What are the vowel sounds in Russian? Vowels Denoting the softness of consonants in writing.
Ticket number 1
vowels
Consonants are soft and hard. Softening hard consonants
According to the sound and method of formation, consonants are divided in Russian into hard and soft.
Soft consonants are formed with the participation of the middle part of the tongue and have a special, “soft” sound. Hard consonants are formed without the participation of the middle part of the tongue and have a "hard" sound.
Most consonants form hard/soft pairs.
[b] - [b '] [l] - [l '] [t] - [t '] [c] - [c '] [m] - [m '] [f] - [f '] [g ] - [G']
[n] - [n '] [x] - [x '] [d] - [d '] [n] - [n '] [s] - [s '] [p] - [p ']
[k] - [k '] [s] - [s ']
Some consonants are only hard or only soft. They do not pair in hardness/softness.
Only hard consonants:[g], [w], [c].
Only soft consonants:[th '], [h '], [u '].
Hard consonants cannot be combined with the vowel sound [and] following them, soft consonants cannot be combined with the vowel sound [ы] following them.
A man - [man] (here, after always a hard F sounds [s]).
Taught - [uch'il] (here after the always soft H sounds [and]).
In some cases, in the flow of speech, softening of paired solid consonants occurs.
Hard [n] can change to soft [n '] in combinations [n'h '], [n'sh'].
Pancake - pancake [bl'in'ch'ik].
Change - changer [sm'en'sch'ik].
Hard [d], [t], [h], [s], [n] can soften before soft [d '], [t '], [h '], [s '], [n '].
Whistle - whistle [s't']et.
Forest - le [s "n"] ik.
Treasury - in ka [z "n"] e.
Bow - ba [n "t"] ik.
India - I [n "d"] iya.
Syntactic analysis of the sentence, phonetic analysis of the word, morphological analysis.
No one could tear me away from my favorite thoughts.
Sentence: narrative, non-exclamatory, simple, common,
Text analysis.
Defining the topic of the text: chipmunk food supplies
Ticket number 2
1) Oral task: Topic: Section on speech sounds - phonetics.
2) Practical task:
Task: put punctuation marks in sentences.
Accuracy and brevity are the first virtues of prose.
The speech culture of a person is a mirror of his spiritual life.
Poverty is not a vice. There is no dash before the NOT particle.
Syntactic parsing of the sentence: Carefully examining each suspicious place, knocking with a powerful beak on the bark, a large black woodpecker climbs up the white birch.
Sentence: Narrative, non-exclamatory, simple, one-part, common, isolated by homogeneous members.
Phonetic analysis: beak
k-[k] -acc., deaf., tv.
l-[l ’]-acc., sound. unpaired, soft
yu-[y] -ch., percussion.
in-[f] -acc., deaf., tv.
Morphological analysis: birch
initial form: BIRCH Part of speech: noun Grammar: dative, word usually not plural, singular, feminine, inanimate
Forms: birch, birch, birch, birch, birch, birch.
Text analysis.
Text speech type: narration
Defining the style of the given text: art style
Ticket number 3
1) Oral task: topic: Homonyms, Synonyms, Antonyms.
Homonyms- different in meaning, but the same in sound and spelling, words, morphemes and other units of the language. troika (horses) and troika (mark).
Synonyms - words of the same part of speech, different in sound and spelling, but having the same or very close lexical meaning. Bold - brave.
Antonyms - these are words of the same part of speech, different in sound and spelling, having directly opposite lexical meanings. For example: "truth" - "false", "good" - "evil", "speak" - "silent"
The use of synonyms.
Synonyms enrich the language, make our speech figurative. Synonyms may have different functional and stylistic coloring. So, the words mistake, miscalculation, oversight, error are stylistically neutral, commonly used; a hole, an overlay - colloquial; slip - colloquial; blooper - professional slang. The use of one of the synonyms without taking into account its stylistic coloring can lead to a speech error.
Example: Having made a mistake, the director of the plant immediately began to correct it.
When using synonyms, the ability of each of them to be more or less selectively combined with other words is often not taken into account (see Lexical compatibility).
Varying in shades lexical meaning, synonyms can express varying degrees manifestations of signs, actions. But, even denoting the same thing, interchangeable in some cases, in others, synonyms cannot be replaced - this leads to a speech error.
Example: Yesterday I was sad. A synonym for sad is quite suitable here: Yesterday I was sad. But in two-part sentences, these synonyms are interchanged. Sadly, I look at our generation ....
The use of homonyms.
Due to the context, homonyms are usually understood correctly. But still, in certain speech situations, homonyms cannot be understood unambiguously.
Example: The crew is in excellent condition. Is the crew a wagon or a team? The word crew itself is used correctly. But to reveal the meaning of this word, it is necessary to expand the context.
Very often, the use of homophones (sounding the same, but spelled differently) and homoforms in speech (especially oral) leads to ambiguity.
Ticket number 6
1) oral assignment: topic: Native Russian and borrowed words
Original Russian words and borrowed vocabulary. This group of words reflects the features of their origin. The original Russian vocabulary includes those words that were formed directly in the Russian language. Among the original Russian words, common Slavic words stand out (mother, shepherd, yard, porridge, kvass, birch, field, morning), East Slavic (uncle, nephew, spoon, ravine, flower) and Russian proper (grandmother, grandfather, fork, fairy tale, calf , duck). There are many borrowed words in Russian. According to scientists, about every tenth word is borrowed. Borrowed words reflect historical changes in the life of the state, in science, technology, economics, and art.
2) practical task
The sun, hiding behind a narrow cloud, gilds its edges.
Despite the difference in characters, the brothers loved each other deeply.
Insert missing letters parsing, phonetic analysis of the word, morphological analysis.
Parsing: I prepared to shoot, but the bird did not fly out of the bushes.
Sentence: narrative, non-exclamatory, complex, allied connection, SSP.
Phonetic analysis: Bird
p - [n] - acc., deaf., tv.
and - [i´] - ch., percussion.
a - [b] - ch .. bezud.
