Edition T WA M O Wolf. From the history of the publishing house M.O
Mauritius Osipovich Wolf
(1825-1883) - Peterbug Publisher and bookseller, who became the first Russian bookmot.
Wolf took up the book business in Russia on the recommendation of the famous German publisher of Brockhaus. From the very beginning of its activity, he went on the European manner. Wolf carefully studied the market, looking for white spots in it. He first began to produce luxury illustrated foliants in Russia, becoming the founder of a new type of publication - a gift book. Wolf's publishing house was the main supplier of foreign literature in Russia. It was he who for the first time released the collections of writings V. Scott, F. Cooper, J. Verne, reprinted and 150 years later.
Mauritius Wolf was born on November 24, 1825 in Warsaw in the doctor's family. After completing the five-class Warsaw gymnasium, he entered the student in the bookstore A. E. Gluckberg and later married his daughter. Having moved soon to Paris, he worked there in Bossing bookstore, then three years in the Paris branch of Brockhaus. Then he moved to Leipzig and worked there in book trade, after that - in Lviv, Krakow, Wilna. In 1848 he arrived in St. Petersburg, where he entered the bookstore Ya.A. Isakov head of the French department and took up the publication of Polish books. Leaving in 1853 the service, opened his own "universal book trading" and at the same time he made a publisher of Russian books. Wolf played a prominent role in the development of Russian bookcorn. His shops with a rich and diverse selection of books, with experienced sellers were considered exemplary. One of Wolf's shops was located in Moscow at Kuznetsky Bridge in the former house of the "Yar" restaurant. Buried in St. Petersburg at the Smolensk Lutheran Cemetery. After the death of Wolf, the publisher continued to exist under the name "Association M. O. Wolf" and existed until 1917.
Book publishing and book-breeding firm M.O.Volf had several artistically performed book-selling signs. One of them is an elegant decorative monogram with the initials of the publisher, was made by the artist-schedule F.G. Bershtamm.
M.O. Wolf published up to 2,000 books on various branches of knowledge, mainly artistic, children's, educational literature, as well as luxurious illustrated editions ("prayers" with ornaments in the Byzantine style, "Bible, in the pictures of famous authors", "Picturesque Russia").
The publication of the "Divine Comedy" taken by Wolf in 1874-79 and released in three luxuriously decorated volumes of a large format was one of its kind. The fact is that before the appearance of the Wolf illustrated edition, there was no one full Russian translation of the famous Creation of Dante
Wolf's publishing house became famous for the release of children's books, which were printed in the form of gift publications. One of these editions became "magic fairy tales" Charles Perro with Gustava Dore illustrations.
Do you know who was the boss of the best intelligence in the world? Who is Markus Wolf? We will talk about the head of the main intelligence department, about his family and life.
Biography
Marcus Wolf was born 19/01/1923 in the city of Hehing. Rose into the family of the doctor and playwright. After being famous for its provocative speeches, the father of Marcus remain in Germany was dangerous.
Moving to Russia
Having lived a certain period in Sweden and France, Wolf moved to the capital of Russia. There they were given Soviet citizenship. Already after the Second World War, the Marcus family was evacuated to Bashkiria. There Marcus Wolf entered a special school, where professionals in the field of exploration and sabotage in the rear of the enemy are preparing.
End of training and first work
After the completion of the Great Patriotic War, Marcus Wolf was sent to Berlin. In the summer season of 1945, he already worked on the Berlin Radio and in the printed publication "Berliner Zaytung". In 1946, jointly with other correspondents, Wolf gave an interview with the Nuremberg process.
By 1950, Marcus had the skills of diplomatic and reporter activities, and also visited European states. 02/08/1950, after the formation of the GDR, the Department of National Security (Staff) was created. There was an intelligence intelligence, masked first time under a signboard institution of economic studies. From the date of creation, Marcus Wolf entered into its management.
From 1958 to 1987, the son of the playwright was appointed head to the main agent management, and was the Deputy Minister of National Secondary Protection of the GDR. During his GDR management, he had the most efficient spy service in the states of the Warsaw Block. The most significant achievements include the introduction of the Rainer Rupa financier to NATO.
Dismissal
In 1983, Wolf resigned, but his request was considered only after 3 years. Already after the head of the Main Department of Intelligence, Marcus Wolf requested the social and political shelter from the Soviet Union, but he was refused.
Treason
The general was able to see the opening of the archives of the intelligence, the persecution of his colleagues, as well as to survive 3 judicial processes over himself. Colonel-General Marcus Wolf was accused of 1993, he was sentenced to the Supreme Court of Düsseldorf by 6 years. The verdict was later canceled.
Books Wolf.
A large number of books wrote Marcus Wolf. The biography of the general contains many information about them. His most famous books: "Troika" and "Friends do not die." The last author was represented in Russia.
