The formation of medieval cities is brief. The emergence and growth of medieval cities
Formation
Medieval cities
Lesson plan
Changes in public life
The emergence of cities in Europe
Fighting cities with seniors
Craftsman workshop
Come - craftsmen unions
The role of workshops in the life of the city
Since the XI century, with the growth of the population, the spaces occupied by forests and swamps decreased. The peasants had more labor instruments made at least partially from iron. A heavy wheel plow with big lemays was used wider, which plowed deeper with the soil.
1. Changes in public life
For the manufacture of iron items required a lot of metal. Mines appeared in Europe, the smelting and processing of metals were improved. More began to make fabrics from wool. At first, the peasants themselves masters the necessary things.
1. Changes in public life
Later in the village there were "Cleells" - experts of crafts, which became their main occupation.
So the development of the economy led to the gradual separation of crafts from farming.
2. The emergence of cities in Europe
The settlements of artisans arose at the crossroads of roads, in the river crossing, near the comfortable sea harbors, the walls of large monasteries and the castles of the feudalists, near the residences of the king, bishop, the ruler of the region. Behind the walls of fortresses could be defense in the event of war.
Here artisans could sell their products and buy raw materials, merchants - sell and buy goods.
So a new layer of society appeared - the townspeople and a new type of settlement - the city.
3. Fighting cities with seniors
The city turned out to be on the land of the king or another feudal, the monastery. Under the rule of Señora, all urban population was provided. At first, Senoras patronized "their" cities.
As the cities grew and the riskers, Senoras tried to get more income from them. They tried citizens, charged from them duties, lawsuits, rates with handicrafts, money and goods.
3. Fighting cities with seniors
The townspeople sought to free themselves from the power of the senors. In the XII-XIII centuries, the struggle of cities with seniors occurred in all countries of Western Europe.
The liberated cities in France and in Northern Italy were called commune. Conquered independence, the townspeople created self-government - the elective city council. The head of the city council in France and England was called the mayor, in Germany - Burgomistrome.
4. Craftsman workshop
Urban artisans produced their products in small workshops, usually in their own house. Everything was done manually, using the simplest devices. Father's specialty usually inherited the Son.
The master and chief worker in the workshop was a master; He took orders and sold his goods on the market. The shop served the workshop where the master worked and traded. He was helped by students and apprentices. To master the skill, it was necessary to learn from two to eight years.
Slide number 10.
5. Come - craftsmen unions
Craftsmen settled nearby, creating their streets. Masters-artisans of one specialty often combined in unions - Come. At the general meeting of the master they took the charter - the rules mandatory for all members of the workshop.
Slide number 11.
6. The role of workshops in the life of the city
The members of the workshop arranged joint holidays, participated in the wedding celebrations of the master, were attended by baptism, buried the members of the Master family, the fires were touched. The workshop helped sick, impoverished artisans, orphaned masters families.
Tsehi carried the guard service in the city and made up the detachments of the city troops. The shop had the coat of arms, a banner, and large goals - their church and a cemetery.
Slide number 12.
6. The role of workshops in the life of the city
For a long time, Zehi contributed to the development of the craft. In the cities there were new handicraft specialties. In the XIII century in Paris there were 100 workshops, and in the XIV century - already 350.
With an increase in the cities of the number of masters, rivalry intensified. Tsehs began to prevent the transition to the masters in the wizard. Only the sons of the masters were unhindered received the title of Master; It has become almost hereditary.
Slide number 13.
7. "What fell off, then lost"
Trade in the Middle Ages was advantageous, but very difficult and dangerous. The space between settlements was covered with huge, impassable forests, chassis predators and robber. Roads were narrow and disgraced, covered with impassive mud.
For travel through the possession of the feudalists, for the use of bridges and crossings I had many times to pay duties. To protect against robbers and help each other, merchants united in trading unions - guilds.
Slide number 14.
8. Expansion of trade relations
The city became the center of trading exchange with the locality surrounding it, with other cities, separate lands, with other countries.
Natural economy in Europe has remained. But the commercial economy was gradually developed, in which the products were made for sale on the market and exchanged, including through the media.
1) Choose the correct answer. Give an explanation.
Medieval cities arose as a result:
1. raids of normatons, Hungarians, Arabs. To protect against enemies, Senoras rearranged their dependent peasants in the city under the reliable protection of urban walls;
2. departments of crafts from agriculture. The following factors led to this:
* development of agriculture, an increase in its products,
* the need for quality tools, weapons,
* population growth, augmentation of arable land,
* development of trade;
3. politics of royal power. Each vassal of the king was obliged to move part of his dependent peasants to the city for craft and trade. Taxes with citizens came to the royal treasury.