Morphological analysis: bushes
Initial form: BUSH
Part of speech: noun Grammar: plural, masculine, inanimate, genitive
Shapes: bush, bush, bush, bush, bush, bush, bush, bush, bush, bush
Ticket number 7
Old Church Slavonicisms
Classification by groups:
Semantic
2) practical task:
Ticket number 8
dialect words
Term
2) practical task.
The plane, along with the passengers, captured the mail.
Who, except the hunter, experienced how gratifying it is to wander through the bushes at dawn?
Ticket number 9
1) oral task: topic: sources of vocabulary replenishment.
2) practical task.
Phonetic parsing: Minutes
and [and] - vowel, unstressed
y [`y] - vowel, stressed
Ticket number 13
1) Oral task……..
2) Practical task
Text analysis
Text speech type: narration
Text style: artistic.
Ticket number 14
1) Oral task: Vowels o and e after hissing
1. After hissing under stress, it is written about, in accordance with the pronunciation:
a) in the endings of nouns, for example: dugout, turn (turn), listing, displacement, footage, installation, dummy, page, shelving, ball, paralysis, raisins, hut, tick, ivy, boundary, candle, left-handed, sling ( Wed unstressed endings: turn - in photography, landscape, prestige, type, tonnage, timing; crying; apash, plush; vegetable; cottage, burden, forest);
b) in the endings of adjectives, for example: alien, big (cf. unstressed endings: red, good);
c) in the suffixes of nouns: -ok (debt, hook, shepherd boy, borscht), -onok (bear cub, wolf cub, frog), -onk-a (book, nag, little soul);
d) in the suffixes of adjectives: -ov- (hedgehog, chesuchovy, penny, horsetail), -on (with a fluent o: funny);
e) at the end (in suffixes) of adverbs, for example: fresh, already (meaning "later", "after"), hot, evening (meaning "last night"), general.
2. After hissing under stress, e (e) is written, although it is pronounced about:
a) in the endings of verbs, for example: lies, flows;
b) in the verbal suffix -ёvyva-, for example: demarcate, uproot, obscure;
c) in the suffix -evk- of verbal nouns, for example: demarcation, uprooting (but: hacksaw - from the adjective knife);
d) in the suffix -ёr- nouns, for example: trainee, retoucher;
e) in the suffix -yonn- (-yon-) passive participles, for example: slain, irrigated, discontinued; smitten, irrigated, terminated; in the suffix -yon- verbal adjectives, for example: burnt, smoked; in words derived from words of this type, for example: zhzhenka, smoked meats, stew, simplicity;
f) in the prepositional case of the pronoun what: about what, on what; in words, and by no means.
2) practical task
Unionless complex sentence A sentence is called in which the parts forming it are interconnected:
1) in meaning, 2) intonation, 3) the order of the parts, 4) aspectual-temporal forms of verbs-predicates.
Love a book, it will help you sort out the motley confusion of thoughts, it will teach you to respect a person.
Cheese fell out, with him there was a cheat.
Text analysis
Subject: Fall has arrived.
Text speech type: description
Text style: artistic
Ticket number 15
1) oral task
In accordance with general rule the spelling of letters in the place of unstressed vowels in suffixes is established by checking words and forms with the same suffix in which the vowel being checked is under stress.
2) practical task
Gogol's influence on Russian literature was enormous, points out V.G. Belinsky.
The use of antonyms.
Very often used by poets to give an image. Example: They came together, water and fire.
2) Practical task.
Place punctuation marks in sentences:
Phonetic analysis: lay down
Leg - a word of 1 syllable,
e - [e] -ch., shock.
g - [x] -acc., deaf. unpaired, tv.
Text analysis.
Text speech type: narration
Ticket number 4
1) Oral task: topic: the use of figurative and expressive means of the language.
personifications- when inanimate objects are endowed with the properties of living beings: Sleepy birches smiled ...
comparison: example: The forest, as if a painted tower, shimmered with crimson, gold, orange colors.
The moon, like a huge cold ball, shone high in the sky.
The lake shone like a black mirror.
Ice, like melting sugar, lies on a cold river.
Mashenka's cheeks were like poured apples.
epithets, which characterize an object, emphasize its qualities, properties, create a certain image: the wind is violent, wandering.
Hyperbole - stylistic figure or artistic technique based on exaggeration: a feature is attributed to the phenomenon to the extent that it really does not have it (for example, in N. V. Gogol: "harem trousers the width of the Black Sea")
Antithesis - a stylistic figure of contrast, a sharp opposition of concepts: I will laugh with everyone, but I don’t want to cry with anyone.
2) practical task
I fall asleep, then I wake up, I open my eyes.
The table, the armchair, the chairs were all of the heaviest and heaviest quality.
Directly opposite the window, on the opposite side, rose a beautiful manor house.
Text analysis
Text subject: aspen
Style Definition: …………
Ticket number 5
1) oral task: Dictionaries of the Russian language
Russian language dictionaries- The universe in the alphabet - Anthroponymic dictionaries - Dialect (regional) Dictionaries- Grammar dictionaries- Dictionaries word combinations - Ideographic, semantic and associative dictionaries - Linguistic and cultural dictionaries - Morphemic and derivational dictionaries - Inverse Dictionaries- Spelling Dictionaries - Orthoepic Dictionaries- Synonymic Dictionaries- Dictionaries antonyms - Dictionaries linguistic terms - Dictionaries names of inhabitants - Dictionaries of neologisms - Dictionaries of homonyms - Dictionaries of paronyms - Dictionaries of epithets, comparisons and metaphors - Dictionaries of abbreviations - Dictionaries of social dialects: jargon, slang, slang - Dictionaries of the language of writers and individual works - Dictionaries-reference books of the difficulties of the Russian language - Terminological Dictionaries - Explanatory dictionaries.
