The folk heroine is Dreyman Alexandra Martynovna. Historical memory and family archives

For our people, this is one of the most important dates in history, so we again and again turn to its legendary pages, returning to that terrible war for our country and to the memory of those people who did everything possible to liberate their native land from fascist invaders. Today, words are often heard that it is very important never to forget the exploits of a great people committed for the sake of the Fatherland. But how, by what means, to instill in the young generation, who does not know what war is, feelings of respect for the heroes of the Great Patriotic War and pride in our great people, in our country? Are there enough history lessons in the school curriculum? These are rhetorical questions, of course, the literature and cinema of the war years play a huge educational role. But here the question of perception arises, perhaps the memories of eyewitnesses, materials from family archives will help to understand and read more consciously.
Of course, the art of wartime is based for the most part on real events. In that era, it played an important ideological role, helped to raise the spirit of people suffering from the horrors of war, returned faith in victory, in the triumph of good. For us today, this is primarily memory, of particular importance in the formation of historical memory, of course, is the prose of the 40-60s of that era, since it most fully and realistically reflected events. The basis for the story and the novel were essays and articles by war correspondents, stories of eyewitnesses of events, letters from the front. It is with this thought that we need to open a book about the war in our time, realizing that it will provide an opportunity to feel the events of that terrible time, tell about a real feat, heroism, the unbending will of people who survived the terrible war and won the Great Victory. And then, maybe, it is worth opening the family archive, re-reading front-line letters, yellowed pages of surviving newspapers, holding orders and medals in your hand, so that later, perhaps, you can find out the fate of your great-grandfathers on the page of a military novel ...
I will try to consider the role of the family archive in the upbringing of the modern young generation on the basis of a research work on history, completed on the occasion of the 65th anniversary of the Great Victory by my daughter Svetlana Kudrya, a 10th grade student, who won 1st place in the district competition of design and research works in 2010 "The Future of the North-West" (nomination "Leader"), which became the winner of the Moscow city competition in historical local history in the section "Generation of winners and heirs of the Victory". First of all, I would like to note that Svetlana called her work “Live and Remember”, this name was given by Valentin Rasputin to his famous story about the war, putting a certain meaning into these words, in the title of the research work they should be taken as a kind of edification to posterity. The work begins with the words: “In our family, to keep the memory means to feel, to pass through oneself. Memory cannot be empty, without a clear awareness of what you remember. We say that we remember the heroes and their exploits during the Great Patriotic War. This means that we must be aware of what war is, at what cost the victory in 1945 was given to the Soviet people, and what it means to us today. In a well-known military song there are such words: "... we need one victory, // One for all - we will not stand up for the price ..." Such concepts cannot be expressed in numbers. These are tears in the eyes of widows and orphaned children, the seal of hopelessness on the faces of parents, these are distorted destinies, this is fear, pain and death that have left their mark on the life of every family. The war brought a lot of grief to the older generation of my family. The feat that my great-grandmother A. Dreiman accomplished, giving her life and the life of her newborn son, seems impossible today, because we do not know what war is ... However, today the Russian person is the owner of the Russian land, Hitler's fascism is just a concept . And so we must know and respect the pages of our legendary history, be able to be grateful descendants, remember and honor the glorious names of those who defended the freedom and independence of the Russian land.
In the process of working on the chosen topic, Svetlana studied the history of our family during the Great Patriotic War. Grandfather Arvit Mikhailovich Chingin, who survived the war as a child, told her about her fate and the feat of the younger sister of her grandmother Alexandra Martynovna Dreyman. He remembered those terrible events for the rest of his life, O. Fedorov’s book “Mozhaisk”, articles by the sociologist V. Strauss, interviews with residents of the village of Uvarovka, a corner dedicated to the partisan A. Dreiman in the Museum of the Spaso-Borodino Monastery and , of course, Kurganov's essay "Mother" in the Pravda newspaper for 1942.
In June 1941, the war was inexorably approaching the borders of the Moscow region. Alexandra Dreiman hid from her relatives that she was expecting a baby and went to the partisans. In 1941 Alexandra Martynovna was 33 years old. This short and strong woman with dark, short hair, like many of her peers, had a difficult childhood behind her. Father, Latvian Martyn Dreiman, took part in the first Russian revolution and was forced, hiding from persecution, to leave his homeland and move to Porechye. Life in the new place was not easy for the family. Alexandra (Alice) did not even have to go to school. She learned to read and write at educational courses, then graduated from a construction technical school in absentia, actively worked in the Komsomol, and then became a communist, one of the first to join a collective farm, was elected chairman of the collective farm, then chairman of the village council, led the road department of the district executive committee. She was respected and appreciated by people for her responsiveness and ability to work.
Alexandra Dreiman was the right person in the partisan detachment: working before the war in the road administration, she studied subversion, in the Uvarovsky detachment she led important operations to destroy bridges and roads along which enemy vehicles were moving. After the operation to blow up bridges on the night of October 12-13, 1941, Alexandra Martynovna left the detachment. The partisans could not understand: what happened? And Dreiman was expecting a child, preparing to become a mother. She returned to the village, to her home. Having learned about this, the Nazis came to the house of the partisan at night and, after beating her, took her to the commandant's office. One of the most terrible places in Uvarovka at that time was Smolenskaya (now Partizanskaya) Street, where the German commandant's office and the barn with the arrested were located. There and was Alexandra Dreiman. For three days the Nazis mocked her, at night they took her around the village, demanding to show where the partisans lived. But Alexandra remained silent. She was interrogated by the commandant of the village, Lieutenant Haase. Even near Smolensk, he was wounded by partisans and felt great hatred for them. To what tricks did he not resort! He asked, demanded, threatened her and her unborn child. The partisan was silent. One of the cold winter nights on the straw in the barn, she gave birth to a son. The Nazis took away the child, in whom life was barely glimmering, demanding that Dreyman tell them the way to the partisans. Having learned nothing, the Nazis stabbed him with bayonets. At dawn, the partisan was taken to the execution to the quarry of a brick factory. Proud and unconquered, she walked along the street, although she had weakened from the torment she had endured. She shouted to her fellow villagers: “Mothers! Do you hear me? Tell everyone: she did not spare her son, but did not betray our truth ... ". The enemies shot the partisan, and her body was drowned in a pond. Only in the spring of 1942, the ashes of Dreiman, along with the remains of her two dead comrades, were buried in the village of Uvarovka. The brother of Alexandra Martynovna, the Red Army soldier Zhanis Dreiman, died on the Volkhov front. By decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, Alexandra Dreiman was posthumously awarded the Order of Lenin.
