Lev Kamenev. Biography of Lev Kamenev Borisovich Kamenev short biography

Kamenev Lev Borisovich (real name Rosenfeld, July 6 (18), 1883 (18830718) - August 25, 1936) - Soviet party and statesman, Bolshevik, revolutionary. In 1936 he was convicted in the case of the Trotskyist-Zinoviev Center and shot. He was posthumously rehabilitated in 1988.

Lev Rosenfeld (Kamenev) was born in Moscow into an educated Russian-Jewish family. His father was a machinist on the Moscow-Kursk railway, later - after graduating from the St. Petersburg Institute of Technology - he became an engineer; mother graduated from Bestuzhev higher courses. He graduated from the gymnasium in Tiflis and in 1901 entered the law faculty of Moscow University. He joined the student social-democratic circle. He was arrested for participating in a student demonstration on March 13, 1902, and exiled to Tiflis in April. In the autumn of the same year he left for Paris, where he met Lenin. Returning to Russia in 1903, he prepared a railroad strike in Tiflis. Conducted propaganda among the workers in Moscow. Arrested and deported to Tiflis under open police supervision. At the Fifth Congress of the RSDLP in 1907, Kamenev joined the Central Committee (CC) of this party.

The German army did not follow the example of the Russian army and still obeys its emperor ... in such conditions, Russian soldiers cannot lay down their arms and go home. (about World War I)

Kamenev Lev Borisovich

Kamenev conducted revolutionary work in the Caucasus, in Moscow and St. Petersburg. In 1914, he headed the Pravda newspaper. During the First World War, Kamenev spoke out against Lenin's slogan, popular among the Bolsheviks, about the defeat of his government in the imperialist war. In November 1914 he was arrested and in 1915 exiled to the Turukhansk region. Released after the February Revolution.

In 1917, he repeatedly disagreed with Lenin in his views on the revolution and on Russia's participation in the First World War.

At a meeting of the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b) on October 10 (23), 1917, Kamenev and Zinoviev voted against the decision on an armed uprising. They stated their position in the letter "To the current moment", sent by them to the party organizations. Recognizing that the party was leading “the majority of the workers and, therefore, a part of the soldiers” (but by no means the majority of the bulk of the population), they expressed the hope that “with the right tactics we can get a third or even more seats in the Constituent Assembly.” The aggravation of poverty, hunger, and the peasant movement will put more and more pressure on the Socialist-Revolutionary and Menshevik parties "and force them to seek an alliance with the proletarian party against the landowners and capitalists represented by the Cadets." As a result, "our opponents will be forced to yield to us at every step, or together with the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries, non-Party peasants and others we will form a ruling bloc, which in the main will have to carry out our program."

But the Bolsheviks can undermine their successes if "they now take the initiative in action and thereby expose the proletariat to the blow of a rallied counter-revolution supported by the petty-bourgeois democrats." "Against this destructive policy, we raise the voice of warning" ["Protocols of the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b)" p. 87-92].

Lenin regarded this speech as a disclosure of a virtually secret decision of the Central Committee and demanded that Kamenev and Zinoviev be expelled from the party. On October 20, at a meeting of the Central Committee of the RSDLP(b), it was decided to confine ourselves to accepting Kamenev's resignation and to charge him and Zinoviev with the obligation not to make any statements against the planned line of the party.

Kamenev, Lev Borisovich

Kamenev L. B.

(1883-1936;autobiography) - genus. July 18, 1883 in Moscow, where his father at that time served as a machinist on the Moscow-Kursk railway. dor. Father and mother K. got out of the small-town environment and completed their education: father - at the St. Petersburg Technological Institute, mother - at the Bestuzhev higher courses. Both of them moved in the radical student milieu of the late 70s. Father was a fellow student of the March 1st participant - Grinevitsky. Service on the Moscow-Kursk railway. dor. Father K. soon replaced him with the position of chief engineer at a small nail factory located in the Vilna province near the Landvorovo station. At this factory in the environment of the factory village K. spent his childhood. Childhood comrades were the working children of the plant. Communication with the plant was not broken even when K. was assigned to the 2nd Vilna gymnasium. Coming for the holidays from the gymnasium, at the request of his father and at his own inclination, he was accustomed to work in the workshops of the plant, first as a carpenter, and then as a locksmith. In 1896, Father K. was appointed to the Transcaucasian Railway. dor. to Tiflis, where he moved with his whole family. In Tiflis in 1901, K. graduated from the 2nd gymnasium. In the last grades of the gymnasium, K. was already in touch with the Marxist circles in Tiflis and read illegal literature. The first illegal pamphlet that shaped the general aspiration and interest in the labor movement, formed on the basis of childhood and youthful impressions of contact with the atmosphere of the factory and with the workers, was Lassalle's pamphlet "The Workers' Program". In the same direction acted and the study of the then struggle between the Marxists and the Narodniks, which closely followed K. in legal journals.

