History of Great Britain. The most famous British inventions When Britain appeared

In fact, the British are: Nazis, racists, colonialists and executioners. It is worth talking about these "achievements" of them in more detail.

It so happened that when speaking about Great Britain and its inhabitants, they mainly recall English parliamentarism, who are a kind of standard of British gentlemen and the theater of the great Sheskpere. A nation of "enlightened sailors" ... In fact, the British are: Nazis, racists, colonialists and executioners. It is worth talking about these "achievements" of them in more detail.

The good-looking and noble appearance of "good old England", which has been created for centuries, is a completely false picture, which has little in common with reality. All of the facts below are generally known. However, put together, they are. perhaps they will make someone look differently at Britain and help to better understand its current aggressive actions. So:

1 Britain is the birthplace of Nazism

If someone still believes that the “bright” ideas of racial domination, the chosen “Nordic race”, to which the whole world should belong, and that similar cannibalistic nonsense that ended in Khatyn, Babi Yar and Auschwitz, was “gifted” to humanity by the “gloomy Teutonic genius ”Is deeply mistaken. The birthplace of Nazism as an ideology is precisely the “foggy Albion”.

Meet: Thomas Carlyle (considered the actual progenitor of fascism), Houston Chamberlain (Anglo-German writer, sociologist, philosopher and racial theorist), James Hunt (in 1863 made a report in which he conferred the "title" on Negroes as an intermediate species between ape and humans) , Francis Galton (cousin of Charles Darwin and the founder of eugenics - the "science" of human selection for the cultivation of an ideal race), Karl Pearson (mathematician, statistician, biologist and founder of biometrics - a racist branch of social Darwinism), who declared: “The right to live is not yet means the right of everyone to continue their kind. "

All are 100% British gentlemen, yeah ... “I admire the English people. In the matter of colonization, he did the unheard of ”- these are, by the way, the true words of Adolf Hitler. The demoniac Fuhrer had something to praise the British for - in fact, they had prepared all the fundamental ideas for him. Herr Schicklgruber simply developed them very creatively and applied them in practice. Thomas Carlyle was a consistent anti-Semite, convinced of the divine mission of the Nordic race. It was Carlyle. in fact, he was the first Nazi. The ideas of this British philosopher were developed by another "spiritual father of Nazism" from the coast of Albion - Houston Stuart Chamberlain. From the point of view of the German Nazis, Chamberlain became the "visionary of the Third Reich."

In Hitler's Germany, Francis Galton was called "the father of the conscious cultivation of races, standing in the way of the superman." But the most powerful influence on German Nazism came from the British eugenics professor Carl Pearson, who argued that racial conflict was the engine of human progress. The German Nazis were especially impressed by the thesis put forward and substantiated by Pearson about "the need to seize territories where white people can live ... and on which the space necessary, at a high birth rate, to infuse new forces into the empire should be provided."

By the way, in Great Britain itself, the British Union of Fascists under the leadership of Baronet Oswald Mosley was created in 1932. Its leader was arrested only in 1940 and spent "already" in prison ... three years! Subsequently, Mosley lived quite comfortably until 1980 - unlike Hitler.

Concentration camps - a British invention

When someone in your presence again tells that concentration camps are the idea of ​​the Bolsheviks or Nazis, weave something about the authorship of their idea to Trotsky, or whine about “the first concentration camp in Solovki,” you can safely spit in this person's eyes ... He is either a fool or deliberately lying. To date, the fact that the concentration camp - both the term itself and its implementation are purely Anglo-Saxon "merit", has been established one hundred percent. True, some historians argue - who was the first: the Americans during the Civil War of 1861-1865, or, after all, the British during the Boer War of 1899-1902?

However, most historians still give the “palm” to the British. Moreover, even if in the United States for the first time they drove prisoners of war behind a barbed wire, British gentlemen, undoubtedly, earlier than anyone else in history began to drive a purely civilian population there - and with whole families. The purpose of the creation of concentration camps, according to the official statements of the British government, was "to ensure the safety of the civilian population of the Boer republics."

In descriptions of the events of that war, the Boer general Christian Devet mentions concentration camps: strong garrisons to them. " The British sent men to concentration camps in India, Ceylon and other British colonies. In total, the British held 200 thousand people in concentration camps, which was approximately half of the white population of the Boer republics. Of these, at least 26 thousand people died from hunger and disease.

During only one year - from January 1901 to January 1902 - about 17 thousand people died from hunger and disease in concentration camps: 2,484 adults and 14,284 children. For example, in the Mafeking camp in the fall of 1901, about 500 people died, and in the Johannesburg camp, almost 70% of children under the age of eight died. The most remarkable thing is that in the usual British hypocritical and deceitful manner these camps were called “Refugee"(Place of salvation)! When Britain once again tries to blather something about the “horrors of the Gulag”, it needs to, in the words of the representatives of its current “establishment”, “shut up and leave” ...

The British are world leaders of genocide

The almost complete extermination of the indigenous Indian peoples who inhabited the territory of the present United States is a well-known fact. There is no doubt also the fact that the overwhelming majority of those who were involved in the Indian genocide in America were immigrants from Britain, or their closest descendants. By the way, the colonization of South America, which was carried out by the Spaniards and the Portuguese, was extremely brutal, but did not bear the character of the total extermination of the Indians, their genocide.

