everyone was thirsty and, like poisoned, fell to everything sharp, tearing the insides.
"The Road to Calvary"
- Well, what's wrong, - I say to myself, - at least in a short word for now? After all, the exact same form of farewell to friends is also in other languages, and there it does not shock anyone. The great poet Walt Whitman, shortly before his death, said goodbye to his readers with a touching poem “So long!”, Which means “Bye!” In English. The French a bientot has the same meaning. There is no rudeness here. On the contrary, this form is filled with the most amiable courtesy, because this (approximately) meaning was compressed here: be well and happy until we see you again.
"Alive as life"
Switzerland? This is a mountain pasture of tourists. I've traveled all over the world myself, but I hate these ruminant bipeds with a Badaker instead of a tail. They chewed up all the beauties of nature with their eyes.
"Island of the lost ships"
Everything that I have written and will write, I consider only mental rubbish and I do not honor my literary merits for anything. And I am surprised and perplexed why seemingly smart people find some meaning and value in my poems. Thousands of poems, whether mine or those of the poets I know in Russia, are not worth one chant of my bright mother.
I am afraid that Russian literature has only one future: its past.
The article "I'm afraid"
For a long time we have been looking for such a task, similar to lentils, so that the combined rays of the labor of artists and the labor of thinkers directed by it to a common point would meet in a common work and could light even the cold substance of ice to turn into a fire. Now such a task - the lentils that channel your stormy courage and the cold mind of thinkers together - has been found. This goal is to create a common written language ...
"Artists of the World"
He adored poetry, in his judgments he tried to be impartial. He was surprisingly young in soul, and perhaps also in mind. He always seemed like a child to me. There was something childish in his shaved head under a typewriter, in his bearing, more gymnasium than military. He liked to portray an adult, like all children. He loved to play in the "master", in the literary leadership of his "humiliates", that is, the little poets and poetesses who surrounded him. Poetic kids loved him very much.
Khodasevich, "Necropolis"
I, I, I. What a wild word!
Is that one over there - is it me?
Did mom love this
Yellow-gray, semi-gray
And omniscient as a snake?
You have lost your Russia.
Did he oppose the element
Good for the elements of gloomy evil?
No? So shut up: led away
Your fate is not without reason
To the edges of an unkind foreign land.
What's the use of groaning and grieving -
Russia must be earned!
"What you need to know"
I never stopped writing poetry. For me, they are my connection with time, with the new life of my people. When I wrote them, I lived by the rhythms that sounded in the heroic history of my country. I am happy that I lived during these years and saw events that had no equal.
All people sent to us are our reflection. And they are sent so that we, looking at these people, correct our mistakes, and when we correct them, these people either also change or leave our lives.
In the wide field of Russian literature in the USSR, I was the only literary wolf. I was advised to dye the skin. Ridiculous advice. Whether a dyed wolf or a shorn wolf, he still does not look like a poodle. They treated me like a wolf. And for several years they drove me according to the rules of a literary cage in a fenced yard. I have no malice, but I am very tired ...
From a letter from M.A.Bulgakov to I.V. Stalin, May 30, 1931.
When I die, my descendants will ask my contemporaries: "Did you understand Mandelstam's poems?" - "No, we did not understand his poetry." "Did you feed Mandelstam, did you give him shelter?" - "Yes, we fed Mandelstam, we gave him shelter." - "Then you are forgiven."
Maybe go to the House of Press - there is one sandwich with chum caviar and a debate - "about proletarian choir reading", or to the Polytechnic Museum - there are no sandwiches, but twenty-six young poets are reading their poems about the "locomotive mass." No, I will sit on the stairs, shivering from the cold and dream that all this is not in vain, that, sitting here on the step, I am preparing the distant sunrise of the Renaissance. I dreamed both simply and in poetry, and it turned out boring iambics.
"The Extraordinary Adventures of Julio Jurenito and His Students"
On the basis of this and other notes, on February 11, 1958, the Resolution of the Commission of the Central Committee of the CPSU "On measures to eliminate shortcomings in the publication and criticism of foreign fiction" was adopted. The document reflects the specifics of Soviet literary criticism and censorship in the era of the Thaw, as well as a view of culture as a whole, which, according to the functionaries of the CPSU Central Committee, was supposed to play the role of a servant of ideology. It is curious what accusations were then brought against the works of foreign authors: in addition to being bourgeois, it could be excessive entertainment, objectivism, and even a "touch of sexualism", etc. etc. Quoted from: Ideological Commissions of the CPSU Central Committee. 1958-1964: Documents. - M .: "Russian political encyclopedia" (ROSSPEN), 1998. P. 33-38.