2) practical task
Ticket number 10
Phraseologism, phraseological unit- stable in composition and structure, lexically indivisible and integral in meaning, a phrase or sentence that performs the function of a separate lexeme (vocabulary unit).
2) Practical task
Friends, our union is beautiful.
What are you thinking, Cossack?
Text analysis
Theme of the text: the development of a culture of speech
Type of speech: reasoning
Ticket number 11
1) oral task: topic: Using speech etiquette formulas.
Speech etiquette- a set of rules of speech behavior adopted by society in the relevant areas and situations of communication. Speech behavior is regulated by social hierarchy, national culture and etiquette, ritual, upbringing of a linguistic personality, constant practice controlled by consciousness.
2) Practical task
Ah, how bright the sun is.
No, I didn't leave you.
Yes, time flies very quickly.
Text analysis
Text subject: daily entries
Text speech type: narration
Text style: artistic.
Ticket number 12
Console
Suffix
Root
2) Practical task
The air breathes with the aroma of spring, and all nature revives.
He will give a sign - and everyone will laugh.
Text analysis
Text speech type: reasoning
Text style: colloquial
Text analysis
Text speech type: reasoning
Text style: artistic.
Ticket number 16
2) practical task
It was already late and dark, the rain beat angrily against the window, and the wind blew sadly howling.
A herd of wild ducks whistled over us, and we heard them descend into the river.
Phonetic analysis: Water
o [`o] - vowel, unstressed
o [a] - vowel, stressed
Text analysis
Subject: Chipmunk Food Stocks
Text speech type: narration
Determining the style of a given text: artistic style
Ticket number 17
2) practical task
And he, rebellious, asks for a storm.
Text analysis
Definition of the topic of the text: leaves fall in autumn, leaf fall
Text speech type: narration
Determining the style of a given text: artistic style
Ticket number 18
1)
2) practical task
My father was sitting on a bench by the window.
Text analysis
Definition of the topic of the text: the life of a hedgehog
Text speech type: narration
Definition of the style of the given text: artistic.
Ticket number 19
1)
2) practical task
Gogol's influence on Russian literature was enormous, points out V.G. Belinsky.
Language, notes A.P. Chekhov, should be simple and elegant.
Text analysis
Text subject: aspen
Determining the speech type of a text: reasoning
Style Definition: …………
Ticket number 20
1) oral task
Abstract- this is a short, coherent and consistent presentation of the ascertaining and arguing provisions of the text.
Essay- a report on a specific topic, in which information is collected from one or more sources. Abstracts can be a summary of the content scientific work, articles, etc.
2) practical task
Of course, not only Yevgeny could see Tanya's confusion. Comma at the introductory word.
The beach, as I said, was low sandy.
Phonetic analysis: lay down
Leg - a word of 1 syllable,
l [l ’] - acc., sound. unpaired, soft
e - [e] -ch., shock.
g - [k] -acc., deaf. unpaired, tv.
Text analysis
Text speech type: reasoning
Text style: artistic
Ticket number 21
1) oral task
Phoneme- this is the shortest sound unit capable of distinguishing sound shells different words and morphemes.
Day- 4 letters, 3 sounds
d [d "] - consonant, soft, voiced, paired
e [`e] - vowel, stressed
n [n "] - consonant, soft, voiced, unpaired, sonorous
Rise 6 letters, 6 sounds
n [n] - consonant, solid, deaf, double
o [`o] - vowel, unstressed
d [d] - consonant, solid, voiced, paired
e [th "] - consonant, soft, voiced, unpaired, sonorous
[o] - vowel, unstressed
m [m] - consonant, solid, voiced, unpaired, sonorous
2) practical task
Oh, I understand him perfectly. Grammatical basis- I understand
The night is frosty and clear. Grammatical basis - tonight
Phonetic parsing: Minutes
m [m "] - consonant, soft, voiced, unpaired, sonorous
and [and] - vowel, unstressed
n [n] - consonant, solid, voiced, unpaired, sonorous
y [`y] - vowel, stressed
t [t] - consonant, solid, deaf, double
Text analysis
Theme of the text: skill of human hands
Text speech type: reasoning
Text style: artistic
Ticket number 22
1) oral task
2) practical task
Pavel went to the door, pushed it with his hand, asked who was there?
You should intercede for Pavel, then the mother exclaimed, getting up, because he went for the sake of everyone.
Phonetic analysis: beak
Beak - a word of 1 syllable, 4 letters, 4 sounds.
k-[k] - acc., deaf., tv.
l-[l ’] - acc., sound. unpaired, soft
yu-[y] - ch., percussion.
v-[f] - acc., deaf., tv.
Ticket number 26
1) oral task:
2) practical task
Ah, how bright the sun is.
No, I didn't leave you.
Yes, time flies very quickly.
Text analysis
Subject: a person must be intelligent
Text speech type: reasoning
Text style: colloquial
Ticket number 27
2) Practical task
Complicated sentence. such sentences are joined by subordinating conjunctions (for example: when, what, to, which...)_______________________________________________
Clouds descended over the valley where we were driving.
I saw how the stars began to dim and lose all their radiance, how a coolness swept over the earth with a light sigh.
Text analysis
Subject: father and son went hunting in the woods
Text speech type: narration
Text style: artistic.
Ticket number 28
1) oral task:
Console- this is part of the word, and in writing it cannot be separated from the root.
Suffix- Part of the word between the root and the ending, giving the word a new meaning
Root- This a common part related words, which contains their main meaning. Words with the same root are called cognate (related)
2) Practical task
Gogol's influence on Russian literature was enormous, V.G. Belinsky.
Language, notes A.P. Chekhov, should be simple and elegant.
Text analysis
Subject: Fall has arrived.
Text speech type: description
Text style: artistic
Ticket number 29
1) oral task:
2) Practical task
And he, rebellious, asks for a storm.
Attracted by the light, the butterflies flew in and circled around the lantern.