Answer: 2. Since many artisans ran out of their villages from the Lord, or moved from place to place in search of a new job. They did not need to have land, they could feed themselves through the sale or exchange of their products. So began to create cities.
2) Read the excerpt from the document, enter the necessary information and answer questions.
If any man or woman will stay freely in the city of Bremen during
Answer: year and day
... and if someone after that he wants to challenge his freedom, then let it be granted to prove his freedom to refer to the above period.
* The document recorded the most important achievement that the city was achieved. What is it about? What is the proverb in the Middle Ages in this regard?
Answer: The most important achievement is the liberation of citizens from senorial addiction. "City air makes free."
* Find a Bremen on the map. Think when it was founded and why it is here. Suppose what were the main classes of its inhabitants.
Answer: Bremen city was founded in 787 by Karl Great. He was at the river crossing and at the intersection of several roads. T to the city on the river is built, then he is a port, people engaged there agriculture, handicrafts, trade.
3) What unification of urban residents do you know? Divide the empty column of the table on as many parts as required, and enter the answers.
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Questions for comparison
Goals of creation
The closed association was managed by a general meeting, it was created to increase the reputation, damage from visitors.
Open voluntary union with elective management was created to protect against robbers and mutual assistance
Who entered the association
Craftsmen
What they did
Regulation of activities, organization of public life, protection of interests, mutual assistance
Protection of activities, joint trading operations, protection of interest
What role played
Strict regulatation of production and protection of workshops
Strengthening the economic and political role of the members of the Guild
4) Explain the origin of the expression "Eternal Podmaster." When and in connection with what it appeared?
Answer: Eternal Podmaster - a hired worker who has already studied the craft, an assistant master who could not open his workshop. With an increase in rivalry between the workshops, they began to prevent the transition to the masters in the wizard, the masters could only be inherited. Therefore, many remained "eternal substructions"
The decisive face in the transition of European countries from the early refortel society to the current system of feudal relations is the XI century. A characteristic feature of developed feudalism was the emergence and flourishing of cities as craft centers and trade, commodity centers. Medieval cities have an enormous influence on the village's economy and promoted the growth of productive forces in agriculture.
The domination of the natural economy during the early Middle Ages
In the first centuries of the Middle Ages in Europe, the natural economy was almost unproductive. The peasant family itself produced agricultural products and craft products (tools and clothing; not only for their own needs, but also for the payment of long-standing faudal. Connection of agriculture with industrial - the characteristic feature of the natural economy. Only a small number of artisans (courtyard people), not engaged in or almost not engaged in agriculture, there were large faeodals in the estates. The peasants-artisans who lived in the village were extremely few and specially engaged in agriculture by any craft - a blacksmatic pottery, leather, etc.
The exchange of products was very insignificant. It coincided mainly to trade in such rare, but important objects that could be mined only in a few points (iron, tin, copper, salt, etc.), as well as luxury items that did not produce in Europe and bringing East (silk fabrics, dear jewelry, well-selected weapons, spices, etc.). This exchange was carried out mainly by the wandering merchants (Byzantines, Arabs, Syrians, etc.). The production of products specifically designed for sale has almost been developed, and in exchange for merchants, goods received only a very small part of the farming products.
Of course, and in the period of the early Middle Ages, there were cities, preserved from antiquity or arisen again and were either administrative centers or fortified points (ferry - Burgi) or church centers (residences of archbishopov, bishops, etc.). However, with almost undivided gentlemency of natural economy, when handicraft activities have not yet separated from agricultural, all these cities were not and could not be the focus of crafts and trade. True, in some cities of the early Middle Ages already in the VIII-IX centuries. Handicraft production has developed and there were markets, but it did not change the paintings in general.
Creation of prerequisites for the separation of crafts from agriculture
No matter how slowly the development of productive forces in the early Middle Ages, still by the X-XI centuries. In the economic life of Europe, important changes occurred. They were expressed in the change and development of equipment and skills of craft labor, in the differentiation of its industries. Separate crafts were significantly improved: mining, smelting and metal processing, primarily blacksmith and weapons; Loose tissues, especially Sukon; skin treatment; Production of more advanced clay products using a pottery circle; Mill business, construction, etc.