After the expulsion of the Nazis, war correspondent Oskar Kurganov visited the village of Uvarovka and learned about the feat of the partisan mother. On February 7, 1942, the essay “Mother” was published in the Pravda newspaper, which was read by the whole country, having learned about the heroism of the Soviet woman. Shortly after publication in the newspaper, the essay came out as a separate edition, followed by two reprints, by the end of 1942 the total circulation of the essay was five million copies. At the same time, the story of the feat of the partisan Alexandra Dreyman near Moscow received a different, and broader, artistic reflection. On August 25, 1942, the Izvestia newspaper began to print the story “Rainbow” by Wanda Vasilevskaya, translated from Polish, where the plot of the essay “Mother” was completely repeated, but the scene was Ukraine, then the story was published by the magazine “October”. After the publication of "Rainbow" as a separate book, Vanda Vasilevskaya was awarded the Stalin Prize. Vasilevskaya writes the screenplay "Rainbow", which was made into a feature film, where the heroine, named in the story and film Olena Kostyuk, was amazingly played by Ukrainian actress Natalia Uzhviy. This film is notable for the fact that it was filmed in the most difficult conditions and was released during the war years, it is about the valor and heroism of the partisans, about the exorbitant mental and physical tests of Soviet people under the fascist occupation, about a simple Ukrainian woman Olena Kostyuk, who joined the ranks of the people's avengers . “The fate of Olena Kostyuk,” said the lead actress Natalia Uzhviy, “who, without a single groan, endured inhuman torment, torture, the death of a newborn child killed by a fascist officer, did not betray her comrades, did not leave anyone indifferent. It was perceived as a symbol, as a generalized image of people's strength, great courage and passionate maternal love... "Rainbow" touched the nerve, sounded like an angry speech of the prosecutor... It evoked hatred for the enemy, a desire to fight to the end.
In 1944, the film was released on the screens of our country, it was shown in the USA, where it was awarded the Oscar, and then at home - the Stalin Prize, which was received by director Mark Donskoy, actresses Natalia Uzhviy and Nina Alisova. In the White House, the film was watched by US President Roosevelt, General MacArthur said after watching: "The Russians saved civilization." When this film was shown in Germany, the audience could not stand it - they left, believing that this could be, turned out to be beyond their strength ...
Indeed, almost everyone watches "Rainbow" with tears in their eyes, especially if it is preceded by a story about real events in Uvarovka in the fall of 1941. It is worth remembering that after defending the work of Svetlana Kudrya “Live and Remember” at the school scientific and practical conference, students in grades 10-11 watched “Rainbow”; on their faces one could observe not only tears and experience, but also a desire to learn more. Many then read the book, went with us to the Borodino Military Historical Museum-Reserve, visited the exposition "Borodino during the Great Patriotic War" and the village of Uvarovka, where they laid flowers at the monument to the fallen partisans, told at home about the feat of Alexandra Dreiman. Svetlana often recalls a part of the museum exhibition dedicated to Alexandra Martynovna: “Under her portrait, which was written in pencil by one of the fighters of the partisan detachment, there is a page from the Pravda newspaper dated February 7, 1942. We stood and read O. Kurganov's essay "Mother" and wept... Such terrible lines: took pity and threw his overcoat on Alexandra Martynovna ... ". Moreover, after an excursion to the Central Museum of the Great Patriotic War on Poklonnaya Gora, visiting the Hall of Fame, where the names of those who were awarded the highest military award - the Star of the Hero of the Soviet Union, are immortalized, the students asked why A.M. Dreiman was not awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union for her feat. For a long time we were looking for an answer in various sources, until we found Oskar Kurganov's memoirs in an article in the Moskovskaya Pravda newspaper dated January 15. 2001: “A few days after the publication of the essay, I was summoned to the award department of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. The employee said, “We read your article. A decree is being prepared on rewarding the partisans of the Moscow region. Dreiman was posthumously presented for the Order of Lenin, but we believe that she should be presented for the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. How do you think?" I replied that Draiman certainly deserved the title of Hero. Then the employee asked: “And what is her nationality?” I replied, "I don't know." I still cannot forgive myself for this professional "puncture". When I found Alexandra Martynovna's older sister in Moscow and learned from her that the Dreimans were Latvians, it was already too late. Soon I saw in Pravda decrees on rewarding partisans. The title of Hero was awarded to partisans Guryanov and Kuzin. Dreyman found the surname among those awarded the Order of Lenin. Perhaps, in such searches, a desire is formed to keep in memory the glorious pages of the history of one's Motherland?!
Separately, I want to say about the story of Wanda Vasilevskaya "Rainbow" and how a real story from our family archive opens it in a new way for the modern reader. The book is not included in the school curriculum, few of today's high school students are familiar with this work. In truth, having received a huge response from readers after the publication and release of the film of the same name, having played an important ideological role, "Rainbow" was forgotten for a while. Its new edition was carried out only at the end of the 1960s, and, as the critic N. Groznova claims: “This reappearance of the Rainbow showed that the “military” prose of the 1960s and 70s, especially the prose of V. Bykov, consists in direct relationship with the book of Vasilevskaya. It was in "Rainbow" that calm and relentless comprehension of the painful depths in the behavior of people caught in the trap of war began to mature, which led to the rise of the "military" prose of the "sixties". Although the story has elements of ideological appeals, some “placarding” of the narrative, a special “slogan” behavior of the Red Army detachment that came to save suffering people, it is nonetheless realistic, contains subtle psychological observations of the author, descriptions of the mental and physical suffering and anguish of ordinary residents villages, their struggle for life and faith in victory. And today, "Rainbow" is again being read, and is perceived deeper, with the realization of the real feat of a woman mother. Those who opened our family archive may have met with the preface to the first edition of the story "Rainbow", which emphasized: "Olena Kostyuk. This is a real heroine of the Soviet people. Her image, created by Wanda Vasilevskaya based on real facts, is unforgettable. It was precisely such torments that the famous partisan heroine Alexandra Martynovna Dreyman underwent ... ”. In support of this thought, I consider it necessary to quote the review of a high school student who read “Rainbow” after getting acquainted with the history of the feat of Alexandra Dreiman, which she posted on one of the literary forums: “It was thanks to such people, such personalities and citizens of their country that the Soviet Union won the war. People who did not give up until the very end, who were ready to sacrifice themselves, and even their children, for the sake of saving millions. That is why the Germans were afraid of this great state and the Soviet people. They were afraid of their fearlessness, their strength and crazy love for the Motherland.
This is such a wonderful, kind and real book that is read with tears of happiness and pride for the guys who rushed under fire shouting: “For the Motherland! For Stalin! ”, For women who not only waited for their husbands and sons from the war, but also repulsed the Nazis no worse than their male halves.
Yes, now we live in a different country, people are different now. But as long as we read such books and remember our history, we remain worthy children, grandchildren, great-grandchildren, and great-great-grandchildren of these great people of a great state.”
Literature and art, no doubt, play a huge educational and educational role. The modern lesson at school sets the task of educating a citizen, a patriot as one of the main tasks. However, the problem of educating the heirs of the “great people of a great state” in our time should be solved not only by the school, teachers, and educators. The formation of basic spiritual values, historical memory, respect for the legendary past of their homeland, the exploits of its people should begin in the family. The older generation of the family can open the family archive to the child, tell about life, fate, the feat of great-grandfathers, conduct excursions to memorable places, places of military glory, and perhaps such memories will be preserved and will be passed on to future generations.
Svetlana Kudrya made the following conclusion in her work “Live and Remember”: “To be considered the heir to victory is a great honor and at the same time a huge responsibility. In doing our deeds, we must remember that we are the heirs of victory, and we must want and strive to live up to this great title.”