In recent years, the volume of publication of foreign fiction literature has significantly increased in the country. In 1956, for example, 920 books by foreign authors were published, the same number was published, according to preliminary data, in 1957 - 2.7 times more than in 1950. The average circulation of foreign books has increased 5 times over these years. In 1956, foreign books accounted for 14.8 percent of the total number of titles published in fiction, 24.9 percent for the total circulation, and 32.6 percent for the volume of printed sheets-prints. In recent years, the circle of published foreign authors has been expanded. Now the literature of China, India, and Arab countries is more widely represented in Russian. The gaps in the publication of the works of a number of famous writers (Heinrich Mann, O'Casey and others) have been restored. Better published literature of the XX century. The periodicals publish more materials about foreign literatures.
However, in the selection of foreign literature for publication by Soviet publishing houses, as well as in its criticism and reviewing, serious mistakes are made that harm the ideological education and cultural growth of Soviet people. Among the published books by foreign authors, an inordinately large place is occupied by purely entertainment and adventure literature. For mass editions, central and especially republican and regional publishing houses often choose books of a light entertaining genre that do not represent a serious ideological and artistic value. Main Reed's novel The Headless Horseman, for example, was published in ten editions during 1955-1957: in Moscow (Detgiz, Moskovsky Rabochy), Kiev, Alma-Ata, Baku, Frunze (two editions), Tashkent ( two editions), Novosibirsk, Chita. Its circulation exceeded 1 200 thousand copies. The primitive book by L. Bussenar "Captain Tear the Head" (1955 and 1956) was published in Moscow by "Detgiz" with a total circulation of 150 thousand copies, and in 1957 it was republished in mass circulation in Tula and Alma-Ata in Russian and in Baku in Azerbaijani. The Count of Monte Cristo, Queen Margot, The Three Musketeers by Dumas, The Invisible Man by Wells and similar books have been reprinted several times, the total circulation of which exceeds a million copies. Certain works of classical heritage with a touch of sexualism are being released in unreasonably high numbers. So, with a circulation of 375 thousand copies. published in 1955 by the Decameron Goslitizdat Boccaccio.
The practice of mass reprints of foreign books is taking on especially ugly forms in a number of republican and regional publishing houses, where a significant part of the paper funds is spent on the production of foreign literature, and are being ousted from the production plans of books, the release of which is envisaged by the profile of these publishers. The reprint of foreign fiction in Russian took, for example, a predominant place in the Belarusian State Publishing House. In 1956, Belgosizdat spent 43% of the work on reprinting five works by foreign authors (among them “The Three Musketeers” by Dumas, “Consuelo” by J. Sand) in mass editions. annual fund of paper. In 1957, such reprints absorbed 58 percent. the annual fund of paper of this publishing house. Some republican publishers are extremely undemanding in the selection of foreign books for reprinting. Thus, the Lithuanian Goslitizdat included in the plan for 1958 the publication of Burroughs' tabloid novel Tarzan.
The publication of foreign fiction is not used to the proper extent to acquaint a wide circle of Soviet readers with the historical changes taking place in the life of peoples, the growth and strengthening of the socialist camp, the collapse of colonialism, the inevitable decline of the entire capitalist system, the destructive influence of imperialism on the fate of people. In the total volume of translated fiction, books about these processes account for less than one third. The publication of contemporary foreign literature is not properly directed by the USSR Ministry of Culture to expand our ties with progressive literary forces in all countries and to rally these forces in the struggle for peace and democracy.