The dismemberment of the handicraft for new industries, the improvement of production techniques and labor skills demanded further specialization of the artisan. But such specialization was incompatible with the situation in which the peasant was leading his own economy and working simultaneously as a farmer and as an artisan. It was necessary to transform the craft from the utility production during agriculture into an independent branch of the economy.
Another side of the process prepared by the branch of the craft from agriculture was a progress in the development of agriculture and cattle breeding. With the improvement of the tools and methods of soil processing, especially with the widespread spread of the iron plow, as well as twopong and triples, there was a significant increase in labor productivity in agriculture. Increased area of \u200b\u200bcultivated land; Forests were cleared and replete new land arrays. Internal colonization played a big role in this - the settlement and economic development of new regions. As a result of all these changes in agriculture, the number and diversity of agricultural products increased, the time was reduced for their production and, therefore, the surplus product was increased, assigned by feudal landowners. The famous excess of consumption began to remain in the hands of the peasant. This made it possible to exchange part of agriculture products on artisans-specialist products.
The emergence of medieval cities as craft centers and trade
Thus, about the X-XI centuries. In Europe, all the necessary conditions for the separation of crafts from agriculture appeared. At the same time, the craft separated from agriculture is a small industrial production based on manual work, a number of stages have passed in its development.
The first of these was the production of products by order of the consumer, when the material could belong to the consumer-to-customer, and the craftsman himself, and the remuneration of labor was carried out either in kind or money. Such craft could exist not only in the city, it had a significant distribution in the village, being an addition to the peasant economy. However, during the work of an artisan to order, commodity production has not yet arose, because the product of labor in the market did not appear. The next stage in the development of the craft was already associated with the exit of the artisan to the market. It was a new and important phenomenon in the development of feudal society.
The artisan, specially engaged in the manufacture of craft products, could not exist if he did not add to the market and did not receive the products of agricultural production in exchange for his products. But, producing products for sale on the market, the artisan became a commodity producer. So, the appearance of crafts, isolated from agriculture, meant the emergence of commodity production and commodity relations, the emergence of the exchange between the city and the village and the emergence of the opposite between them.
Craftsmen, allocated gradually from the mass of the fixed and feudal dependent rural population, sought to leave the village, escape from the power of their Lords and settle where they could find the most favorable conditions for the sale of their products to manage their own handicrafts. The flight of peasants from the village led directly to the formation of medieval cities as craft centers and trade.
The sevenchers who fled from the village were settled in various places depending on the presence of favorable conditions for the craft classes (the possibility of selling products, proximity to sources of raw materials, relative safety, etc.). The place of its settlement artisans elected often precisely those items that played in the early Middle Ages the role of administrative, military and church centers. Many of these items have been strengthened, which provided artisans with the necessary security. Focusing in these centers of a significant population - feudalists with their servants and numerous retinues, spiritual persons, representatives of the royal and local administration, etc., created favorable conditions for sales of their artisans here. Craftsmen also settled near large feudal possessions, manshes, castles, the inhabitants of which could be consumed by their goods. Artisans and the walls of the monasteries were settled, where many people were glazed at a manty-family, in settlements, which were on the crossed of important roads, in river crossings and bridges, in the mouths of the rivers, on the shores of the bays comfortable for parking, bays, etc. The differences in the places where they arose, all these settlements of artisans became centers of the population of the population engaged in the production of craft products for sale, commodity and exchange centers in the feudal society.
Cities played in the development of the domestic market at feudalism a crucial role. Expanding, although slowly, handicraft production and trade, they retracted both the Lorskoye and peasant economy and thereby contributed to the development of productive forces in agriculture, the emergence and development of commercial production, the growth of the domestic market in the country.
Population and appearance of cities
In Western Europe, medieval cities used to appear in Italy (Venice, Genoa, Pisa, Naples, Amalfi, etc.), as well as in the south of France (Marseille, Arles, Narbonne and Montpellier), since here since IX century. The development of feudal relations led to a significant increase in the productive forces and the separation of crafts from agriculture.