Alexandra KUDRYA, French teacher at school with in-depth study of French No. 1286

Alexandra Dreiman- the best scout of the partisan Uvarov detachment. A young woman who had worked as a road construction manager before the war and was well versed in blasting techniques did not hesitate to join a partisan detachment.

In a short time, she was able to prepare a group of miners. Alexandra Dreiman participated in a number of operations to undermine enemy transport, in the explosion of the bridge connecting Uvarovo and Porechye, went on reconnaissance and provided communications with underground organizations.

In November 1941, Alexandra was forced to leave the detachment: she was expecting a child. On November 6, on the way to the village of Uvarovka, Dreiman was arrested. After brutal beatings, they threw her into a cold barn, where they kept her for several days without food. The woman gave birth there. In an attempt to find out the location of the partisan detachment, the Nazis mocked her newborn son. Draiman was silent. She was silent even after the Nazis killed the child. The undressed and barefoot partisan was led along the frosty Uvarovka, beaten with rifle butts.

After long torture, Alexandra Dreiman was shot behind the Uvarov hospital. The Nazis did not find out the location of the detachment ... Alexandra Martynovna Dreyman was posthumously awarded the Order of Lenin.

In 1943, director Mark Donskoy filmed the story of Wanda Vasilevskaya "Rainbow", the prototype of the main character of which was Alexandra Dreiman. When this film was shown in Germany, the audience could not stand it - they left. To believe that this really could be was beyond their strength ... But it was.

And you can’t forget about the feat of a partisan, woman, mother - Alexandra Dreyman ...

Vera Voloshina

Vera Voloshina was born in 1919 in the city of Kemerovo. After 75 years, by decree of the President of the Russian Federation, she was posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Russian Federation.

After graduating from school, Vera came to Moscow, entered the Institute of Soviet Cooperative Trade. As a student, Vera became a cadet of the flying club named after V.P. Chkalova, learned to jump with a parachute, drive a motorcycle and even shoot from a rifle and a pistol.

The war came when Vera Voloshina graduated from the third year of the institute ... “My dears! You probably haven't received a letter from me for a long time, and mom is terribly worried, isn't she? Mamush, I didn't manage to graduate from the institute, but I will finish it after the war. I'm at the front now, mommy. Just don’t worry, there’s nothing terrible, and then, death happens only once”, “Mommy, please don’t think about me, nothing will happen to me,” Vera wrote to her homeland, to distant Siberia ...