However, the essence of the British "gentlemen" was most clearly manifested during the colonization of Australia. By 1788 (the beginning of colonization), the indigenous population of Australia was, according to various estimates, from 300 thousand to 1 million people, united in more than 500 tribes. In 1921, the Australian aborigines numbered less than 60 thousand ... The British destroyed in Australia, according to various estimates, up to 90-95% of all aborigines. On the island of Tasmania, the indigenous population was completely destroyed - to the last person.

"Europeans can hope for prosperity, because ... the blacks will soon disappear ... If you shoot the natives in the same way as in some countries shoot the crows, then their population should be greatly reduced over time," this is not a drunken exiled convict said, a gentleman wrote this Robert Knox in his "philosophical study of the influence of race." "Blacks can only be shot - you cannot communicate with them in another way!" settlers of those years.

The Australian aborigines were plagued by deliberately imported diseases - especially smallpox. However, from pneumonia, tuberculosis and venereal diseases, the local aborigines also did not have immunity, and the British "civilizers" used this with might and main. Australian and Tasmanian aborigines were raided, poisoned, driven into the deserts, where they died of hunger and thirst. White settlers gave poisoned food to the natives. White settlers hunted the natives like wild animals, not counting them as humans. The “enlightened sailors” considered it normal entertainment to drive a whole family of aborigines (best of all - with little kids!) Into the river with crocodiles and enjoy the spectacle.

Such things were not at all the property of an exclusively “gloomy past”. Until the 30s of the twentieth century in Australia there were massacres of aborigines. In the 70s, children were removed from Aboriginal families, who were subsequently forbidden to know their native language and to have any contact with their parents.

“The Anglo-Saxons are the only exterminating nation on earth. Never before - until the now inevitable extermination of Indians, Maori (indigenous New Zealanders) and Australians - has not a single race so numerous been wiped out by conquerors ”- these are the words of the British radical liberal politician Sir Charles Dilk.

The British are the children hangers

In no case should you think that the British showed inhuman, transcendental cruelty exclusively to representatives of other nationalities and races. They simply did not consider them human. However, they did such a thing with their own compatriots that the blood runs cold in their veins. London inXvicentury it was not for nothing that it was called “the city of the gallows” - for example, during the reign of HenryVIII(1509-1547) 72 thousand people were executed there for vagrancy alone.

Over time, British laws were not only not softened - they were tightened to the most incredible degree! In 1688 there were less than 50 crimes in England, for which they were punished with the death penalty, and by 1776 their number had grown to almost 200. The "Blood Code", as the criminal legislation of Great Britain is called, beganXIXcentury, was extremely cruel and provided for the death penalty for about 220-230 different crimes, including, for example, stealing turnips, harming fish in ponds, staying in the forest disguised or with a weapon.

Especially zealously in those days, gentlemen hanged vagabonds and beggars. A process was taking place in the country, known to historians as "fencing" - the noble sirs decided that it was much more profitable to keep sheep, from whose wool the famous English fabrics were subsequently woven, than to allow the tenants to sow bread. Land was needed for pastures; factories needed labor. The commoners of Britain, driven from their allotments, were given a choice - slave labor at the machine, or - an executioner's noose.

Children were hanged en masse for vagrancy! It is Great Britain that holds one of the most disgusting “world records” - in 1708, seven-year-old Michael Hammond and his eleven-year-old sister were hanged in England. They committed a terrible crime - they stole a loaf of bread. Billed in court documents as "a child of 8-9 years old," John Dean was executed in Britain in 1629 for arson. John was accused of setting fire to two barns in Windsor, and in one day he was tried, sentenced and executed, despite the fact that no one was injured in the fire.

Public executions were abolished in Britain only in 1868, and the minimum age of 16 years from which a person can be executed was only in 1908 ... And it is not necessary. please, make discounts for “harsh times”, “dark middle ages” and general cruelty of morals! Doesn't work. In 1749-1772, in London alone, 1,121 people were sentenced to be hanged, of which 678 were actually hanged.II3 cases of execution are known. One of those executed is Emelyan Pugachev. Between 1810 and 1826, 2,755 people were sentenced to death in London and the related county of Middlesex.During the 25 years of the reign of Emperor Alexander I (1801 - 1835), 24 people were executed throughout the vast Russian Empire ...

Gentlemen! Shut up and leave ...

The world's first drug mafia was created by the British

Well, and finally - let us recall one more shameful page in British history. Experts call it the "opium wars". However, it would be more correct to call everything that happened as the creation of the world's first mafia system, the main source of profit of which was the drug trade. Moreover, it is. not only the first, but also, perhaps, the only case when "merchants in death" for the sake of their own dirty money, in fact. turned a whole nation into drug addicts.

In the first half of the 19th century, the Chinese were the largest people on the planet with 300 million people. The British transnational drug transit scheme, which has been in operation for almost two hundred years, was very simple and effective. The British East India Company monopolized the industrial production of opium in Bengal, formerly part of the British colony of India. This is where the highest quality opium was produced. The first persons of the British Empire - Lord Peers - became members and shareholders of the company. It was they who began to shape the drug civilization in China.

