Merits of Russian scientists. The most famous physicists and their contributions to science
The presentation of the Nobel Prize is one of the main scientific events of the year. This prize is one of the most prestigious awards, which has been awarded since 1901 for outstanding scientific research, revolutionary inventions, major contributions to culture or the development of society. The prize was awarded to citizens of Russia and the USSR 16 times, and 23 times people who lived in other countries, but had Russian roots, became laureates of the prize. Our author's selection of Russian laureates in the field of medicine, physics and chemistry allows you to trace several time periods at the same time, at the turn of which the prize was awarded, and you can also get acquainted with the contribution to science made by these outstanding scientists.
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1904 - medicine).
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov built his entire scientific career in St. Petersburg. Having entered the law (!) Faculty of St. Petersburg State University after the seminary, he transferred to the faculty of natural sciences after 17 days and began to specialize in animal physiology.
During his scientific career, Pavlov, in fact, created the modern physiology of digestion. And in 1904, at the age of 55, I.P. Pavlov was awarded the Nobel Prize for the study of the digestive glands. Thus, Pavlov became the first Nobel laureate from Russia.
Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov (1908 - medicine)
Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov, following in the footsteps of his great predecessors, studied microbiology. He discovered fungi that cause insect diseases and developed a theory of immunity. His scientific works touched upon the most terrible diseases of that time, spreading in the form of epidemics - cholera, typhus, tuberculosis, plague ... For his discoveries in the field of immunity, Mechnikov was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1908.
The sharp rise in life expectancy in the 20th century was driven mainly by the victory over infectious diseases, which were responsible for about 50% of deaths in the 19th century. And the works of Mechnikov played an important role in this.
Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov paid much attention to aging issues. He believed that a person grows old and dies very early due to the constant struggle with microbes. To increase life expectancy, he proposed a number of measures - sterilize food, limit meat consumption and consume fermented milk products.
Nikolay Nikolaevich Semenov (1956 - chemistry)
As a scientist, Semenov was engaged in the theory of "chain reaction", explosions and combustion. It turned out that these processes closely link physics and chemistry. Thus, N.N. Semenov became one of the founders of chemical physics. His research was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1956.
Nikolai Semenov preferred to focus on one task until the result was obtained. Therefore, he published a very small number of scientific papers. And if we use modern methods of assessing scientific achievements, which are based on the number of articles in scientific journals, Semenov would become the worst employee of the Institute of Chemical Physics for the entire time of its existence.
Lev Davidovich Landau (1962 - physics)
In the course of his scientific work, Lev Davidovich Landau had a chance to communicate with such pillars of modern physics as Albert Einstein, Paul Dirac, Werner Heisenberg, Niels Bohr, and already at the age of 19, Landau makes a fundamental contribution to quantum theory. His concept of "Density Matrix" became the basis of quantum statistics.
Landau is considered a legend in the world of physics. He contributed to almost all branches of modern physics: quantum mechanics, magnetism, superconductivity, astrophysics, atomic physics, the theory of chemical reactions, etc. Landau is also the author of the theoretical physics training course, which has been translated into 20 languages and continues to be reprinted in the 21st century (the last edition in Russian was published in 2007).
Werner Heisenberg nominated Landau for the Nobel Prize three times - in 1959, 1960 and 1962. And finally, his efforts were rewarded, and Landau's work was appreciated. For his studies of liquid helium, Lev Davidovich Landau in 1962 became a Nobel Laureate.
Lev Landau also developed the "theory of happiness." He believed that every person must be happy, and for this you need to have a favorite job, family and close friends.
Nikolay Gennadievich Basov (1964 - physics)
On the basis of new fundamental physical principles, discoveries, new laws and inventions poured from a cornucopia.
Nikolai Gennadievich Basov specialized in quantum electronics. His research first proved the theoretical possibility of creating a laser, and then made it possible to create the world's first maser (differs from a laser in that it uses microwaves rather than light beams).
It was for "fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which led to the creation of generators and amplifiers based on the laser-maser principle" Basov was awarded the Nobel Prize in physics in 1964.
Until the end of his life, Basov continued to work in the chosen field. He designed several types of lasers that are still used today in various fields, and also investigated various fields of application of lasers, for example, in optics, chemistry, medicine.
Petr Leonidovich Kapitsa (1978 - physics)
Kapitsa's scientific specialization was magnetism. The scientist's contribution to science is highly appreciated, his name is given to: "Kapitsa's law", linking the electrical resistance of metals and the voltage of the magnetic field; “Kapitsa's pendulum” is a phenomenon of stable disequilibrium; the quantum-mechanical Kapitza-Dirac effect is also known.
Together with Landau, Kapitsa studied liquid helium and discovered its superfluidity. The theoretical model was built by Landau, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize. But Peter Leonidovich had to wait for the recognition of his merits. Niels Bohr recommended Kapitsa to the Nobel Committee back in 1948, then repeated the recommendations in 1956 and 1960. But the award found its hero only 18 years later, and only in 1978 did Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa finally become a Nobel laureate - the last in the history of the Soviet Union.