Central publishing houses (Goslitizdat, Inoizdat, Detgiz) have not developed a clear system in the selection of books for publication in Russian, they admit an ill-considered, and often unprincipled approach to this important matter. This applies in particular to the Publishing House of Foreign Literature, which is entrusted with the main task of translating and publishing newly published books abroad. In publishing the literature of a number of capitalist countries in 1957, this publishing house gave preference to bourgeois authors. So, of the four French books published in the past year, only one belongs to the pen of a progressive writer ("The Deadly Quarter" by Chabrol), three - to the pen of bourgeois writers (Vercors, Mauriac, Druon). The publishing house's plan for 1958 is not aimed at improving matters; It was drawn up without taking real account of political events and literary developments abroad. In this regard, the books of writers from the countries of people's democracies account for only about a third in terms of the number of titles. Most of all it is planned to publish the works of Yugoslav writers (7 titles out of 36). At the same time, it is planned to publish two books from Chinese literature, which reflects huge historical changes in the life of the people (Qin Zhao-Yang's novel "Forward to the Fields" and a collection of stories by Chinese authors). The rich literature of the GDR is represented only by the book of Arnold Zweig about the events of the First World War, and a collection of stories (which also includes stories by the FRG writers).
In 1958, the Foreign Literature Publishing House expanded the production of fiction (almost doubled in terms of the number of titles). The plan included books from a number of countries, the literature of which was not represented in our country or is little represented (Indonesia, Spain, Greece, Pakistan). At the same time, the publishing house is also overly keen on publishing entertainment literature, trying to provide the Soviet reader with fashionable "Western novelties." Books such as The Token of the Presence by the Belgian writer Giset appeared in the plan, which is described in the publisher's annotation as "a captivatingly written novel about the behavior of the Belgian bourgeoisie during the occupation of Belgium." The publication of detective novels by bourgeois authors, "love-psychological dramas" is envisaged. Doing little to familiarize Soviet people with modern life and the struggles of the peoples of foreign countries, the publishing house is fond of historical novels and chronicles. In the 1958 plan, books on history make up more than a quarter of all titles. Having decided, for example, to acquaint readers with French drama, the publishing house translated plays by J. Anouille, written according to the myths of Ancient Greece ("Antigone", "Medea"). A novel about the events of the era of the struggle against slavery in Brazil is also being translated (A. Schmidt "The Campaign").
The lack of clear ideological and artistic principles for selecting works of literature from foreign countries for reprinting in our country also leads to the fact that often weak books are published or several books by the same author are published in a row, and many writers worthy of attention remain unknown to the Soviet reader. The foreign publisher, for example, translated all of Jean Laffitte's books - strong and weak, publishes weak works by Elsa Triolet, while the oldest French communist writer Francis Jourdain remains out of the publisher's field of vision.
The practice of publishing houses and literary journals is often influenced by the pressure of translators and reviewers, who proceed from subjective views, aesthetic tastes, and sometimes personal interests. Thus, for example, the decadent novel Indifference by the Italian writer A. Moravia was included in the Goslitizdat plan for 1957. Translators and people close to them strongly recommended Hemingway's For Whom the Bell Tolls to publishers, describing the events of 1936-1938 in Spain from a position hostile to progressive forces. The following fact testifies to the unprincipled approach of editions to the printing of translated works. The story of the Norwegian writer Heyerdahl "Aku-Aku" was recently translated by various translators for three magazines at once - "Yunost", "Around the World" and "Young Guard". The editors included it in the January issues, thereby inflating its meaning, although the story is not any significant work.
A serious obstacle to improving the publishing of foreign literature is the monopolization of translations by individual translators, who use their position for selfish purposes, hindering the growth of new cadres of translators. For example, M. Zhivov with his family and people close to him monopolized the translation of the works of Adam Mickiewicz and other Polish authors, as well as the compilation of prefaces to them, while his translations and articles cause serious criticism in Poland itself. To start publishing Dickens's collected works, Goslitizdat had to overcome the resistance of competing groups of translators (E. Lanna and I. Kashkina).
On the part of publishers, there is often a lack of proper exactingness towards translators and control over their work, which encourages negligence and abuse. For example, an employee of Goslitizdat Rogova, who has a poor command of the Czech language, supplied the publishing house with translations of works by Czech writers and received large royalties. As it turned out, she was acting as a front man for the hack.
An uncritical approach to the printing of foreign literature is expressed in the fact that publishers often do not help readers to understand complex literary phenomena. Goslitizdat, for example, released in 1957 four novels by E. Sinkler, known for a number of speeches alien to us, without accompanying any of them with a critical preface or commentary. Without any introduction, Remarque's novel A Time to Live and a Time to Die was published in the journal Foreign Literature, the content and ideological concept of which requires serious criticism. Following the magazine, the Lithuanian Goslitizdat published this novel as a separate book, also without a preface. Striking is the fact that the publishing house of foreign literature published a book about the French artist Picasso in 1957. The book contains the texts of foreign authors who assess the work of Picasso from the standpoint of bourgeois modernism and preach anti-realism and subjectivism in art. (Among the authors of the texts is the French renegade writer Claude Roy, expelled from the Communist Party for anti-party speeches.) Having accompanied the book with a laudatory preface, the publishing house did not give an objective assessment of Picasso's work and a critical analysis of the texts collected in it.