Initially, the company established the China Domestic Mission, which aimed to add opium addiction to Chinese peasants through the promotion of opium smoking. This created a market for opium, which was filled by the British East India Company. In proportion to the import of opium, drug use in China increased to an enormous extent. The China Inland Mission has done a tremendous amount of brainwashing work in the spread of opium among the Chinese. In China, the opium market was first created and then filled with Bengali opium. This created a vicious circle, as a result of which the richest India and China were rapidly impoverished, falling into increasing dependence on England.

Nearly 13 percent of India's income under British rule came from the sale of Bengal opium to its distributors in China under British control. Britain had a complete monopoly on the supply of opium to China. It was the official monopoly of the British government and royals. Opium censuses proliferated in China like locusts, slowly killing its population. So only in Shanghai alone, during the period from 1791 to 1794, the number of licensed opium smokers increased from 87 to 663. The opium trade siphoned off huge amounts of money from China. Every British monarch since 1729 has benefited immensely from the drug trade, and this is also true of the current crown prince.

What is this - if not a classic drug mafia, with the only difference that its godfather was crowned in the truest sense of the word ?! Making the distribution of drugs a state policy and an article of the state budget - only the Anglo-Saxons could reach this. In the future, this situation turned into two destructive wars for China, called "opium" and a full-fledged British occupation. Opium plunged China into a decades-long crisis that seemed irreversible. To the middleXXcenturies, plantations of opium poppy, which began to be cultivated in China itself, occupied up to a million hectares, and the number of consumers of the potion was measured in tens of millions. Only the communists were able to put an end to the rule of the drug mafia in the country, who, having come to power, simply shot the drug dealers and burned down the plantations of the bad potion ...

Well, that is, in fact, and almost everything that I wanted to tell you today about Britain. Oh yes - I completely forgot. There is also great culture! Well, yes ... Well, yes ... How can it be without her! Would you like a couple of quotes, gentlemen? "The only reasonable and logical solution to the inferior race is to destroy it!" - this is Herbert J. Wells, loved by all of us in our youth. And here's another: "England was able to seize power over the overseas territories thanks to the" special favor of the Lord ", and the payment for his mercy was the shed English blood." This is already Radyard Kipling. Yeah - "Mowgli", "we are of the same blood." And also - "The White Man's Burden." Only it should be read in a real translation, and not according to Marshak ...

What country is like culture. Of all, perhaps, modern states, Great Britain has the least right to reproach anyone and point out something to someone.You should atone for your sins, gentlemen!

Alexander Necropny

United Kingdom(English United Kingdom; full name - United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, English The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland) - an island state in Western Europe, the form of government is a parliamentary monarchy. The capital is London. The name of the country comes from the English Great Britain. Britain - according to the ethnonym of the Briton tribe.

A state in the British Isles (the island of Great Britain and the northeastern part of the island of Ireland, a large number of small islands and archipelagos, the Channel Islands), washed by the Atlantic Ocean and its seas. Area: total - 244 820 km², land - 240 590 km², inland waters - 3 230 km². The highest peak is Ben Nevis, eng. Ben Nevis, Gaelic Beinn Neibhis / (1343 m) - located in the north of Scotland (Grampian Mountains), the lowest point is Fenland (−4 m).

In the north and west, the mountainous relief predominates - the Scottish Highlands (up to 1343 m), the Pennines and Cambrian mountains; in the south and southeast there are hilly plains. The climate is moderately oceanic, humid. Average January temperatures range from 3 to 7 ° C, July 11-17 ° C; precipitation up to 3000 mm per year in the west and 600-750 mm in the southeast. Major rivers: Thames - 334 km, Severn - 310 km, Trent - 298 km, Mersey - 109 km, Clyde - 170 km. The largest lakes: Loch Ness (area 56 km2), Loch Ney (area 396 km2). Forests (beech, oak, birch) cover about 9% of the UK.

Administrative division

Great Britain consists of 4 administrative and political parts (historical provinces):
England (39 counties, 6 metropolitan counties and Greater London) - adm. center london
Wales (22 unitary entities: 9 counties, 3 cities and 10 city-counties) - adm. center of Cardiff
Scotland (12 regions: 9 counties and 3 main territories) - adm. Edinburgh center
Northern Ireland (26 counties) - adm. downtown Belfast

Dependent territories with capitals:

British Isles

Isle of Man (Douglas)
Channel Islands
Guernsey (St Peter Port)
Jersey (St Helier)

Europe

Gibraltar (Gibraltar)

America

Anguilla (Valley)
Bermuda (Hamilton)
British Virgin Islands (Road Town)
Cayman Islands (Georgetown)
Montserrat Island (Plymouth)
Turks and Caicos Islands (Cookburntown)
Falkland Islands (Port Stanley)
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands

Atlantic Ocean

Saint Helena (Jamestown) and its dependent territories - the Ascension Islands and Tristan da Cunha

Oceania

Pitcairn Island (Adamstown)

Indian Ocean

British Indian Ocean Territory - Chagos Archipelago

Population

Mainly, the population is growing at the expense of labor immigrants from countries that have recently joined the European Union, who were allowed free entry to work in the UK after the EU enlargement in May 2004. Nevertheless, the birth rate in the country still exceeds the death rate, although natural increase is no longer the dominant factor in the increase in the British population. The total population (according to 2008) is 61,113,205. Age structure: up to 14 years old - 16.7%, 15-64 - 67.1%, from 65 and older - 16.2%. The average age for men is 39 years, for women - 41 years. Population growth - 0.279%, birth rate - 10.65 / 1,000; mortality rate - 10.05 / 1,000. The net migration rate is 2.16 migrants / 1,000. 90% of the population lives in cities, with an annual growth rate of 0.5%. In cities with the number of inhabitants of St. 100 thousand people almost half of the country's population lives. The largest cities in terms of population: London (6,803,000), Birmingham (935,000), Glasgow (654,000), Sheffield (500,000), Liverpool (450,000), Edinburgh (421,000), Manchester ( 398,000), Belfast (280,000).