Phonetic analysis: Water
in [in] - consonant, solid, voiced, paired
o [`o] - vowel, unstressed
d [d] - consonant, solid, voiced, paired
o [a] - vowel, stressed
th [th "] - consonant, soft, voiced, unpaired, sonorous
Text analysis
Topic: art as education
Text speech type: reasoning
Text style: artistic.
Text analysis
Theme of the text: Russia is a mother
Text speech type: reasoning
Text style: artistic
Ticket number 23
1) oral task
2) practical task
It was a rainy, dirty dark night.
A long freight train has long been at the station.
Text analysis
Text subject: apple tree
Determining the speech type of a text: reasoning
Style Definition: …………
Ticket number 24
1) oral task: Old Slavonicisms.
Old Church Slavonicisms- words borrowed from the Old Slavonic language, the language of liturgical books.
Classification by groups:
Ascending to the common Slavic language Old Slavicisms that had East Slavic variants, distinguished by their sound or affixal design: gold, night, fisherman, boat, gate, line (queue), captivity (full)
Semantic.
2) practical task
At the rallies, we, the newspapermen, learned a lot of news.
The fiercest scourge of heaven, nature's horror - pestilence rages in the forests.
Phonetic analysis: Bird
Bird - a word of 2 syllables, 1st stressed
p - [n] - acc., deaf., tv.
t - [t ’] - acc., deaf, soft.
and - [i´] - ch., percussion.
C - [c] - acc., deaf. unpaired, tv. unpaired
a - [b] - ch .. bezud.
Text analysis
Subject: a person must be intelligent
Text speech type: reasoning
Text style: colloquial
Ticket number 25
1) oral task: Dialect words. Word terms
dialect words- these are words used only by the inhabitants of a particular area. For example, in Russian folk dialects there are the words “barka” (ice floe), “brany” (woven with patterns, patterned), “devyo” (girls), “unsteady” (suspended cradle), “mryaka” (damp, dark weather with drizzling rain). The speech of the inhabitants of a particular area is called a dialect.
Term- this is a specific word denoting a special concept that refers to a particular field of technology, science, art, etc. (technical term, scientific term, a religious term). The term cannot have a double meaning. Used in specialized literature, thematic conversations, etc.
2) practical task
Of course, not only Yevgeny could see Tanya's confusion.
The beach, as I said, was low sandy.
Text analysis
Subject: daily entries
Text speech type: narration
Text style: journalistic
Ticket
1) oral task:
2) Practical task
My father was sitting on a bench by the window.
During heavy rains, the river overflows like a spring, stormy and noisy, and then makes itself felt.
Text analysis
Subject of the text: search for the galangal plant
Text speech type: reasoning
Text style: artistic
Ticket number 1
Sounds of speech. Vowels and consonants
Human speech is made up of speech sounds.
Speech sounds are special sounds uttered by a person during oral communication. They are used to create words and word parts. According to the features of their formation and sound, speech sounds are divided into vowels and consonants.
vowels sounds are called, during the formation of which air freely passes through the oral cavity, without encountering any obstacle. Therefore, vowel sounds consist only of a voice. Vowel sounds form syllables in Russian (they are syllable-forming).
In Russian, 6 vowel sounds are distinguished under stress: [а́], [о́], [и́], [ы́], [е́], [у́].
When forming consonants the air meets some kind of barrier in the oral cavity (closed lips, tongue pressed to the teeth, etc.). Consonants consist of voice and noise (voiced) or only noise (voiceless). Consonants in Russian are not able to form syllables.
There are 36 consonants in Russian:
These are all consonants only hard and soft.
The human voice is a universal unique and unique instrument. This is usually not thought of by people who have the opportunity to exchange information using oral speech. Thanks to all these characteristics, the child is always aware of the presence of his parents (by ear), animals recognize the voices of their owners by ear. Some characteristics of the voice are used by polygraphs to confirm the truth of the statement. But it is more interesting to study the mechanisms of manifestation of voice in oral speech. After all, only thanks to the proper functioning of the vocal cords a person can communicate, sing, express his thoughts.
Functions of speech sounds
Phonetics rules the kingdom. Therefore, in order not to look like an ignoramus in the eyes of others, you should study the rules and patterns of pronunciation. If the alphabet has a sound graphic image, which is also a symbol at the same time (carries a certain semantic load), then in the alphabet letters are signs designed to facilitate writing sound composition words (according to the rules of spelling). However, there are pronunciation rules that often puzzle both schoolchildren and students, and sometimes parents.
The question of what vowel sounds and consonant sounds are in Russian can be answered in such a section of linguistics as phonetics. The smallest unit of expression (sound) is called a phoneme, which usually does not carry any meaning. Replacing or skipping just one sound in a word can turn its meaning into its opposite.
Designation of vowel sounds of the Russian language in written speech
All sounds of the Russian language are divided into vowels and consonants. Distinctive characteristics are the presence of voice and noise in the formation of sound. The acoustic characteristics of the former are ductility, smoothness, absence of noise, strength and beauty of sound. The syllable-forming role of phonemes is highlighted with the help of the listed possibilities. What are the vowel sounds in Russian, you can consider examples.
As all first graders rightly point out, the ratio of sounds and letters in Russian is 6 to 10.
For distinction in writing, sounds are represented by symbols in (transcription). Characteristic features in pronunciation, the location of the vowel in a strong (stressed) or weak (unstressed) position, the beginning of a word, differs.
Pronunciation of vowels
These are the vowel sounds in the stressed position: they are pronounced for a long time, with greater force, distinctly. TO simple examples words can be attributed: tank, side, beech, bull, bit, sir. The first four vividly illustrate how changing the pronunciation of one sound changes the meaning of the word. It is worth noting that in this position the sound does not change. The situation is more complicated with weak positions.
Here are the vowel sounds in unstressed positions: they are pronounced briefly, with less force, indistinctly (or weakened). Consequently, the sounds acquire a variability in pronunciation, which is how they differ from the previous situation considered, and this is a good ground for the occurrence of spelling errors. This is due to the discrepancy between the sound and its graphic designation on the letter.