The girl voluntarily asked to go to the front and was enlisted in the reconnaissance detachment of the military unit 9903 of the headquarters of the Western Front.

In November 1941, the reconnaissance group, which included Vera, crossed the front line. In the area of ​​the village of Kryukovo, Naro-Fominsky District, Vera Voloshina, together with her comrades, carried out the next task. The partisans mined the roads near the village and threw grenades at the windows of the houses where the Nazis were located. On the way back, they were ambushed. Vera, who covered the retreat of the detachment, was seriously wounded and taken prisoner. She had the strength to endure the interrogations and torture of the Germans. On November 29, 1941, Vera Voloshina was hanged in the village of Golovko.

For 16 years, Vera was listed as missing. It was possible to learn about the death and feat of the courageous partisan only in 1957, thanks to the research of the young journalist Georgy Frolov, who later wrote the documentary story Our Faith.

Now in the village of Kryukovo there is a house-museum of Vera Danilovna Voloshina, where documents telling about her life and exploits, photographs and other exhibits are kept. In front of the museum building, a monument was erected on the mass grave, where the remains of the heroine were transferred.

Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya

"…Dear Mom! How do you live now, how do you feel, are you sick? Mom, if possible, write at least a few lines. I'll be back from my assignment, so I'll come to visit home. Your Zoya "... These are the lines from Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya's last letter to relatives. Zoya Anatolyevna Kosmodemyanskaya - the first female Hero of the Great Patriotic War. Her name is found in almost all works devoted to the partisan movement, her feat was described more than once. Yesterday's schoolgirl, who voluntarily joined the partisan detachment, was captured by the Nazis, despite the most terrible torture, did not give out any information about the location and size of the partisan detachment. She didn't even give her name.

Zoya was the eldest daughter in a family of rural teachers (the younger brother Alexander went through the whole war and died a month before the victory). The Kosmodemyanskys lived in the Tambov region, and in 1930 they moved to Moscow. Here Zoya went to study at the 201st school of the Timiryazevsky district. The girl was 18 years old when the war began. Together with her mother, Zoya sewed duffel bags and buttonholes for front-line soldiers, and she worked with her brother at the Borets factory. On October 30, 1941, Zoya obtained a partisan permit. She was sent to the location of the intelligence department of the Western Front, where the girl quickly mastered the techniques of sabotage work. Twice Zoya crossed the front line, successfully completing combat missions.

In November 1941, the reconnaissance school received an order to burn the villages where the Germans were located: Anashkino, Petrishchevo, Bugailovo and others. Two groups of partisans went on a mission. On November 22 they crossed the front line. The groups were ambushed and only a few people, including Zoya, survived. They decided to complete the task to the end. Kosmodemyanskaya managed to set fire to two houses and a stable in the village of Petrishchevo. However, the girl was captured by German patrols. The search was followed by an interrogation, at which Zoya refused to answer. Then they began to torture her: they flogged her with belts, took her half-naked out into the cold. On November 29, 1941, Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya was taken to the central village square, where local residents were herded. Before the execution, Zoya's bag with flammable liquid was hung on her shoulder, and a sign was hung on her chest, where it was written in large Russian and small in German "The arsonist of houses" ...

One of the witnesses describes the execution itself as follows: Until the gallows, they led her by the arms. She walked straight, with her head held high, silently, proudly. They took me to the gallows. There were many Germans and civilians around the gallows. They led her to the gallows, ordered to expand the circle around the gallows and began to photograph her ... She had a bag with bottles with her. She shouted: “Citizens! You do not stand, do not look, but you need to help fight! This death of mine is my achievement.” After that, one officer swung, while others shouted at her. Then she said: “Comrades, victory will be ours. German soldiers, before it's too late, surrender." The officer yelled angrily: "Rus!" “The Soviet Union is invincible and will not be defeated,” she said all this at the moment when she was photographed ... Then they set up a box. She, without any command, stood on the box herself. A German approached and began to put on a noose. At that time, she shouted: “No matter how much you hang us, you don’t hang everyone, we are 170 million. But our comrades will avenge you for me.” She said this already with a noose around her neck. She wanted to say something else, but at that moment the box was removed from under her feet, and she hung. She grabbed the rope with her hand, but the German hit her on the hands. After that, everyone dispersed.

In May 1942, Zoya's ashes were transferred to Moscow, to the Novodevichy cemetery. In the Ruza district of the Moscow region, in the village of Petrishchevo, there is a memorial museum of Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya, a monument has been erected at the 86th kilometer of the Minsk highway.

Ilya Kuzin

Ilya Kuzin was born in 1919 in the village of Sannikovo, Konakovo district, Kaliningrad region. After graduating from the 8th grade of high school, Ilya left for Moscow, entered the river technical school, received the specialty of a navigation technician and got a job as a navigator on the steamer Maria Vinogradova.

When the war began, Ilya was 22 years old. He was not taken into the army due to an injury received in childhood. But he did not give up and went to courses that trained demolition workers to fight behind enemy lines. After completing the courses, Ilya Kuzin was sent to Smolensk. During one of the operations, he was wounded. After treatment, Ilya returned to combat work and became a demolition worker in the Volokolamsk partisan detachment. The pride of the detachment, Ilya was famous for finding a way out of the most incredible situations. So, once, Kuzin's group was pursued by the Nazis. The enemy truck easily overcame the mined area and the partisans actually found themselves in a trap. Then Ilya decided on a reckless step - he jumped on the bandwagon of a German car on the move and shot the driver and officer. The German soldiers who appeared from the body were met by automatic fire from partisans.