One of the most favorable factors that promoted the development of Italian and South Francuz cities was the trade relations of Italy and Southern France with Byzantium and the East, where there were numerous and blooming crafts and shopping centers that have survived from antiquity. Rich cities with developed craft production and lively trading activities were such cities like Constantinople, Fesalonika (Solun), Alexandria, Damascus and Bakhdad. Even more rich and crowded, with extremely high levels of material and spiritual culture, were the city of China - Changan (Xi'an), Luoyang, Chengdu, Yangzhou, Guangzhou (Canton) and the city of India - Canyacubjj (Canava), Varanasi (Benares) , Ujane, Suura (Surat), Tanjor, Tamramite (Tamluk) and others. As for medieval cities in Northern France, the Netherlands, England, Southwestern Germany, on the Rhine and on the Danube, then their occurrence and development refer only to X and XI centuries.
In Eastern Europe, the most ancient cities, early to play the role of craft centers and trade, were Kiev, Chernigov, Smolensk, Polotsk and Novgorod. Already in the X-XI centuries. Kiev was a very significant handicraft and shopping center and hit contemporaries with its magnificence. He was called the opponent of Constantinople. According to the testimony of contemporaries, by the beginning of the XI century. In Kiev, there were 8 markets.
Large and rich Yurodi was at this time and Novgorod. As shown by the excavations of Soviet archaeologists, Novgorod Streets were packed with wooden bridges already in the XI century. In Novgorod in the XI-XII centuries. There was also a water supply: water walked along the woven wooden pipes. It was one of the earliest urban water pipes in medieval Europe.
Cities of Ancient Russia in the X-XI centuries. There were already extensive trade relations with many areas and countries of the East and West - with Volga, Caucasus, Byzantia, Central Asia, Iran, Arabic countries, Mediterranean, Slavic Pomera, Scandinavia, Baltic States, and also with countries of Central and Western Europe - Czech Republic, Moravia , Poland, Hungary and Germany. A particularly important role in international trade from the beginning of the X century. Played Novgorod. The successes of Russian cities in the development of crafts were significant (especially in the processing of metals and the manufacture of weapons, in jewelry and others).
Cities and in Slavic Pomerania in the South Coast of the Baltic Sea - Wolin, Stone, Arcone (on the island of Ruyan, modern Rügen), Stargrad, Szczecin, Gdansk, Kolobrzeg, cities of the South Slavyan in the Dalmatian coast of the Adriatic Sea - Dubrovnik, Zadar, Sibenik, Split, etc.
A significant center of crafts and trade in Europe was Prague. Famous Arab Traveler Geographer Ibrahim Ibn Yakub, who visited the Czech Republic in the middle of the X century, wrote about Prague that she "is the richest of the cities in trade."
The main population of cities arising in the X-XI centuries. In Europe, artisans were. The peasants who fled from their Lords or borrowed to the cities on the terms of payment of Mr. Length, becoming the townspeople, gradually freed the excellent dependence of the feudal "from the fortress medieval," Marx Engels wrote, "the free population of the first cities was published" ( K. Marx and F. Engels, Manifesto Communist Party, cit., T. 4, ed. 2, p. 425,). But with the advent of medieval cities, the process of separating crafts from agriculture has not ended. On the one hand, artisans, becoming citizens, still retained traces of their rural origin. From the DRCHA side, in the village of both the Lord, and the peasant farming continued Eshie for a long time to satisfy most of its needs in handicraft products with its own means. The separation of crafts from agriculture, which began to be carried out in Europe in the IX-XI centuries., Far than it was complete and completed.
In addition, the artisan first was at the same time a trader. Only in the future the merchants appeared in the cities - a new social layer, whose activity was no longer production, but only the exchange of goods. Unlike the wandering merchants that existed in the feudal society in the previous period and engaged in almost exclusive foreign trade, the merchants appearing in European cities in the XI-XII centuries were already mainly internal trade related to the development of local markets, i.e. with The exchange of goods between the city and the village. The separation of merchant activities from the handicraft was a new step in the public division of labor.
Medieval cities quite differed in their appearance from modern cities. They were usually surrounded by high walls - wooden, more often stone, with towers and massive gates, as well as deep Rips to protect against the feudal attack and the invasion of the enemy. Residents of the city - artisans and merchants carried the guard service and accounted for urban military militia. The walls surrounding the medieval city, over time, became close and did not contain all urban buildings. The urban suburbs were gradually around the walls - Posadov, populated mainly by artisans, and artisans of one specialty lived usually on the same street. So the streets arose - blacksmith, weapons, carpentry, weaving, etc. The suburbs in turn were applied to a new ring of walls and fortifications.
The dimensions of European cities were very small. As a rule, the cities were small and crowded and numbered only from one to three to five thousand inhabitants. Only very large cities had a population of several tens of thousands of people.