For example: bins [bins]; wagon [pavOska]; test [tyst'Iravat']; sixth [shystoy ']; chocolate [shykalat].
The following examples show what vowel sounds in Russian are that are never pronounced in weak positions. This is [o], [e] and in situations defined by the rules [a]. As an example, consider the following words: Tsokotuha [tsikatukha]; floor [itash].
In a weak position, only four vowels are pronounced: [A, U, Y, I]. When writing words, you should always remember that the graphic representation of sounds in a weak position can be different.
Iotated letters
As part of such designations there are vowels [E], [O], [U], [A] and the consonant [Y], but they appear together only under certain conditions. What are the vowel sounds when iotized letters are located after consonants to indicate their softness, it is clear from the following examples: ball [m‘ach]; pencil case [p'enal]; lazy [l‘eneif]. As you can see, only the vowel is pronounced, the sound [Y] softens the previous consonant. There are many other arrangements of iotized letters: if they are at the beginning of a word, after vowels and separators b and b. What are the vowel sounds in pronunciation? In these cases, both the consonant and the vowel are pronounced, for example: poison [y'at], hedgehog [y'osh], huntsman [ye 'ger']; clown [pay'ats]; volume [aby'om], congress [sy'est].
Sometimes there is confusion with transcription marks and letters. To avoid mistakes, remember that transcription marks are always written in square brackets.
Instead of a conclusion
The question of what vowel sounds are in grade 4 secondary school is studied rather superficially, but in the middle link, knowledge and skills are systematized, concretized and automated. If for some reason errors began to slip, it is enough to repeat the sections "Phonetics" and "Spelling". In addition to this, there are a lot of "cheat sheets" that are easy to use.
1. Modern Russian alphabet comprises 33 letters , 10 of which are intended to represent vowels and are accordingly called vowels. 21 the consonant letter is used to denote consonant sounds. In addition, in modern Russian there are two letters that are not sounds do not represent: b(hard sign) b(soft sign).
2. All sounds of the Russian language are divided into vowels and consonants.
Vowel sounds are the sounds that are formed with the participation of the voice. There are six of them in Russian: [a], [e], [and], [o], [y], [s] .
Consonants- these are sounds that are formed with the participation of voice and noise or only noise.
A) The consonants are divided into hard and soft. Most hard and soft consonants form pairs of hardness-softness:
[b] - [b′], [c] - [c′], [g] - [g′], [e] - [d′], [h] - [h′], [k] - [ k′], [l] - [l′], [m] - [m′], [n] - [n′], [p] - [n′], [p] - [p′], [ s] - [s′], [t] - [t′], [f] - [f′], [x] - [x′]
(the apostrophe at the top right denotes softness consonant sound). For example, onion - [bow] And hatch - [l′uk] .
b) Some consonants do not have correlative pairs of hardness-softness, that is, there are unpaired hard consonants [g], [w], [c](always only solid) and unpaired soft consonants [w′], [th], [h](always soft).
Notes:
- at the sounds [th], [h] it is not customary to designate softness with an apostrophe, although in some textbooks it is indicated;
- sound [sh′] denoted by the letter sch;
- a bar above the sound indicates double (long) sound. In some textbooks, long consonants So: [van:a] - bath.
V) Consonants formed with the participation of voice and noise are called voiced(for example, [d], [d′], [h], [h′], etc.); if only noise is involved in the formation of sounds, then such sounds are called deaf consonants (for example, [t], [t′], [s], [s′], etc.). Most voiced and voiceless consonants in Russian form voiced-deafness pairs:
[b] - [p], [b′] - [p′], [c] - [f], [c′] - [f′], [g] - [k], [g′] - [ k′], [d] - [t],
[d′] - [t′], [h] - [s], [h′] - [s′], [g] - [w]
.
Compare: beat - drink, year - cat, live - sew
.
G) Sounds [th], [l], [l′], [m], |m′], [n], [n′], [p], [p′] do not form a correlative pair with voiceless consonants, therefore, they are unpaired voiced (unpaired voiced consonants are also called sonorous, these are sounds in the formation of which both voice and noise participate). Conversely, voiceless consonants that do not pair with voiced ones are unpaired deaf . These are the sounds [h], [c], [x], [x′].
3. In the flow of speech, the sound of one sound can be likened to the sound of another sound. Such a phenomenon is called assimilation. So, in the word life, the sound [z], standing next to the soft [n′], also softens, and we get the sound [z′].
So the pronunciation of the word life is written like this: [zhyz′n′]. Rapprochement of sounding is also possible for sounds paired in sonority-deafness. So, voiced consonants in a position in front of the deaf and at the end of the word sound closer to paired deaf ones. Therefore, it happens stun consonants. For example, boat - lo [t] ka, fairy tale - ska [s] ka, cart - in [s]. The reverse phenomenon is also possible, when voiceless consonants in a position before voiced ones also become voiced, that is voiced. For example, mowing - ko [z ′] ba, request - about [z ′] ba.
The designation of the softness of consonants in writing
In russian language softness of consonants indicated in the following ways:
With the letter b(soft sign) at the end of a word and in the middle between consonants: benefit - [pol′za], elk - [los′], etc.
Note. The soft sign does not indicate the softness of consonants in the following cases:
a) if it serves to separate consonants, the second of which th(yot): leaves - fox [t′ya], linen - be [l′yo];
b) to distinguish between grammatical categories: rye (3 cl., f.r.) - knife (2 cl., m.r.);
c) to distinguish the forms of words (after hissing): read (2 l., singular), cut (form imperative mood), help (indefinite form of the verb), as well as adverbs: jump, back.
Through the letters and, e, e, u, i, indicating the softness of the previous consonant sound and conveying vowels [i], [e], [o], [y], [a]: forest - [l′es], honey - [m′ot], lil - [l ′il], hatch - [l′uk], crumpled - [m′al].
With the help of subsequent soft consonants: cog - [v′in′t′ik], plum - [s′l′iva].