The noted shortcomings and errors in the publication of foreign fiction by central and local publishing houses indicate serious omissions in the work of the Glavizdat of the USSR Ministry of Culture, which is called upon to direct and coordinate the activities of publishing houses. The Soviet press is called upon to give the reader a principled, deep assessment of the books published by foreign authors. However, criticism and reviewing of foreign literature in our magazines and newspapers are extremely poorly organized. Many critics and literary scholars dealing with foreign literatures pass over in silence the features of an ideology alien to us, which are manifested in certain works of bourgeois authors. The progressive Canadian writer Dyson Carter wrote with a feeling of protest to the editorial board of the magazine "Soviet Literature" that in Soviet criticism “the cult of the leading bourgeois artists was being inflated. This overlooks the fact that they have always served and continue to serve the ruling classes in the capitalist countries. "
A number of articles published in print about the work of Hemingway, Remarque, Feuchtwanger and some other major bourgeois writers express unbridled enthusiasm for their importance in modern literature, their skill, but do not give a sober critical assessment of the weaknesses of their works. Hemingway's story "The Old Man and the Sea" has been raised by various authors. In fact, this work is apolitical, imbued with the spirit of individualism. In Remarque's novel A Time to Live and a Time to Die, which has an anti-fascist orientation on the whole, at the same time, the appearance of the Soviet partisans is presented in a distorted light. But in the critical articles about this novel published in the magazines "Neva" (No. 1 for 1957), "Znamya" (No. 2 for 1957), "October" (No. 6 for 1957), it is vague and shamefaced about alien us sides of this work. The magazine Molodaya Gvardiya, No. 4, 1957, praises the vulgar novels of Françoise Sagan, which are savored in France and America by the bourgeois public. After such "criticism" some publishers are tempted to translate Sagan's books into Russian.
Articles appear in journals, the authors of which put forward the demand for more serious study of the decadent trends in bourgeois art. At the same time, there is a desire of some authors to reconsider the attitude to these directions that has developed in Soviet literary criticism, to abandon a critical approach to them. Critic R. Kogan, for example, wrote in an article published in the journal "Neva" (No. 11, 1957): “Perhaps the time has come to study these trends - in the 30s, our criticism spoke about them only in abusive expressions. ... "
The journal "Inostrannaya Literatura" sometimes slips into the position of objectivity and unscrupulousness in published materials, which is called upon to cover the processes of literary development abroad from a Marxist-Leninist standpoint (H. Laxness's conversation with Norwegian students, published in No. Stendhal "in No. b for 1957, a review of R. Vajian's novel" The Law "in No. 1 for 1958 and other materials). Many foreign books published in our country do not receive due assessment in periodicals. For example, only the Moldovan magazine Dniester timidly responded to the publication of Druon's novel The Iron King (Inoizdat 1957), which deserves serious fundamental criticism.
The press poorly covers the processes of the development of literature in the countries of people's democracies, and does little to inform about the publication of her works in the Soviet Union. In 1956, 12 editions of books by Chinese writers were published in Russian (not counting books for children). Of these, only two editions were marked with reviews14. The first published books by prominent writers Ye Sheng-Tao, Lao-She, Chen Den-Ke, as well as epic legends of the peoples of China and a collection of Chinese classical poetry did not find reviews in reviews. The situation is the same with the reviewing of many books translated from other languages. In this matter, the journal "Foreign Literature" also occupies the wrong position. It publishes articles and reviews of books published abroad, but the journal shies away from evaluating foreign books published for the Soviet reader.
All of the above testifies that in the practice of publishing foreign fiction there is no well-thought-out system and clear principles for the selection of works, often by chance and chance prevail. Employees of some publishing houses and the Ministry of Culture of the USSR show a frivolous attitude towards the printing of translated foreign fiction in our country, as a result of which ideological mistakes are made in this area of work. In order to eliminate these shortcomings, the Department of Culture asks the Central Committee of the CPSU to make a decision on this issue. The draft resolution of the Commission of the Central Committee of the CPSU on ideology, culture and international party relations is attached.