There is a known case when Ilya Kuzin managed to penetrate the fascist transshipment warehouse of ammunition and fuel. The partisan opened a barrel of gasoline, poured it over stacks of ammunition boxes, attached a cord to one of the barrels of fickfords and set it on fire. The roar of explosions was heard for several hours. According to later data, about 350 thousand rifle cartridges, 100 air bombs, 300 artillery shells, 30 boxes of grenades and 5 tons of fuel were destroyed.

In total, Kuzin organized more than 150 explosions at enemy communications and facilities. On the mines he set, 19 enemy vehicles with cargo and infantry were blown up, three tank trucks with fuel were destroyed. On February 16, 1942, the fearless bomber was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. Ilya Nikolaevich Kuzin died in 1960.

Sergey Solntsev

Sergei Solntsev was born in 1906 in the town of Ramenskoye near Moscow into a family of textile factory workers. He graduated from a vocational school, went to work at a factory as a spinner, and very quickly became the deputy director of the factory.

On October 24, 1941, the German invaders entered Ruza. At the same time, a detachment of partisans formed went into the forest, where they stopped in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bDeep Lake, the headquarters was located in the premises of the former biological station. Senior Lieutenant Sergei Solntsev led the reconnaissance of the partisan detachment.

Sergei Solntsev went to reconnaissance 18 times, participated in a number of successful military operations. “... Hello again, my dear Marusya and son Zhenya ... Alive and healthy. I wish you the same. Do not be bored. As they say, fate again forced us to be apart. Everything that was in the apartment and the department had to be left in Ruza during the retreat on October 24. I live now in the forest, where - then I'll see you, I'll tell you ... ”- this letter of November 3, 1941 turned out to be the last. On the same day, Solntsev once again crossed the front line and returned with important intelligence regarding the location of enemy troops.

The Germans, who suffered regular losses from the partisans, intensified the fight, and on November 19 the punitive detachment reached the Deep Lake area. In one of the dugouts, a group of Solntsev strengthened - the partisans did not have time to cross the front line. During a fierce skirmish, Sergei Ivanovich was seriously wounded, but did not leave the battlefield, moreover, he covered the retreat of his comrades. Wounded, he was captured by the Nazis. In order to obtain the necessary information, the Nazis subjected Solntsev to inhuman torture, but in response they heard one thing: "I regret that I will not see the death of fascism." He was executed. The partisans, who were not betrayed by Sergei Solntsev, who was tortured by the punishers, continued to operate on the Ruza land, expelling the invaders from the Moscow region.

March 11, 1942 Sergei Solntsev was posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. A memorial plaque was erected at the place of execution. The following words are carved on it: “Here on 20.XI.1941, the beginning was brutally tortured. intelligence of the Ruza partisan detachment, Hero of the Soviet Union Art. Lieutenant Solntsev Sergey Ivanovich. Eternal memory to the hero.

Mikhail Guryanov

Mikhail Alekseevich Guryanov was born on October 1, 1903 in the village of Pokrovskoye (now the Istra district of the Moscow region) into a working class family. Starting to work as a simple laborer, by 1938 Guryanov became the chairman of the executive committee of the Ugodsko-Zavodsky district council.

Mikhail Alekseevich spent the night before the war fishing. The fact that Germany opposed the USSR, he learned only when he returned to the city in the morning.
In October 1941, the enemy occupied the Ugodsko-Zavodskoy region, and Mikhail Guryanov decided to join the partisan detachment, where he became deputy commander - V.A. Karasev (later awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union). The 12th Army Corps of the Wehrmacht settled on the territory of the village of Ugodsky Zavod. The operation to defeat the German military unit began on November 24 at 2 am and became the largest action of partisans near Moscow. Four partisan detachments and a special unit of the 17th Infantry Division took part in it: about 300 people in total. The capture of the enemy headquarters was personally led by Mikhail Guryanov: his detachment managed to carry out important headquarters documents. In total, on the night of the operation, the partisans managed to destroy 600 Nazis (including 400 officers), 103 trucks and cars, and four tanks. A car repair shop, fuel and ammunition depots were blown up. When the enemy came to his senses from such a swift onslaught of the Russians, heavy battles ensued. The Germans brought up reinforcements and pursued the partisan detachments. Two days later, Guryanov's group, which the Germans were especially persistently looking for, was surrounded. Mikhail Alekseevich was wounded and taken prisoner.

On November 27, after severe torture, Guryanov was taken to the burned headquarters building, they hung a sign “Partisan Leader” around his neck and executed him. The villagers driven to the square heard the last words that Mikhail Alekseevich managed to shout before his death: “Death to fascism! We are millions! Victory will be ours!".

On February 16, 1942, Mikhail Alekseevich Guryanov was posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. One of the streets in the Lublin district of Moscow is named in memory of this outstanding partisan.

trenches where the observers lay, then by the bushes where our tanks were disguised. Malygin knew that the purpose of the attack was to break through to the highway. The enemy is trying by all means to advance to the Volokolamskoye Highway, which is smooth, paved, leading to Moscow. Therefore, it is necessary to repulse the offensive, to force the enemy tanks and infantry to turn. At the same time, it was necessary to save our tanks, in any case, manage with small losses - after all, heavy and stubborn battles for Moscow were still ahead.

Malygin ordered Major Gavriil Saratyani to come out with twelve tanks, engage in battle with a powerful enemy column, delay it, knock it out, set it on fire, and blow up enemy vehicles. The major belonged to the number of silent and calm people. He understood that the battle was going to be fierce, because twelve Soviet tanks would have to fight six dozen fascist armored vehicles. In addition, the enemies installed four batteries of anti-tank guns, which were supposed to cover the advance of the tank column from the flanks.