The sound meaning of the letters e, e, u, i
The letters e, e, u, i can represent two sounds: [ye], [yo], [yu], [ya]. This happens in the following cases:
at the beginning of a word: for example, spruce - [ye] l, hedgehog - [yo] w, yula - [yu] la, yama - [ya] ma;
after a vowel sound: washes - mo [ye] t, sings - po [yo] t, give - yes [yu] t, bark - la [ya] t;
after dividing b, b: eat - sj [ye] m, drink - drink [yo] t, pour - l [yu] t, zealous - ry [ya] ny.
In addition, after the separation b two sounds will be denoted by a letter And: nightingales - nightingale [yi].
The letters e, e, u, i indicate the softness of the preceding consonant in a position after consonants, paired in hardness-softness: fur - [m′eh], carried - [n′os], hatch - [l′uk], crumpled - [m′al].
Reminder:
- Sounds [th], [l], [m], [n], [p]- voiced (do not have a pair of voiced-deafness)
- Sounds [x], [c], [h], [w′]- deaf (do not have a pair of voiced-deafness)
- Sounds [w], [w], [c] are always solid.
- Sounds [th], [h], [w′] are always soft.
Lesson summary "". Next topic:
Offer- is a group of words that expresses a complete thought. Grammatical basis (main parts of the sentence) Subject- this is the main member of the sentence, which is associated with the predicate, shows who or what the sentence is about and answers the questions of the nominative case (who? Or what?) Predicate- this is the main member of the sentence, which is associated with the subject, shows what is being said about it and answers the questions: what to do? what to do? What happens to the subject? What is he? How to find the grammatical basis in a sentence. 1. Find a word that names who or what the sentence is about. 2. Check if this word answers the questions WHO? WHAT? 3. Find a word that says what the person is talking about or what the sentence is talking about. 4. Check if the word answers the questions what is he doing? what did you do? what will do? what? Minor members of the proposal- a minor member of the sentence, which answers the questions of indirect cases and designates the subject. Indicates to which object or phenomenon the action is directed and answers questions whom? what? to whom? what? What? by whom? how? about whom? about what? Underlined - - - - - Definition- a secondary member of the sentence, which answers the questions what? which? which? whose? and denotes an attribute of an object. (Explains the subject and other members of the sentence.) Underlined ~~~~~~~~~~~ Circumstance- a minor member of the sentence, which denotes a sign of action or a sign of a sign. (Explains the predicate or other secondary members of the sentence.) Indicates the place, time, reason, purpose, mode of action and answers questions Where? Where? When? where? Why? For what? How? -.-.-.- is underlined. Members of the proposalindependent service
noun preposition
adjective conjunction
verb particle
Pronoun
numeral
Adverb
Making an offer.
The beginning of a sentence is capitalized.
· At the end of the sentence is put. ? !
The words in the sentence are written separately.
Work on mistakes
· Write out an offer.
· Think and write another sentence.
· Underline the capital letter.
IN it snowed. D kids are happy.
Work on mistakes
· Write this word 3 times
· Underline the letter where the mistake was made
· Remember this word
Work on mistakes
· Write down this word.
· Underline the capital letter.
· Write 3 more words for this rule, underline the capital letter in them.
Vowels after hissing.
Zhi - SHI write with a letter AND,
CHU - SHU write with a letter U,
CHA - SHA write with a letter A.
Zhi woo, poo shea stout, straight chu , And shu , cha cabinet, shcha vel .
Work on mistakes
· Write out the word.
· Think of and write down 3 more words for this spelling.
Baby And, pencil And, w And rina, ear And b.
Hyphenation.
1. The word is transferred from one line to another by syllables.
Can not
preview preview
2. You can not leave at the end of the line and transfer 1 letter to another line.
Can not
aka-tion a-cation
Work on mistakes
· Write out the word, underline the vowels, number the number of syllables.
· Divide the word into syllables.
· Think about how you can transfer (or not)
· Come up with 2 more words for the same rule
ABOUT With And-n A, (Raspberry - berry)
Work on mistakes
· Write out the word.
· Put an accent.
· Underline the spelling.
· Write this word 3 times.
· Think of and write down 2-3 single-root words.
D O horns, road, d O horns.
Road O horny, outside O horn.
Ho kk hey ho kk hey ho kk to her.
Ho kk hey ho kk eist, ho kk her.
How to change a word?
· Many is one (forest-forest)
· One is many (mountain-mountains)
· call me affectionately (grass - grass, blade of grass)
· What is he doing …
· What…
Work on mistakes
· write out the word
· put the accent
· select the root
· underline the unstressed vowel at the root
· mark the spelling test word and write next.
Gardens - with A d; wave - in O luna.
voiced and voiceless consonants.
(b-p, v-f, g-k, d-t, s-s, w-w)
Work on mistakes
· write out the word
· Pick up a test cognate word where the vowel is pronounced distinctly.
Gardens - with A d; wave - in O luna.
Work on mistakes
· write out the word
· Underline the b and the consonant before it
·
Ate b, ten b, pen b.
Separating soft sign.
Work on mistakes
· write out the word
· Underline b and the vowel before it
· Think of and write down two more words for this spelling.
IN b south, leaf b me, solov b And.
Work on mistakes
· write out the word
· Select prefix
· Underline the b and the vowel before it
· Think of and write down two more words for this spelling.
WITH ee st, about i about yo m.
Spelling of letter combinations CHK, CHN ...
Combinations CHK, CHN, RSH, LF, NShch, SCHN -
Write without b.
Petit chk ah, but ch oh, ko LF ik, sva rsh ik, mo schn th.
Work on mistakes
· write out the word
· Underline combinations
- Think and write two more with this spelling
Before chk a, re chk ah, mo schn th
double consonants.
(ll, mm, nn, rr, lj, ss, dd, tt, kk, pp, bb)
Work on mistakes
· write out the word
· Choose a single word.
· Select the root.
