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CAPITALISM

(capitalism) An economic system based on private property and private enterprise. Under this system, at least a large share of economic activity is carried out by individuals and organizations seeking profit, and land and other material means of production are mostly privately owned. Capitalism does not imply absolute freedom of enterprise and trade (laissez-faire); it fully admits the existence of large sectors of the economy that are state-owned, and the regulation of the private sector in connection with the need to protect public health, compliance with production safety and environmental protection. Such regulation, however, usually takes the form of some form of prohibition: the rules establish what individuals or firms are prohibited from doing, but the initiative to take actions that do not contradict the established rules is decentralized. Capitalism is opposed to socialism, in which all important economic decisions are made largely collectively.

Economy. Explanatory dictionary. - M .: "INFRA-M", Publishing house "Ves Mir". J. Black. General edition: Doctor of Economics Osadchaya I.M.. 2000 .

CAPITALISM

an economic system in which private ownership of the factors of production is widespread, and the distribution of the produced product, goods, goods, services is carried out mainly through the market. Capitalism is characterized by free enterprise, competition, the desire of producers and sellers of goods to make a profit. Capitalism, being a socio-economic system, is closely related to the socio-political system of the country, and sometimes largely predetermines the latter. Having passed a long historical path of development, capitalism has largely changed its original appearance, which it possessed, replacing the feudal-serf system at the end of the Middle Ages. If in its original form, capitalism was characterized by cruel exploitation of labor, and capitalists - the desire to completely take away the profit created in production "for themselves", then modern capitalism is guided by social goals, scientific and technological progress, based on the achievement of workers' interest in labor and labor results. Capital becomes not only a factor in making profit, but also of social progress, and capitalism takes on a human face.

Raizberg B.A., Lozovsky L.Sh., Starodubtseva E.B.. Modern economic dictionary. - 2nd ed., Rev. M .: INFRA-M. 479 s.. 1999 .

Economic Dictionary. 2000 .

Synonyms:

Antonyms:

See what "CAPITALISM" is in other dictionaries:

The method of social organization, established in the countries of the West. Europe in the 17th century. and later spread to the North. America and other regions. The concept of "K." is both unclear and imprecise: its content is rather vague; class of countries, ... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia

- (capitalism) Organization of society based on the social nature of production and the private form of appropriation of its results and / or control over the means of production. The term appeared in social science relatively recently. Oxford ... ... Political science. Dictionary.

- [Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

This is the exploitation of man by man, and communism is the opposite. The inherent vice of capitalism is the unequal distribution of goods; the innate dignity of socialism is the equal distribution of poverty. Winston Churchill Capitalism is what people do if their ... Consolidated encyclopedia of aphorisms

CAPITALISM, capitalism, many others. no, husband. (French capitalisme) (polit., econom.). A mode of production in which the means of production are private property, production is of a commodity nature, products reach the consumer through ... ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

- (capitalism) An economic and political system in which individual owners of capital (capital) are free to dispose of it at their discretion, in particular to use it for profit. Most of the economically developed countries, ... ... Business glossary

CAPITALISM, a type of society based on private property, market economy and democratic institutions. In various currents of social thought, it is defined as a system of free enterprise, a stage in the development of an industrial ... ... Modern encyclopedia

A type of society based on private property and a market economy. In various currents of social thought, it is defined as a system of free enterprise, a stage in the development of an industrial society, and the modern stage of capitalism as ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

An economic system in which production decisions are controlled by those who invest in private business. At the same time, joint-stock companies are controlled by shareholders, and small and unincorporated enterprises are controlled by their owners. By… … Financial vocabulary

Imperialism; society of equal opportunities, welfare society, state capitalism, lord coupon, free world, free society, formation Dictionary of Russian synonyms. capitalism / figuratively: mister coupon (outdated iron.)) Dictionary of synonyms ... ... Synonym dictionary

Aggregation

Definition No. 1-dependence between the behavior of aggregate quantities and their constituents. (Economics. Explanatory dictionary. - M .: "INFRA-M", Publishing house "Ves Mir". J. Black. General edition: Doctor of Economics I. Osadchaya. 2000)

Definition No. 2- consolidation of economic indicators by combining them into a single group. (Raizberg B.A., Lozovsky L.Sh., Starodubtseva E.B .. Modern economic dictionary. - 2nd ed., Rev. M .: "INFRA-M", 1999)

Adaptive system

Definition No. 1- a system (technical or living), capable of adapting both to changing environmental conditions and to various deviations from the norm in itself. The adaptive system is based on feedbacks, the maintenance of which is carried out by means of appropriate mechanisms (for example, the exchange of matter, energy and information between the system and the environment, trophic connections between populations within the biocenosis, etc.). ( I.I. Grandpa. Ecological encyclopedic dictionary. - Chisinau: Editor-in-chief of the Moldavian Soviet Encyclopedia, 1989)

Definition No. 2-system that ensures balance between nature and society (Encyclopedia of Sociology, 2009)