Although the main mass of the citizens was engaged in craft and trade, a well-known role in the life of the urban population continued to play an agricultural experience. Many residents of the city had their fields, pastures and gardens outside the city walls, and in part and in the city. Small cattle (goats, sheep and pig) often passionately in the city, and the pigs found their abundant food there, as the garbage, the remains of food and infuse were usually thrown straight to the street.
In cities, the epidemics often broke out due to the unsanitary state, mortality from which was very large. Fires often happened, since the large part of the city building was wooden and at home adjacent to each other. The walls prevented the walls of the growing in the city, so the streets were extremely narrow, and the upper floors of the houses were often outlined in the form of protrusions above the lower, and the roofs of houses located on the opposite sides of the street, almost in contact with each other. Narrow and curves urban streets were often flying, some of them never penetrated the rays of the sun. Street lighting did not exist. The central place in the city was usually the market square, near the city cathedral located.
Fighting cities with feudal seen in the XI-XIII centuries.
Medieval cities arose always on the Earth of Feodala and therefore inevitably they should have obeyed the feudal senor, in the hands of which all power in the city was originally focused on. Feodal was interested in the occurrence of the city on his land, as fisheries and trade brought him extra income.
For the desire of the feudalists, extract as many income as possible inevitably led to the struggle between the city and his senor. Feudals were resorted to direct violence, which was confronted from the side of the citizens and their struggle for exemption from the feudal negle. A political structure was dependent on the outcome of this struggle, which received the city, and the degree of its independence towards the feudal senor.
The peasants who fled from their senors, settled in the cities arising, brought with them from the village of customs and the skills of the community device existing there. The construction of the brand, changed in accordance with the conditions of urban development, played a very large role in organizing urban self-government in the Middle Ages.
The struggle between senites and citizens, in the process of which urban self-government arose and developed, proceeded in various European countries in different ways, depending on the conditions of their historical development. In Italy, for example, where the cities have reached a significant economic heyday, the citizens achieved great independence already in the XI-XII centuries. Many cities of North and Medium Italy submitted to themselves significant areas around the city and became cities-states. These were the city republics - Venice, Genoa, Pisa, Florence, Milan, etc.
Similar situation also took place in Germany, where the so-called imperial cities starting with XII, and especially in the XIII century, obeying the formally emperor, put on the independent city republics. They had the right to independently declare war, to conclude the world, to minted their coin, etc. These cities were Lübeck, Hamburg, Bremen, Nuremberg, Augsburg, Frankfurt am Main and others.
Many cities of Northern France - Amiens, Saint-Cantnen, Beauvais, Lan and D.- as a result of a persistent and fierce struggle with their feudal seenors who have often made the character of bloody armed clashes, just achieved the rights of self-government and could choose from their environment to the city council and officials starting from the head of the city council. In France and in England, the head of the city council was called the mayor, and in Germany - Burgomistr. Self-governing cities (communes) had their own court, military militia, finance and self-defense law.
At the same time, they were exempted from the fulfillment of ordinary senorial duties - the barbecues and lifespans and from various payments. The duties of the commune cities in relation to the feudal senor were usually limited only by the annual payment of a certain, relatively low money rent and sending to the aid of Senor in the event of a small military squad.
In Russia in the XI century. With the development of cities intensified the importance of the elder meetings. Citizens, as in Western Europe, were struggled for urban liberties. A kind of political construction was formed in Novgorod Great. He was a feudal republic, but a large political force there had trade industrial population there.
The degree of independence in the urban self-government achieved by the cities was not the same and depended on the specific historical conditions. Often, the cities managed to obtain the rights of self-government by paying the sense of a large amount of money. In this way, we got exemption from the care of the seen and fell in communes of many rich cities of southern France, Italy, etc.
Often, large cities, especially the city standing at the Royal Earth, did not receive the rights of self-government, but used a number of privileges and liberations, including the right to have elected urban government bodies that operated, however, together with the King's appointed king or another representative of Senior. Such incomplete rights of self-government had Paris and many other cities of France, for example Orleans, Bourges, Loris, Lyon, Nantes, Charter, and in England - Lincoln, Ipswich, Oxford, Cambridge, Gloucester. But not all cities managed to achieve such an degree of independence. Some cities, especially small, who did not have enough developed craft and trade and not possessing the necessary money and forces to fight their senites remained entirely under the direction of the senorial administration.