Zhores Ivanovich Alferov (2000 - physics)
The scientific career of the scientist took place in Leningrad (St. Petersburg). Alferov entered the Leningrad Electrotechnical Institute (LETI) without exams. After graduation, he began to work at the A.F. Yoffe, where he took part in the development of the first domestic transistors.
Alferov's greatest scientific achievements are associated with electronics and nanotechnology. In 2000, his developments in the field of semiconductors and microelectronic components were awarded the Nobel Prize.
Alferov is the permanent dean of the Faculty of Physics and Technology of St. Petersburg State University, the founding rector of the Academic University of the Russian Academy of Sciences, scientific director of the innovation center in Skolkovo.
Alferov is also involved in state policy, since 1995, being a deputy of the State Duma of the Russian Federation, where he defends the interests of the scientific community, in particular, opposing the recent reforms of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
Aristotle (384-322 BC)
Aristotle is an outstanding ancient Greek scientist encyclopedist, philosopher and logician, the founder of classical (formal) logic. Considered one of the greatest geniuses in history and the most influential philosopher of antiquity. He made a huge contribution to the development of logic and natural sciences, especially astronomy, physics and biology. Although many of his scientific theories were disproved, they significantly contributed to the search for new hypotheses to explain them.
Archimedes (287-212 BC)
Archimedes is a famous ancient Greek mathematician, inventor, astronomer, physicist and engineer. Generally considered the greatest mathematician of all time and one of the leading scholars of the classical period of antiquity. Among his contributions to physics are the fundamental principles of hydrostatics, statics, and an explanation of the principle of action on a lever. He is credited with inventing innovative mechanisms, including siege engines and a screw pump named after him. Archimedes also invented the spiral that bears his name, formulas for calculating the volumes of surfaces of revolution, and an original system for expressing very large numbers.
Galileo (1564-1642)
In eighth place in the ranking of the greatest scientists in the history of the world is Galileo - an Italian physicist, astronomer, mathematician and philosopher. He was called "the father of observational astronomy" and "the father of modern physics." Galileo was the first to use a telescope to observe celestial bodies. Thanks to this, he made a number of outstanding astronomical discoveries, such as the discovery of the four largest moons of Jupiter, sunspots, the rotation of the Sun, and also found that Venus changes phases. He also invented the first thermometer (without a scale) and a proportional compass.
Michael Faraday (1791-1867)
Michael Faraday is an English physicist and chemist, primarily known for the discovery of electromagnetic induction. Faraday also discovered the chemical action of current, diamagnetism, the effect of a magnetic field on light, and the laws of electrolysis. He also invented the first, albeit primitive, electric motor and the first transformer. He introduced the terms cathode, anode, ion, electrolyte, diamagnetism, dielectric, paramagnetism, etc. In 1824 he discovered the chemical elements benzene and isobutylene. Some historians consider Michael Faraday to be the best experimenter in the history of science.
Thomas Alva Edison (1847-1931)
Thomas Alva Edison is an American inventor and businessman, founder of the prestigious scientific journal Science. He is considered one of the most prolific inventors of his time with a record number of patents granted in his name - 1,093 in the United States and 1,239 in other countries. Among his inventions are the creation in 1879 of an electric incandescent lamp, a system for distributing electricity to consumers, a phonograph, improvement of the telegraph, telephone, cinema equipment, etc.
Marie Curie (1867-1934)
Maria Sklodowska-Curie is a French physicist and chemist, teacher, public figure, pioneer in the field of radiology. The only female Nobel laureate in two different fields of science - physics and chemistry. First female professor to teach at the Sorbonne University. Her achievements include the development of a theory of radioactivity, methods for separating radioactive isotopes, and the discovery of two new chemical elements, radium and polonium. Marie Curie is one of the inventors who died from their inventions.
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
Louis Pasteur is a French chemist and biologist, one of the founders of microbiology and immunology. He discovered the microbiological essence of fermentation and many human diseases. He initiated a new department of chemistry - stereochemistry. The most important achievement of Pasteur is considered to be work in bacteriology and virology, as a result of which the first vaccines against rabies and anthrax were created. His name is widely known thanks to the pasteurization technology he created and named after him. All of Pasteur's works have become a vivid example of a combination of fundamental and applied research in the field of chemistry, anatomy and physics.
Sir Isaac Newton (1643-1727)
Isaac Newton is a distinguished English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, philosopher, historian, Bible researcher and alchemist. He is the discoverer of the laws of motion. Sir Isaac Newton discovered the law of universal gravitation, laid the foundations of classical mechanics, formulated the principle of conservation of momentum, laid the foundations of modern physical optics, built the first reflector telescope and developed the theory of color, formulated the empirical law of heat transfer, built the theory of the speed of sound, proclaimed the theory of the origin of stars and many other mathematical and physical theories. Newton was also the first to describe the phenomenon of tides mathematically.