The Nazi tanks were already approaching our front lines, stopping for a moment to fire cannon shots or shower bullets on the bushes. Gabriel Saratyani waited. In essence, it was a kind of "battle of nerves" - the one who has more courage, endurance and will to win wins. The major knew his people, they would be able to compensate for the small number of tanks with the skill, the art of tank combat, which our tankers are famous for, the quality of the vehicles themselves. And so, when the fascist vehicles had already approached a short distance, Gavriil Saratyani brought out his tanks and threw them into battle.

In the first minutes, Hero of the Soviet Union Alexander Vasiliev with his tankers pulled ahead and struck at the enemy's lead vehicles. Gavriil Saratyani rushed after Vasilyev and supported him. Well-aimed cannon shots from short distances led to some confusion among the enemy troops. Here and there, tanks caught fire or exploded. Vasiliev acted with unexpected and bold blows, he appeared in the very thick of the tanks, shot at point blank range the fascist vehicles. The Nazis brought anti-tank artillery into battle. Then a tank of junior lieutenant Isupov was sent with the task of destroying enemy anti-tank guns. Isupov brought his car close to the enemy batteries and fired at the Nazi anti-tank guns from a distance of fifty meters. But Isupov himself was wounded.

The enemies decided that the Soviet tank had been hit. Four fascist tanks rushed to Isupov, began to surround him, Isupov squeezed the driver's hand:

Let them think that everyone in the tank died.

The Nazis boldly marched forward. As they approached, the turret of the Soviet tank suddenly spun around and artillery shells rained down on the enemy vehicles. Two Nazi tanks instantly caught fire. Their crews jumped out, and Isupov, taking advantage of the ensuing confusion, withdrew his tank from the battlefield.

The Nazis went to the outskirts of the village, entrenched themselves behind the huts, even tried to go on the defensive. But at this time, the battalion commissar Alexander Grishin burst into the village on his tank. He began to crush the infantry, set fire to two tanks, crushed the cannon, recapturing the occupied house. Saratyani was right there at the village. All the time he held in his hands the threads of this tense and impetuous battle. Here Vasiliev knocked out another tank and stopped. Obviously, the commander was wounded. Saratyani led his tank to Vasiliev, but he had already come to his senses, bandaged the wound, Vasiliev was surrounded by three enemy tanks, he escaped, bypassed them.

All the time there was a terrible roar in the clearing, which can only be during tank battles: the clang of iron, the roar of engines, artillery shots, machine-gun bursts, explosions, the screams of the wounded - all this was mixed up, mixed up, and it was only surprising how Major Saratyani directs actions of each tank. But he saw everything from his car, this wonderful commander and brave tanker. Here Grishin's tank ignited. “Everyone get out of the car,” Saratyani ordered. But Grishin did not even think of leaving the burning tank. He turned the machine gun and began to destroy the advancing enemy soldiers. The commander saw how accurate bursts fought entire ranks of the Nazis. But at that moment there was an explosion - Grishin died in the tank. For one second, Saratyani lost his composure. He opened the hatch and shouted: “Bring out the commissar!” And at that moment he himself was badly wounded. The major was carried from the battlefield. He died in the arms of an orderly, continuing to repeat only a single phrase: “What a brave commissar we had, sorry for the commissar ...”

By the end of the third hour of the battle, it turned out that the enemy had lost eighteen tanks, four anti-tank batteries and a lot of infantry near the village. We had six tanks knocked out. But the biggest loss was the death of Saratyan and Grishin.

November 22

So, another day has passed - the seventh - of the new, so-called November offensive of the Nazis on Moscow. It was a windy day, but not frosty, there were high clouds, there was good visibility. And already with the first rays of the sun, our fighters took off.

The Nazis chose, perhaps, the most favorable period of the Russian winter for their offensive against Moscow. The dried, hardened, frozen ground is covered with a thin layer of snow. There are no blizzards or deep snow yet. All this facilitates the actions of the tank and motorized Nazi troops.

The enemy knows that December can bring fierce frosts, and impenetrable snowdrifts, and snowstorms. Therefore, the fascists, sparing neither their soldiers nor their equipment, throw regiments after regiments into battle - tanks, mortars, artillery, machine gunners, trying to break into the depths of the defense of our troops and at the same time cut our roads, communications, creating a threat to encircle Moscow.

The Nazis concentrated the largest forces in the areas of the cities near Moscow - Klin, Istra, Solnechnogorsk, Stalinogorsk. It is also here that the most fierce battles take place, requiring an enormous effort of strength and will of our people - the enemy has an advantage in tanks. For example, only in two areas - north of Solnechnogorsk - did the enemies gather four tank divisions: the 2nd, 6th, 7th and 10th, four infantry divisions: the 28th, 252nd, 106th and 35th SS division. All in all, they have now concentrated 49 divisions near Moscow.

In recent days, the Germans managed to move closer to the capital at the cost of heavy and heavy losses. Now in some areas the enemy is about forty kilometers from Moscow. At the same time, the enemy concentrated his efforts on his flanks, pushing them forward - to the east in the Klin direction and bending to the north on

In the Borodino Museum there is a portrait of a woman with an ugly face, but smart and anxiously sad. She was the prototype of the main character of the film "Rainbow", nothing more was known about her, except for her name. Then I decided to find out everything about her that relatives, acquaintances, witnesses of her suffering and feat can tell.