Ethnic composition

The indigenous inhabitants of the country make up 92% of the population of Hungary (2001, census), of which:
British - 83.6%,
Scots (mainly in Scotland) - 8.5%,
Welsh (mostly in Wales) - 4.9%,
Irish (mainly in Northern Ireland, Ulster) - 2.9%.

Immigrants and their children live mainly in the conurbations of Greater London, West Midlands and Merseyside. They make up about 8% of the country's population, including:
immigrants from India, Pakistan and Bangladesh - 3.6%,
China - 0.4%,
African countries - 0.8%,
black immigrants from the islands of the Caribbean - 1%

British nation

1. The formation of the British nation took place in a special way, which is not comparable with the French model of nation formation (the opposition of the "lower" and "upper classes" in the Great French Revolution), also with the German model, due to the fact that Great Britain was never a fragmented state like Germany before 1871.

2. In the XIV-XV centuries, during the period of great geographical discoveries, in Great Britain a huge role begins to play the national economy, which rallied the population of the country.

3. Great Britain, unlike other European states, has always been somewhat isolated due to its geographic location.

4. A huge role in the consolidation of the British nation was played by the religious component (XVII century) - a revolution with religious motives (opposition of Catholics, Protestants) was accomplished.

5. Also, an important role in the formation of the British nation can be assigned to the process of fencing, as a result of which the assimilation of the peasant population in the cities took place, as well as the development of land by peasants in the remote corners of Great Britain.

6. In England the Bible was translated into English earlier than in other European countries; thus, a single, universal English language emerged for all British people.

7. The British often oppose themselves to other ethnic groups:

A) Britain had the most powerful and large-scale colonial empire in the world. But at the same time, the British demonstrated their differences with other peoples of the world.

B) The British colonial policy was also sharply different, which, unlike the French or Spanish, did not try to assimilate the natives in their colonies, guided by the principle: “We are the British! They are natives! " However, the collapse of the empire led to a fundamental shift in the consciousness of the population: national movements intensified, more and more people considered themselves not British, but Scots, Welsh, Irish. According to opinion polls, even in England, only a third of the population consider themselves British. That which for a long time united the inhabitants of the country (Protestantism, patriarchal institutions of power, monarchy, empire) ceased to work as effectively as before. Characteristically, since 2001, the word 'Britain' in the title of the yearbook of the State Bureau for National Statistics has been replaced by the United Kingdom

History

The British Isles were conquered by the Anglo-Saxons in the 5th-6th centuries. After the Norman conquest of England in 1066, the process of feudalization was completed, accompanied by the political unification of the country. In the second half of the 13th century, the English parliament arose, and the estate monarchy took shape. The development of commodity-money relations and the struggle of the peasantry (the uprising of Wat Tyler in 1381, etc.) led (15th century) to the almost complete elimination of the personal dependence of the peasants. At the same time, the peasants were deprived of their land ownership, which led to their rapid proletarianization. During the Reformation, in 1534, the Church of England was created. The English Revolution of the 17th century ensured the establishment of capitalism. At the end of the 17th century, political parties took shape - the Tories and the Whigs (in the middle of the 19th century, they transformed into the Conservative and Liberal parties, respectively). After the annexation of Scotland was consolidated in 1707 (Ireland was conquered in 1649-1651), the name Great Britain was assigned to the united kingdom. At the end of the 18th - 1st half of the 19th centuries, an industrial revolution took place. With the conquest of wealthy Bengal by the East India Company, the creation of the British colonial empire began. About a third of all British investments during this time are of Indian origin. In the 1830s, a factory production system was established. In the 1830s - 1840s. unfolded the first mass movement of the proletariat - Chartism. In the 1840s, Ireland was struck by a famine, which killed more than a million people. The British Trade Union Congress was founded in 1868. The Labor Party of Great Britain was founded in 1900. In the 19th century, Great Britain became the largest colonial power in the world (British Empire). During the Second World War, Great Britain was one of the main participants in the anti-Hitler coalition. During the collapse of the British colonial empire, almost all British colonies gained independence by the mid-1970s. After World War II, the governments of Great Britain were alternately formed by the Laborites (1945-1951, 1964-1970, 1974-1979, from 1997 to the present) and the Conservatives (1951-1964, 1970-1974, 1979-1997).

Political structure

Great Britain is a parliamentary monarchy led by a queen.

The legislature is a bicameral parliament (House of Commons and House of Lords). Parliament is the highest authority throughout the territory, although Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have their own governing administrative structures. The government is headed by the prime minister.

A distinctive feature is the absence of any single document that could be called the basic law of the country, there is no written Constitution, moreover, there is not even an exact list of documents that would relate to the Constitution. Relations between the people and the government are governed by statutes, unwritten laws and conventions.