· Underline the double consonants.
· Think of and write down two more words for this spelling.
Cla ss – cla ss ny, A nn a - A nn ear, draw LJ and - draw LJ s.
No. 14 Unpronounceable consonants.
(t, d, l, c)
1. Consonants in some words t, d, l, v written but not spoken. These words must be checked.
Honest - honor, stellar - a star.
2. If a consonant is not heard in a combination of consonants when a word is changed, it is not necessary to write it.
Wonderful - a miracle.
3. Remember: ladder
Holiday
Feeling
4. Remember: CH without T
Terrible - horror, dangerous - dangerous.
Work on mistakes
· write out the word
· Choose a single-root word where this consonant is pronounced distinctly.
· Think of and write down two more words for this spelling.
stars d ny - stars Yes; ches T ny - ches be
No. 15 Spelling of prepositions.
Prepositions(K, ON, IN, ON, FOR, WITH, UNDER, Y, PRO, FROM, TO, AT, FROM ...) are written separately from the word.
Work on mistakes
· From the sentence in which the mistake was made, write out the word along with the preposition.
· Prove that the preposition with the word is written separately.
· Mark the spelling - a space.
· Think of and write down two more words for this spelling.
To the shore, to (which?) shore, to the steep shore
Boat from floated from shores
No. 16 Spelling prefixes.
Prefixes(B, U, K, S, ON, FOR, FROM, ABOUT, AT, ON, UNDER, FROM, OVER ...) are written together with a word.
Work on mistakes
· Write out the word.
· Select prefix and root
- Form 2 more words from this word with other prefixes.
She ran away, came, wrote, read, copied.
Zh.r. M.r.
(she, mine) (he, mine)
b no b
help bream
Work on mistakes
· Write out the word.
· Determine gender and declension.
· Think of and write down two more words for this spelling.
Lou h(m.r.), shala sh(m.s.)
But whose(female river, 3 folds), ne whose(female, 3 fold)
NOT with a verb.
· Not with verbs is written separately, except for those words that are not used without NOT: unwell, indignant, etc.
Didn't play, didn't, couldn't, don't want, don't know
Work on mistakes
· Write the verb with NOT.
· Write two words for this rule.
· Underline the spelling.
Didn't come, didn't learn.
O or E.
vert O flight, steam O move, dust e sos, pool e met.
Work on mistakes
· Write out the word.
· Highlight the roots.
· Emphasize the vowel.
· Write down 2 words with this spelling.
waters O cart, himself O years, warm O move.
Vowels after hissing.
Verb
· We put in indefinitely. form
On the rest.
Ref. 1 ref.
endure a shave
twirl lay
offend
Depend
Hate
See
Look
drive
Breathe
Hear
Hold
Ex. 3 fold. 1. n. m.r
Verb. N. f. 2. n. pl. h.
Verb. led. incl.
adv.
Claim.. already
Married
Unbearable
Work on mistakes
· Write out the word.
· Write a question.
· Define the spelling.
· Write another word with this spelling.
Torture to be(what to do?), teaches Xia(what is he doing?), take whose, stereo whose.
Spelling of suffixes
Spelling suffix -ok
It is always written under stress. After sibilants in - suffix -OK - always write a vowel O
Noun.
· Part of speech
Denotes an object
· Answers the questions Who? What?
Has a genus
M. r. Wed R. Zh.r.
(he, mine) (it, mine) (she, mine)
Changes in numbers and cases
· There are own and common nouns
· Are divided into animate and inanimate
animated Who? and name living things.
Inanimate nouns answer questions What? And they call objects of inanimate nature.
Noun declension
Adjective
· Part of speech
Denotes a sign of an object
· Answers the questions Which? Which? Which?
Whose? Whose? Whose?
Changes by numbers, genders, cases
In the offer - more often definition
Adjectives are
· quality
1. indicate the quality of the object - color, size, property
2. you can choose antonyms
3. maybe short form
4.from quality. adj. can form an adj. with prefix Not
5. you can substitute the words "more - less"
6. are formed with the help of suffixes -ovat-, -evat-, -enk, -onk-
7. Have degrees of comparison: comparative and superlative.
Verb
· Part of speech
Indicates the action of the subject
· Answers the questions What to do? What to do?
· Happens perfect and imperfect
What to do? What to do?
Inconsistency. kind of perfect view
・Changes over time
Past V. Nast. V. Bud. V.
| |___________|
What did you do? changes
What did you do? | |
| by persons by numbers
changes | | | | |
For 1l. 2l. 3l. singular h plural h.
numbers |__________________|
| | conjugation
singular h plural hours | |
| | | 1 ref. 2 ref.
M.r. zh.r. cf. percussion
unstressed
According to n.f.
-it the rest
Ref. 1 ref.
How to determine the type of the verb
1. To determine the type of the verb, you need to ask questions to it.
2. If the verb answers questions what to do? what is he doing? what did you do? what will do? is a verb imperfect kind.
3. If the verb answers questions what to do? What did you do? what will he do? is a verb perfect look.
read- question What did you do? Perfective verb. Drew- question what did you do? Imperfect verb.
Exception verbs:
And depend, and twirl,
And watch and be patient.
Pronoun
· Part of speech
Does not name an object or feature, but only points to it
I, you, we, you, he, she, it, they, this, that, this, all, etc..
Personal pronouns
Pretext
Words on, in, from, about, by, from, to, at, for, about, under, over, from ... - these are prepositions.
· Part of speech
Prepositions are used to connect words in a sentence.
They are written separately from other words.
How to distinguish a preposition from a prefix? (See rules no. 15, 16)
Root - this is the main invariable part of the word, which contains general meaning all single-root words.
Console - this is the part of the word that stands before the root and serves to form new words.
Suffix - this is the part of the word that comes after the root and serves to form new words.