Thus, the results of the struggle of cities with their senitors were different. However, in one respect, they coincided. All citizens managed to achieve personal liberation from serfdom. Therefore, if the fortress peasant who fled to the city lived in it during a certain period, usually one year and one day, he also became free and no senor could return it to the fortress state. "The city air does free," the medieval proverb said.
City craft and its workshop organization
The production basis of the medieval city was a craft. For feudalism, small production is characterized in both the village and the city. The artisan, like the peasant, was a small manufacturer, who had his own production tools, led his own private farm, based on personal labor, and was its goal not to receive profits, but the mining of livelihood. "The decent provision of its existence is - and not a change value as such, not enrichment as such ..." ( K. Marx, the process of capital production in the CN. "Archive of Marx and Engels", t. II (VII), p. 111.) It was the purpose of the work of the artisan.
The characteristic feature of the medieval craft in Europe was its workshop organization - an association of artisans of a certain profession within the city in special unions - Come. Come appeared almost simultaneously with the emergence of cities. In Italy, they already met with the X century, in France, England, Germany and the Czech Republic - from the XI-XII centuries, although the final design of the workshops (receiving special charters from kings, the recording of shop charters, etc.) happened, as a rule , later. Craft corporations existed in Russian cities (for example, in Novgorod).
Comeses arose as organizations who fled to the city of peasants who needed union to fight against the robbery nobility and in protecting against competition. Among the reasons for the necessity of education of workshops, Marx and Engels also noted the need of artisans in common market premises for the sale of goods and the need to protect the common property of artisans to a certain specialty or profession. Association of artisans into special corporations (cores) was due to the entire system of feudal relations that dominated the Middle Ages, the entire feudal-cell structure of society ( See C. Marx and F. Engels, German ideology, cit., Vol. 3, ed. 2, pp 23 and 50-51.).
A sample for a workshop organization, as for organizing urban self-government, was a community system ( See F. Engels, Mark; In KN. "The Peasant War in Germany", M. 1953, p. 121.). The artisans integrated into the goals were direct manufacturers. Each of them worked in his own workshop with his tools and on their raw materials. He strange with these means of production, according to Marx, "as a snail with a sink" ( K. Marx, Capital, t. I, Mimitizdat, 1955, p. 366.). Traditionality and routine were characteristic of medieval craft, as well as for peasant economy.
Inside the craft workshop almost did not exist in the division of labor. The division of labor was carried out in the form of specialization between individual workshops, which led to the development of production led to an increase in the number of handicraft professions and, consequently, the number of new workshops. This, although it did not change the nature of the medieval craft, but determined certain technical progress, the improvement of labor skills, the specialization of the working instrument, etc. The artisan was usually helped by his family. Together with him worked one or two subsections and one or more students. But only the master, owner of the craft workshop, was a full member of the workshop. The master, apprentice and student stood on different steps of a peculiar shop hierarchy. The preliminary passage of the two lower steps was mandatory for any desire to join the workshop and become his member. In the first period of development of the workshops, each student could become a few years with an apprentice, and the apprentice is a master.
In most cities, the belonging to the workshop was a prerequisite for craft. This eliminated the possibility of competition from the not included in the shop of artisans, dangerous for small producers in a very narrow market at the time of the market and relatively minor demand. Craftsmen included in the shop were interested in the members of the members of this workshop be provided with unhindered sales. In accordance with this, the workshop strictly regulated the production and through the way of specially elected officials followed that each master - a member of the workshop - produced products for certain quality. The workshop prescribed, for example, what width and colors should be manufactured fabric, how many threads should be based on how to use the instrument and material, etc.
Being a corporation (association) of small commodity producers, the workshop, the workshop necessarily ensures that the production of all its members does not exceed a certain size so that no one has come into competition with other members of the workshop, producing more products. To this end, the workshops are strictly limited by the number of substrursions and students, which could have one master, prohibited work at night and on holidays, limited the number of machines on which the artisan could work, regulated stocks of raw materials.
The craft and its organization in the medieval city were feudal. "... The feudal structure of land tenure corresponds to the cities of corporate property ( Corporate property was a monopoly of the workshop for a certain specialty or profession.), feudal organization crafts "( K. Marx and F. Engels, German ideology, cit., Vol. 3, ed. 2, p. 23.). Such a craft organization was the necessary form of market development in the medieval city, for it created at that time favorable conditions for the development of productive forces. She guarded artisans from excessive exploitation from the feudalists, ensured the existence of small producers in the emergency narrowness of the then market and facilitated the development of equipment and improving the skills of handicraft work. During the flourishing period of the feudal method of production, the workshop was in full compliance with the stage of the development of the productive forces, which was achieved at this time.