Albert Einstein (1879-1955)
The second place in the list of the greatest scientists in the history of the world is occupied by Albert Einstein - a German physicist of Jewish origin, one of the greatest theoretical physicists of the twentieth century, the creator of the general and special theory of relativity, discovered the law of the relationship between mass and energy, as well as many other significant physical theories. Winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921 for the discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect. Author of over 300 scientific papers in physics and 150 books and articles in the field of history, philosophy, journalism, etc.
Nikola Tesla (1856-1943)
17.01.2012 12.02.2018 by ☭ USSR ☭
There were many outstanding figures in our country, whom we, unfortunately, forget, not to mention the discoveries that were made by Russian scientists and inventors. The events that turned the history of Russia are also not known to everyone. I want to rectify this situation and recall the most famous Russian inventions.
1. Airplane - Mozhaisky A.F.
The talented Russian inventor Alexander Fedorovich Mozhaisky (1825-1890) was the first in the world to create a life-size aircraft capable of lifting a person into the air. As you know, people of many generations, both in Russia and in other countries, worked on the solution of this complex technical problem before A.F. Mozhaisky, they followed different paths, but none of them managed to bring the matter to practical experience with a full-scale aircraft. AF Mozhaisky found the right way to solve this problem. He studied the works of his predecessors, developed and supplemented them, using his theoretical knowledge and practical experience. Of course, he did not manage to resolve all issues, but he did, perhaps, everything that was possible at that time, despite the extremely unfavorable situation for him: limited material and technical capabilities, as well as distrust of his work on the part of the military bureaucratic apparatus tsarist Russia. Under these conditions, A.F. Mozhaisky managed to find the spiritual and physical strength in himself to complete the construction of the world's first aircraft. It was a creative feat that forever glorified our Motherland. Unfortunately, the surviving documentary materials do not allow describing AF Mozhaisky's aircraft and its tests in the necessary details.
2. Helicopter- B.N. Yuriev.
Boris Nikolaevich Yuriev is an outstanding scientist-aviator, full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, lieutenant general of the engineering and technical service. In 1911, he invented the swashplate (the main unit of a modern helicopter) - a device that made it possible to build helicopters with stability and control characteristics acceptable for safe piloting by ordinary pilots. It was Yuriev who paved the way for the development of helicopters.
3. Radio receiver- A.S. Popov.
A.S. Popov first demonstrated the operation of his device on May 7, 1895. at a meeting of the Russian Physicochemical Society in St. Petersburg. This device became the world's first radio receiver, and May 7 was the birthday of radio. And now it is celebrated annually in Russia.
4. TV - BL Rosing
On July 25, 1907, he filed an application for the invention "A method of electrical transmission of images over a distance." The beam was swept in the tube by magnetic fields, and the signal was modulated (change in brightness) with a capacitor, which could deflect the beam vertically, thereby changing the number of electrons passing to the screen through the diaphragm. On May 9, 1911, at a meeting of the Russian Technical Society, Rosing demonstrated the transmission of television images of simple geometric shapes and their reception with reproduction on a CRT screen.
5. Knapsack parachute - G.E. Kotelnikov
In 1911, a Russian military man, Kotelnikov, impressed by the death of the Russian pilot Captain L. Matsievich, which he saw at the All-Russian festival of aeronautics in 1910, invented a fundamentally new parachute RK-1. Kotelnikov's parachute was compact. Its canopy is made of silk, the slings were divided into 2 groups and attached to the shoulder straps of the harness. The canopy and the slings were placed in a wooden and later aluminum satchel. Later, in 1923, Kotelnikov proposed a parachute pack made in the form of an envelope with honeycomb for lines. In 1917, the Russian army registered 65 parachute descents, 36 for rescue and 29 voluntary.
6. Nuclear power plant.
Launched on June 27, 1954 in Obninsk (then the village of Obninskoye, Kaluga region). It was equipped with one reactor AM-1 ("peaceful atom") with a capacity of 5 MW.
The Obninsk NPP reactor, in addition to generating energy, served as a base for experimental research. At present, the Obninsk NPP has been decommissioned. Its reactor was shut down on April 29, 2002 for economic reasons.
7. Periodic table of chemical elements- Mendeleev D.I.
The periodic table of chemical elements (periodic table) is a classification of chemical elements that establishes the dependence of various properties of elements on the charge of the atomic nucleus. The system is a graphic expression of the periodic law established by the Russian chemist D.I.Mendeleev in 1869. Its initial version was developed by D.I.Mendeleev in 1869-1871 and established the dependence of the properties of elements on their atomic weight (in modern terms, on atomic mass).
8. Laser
Prototype laser masers were made in 1953-1954. N. G. Basov and A. M. Prokhorov, as well as independently from them by the American C. Townes and his collaborators. Unlike quantum generators Basov and Prokhorov, who found a way out in using more than two energy levels, Townes' maser could not operate in a constant mode. In 1964, Basov, Prokhorov and Townes received the Nobel Prize in Physics "For his fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which made it possible to create oscillators and amplifiers based on the principle of a maser and a laser."