Prefixes
1. - oh, from O printed, from carried
you, by, in You move, By move, V move
Pere, at pen move, at walk
U, for, on at flew, behind walked, on walker
Pro, with about fled, With sang
before, about, under, ... before wrote, about ride, under volume
2. Prefixes -vz (-sun), -voz (-vos), -iz (-is),
Through (-through), -times (-races), -without (-demon)
If the root begins with a voiced consonant, it is written Z .
Withoutcrowded , from famous
If the root begins with a deaf consonant - WITH .
Ras tale, demon late
Prefixes with a vowel A : for-, on-, over-.
3. Prefixes with a vowel O : from-, oto-, under-, under-, po-, to-, ob-, pro-, o-.
Suffixes
1. – ik-, - ok-, - ek- – give the word a diminutive connotation
To correctly spell words with suffixes -ik, -ek, you need to change the word.
If the vowel does not drop out, then in the suffix you need to write a letter AND.
Garden And k - garden And ki.
If the vowel drops out, then in the suffix you need to write a letter E.
Castle e k - locks.
2. - points-, -echk-goats points ah, book echk A
Enk-, -onk-ser enk oh, fox onc A
Ushk-, -yushk- grandfather eyelet a, floor yushk O
(-yshk-) sun yshk O
K - machine
Onok-, -enok-wolf onok , lion yonok
3. Indicate belonging to the profession.
East-, -tel-machines ist , build body
Chik-, -schik-, hours box , years chik
Nick-, -ar-forest Nick , pitch ar
T stayed.
Z-chik- acc. -shchik-
pilot welder
5. Verb suffixes
A-, -i-beige A th, arrows I be
I-, -l-input And th, leave l
E-, -o- see e t, build O it
6. Suffixes of adjectives
N-, -n-pain n Ouch
An-, -yan-, -enn-
Ev-, -ov-pears ev oh, plum ov th
B-, -sk-, -ek-, -points-, -its-, -ets-, -search-, -er-,
Anin-, -yanin-, -evn-, -evich-, -ich-, -ovn-,
Ovic-, -inich-, -ost-
Determine the part of speech.
Sounds belong to the section of phonetics. The study of sounds is included in any school curriculum in the Russian language. Acquaintance with sounds and their main characteristics occurs in the lower grades. More detailed study sounds from complex examples and nuances takes place in middle and high school. This page gives only basic knowledge by the sounds of the Russian language in a compressed form. If you need to examine the device speech apparatus, tonality of sounds, articulation, acoustic components and other aspects that are beyond the scope of modern school curriculum, refer to specialized manuals and textbooks on phonetics.
What is sound?
Sound, like words and sentences, is the basic unit of language. However, the sound does not express any meaning, but reflects the sound of the word. Thanks to this, we distinguish words from each other. Words differ in the number of sounds (port - sport, crow - funnel), a set of sounds (lemon - firth, cat - mouse), a sequence of sounds (nose - dream, bush - knock) up to a complete mismatch of sounds (boat - boat, forest - park).
What sounds are there?
In Russian, sounds are divided into vowels and consonants. There are 33 letters and 42 sounds in Russian: 6 vowels, 36 consonants, 2 letters (ь, ъ) do not indicate a sound. The discrepancy in the number of letters and sounds (not counting b and b) is due to the fact that there are 6 sounds for 10 vowels, 36 sounds for 21 consonants (if we take into account all combinations of consonant sounds deaf / voiced, soft / hard). On the letter, the sound is indicated in square brackets.
There are no sounds: [e], [e], [u], [i], [b], [b], [g '], [w '], [ts '], [th], [h] , [sch].
Scheme 1. Letters and sounds of the Russian language.
How are sounds pronounced?
We pronounce sounds when exhaling (only in the case of the interjection “a-a-a”, expressing fear, the sound is pronounced when inhaling.). The division of sounds into vowels and consonants is related to how a person pronounces them. Vowel sounds are pronounced by the voice due to the exhaled air passing through tense vocal cords and freely released through the mouth. Consonant sounds consist of noise or a combination of voice and noise due to the fact that the exhaled air meets an obstacle in its path in the form of a bow or teeth. Vowel sounds are pronounced loudly, consonant sounds are muffled. A person is able to sing vowel sounds with his voice (exhaled air), raising or lowering the timbre. Consonant sounds cannot be sung, they are pronounced equally muffled. Hard and soft signs do not represent sounds. They cannot be pronounced as an independent sound. When pronouncing a word, they affect the consonant in front of them, make it soft or hard.
Word transcription
Transcription of a word is a record of sounds in a word, that is, in fact, a record of how the word is pronounced correctly. Sounds are enclosed in square brackets. Compare: a - letter, [a] - sound. The softness of consonants is indicated by an apostrophe: p - letter, [p] - hard sound, [p '] - soft sound. Voiced and voiceless consonants are not marked in writing. The transcription of the word is written in square brackets. Examples: door → [dv'er '], thorn → [kal'uch'ka]. Sometimes stress is indicated in transcription - an apostrophe before a vowel stressed sound.
There is no clear juxtaposition of letters and sounds. In the Russian language, there are many cases of substitution of vowel sounds depending on the place of stress of a word, substitution of consonants or dropping out of consonant sounds in certain combinations. When compiling a transcription of a word, the rules of phonetics are taken into account.
Color scheme
In phonetic analysis, words sometimes draw color schemes: letters are painted different colors depending on what sound they mean. Colors reflect phonetic characteristics sounds and help to visually see how the word is pronounced and what sounds it consists of.
All vowels (stressed and unstressed) are marked with a red background. Iotated vowels are marked green-red: green means a soft consonant sound [y ‘], red means the vowel following it. Consonant letters that have solid sounds, are colored blue. Consonant letters that have soft sounds, are colored green. Soft and hard signs color in gray or not dyed at all.
Designations:
- vowel, - iotated, - hard consonant, - soft consonant, - soft or hard consonant.
Note. Blue-green color in schemes at phonetic parsing not used, since a consonant cannot be both soft and hard at the same time. The blue-green color in the table above is only used to show that the sound can be either soft or hard.
Loading...