The Dreiman family moved to the Moscow region from Latvia in 1912. There were five children. Shura, the fourth child, was born in 1908. My father was gassed during the World War and died in 1919. The children began to work as laborers early, Shura did not go to school, and later her younger sister Emilia taught her to read and write.

On the collective farm, the girl was a foreman, then, as the sisters recall, she was elected chairman of the Poretsk village council. In 1937, after completing the course, she became the head of the road department at the executive committee of the village of Uvarovka.

“Dreyman, as I remember now,” said E. Golikova, “she was of medium height, strong, dense, walked quickly, widely. Her face was round, red-cheeked, she cut her hair short, and the comb was always in her hair She was cheerful, cheerful, wore a skirt and a tunic."

Uvarovites often saw her on horseback: the head of the roads had to go around more than one kilometer in a day.

Alexandra got married before the war. Ermolenko's husband worked as a technologist in the Zagotzerno office. “Mom didn’t like him,” recalls Anna’s older sister, “handsome, but a talker, promises a lot, boasts. Shura went to live with him on Leningradskaya Street, and my mother stayed on Sovetskaya.”

But June 1941 pushed personal troubles aside. The war was inexorably approaching the borders of the Moscow region. The last time Anna saw her sister was in the fall of 1941.

Goda: "She came to Moscow, asked to pick up her mother, because Uvarovka was heavily bombed." Even from her older sister, Alexandra hid that she was expecting a child and was leaving for the partisans.

The partisan detachment was formed from local residents, so when Ermolenko began to crowd into the detachment, he was refused. Who he was, where he came from - they didn’t know, he appeared about two years ago. And there were two women in the detachment - a radio operator and a nurse. "Dreyman was taken because," explained the former partisan intelligence officer D. Egerev, "she knew how to handle tol and the partisans could teach subversive work."

On October 12, the detachment left Uvarovka for the forests. “The guerrillas left in the evening across the railway line, and we watched them leave; it was so hard on my soul: where they go - we don’t know what will happen to us - we don’t know,” E. Kalenova could not remember this picture without tears and excitement and thirty years later.

The next day, the Nazis occupied Uvarovka. Alien soldiers entered the houses as conquerors, robbed the owners, and could drive them out into the street; on the square, the arch that stood opposite the station was turned into a gallows. The village was quiet, without need, the inhabitants tried not to go out into the street.

In the forest at that time, "Alexandra Martynovna spent whole days teaching the fighters the technique of subversive work, the tactics of fire protection of demolition workers, the ability to quickly leave the explosion site and relocate to another area" (from the memoirs of V. Kuskov, former detachment commander). In the second half of October, the Nazis began to hastily transfer equipment from Mozhaisky to the Volokolamsk direction, using the road to Porechye. The command of the detachment decided to carry out subversive operations on this road. In one night, the partisans trained by Dreyman blew up four bridges.

But after these operations, the partisan suddenly disappeared from the detachment. She went home to Uvarovka, because it was becoming increasingly difficult to hide her position. And what can be done in the detachment? They lived in dugouts, there is food today - not tomorrow, winter came unusually early. There is no one in the villages of relatives, and German marauders visit there too. Later, sick partisans Klimov and Korkin were captured from relatives in the village and executed. Leningradskaya Street, where Dreyman lived, was the outskirts of Uvarovka, there were four apartments in the house. “We lived near the forest,” said her neighbor M. Ivankovich. “The Germans rarely came to us. Shura brought a wounded horse with her, we healed it, carried firewood on it. Shura went to the mill, ground rye for us.” “Her husband disappeared somewhere before the occupation,” another neighbor Kalenova added, “then he showed up under the Germans.”

What were the spouses talking about? What did everyone say about themselves? Nobody knows. Undoubtedly, Alexandra loved her handsome husband with the late love of a single woman and believed him: after all, they should have a child. But, undoubtedly, something else: a sense of duty did not allow her to speak about her fellow partisans, and Ermolenko did not learn anything about them, which was confirmed by subsequent tragic events.

And the disappearance of Dreyman caused alarm in the detachment. V. Kuskov recalled: “Novikov and I were given the task by Khlebutin and Fomin (detachment commissar) to destroy her: they thought that she deserted, we already had such cases. (former executive committee) did not serve in the army at all, and I was demobilized in 1938. We arrived late in the evening at Dreyman's apartment. She was lying on the bed, and her husband was trying to get out, but we forbade him. Two grenades and a pistol were confiscated from him. “Why are you,” I say, “not in the detachment and not in the army?” “The wife will give birth,” she answers, “then I’ll go.” We should have shot the scoundrel, but who knew ... same night."

Neighbors, awakened by a furious knock on the door with unsharp commands, ran out into the street and saw in the next window: "The light was lit, she was lying on the bed dressed. As they hit her with a butt, she fell, screamed. They took her away, in what she was - a tunic and a skirt" .

In Uvarovka, on the street where the council is now, before the war there was a printing house, behind it a barn, and across the road, in the school building, there was a commandant's office. The arrested people were kept in the barn without food and water, people buried themselves in straw from frost. From here they were taken to the commandant's office, from here their path often went to the square, where the gallows were never empty.

This is where the partisan was brought. Soon the arrested were taken out of the shed, leaving Dreyman alone. She was interrogated by the commandant of the village, Oberleutnant Haase, overweight, bald, with a bandaged head (according to the translator, partisans were wounded near Smolensk). V. Kuskov explained in his memoirs that the commandant's office was mainly engaged in taking food and warm clothes from the population for the army, but the opportunity to find the location of the partisan detachment, which declared itself daring operations, opened up the prospect of encouragement and promotion for the commandant. Thus began an unequal duel between an exhausted woman and a soulless official in a fascist uniform.