9. Bodybuilding
Russian athlete Evgenia Sandov, the title of his book "bodybuilding" - bodybuilding was literally translated into English. language.
10. Hydrogen bomb- Sakharov A.D.
Andrey Dmitrievich Sakharov(May 21, 1921, Moscow - December 14, 1989, Moscow) - Soviet physicist, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences and politician, dissident and human rights activist, one of the creators of the first Soviet hydrogen bomb. 1975 Nobel Peace Prize Laureate.
11. The first artificial satellite of the earth, the first cosmonaut, etc.
12. Plaster - N.I. Pirogov 
For the first time in the history of world medicine, Pirogov used a plaster cast, which made it possible to speed up the healing process of fractures and saved many soldiers and officers from ugly curvature of the limbs. During the siege of Sevastopol, to care for the wounded, Pirogov took advantage of the help of the sisters of mercy, some of whom came to the front from St. Petersburg. This was also an innovation for those times.
13. Military medicine
Pirogov invented the phasing of military medical service, as well as methods for studying human anatomy. In particular, he is the founder of topographic anatomy.
Antarctica was discovered on January 16 (28), 1820 by a Russian expedition led by Thaddeus Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev, who on the sloops Vostok and Mirny approached it at 69 ° 21? NS. NS. 2 ° 14? h. (G) (area of the modern Bellingshausen ice shelf).
15. Immunity
Having discovered in 1882 the phenomenon of phagocytosis (which he reported in 1883 at the 7th Congress of Russian naturalists and doctors in Odessa), he developed on their basis the comparative pathology of inflammation (1892), and later - the phagocytic theory of immunity ("Immunity in infectious diseases" , 1901 - Nobel Prize, 1908, together with P. Ehrlich).
The basic cosmological model, in which the consideration of the evolution of the Universe begins with the state of a dense hot plasma, consisting of protons, electrons and photons. For the first time, the model of a hot universe was considered in 1947 by Georgy Gamov. The origin of elementary particles in the hot universe model since the late 1970s has been described using spontaneous symmetry breaking. Many of the shortcomings of the hot universe model were resolved in the 1980s as a result of the theory of inflation.
The most famous computer game, invented by Alexey Pajitnov in 1985.
18. The first machine gun - V.G. Fedorov
An automatic carbine designed for hand-held bursting. V.G. Fedorov. Abroad, this type of weapon is called "assault rifle". 
1913 - a prototype for a special intermediate in power cartridge (between pistol and rifle).
1916 - put into service (under a Japanese rifle cartridge) and first combat use (Romanian Front).
19. Incandescent lamp- lamp Lodygin A.N.
The light bulb doesn't have a single inventor. The history of the light bulb is a chain of discoveries made by different people at different times. However, Lodygin's merits in creating incandescent lamps are especially great. Lodygin was the first to propose to use tungsten filaments in lamps (in modern electric bulbs, the filaments are made of tungsten) and to twist the filament in the form of a spiral. Lodygin was also the first to pump air out of the lamps, thereby increasing their service life many times over. Another invention of Lodygin, aimed at increasing the service life of the lamps, was filling them with an inert gas. 
20. Diving apparatus
In 1871, Lodygin created a project for an autonomous diving spacesuit using a gas mixture consisting of oxygen and hydrogen. Oxygen was to be produced from water by electrolysis.
21. Induction oven
The first tracked propeller (without a mechanical drive) was proposed in 1837 by Staff Captain D. Zagryazhsky. Its caterpillar propeller was built on two wheels encircled by an iron chain. And in 1879 the Russian inventor F.Blinov received a patent for a "caterpillar track" he created for a tractor. He called it "a locomotive for dirt roads"
23. Cable telegraph line 
The line Petersburg-Tsarskoe Selo was built in the 40s. XIX century and had a length of 25 km. (B. Jacobi)
24. Synthetic rubber from petroleum- B. Byzov
25. Optical sight
"A mathematical tool with a perspective telescope, with accessories and a spirit level for quick guidance from the battery or from the ground at the indicated location to the target horizontally and along the oleation." Andrey Konstantinovich NARTOV (1693-1756).
In 1801, the Ural craftsman Artamonov solved the problem of lightening the weight of the cart by reducing the number of wheels from four to two. Thus, Artamonov created the world's first pedal scooter, the prototype of the future bicycle.
27. Electric welding
The method of electric welding of metals was invented and first applied in 1882 by the Russian inventor Nikolai Nikolaevich Benardos (1842 - 1905). He called the "stitching" of the metal with an electric seam "electrohephaestus".
The world's first personal computer
was invented not by the American company Apple Computers and not in 1975, but in the USSR in 1968 
year Soviet designer from Omsk Arseny Anatolyevich Gorokhov (born 1935). Inventor's certificate No. 383005 describes in detail the "programming device", as the inventor called it at the time. No money was given for an industrial design. The inventor was asked to wait a bit. He waited until the domestic "bicycle" was once again invented abroad.
29. Digital technologies.
- the father of all digital technologies in data transmission.