Head Department of Culture of the Central Committee of the CPSU D. Polikarpov
Deputy head B. Ryurikov Department
Department Instructor E. Trushchenko
Open All-Russian Intellectual Olympiad "Our Heritage"
School tour 2017/18 (grades 5-7)
TEST
1.In
A. Login
B. Nickname
B. Synonym
A. Zhitkov B.S.
B. Marshak S.Ya.
V. Nosov N.N.
G. Uspensky E.N.
A. Story
B. Story
V. Roman
G. Tom
4. Capital of Sweden. The famous writer Astrid Lindgren lived in this city:
A. Copenhagen
B. Oslo
V. Stockholm
Helsinki
A. Almanac
B. Atlas
B. Catalog
D. Coloring
A. "Jelsomino in the Land of Liars", "The Adventures of Pinocchio", "The Adventures of Cipolino"
B. "Living Hat", "Dunno on the Moon", "Deniskin's Stories"
V. "Holidays in Prostokvashino", "Crocodile Gena and his friends", "Mishkina porridge"
A. Aivazovsky I.K.
B. Vasnetsov Yu.A.
V. Malevich K.S.
G. Michelangelo B.
was printed ...
A. Ivan Kulibin
B. Ivan Fedorov
V. Kuzma Minin
G. Nikolay Karamzin
A. 1
B. 2
AT 3
G. 4
A. Bambi
B. Leader of the Redskins
W. Mowgli
G. Rikki-Tikki-Tavi
LOGICS
1. Six vowels have dropped out of the proverb, restore it:
2. How many quadrangles are there in the picture?
_________________________
LIBRARY
IBBLIOTEAC
IBBLIOTAEK
IBLBIOATEK
____________________________
4. Fill in the blank cells.
2 29 13 (B N L I N A) 10 15 1
19 12 1 (. . . . . .) 9 12 1
7. Arrange the letters in the boxes so that you get the author and the bird, one of the heroines of his works.
A B V K L N O O R R S
________________________
___________________________
10. Solve the metagram by writing both words in the answer
I'm a folk creation
Fun for the kids.
Replace just the letter for me -
In the teacher's hand.
___________________
Full name ____________________________________ Class ___________________
READING
Libraries first appeared in the ancient East. Typically the first library is a collection of clay tablets, circa 2500 BC. BC, found in the temple of the Babylonian city of Nippur. In one of the tombs near the Egyptian Thebes, a box with papyri from the time of the 2nd transition period (XVIII-XVII centuries BC) was discovered. During the era of the New Kingdom, Ramses II collected about 20,000 papyri. The most famous ancient oriental library is a collection of cuneiform tablets from the palace of the Assyrian king of the 7th century BC. NS. Ashurbanipal in Nineveh. Most of the labels contain legal information. In ancient Greece, the first public library was founded in Heraclea by the tyrant Clearchus (4th century BC).
The library of Alexandria became the largest center of antique book-making. It was created in the 3rd century BC. NS. Ptolemy I and was the center of education for the entire Hellenistic world. The Library of Alexandria was part of the mouseĩon (museum) complex. The complex included living rooms, dining rooms, reading rooms, botanical and zoological gardens, an observatory and a library. Later, medical and astronomical instruments, stuffed animals, statues and busts were added to it, which were used for teaching. The mouseĩon included 200,000 papyri in the Temple (almost all the libraries of antiquity were at the temples) and 700,000 documents in the School. The museum and most of the Alexandria Library were destroyed around 270 AD.
In the Middle Ages, the centers of bookishness were monastic libraries, under which scriptoriums operated. There, not only the Holy Scriptures and the writings of the Church Fathers were copied, but also the works of ancient authors. During the Renaissance, Renaissance figures literally "hunted" for the Greek and Latin texts preserved in the monasteries. Because of the enormous cost of manuscripts and the laboriousness of their manufacture, books were chained to library shelves.
The invention of the printing press and the development of printing made huge changes in the appearance and activity of libraries, which were now more and more different from archives. Library stocks are starting to grow rapidly. With the spread of literacy in modern times, the number of library visitors is also growing.
In total, today there are about 130 million book titles in libraries.