Marcus Wolf (years of life - 1923-2006), as we found out, not only a professional intelligence officer, but also an excellent writer.
Good luck on the side of Marcus
For all years of life, the intelligence was smiling luck. It is quite famous in his circle was Marcus Wolf. The family, as we found out earlier, was known thanks to the playlist, writer and the Jew. In 1937, when a mass of political emigrants was arrested, the Marcus family remained at freedom. It was far from the last happy chance. Interestingly, after the events of the 37th year, the biographical details of the future intelligence officer were absolutely clean before the authorities.
Smiled good luck to Wolf and after graduating from school scouts. After learning, he was not directed to the front line. Previously, almost all inexperienced intelligence officers who were sent to practice died. It is thanks to the decision of the leadership, Marcus was alive.
Dizzy career
It is believed that Wolf built an incredibly dizzying career. At the age of twenty and nine, he became the head of the GDR intelligence officer. Marcus is discussed, his career admire and write about it the dissertations. Wolf himself never commented on his rapid career. For questions about the appointment, he always answered dry and concise.
Reason for resignation and life after it
The exact reason for the resignation today remains a mystery. It is known that in 1986 Marcus Wolf believed that the state needs a liberal reformation, and the GDR leadership thought quite differently. Sources indicate that this is the cause of care, because the age of Marcus did not matter, and with the GDR he was in good relationships. In addition, Wolf before the resignation received the rank of Colonel-General.
As we found out earlier, leaving retired, Marcus Wolf became interested in writing books. Der Trojka is his famous edition in which he condemned Stalinism and responded with admiration about the Gorbachev Perestroika. General Wolf can be trusted, as he knew about Stalinism more than others. This product was popular not only in the GDR, but also in the West.
Interestingly, Wolf after the publication of the book became one of the main dissidents and fighters for restructuring in the east of Germany.
Man Without a Face
The "man without face" - Marcus Wolf was named this alias. The photo of the Colonel-General could not get scouts. Interestingly, while Wolf traveled freely in Europe. In 1979, Assistant Marcus fled to Germany and identified his boss on one of the photos taken in Stockholm. Soon, this photo appeared on the cover of one of the magazines.
As we said earlier, a young intelligence officer lived in the Soviet Union. That is why there was also called Misha, since the name Markus is strongly "cut" the rumor.
Interestingly, in the Russian school, the German boy remembered for a long time. It is incredible, but when entering an educational institution, he made about three dozen grammatical, punctuation and stylistic errors in the Russian dictation, and already when released the exam was poured ... German! To the end of his life, Marcus spoke freely and without an accent, and even knew the spelling regulations.
Marcus family. last years of life
It is known that Wolf was married for his life four times. His last wife was called Andrea. They had four children, eleven grandchildren and two great-grandchildren. Interestingly, one of the grandchildren of the intelligence name is Mikhail, as in childhood was called Marcus himself. The last years of life, the intelligence spent in Berlin, at the villa with his family. One of the former illegal residents was engaged in domestic affairs on Villa, who eventually became a member of the family, and not just a governess.
In the last couple of years, Markus loved to relax in Hungary and meet with former colleagues for a cup of fragrant coffee. Despite the old age, in the last years of his life, Wolf often raised the question and insisted on full amnesty for former intelligence officers. After all, many familiar, colleagues and comrades of Marcus were in conclusion and after two thousandths.
Mysterious person
Despite the legislation of Germany, the pension of the employees of the intelligence is paid by meager. Marcus Wolfe earned the last fifteen years of his life thanks to writing books that are transferred to all the languages \u200b\u200bof the world, as well as shooting in documentary films and public lectures. Critics express their admiration for the books that Marcus Wolf wrote. They believe that the author has a special talent of the scout storytellor. He knew how to tell the truth in such a way that after reading there were even more questions than answers.
Surprisingly, after writing a lot of autobiographical books and participating in the filming of documentaries, his identity is still a mystery.
Wolf on interrogation
Wolf was distinguished not only by the unique talent in writing books. It is known that before his resignation, he never revealed his colleagues at interrogations and always took all the blame for himself. Marcus has always believed that he comes correctly, as it is responsible for them. For such honesty on his last trial, there was already an elderly general, even justified, but appointed a rather small retirement.
In spite of everything, the soul Markus was always in Russia. He never stopped love her. It is with this that his good knowledge of the language is connected, despite the fact that many years have passed since his stay there. Until recent years of his life, General regularly visited his sister, who lived on the embankment in Moscow, and admired the Russian city.
The brightest memories
In one of the interviews shortly before his death, the journalist asked Wolf about the brightest memories of childhood. Surprisingly, Marcus replied that the most memorable event is accession to Komsomol, as well as a summer camp.