The workshop organization covered all parties to the life of a medieval artisan. The shop was a military organization who participated in the protection of the city (watchdogs) and speaking as a separate combat unit of urban militia in the event of war. The workshop had his "saint", the day of which he celebrated, his churches or chapels, being a kind of religious organization. The workshop was also an organization of artisans who provided at the expense of an entrance fee to the workshop, fines and other payments to help their needs to members and their families in the event of a sick or death of a member of the workshop.
Fighting workshops with urban patrician
The struggle of cities with feudal seniors led to the overwhelming majority of cases to the transition (to one degree or another) of the city administration in the hands of citizens. But not all citizens received the right to take part in the management of urban affairs. The fight against feudal serenities was carried out by the forces of the masses, that is, primarily by artisans, and enjoyed its results the top of the urban population - urban homeowners, landowners, aspect experts, rich merchants.
This upper, preferred layer of the urban population was a narrow, closed group of urban rich - the hereditary city aristocracy (in the West, this aristocracy usually called the name of the patrician) all positions in urban administration. City administration, court and finance - all this was in the hands of the city top and was used in the interests of rich citizens and to the detriment of the interests of the wide masses of the craft population. This is especially brightly affected by tax policy. In a number of cities in the West (in Cologne, Strasbourg, Florence, Milan, London, etc.), representatives of the urban tip, brings closer to the feudal one, together with her, the people were brutally oppressed - artisans and urban poor. But, as the craft developed and the values \u200b\u200bof the workshops developed, artisans joined the fight against the city's aristocracy. In almost all countries of medieval Europe, this struggle (as a rule, having taken a very acute character and reaching armed uprising) turned into the XIII-XV centuries. The results of it were unequal. In some cities, first of all, the craft industry received a great development, they won the tsehi (for example, in Cologne, Ausburg, in Florence). In other cities where the development of the crafts was inferior to trade and the leader played the merchant, the shops were defeated and the urban tip was wicious (it was in Hamburg, Lübeck, Rostock, etc.).
In the process of the struggle of citizens with feudal and shops with a city patrician, a medieval burgree was formed and developed. In the word, the Burger in the West originally denoted all citizens (from the German word "Burg" - the city, from where the French medieval term "Bourgeois" - bourgeois, a town-dweller). But the urban population was not united. On the one hand, it was gradually a layer of merchants and wealthy artisans, on the other hand, the mass of urban plebey (plebs), which included subsensions, students, pivotchiki, broken artisans and other urban poor. In accordance with this, the word "Burger" lost its former widespread importance and acquired a new meaning. The burers began to call no longer just citizens, but only citizens of rich and wealthy, from which the bourgeoisie rose.
Development of commodity-money relations
The development of commodity production in the city and the village has determined from the XIII century. Significant, compared to the previous period, expansion of trade and market ties. No matter how slowly the development of commodity-money relations in the village was going, it was increasingly pushing the natural economy and became involved in the market turnover all the revolving part of the agricultural products exchanged through trade on the products of urban craft. Although the village gave the city a relatively small part of its products and largely herself satisfied its needs for handicrafts, yet the growth of commodity production in the village was obvious. This testified to the transformation of the part of the peasants in commodity producers and the gradual folding of the domestic market.
A large role in the internal and foreign trade in Europe was played by fairs who were widely distributed in France, Italy, England and other countries already in the XI-XII centuries. The fairs made a wholesale trade in such goods, using great demand like wool, leather, cloth, linen fabrics, metals and products from metals, grain. The largest fairs played a major role in the development of foreign trade. So, at fairs in the French County Champagne in the XII-XIII centuries. There were merchants from various countries in Europe - Germany, France, Italy, England, Catalonia, the Czech Republic and Hungary. Italian merchants, especially the Venetians and the Genoese, delivered to champagne fairs dear Eastern products - silk, cotton fabrics, jewelry and other luxury items, as well as spices (pepper, cinnamon, ginger, cloves, etc.). Flemish and Florentine merchants brought the well-selected cloth. The merchants from Germany brought linen fabrics, merchants from the Czech Republic - Sukna, skin and metal products; Museum from England - Wool, Tin, Lead and Iron.