Citizenship

Starting November 1, 2005, applicants for British citizenship must take a special test "Life in the UK" for knowledge of history, culture and traditions, as well as the basics of the UK government and public life of this country.
A 45 minute test with 24 multiple choice questions is required to obtain citizenship. Earlier, London introduced a compulsory test of English language proficiency, as well as a system for assessing the qualifications and demand for labor skills of immigrants.

Future citizens will be able to obtain the knowledge necessary for passing the exam at courses specially organized for them. According to the developers of the legislation, this knowledge will help immigrants to quickly integrate into British society, including realizing their rights and responsibilities.

In 2004, 140,870 people applied for British citizenship, which is 12 percent more than in 2003.

Economy

Great Britain is the leader of European trade and a major financial center. Over the past 2 decades, the government has greatly reduced the share of the private sector in the economy and expanded social programs. Agriculture is highly intensive, well equipped and meets the highest European standards, producing 60% of the products using less than 2% of the workforce. Leading industries: oil and gas production, mechanical engineering, chemical and petrochemical, ferrous metallurgy, oil refining. Great Britain is a highly developed industrial country, a major supplier of finished industrial products to the world market and a major exporter of capital (mainly to developed countries). GDP per capita is $ 36,600 per year. It occupies 13th place in the world in terms of the standard of living of the population. Extraction of oil and natural gas (mainly on the shelf of the North Sea), coal. The most developed are mechanical engineering (focused on the production of non-standard products, as well as various types and types of machines), including electrical and electronic, transport (including large aircraft, automobile and shipbuilding), machine-tool building, agricultural, industrial equipment production, lifting and transport engineering, etc., chemical and petrochemical (Great Britain occupies one of the leading places in the world in the production and export of synthetic fibers and dyes, plastics, detergents, fertilizers, etc.), pharmaceutical, oil refining industry, black (high-quality steel) and non-ferrous ( tin, aluminum) metallurgy. The oldest branch of the British industry, the textile industry, has lost its former importance. Large-scale food flavoring (traditional production of whiskey, beer; processing of imported agricultural raw materials) industry; production of footwear, knitwear; famous for English porcelain. Agriculture is dominated by dairy and meat and dairy cattle breeding and bacon pig breeding; meat and wool sheep breeding. Mainly they grow barley, wheat, sugar beets, oats, and potatoes. Vegetable growing and fruit growing (large greenhouse and greenhouse farm), floriculture (daffodils, tulips).

2006 GDP was $ 2.151 trillion; for 2007 - 2.215 trillion dollars; 2008 - $ 2.231 trillion. UK GDP in the first quarter of 2009 fell 1.9 percent from the previous quarter, a record drop in 30 years. In the fourth quarter of 2008, the country's GDP fell by 1.6 percent.

The economically active population is 31.2 million people. Agriculture employs 1.4% of the population, industry - 18.2% of the population, and services - 80.4% of the population. The unemployed rate is 5.5%. Monetary unit - pound sterling = 100 pence.

The annual budget revenue is $ 1.107 trillion; the annual budget expenditure is $ 1.242 trillion. Investment in the economy is 16.7% of GDP. The inflation rate for 2008 was 3.8%.

Exports in 2008 amounted to 468.7 billion dollars. Exports: machinery and equipment, oil and oil products, automobiles, weapons, chemical products, medicines, food. Export partners: USA -14.2%, Germany - 11.1%, France - 8.1%, Ireland - 8%, Netherlands - 6.8%, Belgium -5.3%, Spain -4.5%, Italy -4.1%. Imports in 2008 amounted to $ 645.7 billion. Imports: finished industrial goods, machinery and equipment, raw materials, metals, foodstuffs. Imports - partners: Germany -14.2%, USA -8.6%, China -7.3%, Netherlands -7.3%, France -6.9%, Belgium -4.7%, Norway -4.7%, Italy -4.2%

The culture

The culture of the United Kingdom is rich and varied. It has a significant impact on culture on a global scale. Great Britain has strong cultural ties with its former colonies, especially with those states where English is the official language. Immigrants from the Indian subcontinent and the Caribbean have made significant contributions to British culture over the past half century. During the formation of the United Kingdom, it included formerly independent states with differing cultures from each other, which should be considered in isolation.

National newspapers: The Times, The Guardian, The Independent, The Daily Telegraph, The Observer, The Financial Times, The Daily Express, The Sun, The Mirror, The People.

Religion

Major religions: Christianity (42,079,000) -71.6%, Buddhism (152,000) -0.3%, Hinduism (559,000) -1%, Judaism (267,000) -0.5%, Islam (1,591,000) -2.7% , Sikhism (336,000) -0.6%, Other religions (179,000) -0.3%, Atheists (9,104,000) -15.5%, Abstained (4,289,000) -7.3%.

On the territory of England there is a church with state status - the Church of England, the secular head of which is the British monarch. The Church of England is one of the local churches of the Anglican Community, which has the Archbishop of Canterbury as its spiritual leader.

According to research, the United Kingdom is a country with a predominantly secular population: only 38% of people declare their faith in God (“a God”), although, according to the Church of England in 2005, “72% of the population of England indicated their religion as Christian ".