30. Electric motor- B. Jacobi.
31. Electric car
I. Romanov's two-seater electric car, model 1899, changed the speed of movement in nine gradations - from 1.6 km per hour to a maximum of 37.4 km per hour
32. Bomber 
Four-engine aircraft "Russian Knight" I. Sikorsky.
33. Kalashnikov assault rifle
A symbol of freedom and the fight against oppressors.
Russian science is not only one of the greatest in the world, it is also a source of personnel for other countries. There is even such a term “Russian science” in the world, although many of the scientists who are called that have not lived in Russia for a long time, but studied here.
1. P.N. Yablochkov and A.N. Lodygin is the world's first electric light bulb
2. A.S. Popov - radio
3.V.K. Zvorykin (the world's first electron microscope, television and television broadcasting)
4. A.F. Mozhaisky - the inventor of the world's first airplane
5. I.I. Sikorsky - a great aircraft designer, created the world's first helicopter, the world's first bomber
6. A.M. Ponyatov - the world's first video recorder
7.S.P. Korolev - the world's first ballistic missile, spacecraft, the first Earth satellite
8. A.M. Prokhorov and N.G. Basov - the world's first quantum generator - maser
9.S. V. Kovalevskaya (the world's first woman professor)
10.S.M. Prokudin-Gorsky - the world's first color photography
11. A.A. Alekseev - creator of the needle screen
12. F.A. Pirotsky - the world's first electric tram
13.F.A.Blinov - the world's first tracked tractor
14. V.A. Starevich - three-dimensional animated film
15. E.M. Artamonov - invented the world's first bicycle with pedals, a steering wheel, a turning wheel
16.O.V. Losev is the world's first amplifying and generating semiconductor device
17. V.P. Mutilin - the world's first mounted construction harvester
18.A.R. Vlasenko - the world's first grain harvester
19. V.P. Demikhov - the first in the world to carry out a lung transplant and the first to create a model of an artificial heart
20. A. P. Vinogradov - created a new direction in science - the geochemistry of isotopes
21. I.I. Polzunov - the world's first heat engine
22. G. E. Kotelnikov - the first knapsack rescue parachute
23. I.V. Kurchatov is the world's first nuclear power plant (Obninsk), also under his leadership, the world's first 400 kt hydrogen bomb was developed, detonated on August 12, 1953. It was the Kurchatov team that developed the RDS-202 thermonuclear bomb (Tsar Bomba) with a record yield of 52,000 kilotons.
24. M.O.Dolivo-Dobrovolsky - invented a three-phase current system, built a three-phase transformer, which put an end to the dispute between the supporters of direct (Edison) and alternating current
25. V.P. Vologdin - the world's first high-voltage mercury rectifier with a liquid cathode, developed induction furnaces for the use of high-frequency currents in industry
26. S.O. Kostovich - created the world's first gasoline engine in 1879
27. V.P. Glushko - the world's first electric / thermal rocket engine
28. V. V. Petrov - discovered the phenomenon of arc discharge
29. N. G. Slavyanov - electric arc welding
30.I.F. Aleksandrovsky - invented the stereo camera
31.D.P. Grigorovich - the creator of the seaplane
32. V.G. Fedorov - the world's first machine gun
33. A.K. Nartov - built the world's first lathe with a movable slide
34. MV Lomonosov - for the first time in science formulated the principle of conservation of matter and motion, for the first time in the world began to read a course in physical chemistry, for the first time discovered the existence of an atmosphere on Venus
35. I.P. Kulibin - mechanic, developed the project of the world's first wooden arched single-span bridge, inventor of the searchlight
36. VV Petrov - physicist, developed the world's largest galvanic battery; opened an electric arc
37. P.I. Prokopovich - for the first time in the world invented a frame hive, in which he used a shop with frames
38. NI Lobachevsky - Mathematician, creator of "non-Euclidean geometry"
39. D.A. Zagryazhsky - invented the caterpillar track
40.BO Jacobi - invented electroplating and the world's first electric motor with direct rotation of the working shaft
41. P.P. Anosov - metallurgist, revealed the secret of making ancient bulat
42. DI Zhuravsky - first developed the theory of calculations of bridge trusses, which is currently used all over the world
43. NI Pirogov - for the first time in the world compiled the atlas "Topographic Anatomy", which has no analogues, invented anesthesia, plaster cast and much more
44. I.R. Hermann - compiled a summary of uranium minerals for the first time in the world
45. A.M. Butlerov - for the first time formulated the main provisions of the theory of the structure of organic compounds
46. IM Sechenov - the creator of evolutionary and other schools of physiology, published his main work "Reflexes of the brain"
47.DI Mendeleev - discovered the periodic law of chemical elements, the creator of the table of the same name
48. M.A. Novinsky - veterinarian, laid the foundations of experimental oncology
49. G.G. Ignatiev - for the first time in the world developed a system of simultaneous telephony and telegraphy over one cable
50. K.S. Dzhevetsky - built the world's first submarine with an electric motor
51. N. I. Kibalchich - for the first time in the world developed a scheme of a rocket flying vehicle