An activator is a person who, spontaneously or by virtue of the function entrusted to him and accepted by him, trying to raise or maintain at the required level the activity of the participants in the joint solution of the problem. In the process of solving, any member of the group can act as an "activator". (EP Ilyin. Psychology of creativity - SPb: "Peter", 2013)

Approbation

Definition No. 1- (Latin approbatio), approval, approval based on verification, survey, test. (Modern Encyclopedia, 2000)

Definition No. 2–Approval, approval based on verification, examination, testing. (Big Encyclopedic Dictionary, 2000)

Association

Definition # 1- (lat.associatio - connection) - a natural connection arising in the experience of an individual between two mental elements (sensations, representations, thoughts, feelings, etc.), which is expressed in the fact that the manifestation in consciousness of one of the elements of consciousness entails and the appearance of another. (EP Ilyin. Psychology of creativity - SPb: "Peter", 2013)

Definition No. 2- a naturally occurring connection between individual events, facts, objects or phenomena reflected in consciousness and fixed in memory ( Association dictionary "beta" )

Verbalization

Definition # 1- verbal (verbal) description of experiences, feelings, thoughts, behavior. (Psychological encyclopedia)

Definition No. 2- the process of expression through sound designation of symbols for describing the world (OM Reflection at the foot of Genesis - M: "Amrita-Rus", 2004)

Gestalt psychology

Definition # 1- a trend in Western psychology that arose in Germany in the first third of the twentieth century, which put forward a program for the study of the psyche from the point of view of integral structures (gestalts), primary in relation to their components. (Encyclopedia of Practical Psychology, "Psychologos")

Definition No. 2- science, which has become the most productive option in solving the problem of preserving the integrity of Austrian and German psychology. The main representatives of gestalt psychology, such as M. Wertheimer, W. Koehler and K. Koffka, K. Levin, created science to oppose structuralism. (Scientific article - "Gestalt psychology basic provisions. The concept of Gestalt psychology")

Delegation - transfer of authority to another person. It is usually used as a means of decentralizing management (delegation of authority to subordinates by the head). (Dictionary of Economics 2000)

9. Improvisation - (from Lat. Imprivisus - unexpected, sudden). The general concept is the creation of something (writing poetry, writing music, performing with something, etc.) at the time of performance and without preparation. (E.P. Ilyin. Psychology of Creativity - St. Petersburg: "Peter", 2013)

10. Industry of innovations - the sphere of development, production and implementation of competitive innovations on a mass scale, the goals of which are the modernization and development of all sectors of the economy and spheres of society, improving the level and quality of life of citizens, increasing efficiency, science intensity and quality of labor and production in all sectors economy, ensuring the country's competitiveness in world markets. (Under the general editorship of Prof. ON Melnikov. Problems of the development of an innovative and creative economy. - M .: "Creative Economy", 2010)

Engineering

Definition No. 1- the scope of work on the development of issues related to the creation of industrial facilities, infrastructure, etc., primarily in the form of providing various engineering and consulting services on a commercial basis. (Financial Dictionary)

Definition No. 2- a complex of engineering and consulting services of a commercial nature for the preparation and provision of the direct production process, maintenance of structures, operation of economic facilities and sales of products. (Financial Dictionary "Finam")

12. Incubation is the most indefinite and creative stage at which the idea "matures" and enlightenment occurs. (Scientific article - "The concept of innovation", authors: B. Gribov, B. Gryzinov )

Innovative activity

Definition No. 1 Is an activity aimed at finding and implementing innovations in order to expand the range and improve the quality of products, improve technology and organize production. ( Scientific article "Innovative activity of the enterprise", authors: B. Gribov, B. Gryzinov )

Definition # 2- activities aimed at the commercialization of accumulated knowledge, technologies and equipment. The result of innovation is new or additional goods / services or goods / services with new qualities (Financial Dictionary "Finam")

LABOR MARKET
AND POPULATION INCOME

TUTORIAL

Under the general editorship of Doctor of Economics, Professor N.A. Volgina

By the Ministry of General and Vocational Education

Russian Federation as a teaching aid

For university students,

students in economic specialties

MOSCOW

BBK 65.24.я73 (2Ros)

Reviewers:

BabichA.M., Doctor of Economics, Professor of the Russian Academy of State

services under the President of the Russian Federation;

^ Gritsenko N.N., Doctor of Economics, Professor, Rector of the Academy of Labor

and social relationships;

Department of Labor Economics and Personnel Management of the Russian

Economic Academy. G.V. Plekhanov

(head of the department ^ Odegov Y. G., Doctor of Economics, Professor)

The team of authors: Doctor of Economics, prof. Breev B.D.(chapters IV, VII, VIII); Doctor of Economics, prof. Bobkov V.N.(chapters IX, X); Doctor of Economics, prof. BulanovB.C.(chapters I, II); Doctor of Economics, prof. Volgin N.A., the head of the group of authors (chapter XI, foreword, basic terms and concepts, recommended literature); Doctor of Economics, prof. Zhukov A.L.(chapters XII, XIII, XIV); Doctor of Economics, prof. Card-seam S.A.(chapter VI); Doctor of Economics, prof. Kokin Yu.P.(chapter V); Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor Midday N.N.(chapter XI, basic terms and concepts); Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor Rudenko G.G.(chapters II, VI); Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor Shcherbakov A.I.(chapter III)

^ R 952 Labor market and incomes of the population. / Ed. ON. Volgin. Tutorial. - M .: Information and Publishing House "Filin", 1999. - 280 p.
ISBN 5-89568-146-8
The article considers theoretical, methodological and practical problems of regulation of the labor market and incomes of the population, issues of employment, unemployment, wages, development of a system of social partnership and social protection of the population.