British Armed Forces

The military is divided into the army, the royal navy, and the royal air force. Ground forces -113,500 people; Air Force - 52 540 people; navy - 43,700 people. British Armed Forces The Commander-in-Chief of the British Armed Forces is the British monarch, Queen Elizabeth II. The British Armed Forces are administered by the Defense Council of the Department of Defense. The main mission of the British Armed Forces is to protect the United Kingdom and its overseas territories, advance the security interests of the UK and support international peacekeeping efforts. Also, the British Armed Forces are active and permanent participants in NATO and coalition forces in Iraq and Afghanistan.

The military budget is 2.4% of GDP as of 2005, approximately $ 37 billion.

Relations with the Russian Federation

Cooperation between Russia and Great Britain is carried out mainly through the structures of the European Union. Bilateral cooperation thus excludes some aspects included in the EU-Russia program, for example, the fight against crime, military exercises and scientific seminars on defense issues. At the Russia-UK level, the following issues are considered: security in the field of energy, nuclear development, technologies and the latest design developments. Joint consultations are held on developments in the field of control at enterprises, in state institutions and on the streets (here states come to a special level of cooperation due to the complexity and piquancy of the issue, consultations are held on improving existing control systems, tracking and recording attendance, appearance, etc.) ... This allows both countries to increase the level of security of the population and state structures and becomes a priority in relations between states in the field of defense and security.

For example, the incidents with the disagreement of the parties on the extradition of citizens (Lugovoy from the territory of Russia and Berezovsky from the UK), the subsequent expulsion of diplomatic persons and the termination of cooperation in some areas did not affect joint consultations on matters of control and security. Also, the sphere of combating terrorism remains unaffected by political scandals, where the parties openly express their interest in cooperation, mutual development and transfer of experience in countering this threat. The British side emphasizes the importance of the fight against terrorism as fundamental to Russian-British relations, the most important area of ​​cooperation in general, and positions this area above "political misunderstandings." This is evidenced by the statement of the British Minister for European Affairs Jim Murphy: "In terms of countering terrorism, we are working very closely and will continue to cooperate."

In the context of the difficult situation of Russian-British diplomacy, numerous scandals, unfulfilled demands and claims, unwillingness to make concessions, high-profile news reports and critical articles that never cease to develop the topic of Berezovsky's tasks and goals, political assassinations, the involvement of Russian special services in the deaths of British subjects, intelligence the activities of the British special services on the territory of the Russian Federation, etc., the possibility of effective cooperation decreases, the number of bilateral projects decreases.

Legal acts: In 1997 the RF Ratified the Convention for the avoidance of double taxation with the Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. From this moment, tax obligations fulfilled in one city are recognized as fulfilled in the other.

Interesting Facts

• There is no written constitution in Great Britain.
• The House of Commons is the only place in Britain where the Queen of England cannot enter, as she is not a member of the House.
• In Great Britain, traditionally, the Prime Minister holds the position of First Lord of the Treasury, and the Queen is the First Lord of the Admiralty.

There are not so many manufacturers of watch movements in the world. Basically, most watch brands use other people's movements, such as ETA, Selita, Miyota, SEA-GULL and others. Now the famous British watch brand Christopher Ward has entered the ranks of watch manufacturers with its new automatic movement SH21.

The caliber has a huge five-day (120-hour) power reserve and was built with

the fact that over time it can carry the GMT modules, chronograph, power reserve and, possibly, "jumping hour".

The mechanism architecture is based on the principles of the Baukastensystem, a modular approach that takes its name from the German word for building blocks. In simple terms, 164 pieces of the new mechanism are assembled into blocks, which are then connected together. 28,800 vibrations per hour.

The mechanism is well crafted. The mechanism does not use blued screws, instead of them steel smooth polished ones are installed. The watchmakers decided that steel is in the English style, as opposed to bluing, and creates a uniform design of the movement.

This movement was created by the watchmaker Johannes Jahnke. The one that created the movement in the C900 WORLDTIMER for Christopher Ward, the Harrison Single Pusher Chronograph.

The partner in watchmaking is the young Swiss movement manufacturer Synergies Horologères, founded by Jörg Bader seven years ago. At the moment, the two companies are ready to merge to create a joint venture for the production of mechanisms. Considering that the Swatch Group continues the process of reducing the supply of ETA mechanisms, there is a very attractive market for the sale of mechanisms for the new enterprise. Thus, the movement is practically in-house: it is Christopher Ward's own development, it was developed and assembled in premises belonging to the same brand, whose name is not indicated on the dial. The name of the SH21 caliber also testifies to the presence of a production partner. It is an abbreviation for Synergies Horologères and the number 21, which stands for the 21st century.

Christopher Ward (founder of the brand) said about this movement: “The launch of our first movement is perhaps the most important event for the British watchmaking industry over the past 50 years, an excellent culmination of the ten-year existence of the Christopher Ward brand.”

On the basis of the new caliber, the C9 HARRISON 5 DAY AUTOMATIC watch is already being produced. It is a COSC certified chronometer, date at 3 o'clock, 31 jewels, tungsten rotor with ball bearings, stop-second function. Sunburst metal dial with nickel-plated indexes and hands. The watch is produced with dials of three colors: white, blue, gray. Diameter 43 mm. The thickness of the watch is 13.45 mm. 316L steel body. Gorgeous sapphire crystal with AR08 anti-reflective coating (I don't know what it is, but it's probably very cool). The back cover is also transparent and sapphire. Premium Louisiana crocodile strap. On the strap there is a new, revolutionary BADER clasp. This clasp, in contrast to the butterfly clasp, does not consist of three parts connected by hinges, but only two and therefore it is easier to close it. Water resistance: 5 ATM / 50 meters. MSRP excluding VAT £ 1200.