The arrests of 1900, which affected a number of persons with whom K. was in contact, did not affect him, but he was released from the gymnasium with a bad behavior score, which blocked the way to the university. I had to make special efforts to obtain from the then Minister of Public Education Bogolepov the right to enter the university. Father's insistence on a career as an engineer was rejected, and K. chose the Faculty of Law in Moscow, even then deciding to devote himself to public revolutionary activities.

At Moscow University, K. immediately associated with the radical elements of the student body, a few months later was elected as a representative of his course in the union council of compatriots, defended the political line in the student movement, and took part in the famous meeting on February 8, 1902, when the university was besieged by the police.

After the arrests of the then leaders of Moscow. student movement (Tseretelli, Aleksinsky, Budilovich, etc.) K., together with a group of comrades, organizes the second Council of Compatriots, which continues to move. On behalf of the council, he travels to St. Petersburg to establish contact with the leaders of the St. Petersburg students, writes a number of proclamations to the students with a bright political coloring, calling for the union of student efforts with the labor movement, and organizes, together with others, a counter-demonstration of workers and students on Tverskoy Boulevard on March 13, when the Zubatov the organization called the workers to the monument to Alexander II. The demonstration was surrounded by the police, K. was arrested and imprisoned first in Butyrki and then in Taganka.

After several months of imprisonment, K. was sent to his homeland in Tiflis under the supervision of the police without the right to return to the university. Arriving in Tiflis, he contacts the local Social Democratic organization, begins working in it as a propagandist, having received two schools: one among the railway workers in Nakhalovka, the other among the shoemakers of the officer economic society. In the autumn of the same 1902, in order to familiarize himself with revolutionary literature, K. leaves for Paris, where he immediately joins the Iskra group. With "Iskra" K. met in Moscow.

In Paris, K. met with the direct leaders of the Parisian Iskra group (Lindov-Liteizen and others), wrote reports on the student movement for Iskra, and a few months later, at the very first arrival of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin with an essay in Paris, K . gets acquainted with Lenin.

Acquaintance with Lenin and the impression made on K. by a number of lectures and essays read by Lenin on that visit to Paris had a decisive influence on his entire future fate and activity. Upon learning that the editorial board of Iskra, headed by Vladimir Ilyich, was moving from London to Geneva, K. left Paris and settled in Geneva, where he spent several months in an active study of revolutionary Social-Democratic literature and for the first time himself appeared in the Iskra circle with a report directed to against the then fashionable criticism of Marxism by Struve, Berdyaev, Bulgakov and others. The opponent at K.'s report was Martov, who, by the way, then used K.'s passport when traveling with essays around Europe. In September of the same 1903, immediately after the 2nd Party Congress, K. returned to Russia. Back in Paris, at a meeting dedicated to the fifth anniversary of the organization of the Bund, K. met his future wife, Olga Davydovna Kameneva.

Returning to Tiflis, K. enters into close contact with the then leaders of the Social-Democrats. movements in Tiflis (D. S. Postolovsky, M. A. Borisova, V. I. Neneshvilli, and others) and, as a propagandist and agitator, takes part in preparing a strike on the Transcaucasian Railway. dor.

After a search on the night of January 5-6 (1904), K. was forced to leave Tiflis and moved to Moscow, where he worked under the leadership of the Moscow Party Committee (propaganda circles, distribution of leaflets, storage of type, etc.). By this time, the social democratic organizations in Russia are experiencing an internal crisis associated with the struggle between the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks. K. resolutely defends the Bolshevik point of view and is in contact with the representative of the Bolshevik Central Committee in Moscow - comrade. Countrywoman.

In order to prevent the demonstration that was being prepared for February 19, the Okhrana made arrests among the Moscow Committee. Among those arrested are along with B.: Knunyants (Radin), Anya Schneerson. K. spent 5 months in prison and on July 15 was sent to Tiflis under open police supervision. In prison, however, K. wrote a pamphlet strongly criticizing the entire political line of the new Iskra, which circulated in prison from hand to hand, but then got lost and did not reach abroad.