For students, trainees, graduate students, researchers, teachers, business leaders, specialists and civil servants.
BBK 65.24.я73 (2Ros)

ISBN 5-89568-146-8

FOREWORD

The formation and regulation of the labor market is one of the key and most acute problems of the market economy. The questions of the strategy and tactics of organizing these processes are discussed in the book. It includes two sections and fourteen chapters, which highlight the theoretical, methodological and practical issues of regulation of the labor market and its main components - the cost and price of labor, its supply and demand, directly related to the formation and distribution of incomes of the population.

The structure of the textbook makes it possible to independently and deeply master the material, work out individual topics, and also check the quality of the knowledge gained. In the first section, "The labor market and mechanisms of its regulation", the essence, structure and features of the functioning of the labor market are consistently examined in terms of content and methodology; employment and unemployment; methods for the development and effective use of mechanisms for their regulation.

The second section "Policy of incomes and wages" includes an analysis of the problems of distribution of incomes contained in economic theories, the dynamics and structure of monetary incomes and expenditures of the population of Russia in recent years; research on the theory and practice of remuneration, its organization and regulation; strengthening the influence and impact of social partnership and financial and credit levers on income and wages policy. The study guide is provided with a list of recommended reading and basic terms and concepts used on the pages of the book, and at the end of each chapter are control questions.

This would be the end of this short preface. Everything else, without any special complications, will be done by the desire and diligence of a student, graduate student, applicant and listener, undergoing training in the mode of professional retraining and advanced training, to independently learn the subtleties and specifics of the labor market, the peculiarities of regulating income and wages of the population, because this is facilitated by the structure of the book, layout material, style, structure and logic of presentation. However, I would like to especially emphasize one more point, which seems to be fundamentally important both in theoretical and practical terms. The labor market and its components, as well as the social and labor sphere in general, should not be viewed as a passive “dependent” that requires only one thing - as much financial investment as possible. Of course, financial resources are needed to develop the labor market and its infrastructure. But this is not a "vacuum cleaner", this market is active, its return is incommensurate with the costs. With the correct organization of the labor market and its constituent elements, they not only instantly recoup the corresponding costs, but give a difficultly overestimated socio-economic result at the macro and micro levels. This is undeniable. Examples can be cited as many as you like - effective employment, minimum (natural) unemployment, modern wage models that are interested in maximum productivity of labor, production, etc.

Professor N.A. Volgin

On February 25, after a long and serious illness, which she endured with great fortitude and courage, Irina Mikhailovna OSADCHAYA, Doctor of Economics, Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation, Head of the IMEMO RAN Sector, passed away.

Irina Mikhailovna came to IMEMO practically from its foundation in 1956, and all her labor activity is connected with this institute. Irina Mikhailovna is a recognized expert in our country and abroad in the field of macroeconomic policy, the role of the state in a market and transitional economy, history and modern development of economic science. Her work contributed to the establishment in the domestic economic science of new principles of an unbiased, creative approach to the study of Western economic thought. Books by I.M. Osadchy have been translated and published in many countries of the world. The English Keynesians themselves praised her work Modern Keynesianism. Irina Mikhailovna never aspired to occupy leadership positions. But with all the heads of the Sector of General Problems, and then of the Department of Contemporary Theories of Market Economy, she remained in the full sense of the word “the main researcher”, the work of these teams largely depended on her efforts and an unparalleled sense of responsibility.

Irina Mikhailovna's monographs, collective works published under her editorship, numerous articles in scientific and popular journals are among the best works of the Institute. She has done a lot to make the theoretical studies of Western economists available to Russian readers. She participated in the translation into Russian of a number of major works by world famous authors. She has written chapters on contemporary economic thought in many textbooks on the history of economic thought.

Irina Mikhailovna's educational activities were extremely active - she participated in the compilation of the first comprehensive English-Russian dictionary of economics, which has already passed 3 editions, she edited the translations of three Oxford dictionaries on economics.

Irina Mikhailovna's benevolent attention and qualified judgments supported many young authors. She owns a huge number of reviews of scientific publications, reviews of dissertations. For many years Irina Mikhailovna was the chairman of the State Attestation Commission of the Higher School of Economics.

Irina Mikhailovna was very much loved and respected for her high professionalism, all-round education, erudition and intelligence, kindness, spiritual generosity and responsiveness. It is difficult for us to imagine IMEMO without Irina Mikhailovna Osadcha.