Introduction

Over the centuries and millennia, since the time when Homo sapiens appeared, tools for hunting and labor were created, dwellings were built and experience, knowledge and skills were accumulated, which were passed on from generation to generation.

Inventors all over the world have created many useful devices for humanity, making life more comfortable and more varied. Progress does not stand still, and if a few centuries ago there were not enough technical capabilities to implement all ideas, today it is much easier to bring ideas to life. Society has learned to "fly", drive, telecommunications systems have appeared that make it possible to see and talk at a distance. From spaceships to eyeglasses, air conditioning to the Internet, inventions of recent centuries have completely changed our lives and our world. We cannot imagine our life today without electricity and household electrical appliances such as microwave ovens, toasters, washing machines, dishwashers, vacuum cleaners, irons and more. Our world is impossible without modern types of transport: cars, trains, ships or planes. Many brilliant discoveries have saved more than one life.

Studying English, I wanted to know how the British influenced modern life, what contribution they made to the development of mankind.

Purpose of work: Explore the achievements of the British in science and technology in more detail.

To reveal the purpose of the study, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

1. Explore the achievements of the British in more detail.

2. Find out the years of inventions

3. To classify the most famous inventions

4. Make conclusions about the knowledge gained

The subject of research are the achievements of the British in science and technology.

When writing this work, the following were used methods:

1. Study of sources in search of information on this topic.

2. Generalization and synthesis of the material.

3. Analysis of the information received.

Significance of this work is the knowledge of science and inventions, the identification of students' knowledge.

British inventions that changed the world.

The most famous British inventions.

Great Britain has provided the world with many influential scientists, mathematicians and inventors. And with such people come grandiose ideas, theories and inventions, some of them changed the world.

Elastic bandage... On March 17, 1845, English entrepreneur and inventor Stephen Perry patented an elastic bandage.
Perry watched the workers on the rubber plantation: at the end of the day, they wrapped strips of rubber around their hands, which gave their hands a chance to rest. This inspired Perry to invent a special bandage.
Images of the first elastic bandages have not survived, but it is obvious that these products at all times looked approximately the same. Perry was selling 1 yard (91 cm) of elastic bandage for about 5-7 modern dollars.

Stapler... The world's first stapler was handmade. It was made in the 18th century, and not in Great Britain, but in France, especially for the office of King Louis XV. Each bracket was marked with the insignia of the royal court. However, such luxury staplers could not be produced in sufficient quantities.
In the 19th century, paper began to be used in huge quantities and this led to the search for a simple and effective device for connecting sheets of paper. In this regard, George McGill in 1866 invented a device for stapling sheets. This device was subsequently transformed into a modern staple bracket, and in 1997 the inventor Christian Berger modernized the stapler into its current familiar guise for everyone.

Locomotive. The steam locomotive, that is, a steam carriage rolling on rails, was invented by the outstanding English engineer Richard Trevithick. Trevithick rose to fame by the end of the 18th century after he created light but powerful steam boilers. These boilers became the engine of the steam locomotive.
In one of the earliest public demonstrations, a locomotive successfully transported 10 tons of iron, 5 wagons and 70 men over a distance of 15 km in 4 hours 5 minutes. Trevithick continued to work on steam locomotives until his death in April 1833.
In the 10s and 20s of the 19th century, Georg Stephenson made a significant contribution to this important matter, proposing several successful designs of steam locomotives. He also convinced the mine owners to build the first railroad from Darlington to Stockton.
Thanks to the steam locomotive, railway transport appeared in the world. Steam locomotives have played a huge role in the economic recovery of a number of countries. Only by the middle of the 20th century, the steam locomotive gave way to more advanced locomotives - diesel and electric locomotives.

Telephone. Believes that the telephone was invented by the British scientist Alexander Bell and patented in 1876. The phone is capable of transmitting sound over a long distance. The earliest telephones were mechanical devices with a direct acoustic path. Their principle of operation was based on the propagation of sound vibrations in continuous media, such as air, in contrast to modern electrical devices that use electromagnetic signals.
Alexander Bell was well versed in acoustics and was a connoisseur of oratory, so he knew that sound propagates thanks to compressions and dilutions of air. A special device (horn) must collect the sound and send it to the sensitive element - to the membrane. Bell made light and thin membrane plates, the vibrations of which, under the influence of the sounds of human speech, were visible to the naked eye.
Bell's tube served in turn to transmit and receive human speech. Bell's phone did not ring, but it was later invented by Bell's colleague T. Watson (1878). The subscriber was called through the tube using a whistle, while the range of this line did not exceed 500 meters.

There are also many scientists among the British.

Antibiotics Bacteriologist Alexander Fleming invented penicillin by accident. His laboratory was so dirty that after leaving for his family and returning a month later, he found mold fungi on one of the plates with staphylococci. And all the staphylococcus colonies present on the plate were destroyed. Thus, Fleming isolated a substance that helped save many people from scarlet fever, pneumonia, meningitis and diphtheria.