Text taken from Wikipedia
1. Clay 2. Cuneiform 3. Papyrus 4. Scarecrows
ALEXANDRIA | ASSYRIA | BABYLON | EGYPT |
Workshop for the correspondence of manuscripts, mainly in monasteries.
WORD
"SUBSCRIPTION"
≥4 | ||||
Preview:
KEYS TO SCHOOL TOUR 5-7 grades
TEST
1.In the fictitious name with which the author signs the work:
B. Nickname
V. Nosov N.N.
3. A large narrative work of fiction with a complex plot:
V. Roman
Capital of Sweden. The famous writer Astrid Lindgren lived in this city:
V. Stockholm
5. Album containing images of various objects (maps, drawings, pictures), serving for educational or practical purposes:
B. Atlas
6. Select the option where works written by one author are indicated:
G. "Song of the Prophetic Oleg", "Ruslan and Lyudmila", "The Tale of the Golden Cockerel"
7. Surname of the famous illustrator of children's books:
B. Vasnetsov Yu.A.
8. The first printed book in Russia "Apostle", dated 1564,was printed ...
B. Ivan Fedorov
9. The works of how many foreign writers are listed in the presented list: "Wild Swans", "Uncle Fyodor, Dog and Cat", "Kashtanka", "Little Humpbacked Horse", "Kid and Carlson Who Lives on the Roof", "Chuk and Gek "?
B. 2
10. Based on the quotation, determine the title of the work: “- Having shed your skin, you cannot fit into it again. This is the Law of the Jungle, Kaa said.
W. Mowgli
KEYS TO LOGIC
_____________________________
2. How many quads are there?
_________________________
3. What combination of letters is next?
LIBRARY
IBBLIOTEAC
IBBLIOTAEK
IBLBIOATEK
____________________________
4. Fill in the blank cells.
5. Insert the missing letter so that you can read the name of the literary genre. Write this word.
6. Define the word in brackets.
1 28 12 (B N L I N A) 9 14 0
18 11 0 (. . . . . .) 8 11 0
7. Arrange the letters in the boxes so that you get the name of the famous Russian fabulist and one of the heroines of his works.
A B V K L N O O R R S
8. Guess which word is hidden in the picture (isograph):
________________________
9. After solving the puzzle, write down the title of the work and indicate its author:
___________________________
10. Remembering the literary terms, solve the metagram, in the answer by writing both words, which consist of 6 letters.
The first consists of combinations of the second
The first differs from the second penultimate letter
The first has a note at the end
Reading the letters in them in the order of 5432, we will see in the first fortification,
and to the second sports ground.
___________________
Full name ____________________________________ Class ___________________
READING
The reigns of the emperors Alexander II, Alexander III and Nicholas II are the "golden years" of charity and mercy. At this time, a whole system of guardianship began to take shape. Among the representatives of the reigning House of Romanov were real ascetics of charity and mercy: Empress Maria Alexandrovna, Alexandra Fedorovna, Maria Fedorovna (mother of Nicholas II), Grand Duchess Elizabeth Fedorovna (now the Holy Martyr Elizabeth), Alexandra Petrovna (now the close nun of Kiev) Anastasia of the imperial family, Prince Peter of Oldenburg is the trustee of the Kiev charity house for the poor, the patron saint of the Eye Clinic. Many members of the House of Romanov at their own expense built charitable institutions, shelters and almshouses, actively patronized institutions of mercy.
The tradition of Russian philanthropy was disrupted by the 1917 revolution. All funds of public and private charitable organizations were nationalized in a short time, their property was transferred to the state, and the organizations themselves were abolished by special decrees.
Olympiad "Our Heritage" cooperates with the Orthodox help service "Mercy".
27 projects of the service are located in different parts of Moscow, and some programs are extended to the whole country. The service "Mercy" is a single organism, a single service to help the most disadvantaged: lonely old people, disabled people, pregnant women who find themselves homeless, orphans, homeless people, HIV-infected.
One of the key features of the "Mercy" service is the availability of its own infrastructure, thanks to which comprehensive, professional and long-term assistance is provided to permanent wards. St. Sophia Social House, Rehabilitation Center for Children with Cerebral Palsy, Elizavetinsky Orphanage, St. Spiridonyevskaya Almshouse, House for Mom and many other projects are non-governmental non-profit institutions that are part of the Mercy service.