52.N.N.Benardos - invented electric welding
53. V.V. Dokuchaev - laid the foundations of genetic soil science
54. V.I.Sreznevsky - Engineer, invented the world's first aerial camera
55. A.G. Stoletov - physicist, for the first time in the world created a photocell based on an external photoelectric effect
56. P.D. Kuzminsky - built the world's first gas turbine of radial action
57. I.V. Boldyrev - the first flexible light-sensitive non-combustible film, formed the basis for the creation of cinematography
58. I.A.Timchenko - developed the world's first movie camera
59. S.M. Apostolov-Berdichevsky and M.F. Freudenberg - created the world's first automatic telephone exchange
60. ND Pilchikov - physicist, for the first time in the world created and successfully demonstrated a wireless control system
61. V.A. Gassiev - engineer, built the world's first phototypesetting machine
62. K.E. Tsiolkovsky - the founder of cosmonautics
63. P.N. Lebedev - physicist, for the first time in science experimentally proved the existence of light pressure on solids
64. I.P. Pavlov - the creator of the science of higher nervous activity
65. V.I. Vernadsky - natural scientist, founder of many scientific schools
66. A. N. Scriabin - composer, was the first in the world to use light effects in the symphonic poem "Prometheus"
67. N.E. Zhukovsky - the creator of aerodynamics
68. S.V. Lebedev - first received artificial rubber
69. GA Tikhov - an astronomer, for the first time in the world established that the Earth, when observing it from space, should have a blue color. Later, as you know, this was confirmed when filming our planet from space.
70. ND Zelinsky - developed the world's first highly effective coal gas mask
71. N.P. Dubinin - geneticist, discovered gene divisibility
72. M.A. Kapelyushnikov - invented the turbodrill in 1922
73. E.K. Zavoisky discovered electric paramagnetic resonance
74. N.I. Lunin - proved that the body of living things contains vitamins
75. N.P. Wagner - discovered the pedogenesis of insects
76. Svyatoslav Fedorov - the first in the world performed an operation to treat glaucoma
77. S.S. Yudin - first used blood transfusion of suddenly dead people in the clinic
78. A.V. Shubnikov - predicted the existence and was the first to create piezoelectric textures
79. L.V. Shubnikov - the Shubnikov-de Haas effect (magnetic properties of superconductors)
80. N. A. Izgaryshev - discovered the phenomenon of the passivity of metals in non-aqueous electrolytes
81. P.P. Lazarev - the creator of the ionic theory of excitation
82. P.A. Molchanov - meteorologist, created the world's first radiosonde
83. N. A. Umov - physicist, the equation of motion of energy, the concept of the flow of energy; by the way, he was the first to explain practically and without ether the delusions of the theory of relativity
84. E.S. Fedorov - the founder of crystallography
85. G. S. Petrov - chemist, the world's first synthetic detergent
86. V.F. Petrushevsky - scientist and general, invented a rangefinder for gunners
87. I.I. Orlov - invented a method of making woven credit notes and a method of one-pass multiple printing (Oryol printing)
88. Mikhail Ostrogradskiy - mathematician, O. formula (multiple integral)
89. P.L. Chebyshev - mathematician, Ch. Polynomials (orthogonal system of functions), parallelogram
90. P.A. Cherenkov - physicist, radiation Ch. (New optical effect), counter Ch. (Detector of nuclear radiation in nuclear physics)
91.D.K. Chernov - points of Ch. (Critical points of phase transformations of steel)
92. V.I. Kalashnikov is not the same Kalashnikov, but another who was the first in the world to equip river vessels with a steam engine with multiple steam expansion
93. A.V. Kirsanov - organic chemist, reaction K. (phosphorescence)
94. A.M. Lyapunov - mathematician, created the theory of stability, equilibrium and motion of mechanical systems with a finite number of parameters, as well as L.'s theorem (one of the limit theorems of the theory of probability)
95.Dmitry Konovalov - chemist, Konovalov's laws (elasticity of parasolutions)
96 S.N. Reformed - organic chemist, Reformed reaction
97. V.A.Semennikov - metallurgist, was the first in the world to carry out semelessization of copper matte and obtained blister copper
98. I.R. Prigogine - physicist, P.'s theorem (thermodynamics of nonequilibrium processes)
99. M.M. Protodyakonov - a scientist who developed the generally accepted scale of the fortress of rocks in the world
100. M.F. Shostakovsky - organic chemist, balm Sh. (Vinylin)
101. M.S. Color - color method (chromatography of plant pigments)
102. A.N. Tupolev - designed the world's first jet airliner and the first supersonic airliner
103. A.S. Famintsyn, a plant physiologist, was the first to develop a method for carrying out photosynthetic processes under artificial lighting
104.B.S. Stechkin - created two great theories - thermal calculation of aircraft engines and air-jet engines
105. A.I. Leipunsky - physicist, discovered the phenomenon of energy transfer by excited atoms and
molecules free electrons in collisions
106.D.D. Maksutov - optician, M. telescope (meniscus system of optical instruments)
107. N. A. Menshutkin - chemist, discovered the effect of a solvent on the rate of a chemical reaction
108. I.I. Mechnikov - the founders of evolutionary embryology
109 S.N. Vinogradsky - discovered chemosynthesis