Nuclear physics. Ernest Rutherford is called the father of nuclear physics. He formulated the planetary model of the atom, discovered alpha and beta radiation, the short-lived isotope of radon, and many isotopes. It was he who also explained the radioactivity of thorium on the basis of the properties of radon, discovered and explained the radioactive transformation of chemical elements, created the theory of radioactive decay, split the nitrogen atom, and discovered the proton. Proved that the alpha particle is a helium nucleus.

The law of universal gravitation. Surely even before Isaac Newton, people wondered why all objects fall to the ground. Kepler and Descartes even tried to formulate their laws, Actually, Newton in the book Mathematical principles of natural philosophy in 1687 referred to Kepler's empirical laws. But Newton's theory, in contrast to the hypotheses of its predecessors, had a number of significant differences. The mathematician published not just a supposed formula for the law of universal gravitation, but actually proposed a complete mathematical model.

Internet. The founder of the modern Internet is called the Briton Tim Berners-Lee, who invented such protocols as URL, HTTP, HTML. It is thanks to him that we can communicate on the Internet, and this article was written using the HTML language.

TV. In 1926, Scottish inventor John Loughie Byrd demonstrated a mechanical television. The picture had 30 vertical lines. The image changed due to the revolutions of a special disk. The speed is 5 frames per second instead of 24 common nowadays. Today Byrd's TV, perhaps, causes irony in someone. But then it was a real breakthrough. Scientists have been trying to create something similar since the advent of radio. However, before Byrd, no one succeeded.

Classification of inventions.
All inventions can be classified into the following subgroups: "objects of everyday life" and "achievements in science"

Inventions made life easier for us, allowed us to travel long distances.
Science has made it possible to better understand the laws of physics.

For many people, Great Britain and England are consonant concepts, synonyms that are used to name the same state. But in fact, everything is not so simple, and there are serious differences between them, which we will talk about later in the article.

What is UK

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the full name of an independent island nation located in the northwest of Europe and occupying the largest territory in it.

Great Britain was founded in 1801. It includes such territorial units (the so-called "historical provinces"), such as northern Scotland, the Principality of Wales, and have sufficient autonomy and their own parliaments.

England is also one of the "provinces" of Great Britain (by the way, the largest in the country). Around it, in fact, the formation of a modern state took place from the very beginning. But, unlike other parts of the kingdom, it does not have its own legislative and executive powers, and their role is played by the national parliament of Great Britain.

In addition to the named territories, the United Kingdom owns three more Crown Lands - Jersey, Maine and Guernsey, as well as fourteen overseas territories, which include, for example, Gibraltar, Bermuda, Falklands, etc.

England Country Information

Despite the large number of dependent lands, England, we repeat, is the historical core of the United Kingdom, and its population is 84% ​​of all inhabitants of Great Britain.

Here the English language was "born", and from here the formation of a powerful state began. The beginning of this was laid by the Angles and Saxons, who at the beginning of the ninth century conquered this territory, displacing the Britons who inhabited it. In 825, King Egbert of Wessex united most of the small kingdoms into one, giving him the name England (this translates as "Land of the Angles").

But when in 1707 Scotland became part of the state, and the United Kingdom was formed, it was decided to call it Great Britain, so as not to infringe on anyone's pride. After all, a name, for example, Great England (Great England) would be absolutely unacceptable for the Scots.

Some features of the government of Great Britain

That the meaning of the word "England" in our minds is closely intertwined with the meaning of the word "Great Britain", and even some explanatory dictionaries cite these names as synonymous, a cultured person should still understand what is their internal difference.

Of course, the role of England for the whole state can hardly be overestimated. After all, it is her legal, legal and constitutional innovations that have been adopted by many states of the world. And it was this part of the United Kingdom that became the cradle of the Industrial Revolution, making Britain the world's first industrialized country.

In general, the United Kingdom has a rather complex state structure, which, nevertheless, does not prevent it from being an example in maintaining democratic relations within the country.

Interestingly, there is no single constitution in the UK. It is to some extent replaced by a set of acts of a different nature, common law norms, which include many judicial precedents, and some constitutional customs. The most important of them include (signed back in 1215), as well as the Act of Succession.

Why England does not have its own parliament

Due to the fact that England is the only constituent part of Great Britain that does not have its own parliament and government, a movement has formed in the country to support its creation. After all, if decisions concerning only Scotland can be made by the Scottish legislatures, then decisions regarding England are made by Welsh, Scottish and Northern Irish deputies who are members of the national parliament.

But in response to this, representatives argue that if the largest part of the UK gets independent government, this will lead to the fact that the remaining small territories will dramatically lose their importance, and this, in turn, could lead to the collapse of the Kingdom.

Once again on the differences between England and Great Britain

We hope the article helped to finally understand how England differs from Great Britain. And in order to finally systematize the information, let us once again recall their main differences:

• Great Britain is an independent state, which includes England as an administrative unit;
• England has no foreign policy relations, and Great Britain is an indispensable member of international organizations (UN, NATO, European Union, OSCE, etc.) and “arbiter of destinies” for countries dependent on it;
• England does not have its own currency, armed forces and parliament;
• the territory of England is only a small part of the whole of Great Britain.