In the XIII century. European trade was focused mainly in two regions. One of these was the Mediterranean, which served as a link in the trade of Western European countries with the countries of the East. Initially, the main role in this trade was played by Arab and Byzantine merchants, and from the XII-XIII centuries, especially in connection with the cross campaigns, the championship passed to the merchants of Genoa and Venice, as well as to the merchants of Marseille and Barcelona. Another European trade area covered the Baltic and North Sea. It took part in the trade of the city of all countries located near these seas: the North-Western regions of Russia (especially Novgorod, Pskov and Polotsk), Northern Germany, Scandinavia, Denmark, France, England, etc.
The expansion of trade relations was extremely prevented by the conditions characteristic of the era of feudalism. The ownership of each senory was fenced with numerous customs foundations, where significant trading duties were charged from merchants. Duties and all kinds of victims were charged with merchants and when moving through bridges, when crossing the breakdown through rivers, when driving along the river through the ownership of Feodala. Feudals did not stop before the robbery attacks on merchants and robbery of merchant caravans. Feudal orders, the domination of the natural economy caused a relatively minor trading volume.
Nevertheless, the gradual growth of commodity-money relations and exchange created the possibility of accumulating money capital in the hands of individuals, primarily among merchants and Roshovists. The accumulation of money was also facilitated by the operations for the exchange of money necessary in the Middle Ages due to the infinite diversity of the coin systems and the coin units, since the money was minted not only by emperors and kings, but also all sorts of any prominent senites and bishops, as well as large cities. To exchange some money on others and to establish the value of one or another coin there was a special profession. The changes were engaged not only by exchange operations, but also by transferring money from which credit operations arose. This was usually associated with usuriousness. Experience and loan operations led to the creation of special banker offices. The first such banker offices arose in the cities of Northern Italy - in Lombardy. Therefore, the word "pawnshop" in the Middle Ages became synonymous with the banker and the roshchist. Later, special loan institutions that produce operations secured by things became known as Lombards.
The largest dender in Europe was a church. At the same time, the most complex credit and usury operations carried out Roman Kuria, which fastened huge funds from almost all European countries.
The formation of medieval cities. Urban craft. (13) (Universal History)
Changes in public life
XI- XII. centuries, using the iron tool and horses in agriculture (began to hide) happened Enlargement of the cropmore than twice.
There are many mills:
- water;
- Windmate.
For the manufacture of weapons and labor tools, a lot of metal was required, shakhty appear.
Clothes began to do from wool.
In the village appear craftsmen, develops TRADE.
Appearance in Europe cities
Cities arose at the crossroads of roads, near the river crossing, where artisans flew from the arbitrariness of their Lords.
For sewn, the townspeople built fortress Walls, struck the city rVOM.
Gorozhaans called Burgers. (on it. burg - Fortress).
IN XII. – XIII.explosive In Europe, there were several thousand cities.
Fighting cities with seniors
All cities were on earth King, feudal or monastery.
Cities tried be free from the power of seniors, their arbitrariness, taxes, courts, fines (XII - XIII centuries).
The results of hostility of cities and seniors:
- Independence;
- Restriction of rights;
- complete addiction.
Commune - liberated cities from the power of the senors.
Mayor(France, England), Burgomaster(Germany) - Head of the City Council.
Functions of the city council:
- tax collection and treasury;
- mergenetic merinage;
- management of the market and crafts;
- construction and supervision of order.
RESULT: Liberation of citizens from senorial addiction.
If the dependent peasant managed to live in the city " year and day"He became free person.
Urban artisan workshop
Craftsmen worked manually, creating very high-quality products (secrets of skill were inherited).
To master the skill, it was necessary to learn from Two before Eight years.
The student lived at the master and performed Subsidated work.
MASTER- Host and chief worker in the workshop.
JOURNEYMAN- Worker who studied the craft received wages.
What would be the master, the apprentice should have created masterpiece - The best product sample (in our time - outstanding work of art).
Come
Come- Association of artisan masters (Union) of one specialty.
Tired- Rules required for all members of the workshop:
- do things for a single pattern;
- have allowed the number of machines, students, apprentices;
- do not lure buyers and promissory.
Older - elected masters who watch the charter, and punished violators.
Casts were detachments urban troopsThey had the coat of arms, a banner, and sometimes even a church and a cemetery.
Tsehi contributed to the development of the craft:
- increased division of labor between the workshops;
- new handicraft specialties arose (gunsmiths, shoemakers).
XIV. The century shop began to turn into an organization of rich entrepreneurs and merchants.
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