110. V.S. Pyatov - a metallurgist, invented a method for the production of armor plates by the rolling method
111. A.I. Bakhmutsky - invented the world's first coal harvester (for coal mining)
112. A.N. Belozersky - discovered DNA in higher plants
113. S.S. Bryukhonenko - physiologist, created the first heart-lung machine in the world (auto-light)
114. G.P. Georgiev - biochemist, discovered RNA in the nuclei of animal cells
115. E. A. Murzin - invented the world's first optoelectronic synthesizer "ANS"
116. P.M. Golubitsky - Russian inventor in the field of telephony
117. V. F. Mitkevich - for the first time in the world proposed to use a three-phase arc for welding metals
118. L.N. Gobyato - Colonel, the world's first mortar was invented in Russia in 1904
119. V.G. Shukhov is an inventor who was the first in the world to use steel mesh shells for the construction of buildings and towers
120. I.F.Kruzenshtern and Yu.F. Lisyansky - made the first Russian round-the-world trip, studied the islands of the Pacific Ocean, described the life of Kamchatka and Fr. Sakhalin
121.F.F.Bellingshausen and M.P. Lazarev - discovered Antarctica
122. The world's first icebreaker of a modern type - the steamer of the Russian fleet "Pilot" (1864), the first Arctic icebreaker - "Ermak", built in 1899 under the leadership of S.O. Makarov.
123. V.N. chev - the founder of biogeocenology, one of the founders of the doctrine of phytocenosis, its structure, classification, dynamics, relationships with the environment and its animal population
124. Alexander Nesmeyanov, Alexander Arbuzov, Grigory Razuvaev - creation of chemistry of organoelement compounds.
125. V.I. Levkov - under his leadership, hovercraft were created for the first time in the world
126. G.N. Babakin - Russian designer, creator of Soviet lunar rovers
127. P.N. Nesterov - was the first in the world to perform a closed curve in a vertical plane on an airplane, a "loop", later called "Nesterov's loop"
128.B.B. Golitsyn - became the founder of the new science of seismology
Until the 19th century, the concept of "biology" did not exist, and those who studied nature were called natural scientists, naturalists. Now these scientists are called the founders of biological sciences. Let us recall who the domestic biologists were (and we will briefly describe their discoveries) who influenced the development of biology as a science and laid the foundation for its new directions.
Vavilov N.I. (1887-1943)
Our biologists and their discoveries are known all over the world. Among the most famous are Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov, a Soviet botanist, geographer, breeder, and geneticist. Born into a merchant family, he was educated at an agricultural institute. For twenty years, he led scientific expeditions studying the flora. He traveled almost the entire globe, with the exception of Australia and Antarctica. Collected a unique collection of seeds of various plants.
During his expeditions, the scientist identified the centers of origin of cultivated plants. He suggested that there are some centers of their origin. He made a huge contribution to the study of plant immunity and revealed that it was possible to establish patterns in the evolution of the plant world. In 1940, the botanist was arrested on trumped-up embezzlement charges. He died in prison, posthumously rehabilitated.
Kovalevsky A.O. (1840-1901)
Domestic biologists occupy a worthy place among the pioneers. And their discoveries influenced the development of world science. World renowned invertebrate researchers include Alexander Onufrievich Kovalevsky, embryologist and biologist. He was educated at St. Petersburg University. He studied marine animals, undertook expeditions to the Red, Caspian, Mediterranean and Adriatic seas. He created the Sevastopol Marine Biological Station and was its director for a long time. He made a huge contribution to the aquarium hobby.
Alexander Onufrievich studied embryology and physiology of invertebrates. He was a supporter of Darwinism and studied the mechanisms of evolution. Conducted research in the field of physiology, anatomy and histology of invertebrates. He became one of the founders of evolutionary embryology and histology.
I. I. Mechnikov (1845-1916)
Our biologists and their discoveries have been highly appreciated in the world. Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov in 1908 won the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine. Mechnikov was born into the family of an officer and received his education at Kharkov University. Discovered intracellular digestion, cellular immunity, proved with the help of embryological methods the common origin of vertebrates and invertebrates.
He worked on the issues of evolutionary and comparative embryology and, together with Kovalevsky, became the founder of this scientific direction. Mechnikov's works were of great importance in the fight against infectious diseases, typhoid, tuberculosis, cholera. The scientist was concerned with the aging process. He believed that premature death is caused by poisoning with microbial poisons and promoted hygienic methods of struggle, attributed a large role to the restoration of intestinal microflora with the help of fermented milk products. The scientist created the Russian school of immunology, microbiology, and pathology.