Great personality
An incredible person was Marcus Wolf. The year of birth and death shared eighty-four years, for which Markus showed himself as a person, writer and scout with a capital letter. Despite the vital difficulties, Wolf every year became better. Even before his death, he was an incredibly active and pleasant person. He always talked with people and gave advice. Wolf possessed incredible wisdom and could solve any problem. He was always honest and fair. Incredibly, but he never passed his colleagues. Such a great person certainly has something to learn.
The founder of the most famous (in the XIX and early XX centuries) of the Russian publishing and book-selling company Mauritius Osipovich Wolf was born in Warsaw in 1825, in the family of the doctor (Austrian by nationality), who managed, despite the modest financial opportunities, to give his son very good, by Times, education. When birth, Boleslav Maurynts received the name. Mauritius Wolf studied in Danzig, and then in Paris. Perfectly mastered several European languages, it knew European and Russian literature well enough, seriously interested in history.
Shortly after graduation in Western Europe, he returns to Warsaw and marries there, on the daughter of the bookstore owner. Interest in the book case, which attracted Wolf still in early youth, acquires, obviously, from now on, quite clear outlines, and a very young man makes a decision to create a base for organizing a large publishing company in Russia.
In 1843, he moved to Petersburg and arranged to work in a large book-trading enterprise Ya.A. Isakov. Quickly climbing the "service staircase" from Clap to the manager (head of the foreign department) and acquiring sufficient experience and means M.O. Wolf in 1848 opens his own book shop in the living room (on Nevsky Prospect), then buys a typography, acquiring the equipment that allowed him to be the first in Rossi, to start the systematic publication of books of a large format, richly illustrated and imprisoned in artistic boundaries from expensive materials. Each such edition was an outstanding work of the designer (incl. And binding) art. The designers of "expensive Editions of Wolf" used both Russian and European printing experience, and with the last Mauritius Osipovich was not familiar to the hell.
The artistic taste of the head of the publishing house and his employees allowed them to avoid such frequently encountered eclecticism, which many "designers" of that time fond of external effects and created, ultimately, something Kaluzhsko-Abkhaz-Mauritanian, suitable for the signage of Merbulnya ibrahim oglu (hero The famous novel "Ugryum-River").
It is surprising that the strictness of the style was observed in the conditions of the "universal" approach to the subject of publications. Wolf produced everything "decent and profitable." Starting with a modest range of publications of Polish authors (Krashevichsky, Korzhevsky, Kachkovsky, Mitskevich), Mauritius Osipovich exceptionally quickly turned into the "king of the Russian book", as his fishing races called, in the "MOD lawmaker" on the book market, with the opinion of which was considered to be. With a truly Talleyranovskaya prudency, he bypassed "sharp corners", almost inevitable in the communication of the publisher with a censorship and constantly expanded the range of its editions. Extensive series were "launched": "Library of famous writers", "moral novels for the youth", began the publication of collections of writings Walter Scott, Jules Verne, Lazhchnikova, and others. Darwin, "The History of Candle" M. Faraday, "World History" of F. Schlofser) Publications interested in very many - from geographers to entrepreneurs. A lot was produced and children's books, most often in the form of "gift publications", the fashion for which was partly borrowed from European Publishing Practice. In the series "Golden Library", "Pink Library" and "Green Library" for the first time, books became unusually popular in children of different nationalities, in all corners of the Russian Empire.
In the late 70s of the XIX century M.O. Wolf is starting to exercise extremely large, even for his book "kingdom" of the project - the publication of many different "picturesque Russia". This project was completed only at the beginning of the 20th century. 16 publishing books were placed in 11 volumes of large format (in artistic binding). They were illustrated with documentary xylography, which told about the appearance of the various settlements of Russia and about the inhabiting peoples, their life and traditions.
However, it is impossible to forget that the scientific advantages of this edition were expressed and continued to speak a very different opinion. So, on the Internet recently there was a "formation of citizenship", in which its author S.V. Rogachev writes the following: "Picturesque Russia" began to go under the general edition of P.P. Semenova, subsequently Tianshhansky. However, p.p. Semenov, not being quite satisfied with the series, after a while he moved away from this work. Meanwhile, Mauritius Osipovich Wolf continued to exploit the loud Semenov name, reproducing it on Tomov title. " But the same author further notes that "picturesque Russia" was "... really piece goods, many articles stood large individuality, such as writers: Sergey Maksimov or Daniel Mordovtsev, for her hundreds of lovely engravings were cut in the tree." By the way, all these "cute engravings" in the publication was 4371.
Wolf Publishing House took part in the release of popular magazines at the time: "Around the World" (1861-1868); "Stamp Bulletin" (1864-1867); "Sincere word" (from 1877). Under the bookstore of the company M.O. Wolf was placed the main office of the magazine "The World of Art", the first number of which was released in 1899.