80% of the service "Mercy" exists on donations, so the fate of everyone who is helped by the service depends on how regularly donations are received from benefactors. The service "Mercy" has about 400 permanent wards - those about whom the employees of "Mercy" take care of from year to year. These are orphans brought up in orphanages and state boarding schools, lonely old people in an almshouse, disabled adults in a neuropsychiatric boarding school and others. In just one year, the "Mercy" service helps more than 20,000 people in need.
It will be great if at least once a year each participant of our Olympiad consciously refuses, for example, from buying ice cream and transfers these funds to support one of the services "Mercy"https://miloserdie.help/projects/ .
Together we can do a lot of good things.
1. Fill in the table. Under each word, write down the corresponding word or its number from the list (1 point for compliance):
1. Almshouse 2. Monasticism 3. Ophthalmology 4. Home
ALEXANDRA | PETER | SPIRIDON | SOFIA |
2. Identify the word by description (2 points):
___________________________ - transfer to the state ownership of land, industrial enterprises, banks, vehicles or other property owned by private individuals.
3. Fill in the table (2 points each for correct filling. Words must be in the correct case and written without errors):
WORD
1. Make words from the letters of the word
"MERCY"
according to the number of letters in the preceding cell. Words should only be nouns, common nouns, in the singular.
KEYS TO SCHOOL TOUR 8-11 grades Maximum for each task is 10 points. Maximum for work is 40 points. Time to write a work 30 minutes TEST 1 . In 1868, M.Ye. Saltykov-Shchedrin, G.Z. Eliseev and Russian poet, writer and publicist, author of the poems "Frost, Red Nose", "Russian Women", the poem "Grandfather Mazai and the Hares". Name it: B. Nekrasov N.A. 2. In 1868, Samarkand was occupied by Russian troops and annexed to the Russian Empire, and became the center of the Zeravshan district, which was transformed in 1887 into the Samarkand region. On the territory of which modern state is Samarkand located? G. Uzbekistan 3. Russian ethnographer, anthropologist, biologist and traveler who studied the indigenous population of Southeast Asia, Australia and Oceania, including the Papuans of the northeastern coast of New Guinea: V. Miklouho-Maclay N. N. 4. What nickname did Emperor Alexander III receive from his contemporaries? B. Peacemaker 5. In 1880, a monument was erected in Moscow, created with public donations by the sculptor A.M. Opekushin. To whom is the monument dedicated, to which "the folk path will not grow"? G. Pushkin A.S. 6. What name did the spouse of Nicholas II, nee Princess Victoria Alice Helena Louise Beatrice of Hesse-Darmstadt, take when the wife of Nicholas II joined Orthodoxy? A. Alexandra Fedorovna 7. How many children were there in the family of Nicholas II? G. four girls and a boy 8. During what war years did the Danube cross, the siege of Plevna, the defense of Shipka, the battle of Sheinovo take place? V. Russian-Turkish 9. From the list provided, select the discovery that was made at the end of the 19th century: B. Mendeleev's periodic table of chemical elements 10. Select a list that lists works that appeared in the second half of the 19th century: G. Epic novel "War and Peace", painting "Heroes", monument "Millennium of Russia" KEYS TO LOGIC 1.
Book
-
key
To knowledge
2. 22 3. IBLIBAOTEK (the first and last letters are moved one letter towards each other) In the first cell - the product of the numbers in the two previous cells, in the second - the sum of the same numbers. 5. TRAGEDY 6. FAIRY TALE 7. KRYLOV - CROW 8. WRITER 9. Ruslan and Lyudmila, Pushkin 10. STROPHA-LINE READING KEYS 1. Fill in the table. Under each word, write down the corresponding word or its number from the list (1 point for compliance): 1. Almshouse 2. Monasticism 3. Ophthalmology 4. Home
2. Identify the word by description (2 points): NATIONALIZATION - transfer of land, industrial enterprises, banks, transport or other property owned by private individuals to the ownership of the state. 3. Fill in the table (2 points each for correct filling. Words must be in the correct case and written without errors): KEYS TO WORDS RICE ROL FOREST CHALK SDT GENUS DOLE COM MPA ROM SCRAP MOL COP HOUSE PEACE Fox LADY VILLAGE WORLD SEA IDOL CIDER TRACK A BUSINESS LORD SIDS RELAY IRIS SIDOR DEMOS RADISH DEALER LEADER SMERDS SOLID IRMOS SADDLE MY LORD Milady CRAFT SILOMER DIVIDEND |
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