Pavlov I.P. (1849-1936)
What contribution to the study of higher nervous activity have been made by Russian scientists and biologists and their discoveries? The first Russian Nobel laureate in the field of medicine was Ivan Pavlov for his work on the physiology of digestion. The great Russian biologist and physiologist became the creator of the science of higher nervous activity. He introduced the concept of unconditioned and conditioned reflexes.
The scientist came from a family of clergymen and himself graduated from the Ryazan Theological Seminary. But in the last year I read a book by I.M.Sechenov about brain reflexes and became interested in biology and medicine. He studied animal physiology at St. Petersburg University. Pavlov, using surgical methods for 10 years, studied the physiology of digestion in detail and received the Nobel Prize for this research. The next area of interest was higher nervous activity, the study of which he devoted 35 years. He introduced the basic concepts of the science of behavior - conditioned and unconditioned reflexes, reinforcement.
Koltsov N.K. (1872-1940)
We continue the theme "Domestic biologists and their discoveries." Nikolai Konstantinovich Koltsov - biologist, founder of the school of experimental biology. Born into the family of an accountant. Graduated from Moscow University, where he studied comparative anatomy and embryology, collected scientific material in European laboratories. Organized a laboratory of experimental biology at the Shanyavsky National University.
He studied the biophysics of the cell, the factors that determine its shape. These works entered the science under the name "Koltsov's principle". Koltsov is one of the leaders in Russia, the organizer of the first laboratories and the Department of Experimental Biology. The scientist founded three biological stations. He became the first Russian scientist to use the physicochemical method in biological research.
Timiryazev K.A. (1843-1920)
Domestic biologists and their discoveries in the field of plant physiology have contributed to the development of the scientific foundations of agronomy. Kliment Timiryazev was a naturalist, researcher of photosynthesis and promoter of Darwin's ideas. The scientist came from a noble family, he graduated from St. Petersburg University.
Timiryazev studied plant nutrition, photosynthesis, and drought resistance. The scientist was engaged not only in pure science, but also attached great importance to the practical application of research. He was in charge of an experimental field, where he tested various fertilizers and recorded their effect on the harvest. Thanks to this research, agriculture has advanced significantly along the path of intensification.
Michurin I.V. (1855-1935)
Biological scientists of Russia and their discoveries have significantly influenced agriculture and horticulture. Ivan Vladimirovich Michurin - and a breeder. His ancestors were small-scale nobles, from whom the scientist took over his interest in gardening. Even in early childhood, he tended the garden, many of the trees in which were grafted by his father, grandfather and great-grandfather. Michurin began his breeding work on a rented, neglected estate. During the period of his activity he has bred more than 300 varieties of cultivated plants, including those adapted to the conditions of the central zone of Russia.
A.A. Tikhomirov (1850-1931)
Russian biologists and their discoveries helped to develop new directions in agriculture. Alexander Andreevich Tikhomirov - biologist, doctor of zoology and rector of Moscow University. At St. Petersburg University he received a law degree, but became interested in biology and received a second degree at Moscow University in the department of natural sciences. The scientist discovered such a phenomenon as artificial parthenogenesis, one of the most important sections in individual development. He made a great contribution to the development of sericulture.
Sechenov I.M. (1829-1905)
The topic "Famous biologists and their discoveries" will be incomplete without mentioning Ivan Mikhailovich Sechenov. This is a famous Russian evolutionary biologist, physiologist and educator. Born into a landowner family, he received his education at the Main Engineering School and Moscow University.
The scientist investigated the brain and found a center that causes inhibition of the central nervous system, proved the influence of the brain on muscle activity. He wrote the classic work "Reflexes of the Brain", where he formulated the idea that acts, conscious and unconscious, are performed in the form of reflexes. Introduced the brain as a computer that controls all life processes. He substantiated the respiratory function of the blood. The scientist created a national school of physiology.
Ivanovsky D.I. (1864-1920)
The end of the XIX - beginning of the XX century is the time when the great Russian scientists-biologists worked. And their discoveries (a table of any size could not contain their list) contributed to the development of medicine and biology. Among them is Dmitry Iosifovich Ivanovsky - a physiologist, microbiologist and founder of virology. He was educated at St. Petersburg University. During his studies, he showed interest in plant diseases.
The scientist suggested that diseases are caused by tiny bacteria or toxins. The viruses themselves were seen using an electron microscope only after 50 years. It is Ivanovsky who is considered the ancestor of virology as a science. The scientist studied the process of alcoholic fermentation and the effect of chlorophyll and oxygen on it, soil microbiology.
Chetverikov S.S. (1880-1959)
Russian biologists and their discoveries have made a great contribution to the development of genetics. Chetverikov Sergei Sergeevich was born a scientist in a family of a manufacturer, educated at Moscow University. He is an outstanding evolutionary geneticist who organized the study of heredity in animal populations. Thanks to these studies, the scientist is considered the founder of evolutionary genetics. He laid the foundation for a new discipline - population genetics.
You have read the article "Famous Russian scientists and biologists and their discoveries." A table of their achievements can be compiled on the basis of the proposed material.
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