When Alexandra was arrested, the residents of Uvarovka saw Yermolenko in a Nazi uniform, he openly helped to rob the population. And at this time, his wife, barefoot, in one shirt, was driven by soldiers at night through the snow-covered streets.

During the day she was interrogated at the commandant's office. A. Guslyakova became an unwitting witness to one of these interrogations. She came to the commandant's office to find out about the fate of her arrested husband and, hearing screams in the corridor, pushed the door open. In the commandant's office, two soldiers beat Dreyman. One of them pushed the startled woman out and slammed the door.
No one was around when, in unbearable suffering, she gave birth to a child. Only to her old friend A. Minaeva, who made her way to her at dawn, did she say: "Boy. It's bad, Nyura. If only the end were soon." “She barely crawled to the wall, she barely spoke, and the child was not audible,” recalled Anna Yakovlevna.

The last time the inhabitants of the village saw how German submachine gunners led Alexandra Martynovna down the street to the forest. She was supposed to indicate where the detachment is located. By the evening they brought her back, she did not betray anyone. From the stories of the soldiers and the local policeman, it became known that her first-born, in which life was barely glimmering, was stabbed with a bayonet. And at dawn, the mother and daughter of Terebeeva, whose house was not far from the quarry (now a pond behind the House of Culture), heard a shot. Here, on a cliff, a partisan was shot.

In January 1942, the troops of the 5th Army of General L. Govorov liberated Uvarovka from the Nazi invaders. Together with the invaders, Yermolenko also fled, who, as it turned out, had long been recruited by German intelligence and abandoned at this major railway junction two years before the war.

In February, the newspaper Pravda published an essay by the correspondent O. Kurganov "Mother", at the same time the Uvarovites read the Decree on awarding their fellow countrywoman with the Order of Lenin.

Her comrades-in-arms buried her in the spring, when the snow melted. Two of her fighting friends, I. Klimov and V. Korkin, who were executed by the Nazis in December 1941, also lay down in a mass grave.

Relatives hid the death of their daughter from their mother for several months, and only by chance did she find out about her tragic death. She lived only a year after that.

The front moved further and further west. The motherly selflessness of the heroine of the Moscow Region inspired the soldiers to new feats, and in the story "Rainbow" by Wanda Vasilevskaya (with the consent of O. Kurganov), she becomes the prototype of the Ukrainian partisan Alena Kostyuk. The story was published in the Izvestia newspaper in September 1942. And in 1944, director M. Donskoy staged a feature film of the same name. Especially for its viewing, military units were assigned to the second echelon for the duration of the session. It was also shown overseas, in America, where it won the highest award "Oscar". President Roosevelt watched it in the White House, and General MacArthur said after watching: "The Russians saved civilization."

V. Bulycheva.
"Mozhaisk memoirs" 2000

The death of Dreyman Alexandra Martynovna and her son

In the district center - the village of Uvarovka, the fascist invaders, after long tortures, killed the partisan heroine Alexandra Martynovna Dreyman and her newborn son. While in the partisan detachment, A. M. Dreiman taught the partisans how to subvert, went to intelligence, and was a liaison officer. The courageous partisan was posthumously awarded the Order of Lenin.

Truth, 1942,
On November 23, we decided to visit the grave of Alexandra Dreiman in Uvarovka and drive through the partisan places in the west of the Moscow region. The end of November is not the best month for cycling, but we are not looking for easy ways and Draiman died in November. So it's only November!

Alexandra Dreiman- the best scout of the partisan Uvarov detachment. A young woman who had worked as a road construction manager before the war and was well versed in blasting techniques did not hesitate to join a partisan detachment.

In a short time, she was able to prepare a group of miners. Alexandra Dreiman participated in a number of operations to undermine enemy transport, in the explosion of the bridge connecting Uvarovo and Porechye, went on reconnaissance and provided communications with underground organizations.

In November 1941, Alexandra was forced to leave the detachment: she was expecting a child. On November 6, on the way to the village of Uvarovka, Dreiman was arrested. After brutal beatings, they threw her into a cold barn, where they kept her for several days without food. The woman gave birth there. In an attempt to find out the location of the partisan detachment, the Nazis mocked her newborn son. Draiman was silent. She was silent even after the Nazis killed the child. The undressed and barefoot partisan was led along the frosty Uvarovka, beaten with rifle butts.

After long torture, Alexandra Dreiman was shot behind the Uvarov hospital. The Nazis did not find out the location of the detachment ... Alexandra Martynovna Dreyman was posthumously awarded the Order of Lenin.

In 1943, director Mark Donskoy filmed the story of Wanda Vasilevskaya "Rainbow", the prototype of the main character of which was Alexandra Dreiman. When this film was shown in Germany, the audience could not stand it - they left. To believe that this really could be was beyond their strength ... But it was.

And you can’t forget about the feat of a partisan, woman, mother - Alexandra Dreyman ...

Oleg. His ancestors from Petrishchevo where Zoya was hanged


We drive into the partisan forest south of Uvarovka


This road could be laid by the road master Dreiman


The road is over


We have not forgotten how to wind footcloths


In such forests, the Uvarov detachment beat the Nazis


Forum Member SB Jeanne


Dirt clogs transmission


The road along Protva. It could also be built by Alexandra


Roads of War


Vova doesn't recognize his bike


The farther into the forest


the tougher the partisans


Dotted line on the map


Anomalous zone. The device does not work, and the one who watches the book turns off his head