In the St. Petersburg branch of the state historical archive is kept "The Case of St. Petersburg Cancer Committee on the Vast of the Knikovskar M. Wolf and the College Assistor A. Razin about the permitting of them to publish the magazine" around the world ". It was started on April 10, 1860 and contains 20 sheets. The first page opens by the past M.O. Wolf about the intention to start the publication of the magazine "around the world". Together, the program was presented. The publisher and editor assumed to tell readers about traveling, the latest discoveries, report the biographies of famous travelers and naturalists, and also coverage political news. They wrote in the program: "The main concern of the editors will be to constantly give articles entertaining, set out very popular and simply, sometimes in the form of a story or travel notes and is always in the form available for individuals engaged in specially land and natural sciences. For younger, for young people and for girls. " Wolf's petition from the St. Petersburg Cancer Committee moved to the main department of censorship, and there, on May 28, 1860, it was decided to: "Allow the publication of the aforementioned magazine, according to the program presented, but so that the policy department is excluded from the program."
The value of periodic publications was well understood and the heirs of Mauritius Osipovich. So 1884 the company founded the magazine "Novy" - a two-week illustrated Bulletin of modern life, literature, science and applied knowledge.
In 1882, M.O. Wolf reorganizes his company, which turns into a "Publishing House". After the death of the Creator of the Company, his sons are becoming the main shareholders - Alexander, Eugene and Ludwig; One of the executives of the company becomes the nephew of the late publisher O.M. Wolf. This period of activity "Association M.O. Wolf is described in the monograph "Book in Russia, 1881-1895". We give a few excerpts from this book: "They were still published books for children and young people, including translation, children's magazines, fiction, popular science and religious literature, books on technology, natural sciences, agriculture. Of the most significant publications that have published during this period should be marked by Tom "Picturesque Russia" (1882, 1883, 1884, 1885, 1895), collected works by P.D. Boborakina in 12 volumes (1884-1886), monograph F.I. Bulgakov "Count L.N. Tolstoy and criticism of his works, Russian and foreign "(1886)," Course of the anatomy of plants "I.P. Borodin (1888) and some others.
The quality of publications "Partnership" was not always at the proper level compared to the previous period. So fair complaints Ya.P. Polonsky as the editor caused a three-volume collected Works V.G. Benedictova issued by "Partnership M.O. Wolf "in 1883-1884 On March 16, 1883, Iodin of the co-owners of the company A.M. Wolf, wrote Polonsky: "We, to the extreme regret, had to be convinced of the justice of your networks about the work of Benedictova made in the first volume of Benedictov and even distortions of the meaning of the meaning of the priority of the printing house that did not give your superior to your supervisory sheets. Hurrying to assure you that we will be taken by all measures to eliminate these errors, we have the honor to present to your Excellency 1 volume and all the sheets of Second Tom Benedictova with a submissive request to specify in them all the functions of gross errors and skip and deliver in possible hasty back for proper correction them. Sabya itself is of course that we will not release the writings of Benedictov in the world and can, so to reassure your excellency regarding the concerns that you have expressed regarding criticism feedback ... ".
(January 19, 1923, Hayngen - November 9, 2006, Berlin). Born in the family of a doctor and playwright. Member of the SEPA since 1949 Hero of Labor GDR (January 19, 1983)
After the arrival of Hitler, the Wolf family in 1933 was essential from persecution emigrated to France, and in April 1934 - in Moscow. He studied in a German school. Karl Liebknecht, since 1937 - in the Russian secondary school. In 1936 he received Soviet citizenship. After graduating from high school entered MAI. In 1942, for some time he lived in evacuation in Almaty, in the summer of the same year left his studies and entered the Special School of Comintern in Kushnarenkovo \u200b\u200b(near Ufa), she was preparing for an opponent's rear. After the dissolution of the Comintern in 1943 - 1945 He worked on the Radio Station of the CPG Deutschen Volkssender editor, a speaker and commentator.
Immediately after the succession of Germany, on May 27, 1945, he returned to his homeland, where until 1949 he worked on the Berlin radio under the pseudonym Mikhael Storm, from September 1945 he was a correspondent in the Nuremberg process. In 1949 - 1951 he worked as the 1st adviser to the Mission of the GDR in Moscow. In 1950, dropped out of Soviet citizenship.
In the exploration and state security bodies of the GDR (Stati): Since 1951
Deputy Head of the Chief Department of the III of the Foreign Policy Intelligence Service of the GDR (September 1951 - December 1952)
Deputy Statis Secretary of State Security of the Ministry of Internal Affairs GDR - Head of the Main Department of the XV SSGB (July 1953 - November 1955)
Sources: Jens Gieseke, "Wer War Wer Im Ministerium Für StaatssicHeit. KurzbioGraphien des MFS-Leitungspersonals 1950 BIS 1989, Berlin 1998; Marcus Wolf, "Playing a stranger. Thirty years at the head of intelligence ", Moscow 1998
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