An attempt to legalize by entering Yuriev University ended in failure due to the following certificate from the Police Department sent to the university:

"A former student of Moscow University, Lev Borisov Rosenfeld, according to reports, upon his return from abroad in November of the past year, settled in the city of Moscow, where, after the arrests of prominent figures of the Moscow Social Democratic Organization, he began to form groups of experienced propagandists of the Social Democratic The group organized by him appropriated the name of the group of Social Democrats and, having entered into relations with the working environment, began to vigorously agitate for organizing a street political demonstration on February 19 of this year. to an inquiry about the anti-government group named above. During the search, politically compromising correspondence was seized from Rosenfeld. During interrogation, without pleading guilty, Rosenfeld refused to give any explanations. "

Returning to Tiflis, K. is introduced into the allied Caucasian Committee (Mikha-Tskhakaya, Stalin, Knunyants [Radin], Khanoyan, and others), which leads the entire working-class movement in the Caucasus, takes part in the organ of the committee (“Struggle of the Proletariat”), conducts propaganda work and acts as an agitator at large rallies of railway workers associated with a strike prepared by the Social Democracy on the Caucasian roads, travels around local organizations - Batum, Kutais, etc.

The Allied Committee, which K. was a member of, stood on a strictly Bolshevik point of view and waged a fierce struggle against the Georgian Mensheviks (Jordania, Tseretelli, Khomeriki, and others). At the same time, K. corresponded in the Leninist organ "Forward".

After the formation in the north, on the instructions of Lenin, the bureau of the committees of the majority, the union committee wholly adjoins this All-Russian Bolshevik organization and sends K.

K. travels to St. Petersburg and there he is instructed to visit a number of local committees to agitate for the convening of the 3rd Congress. With this assignment, he travels around Kursk, Orel, Kharkov, Yekaterinoslav, Voronezh, Rostov and the Caucasus. K. himself receives a mandate for the congress from the Caucasian Committee and, having crossed the border illegally, takes part in the congress in London. (In the minutes of the congress pseudonym Gradov). At the end of the congress, the newly elected Central Committee appoints K. as its agent and instructs him to visit a number of organizations with agitation for Bolshevik tactics: the boycott of the Bulygin Duma, the preparation of an uprising, etc. With this order, K. in July-September 1905 travels almost all large cities of central and western Russia, defending Bolshevik tactics at meetings of local committees, in circles of propagandists and at public meetings and rallies.

The October All-Russian railway strike and the manifesto of October 17 found K. in Minsk, where he was participating in a demonstration shot by governor Kurlov. On the very first steam locomotive that left Minsk, K. returned to St. Petersburg, where he entered into local work and became one of the closest employees of Vladimir Ilyich in all literary Bolshevik enterprises. K. spends the entire end of 1905, 1906 and 1907 in St. Petersburg in close contact with Vladimir Ilyich, collaborating in all legal and illegal publications, acting as a propagandist and agitator, defending the Bolshevik point of view at election meetings, etc. Shortly before 5- 1st Party Congress, in April 1907, K. was sent by the Central Committee to conduct a pre-Congress campaign in Moscow, from where he was elected a delegate to the congress. After the defeat of the 2nd Duma, K. remained in St. Petersburg as a member of the Bolshevik center and continued to work there (together with Zinoviev, Meshkovsky, Rozhkov).

After the departure of Vladimir Ilyich abroad and after a series of searches, on April 18, 1908, K. was arrested on charges of preparing the publication of a May Day leaflet. After his release in July, Vladimir Ilyich, through Dubrovinsky, who had then arrived from abroad, summons K. to his place in Geneva. Abroad, where K. arrived at the very end of 1908, he was appointed editor of the central organ of the Bolshevik faction "Proletary" (Lenin, Zinoviev, K.) and took part in all party meetings and conferences abroad. At one time, on behalf of Vladimir Ilyich, K. was the representative of the party in the international socialist bureau, took part in the Copenhagen International Socialist Congress (1910) and, as a representative of the party, spoke at the Basel Congress of 1912 and at the Chemnitz Congress of German Social Democracy.

Taking part in all Bolshevik legal or illegal publications from abroad, K. at the same time publishes, under the editorship of Lenin, the book Two Parties, which marks the final break with Menshevism, and in his free time from party duties he is engaged in the development of questions of the Russian revolutionary movement, in particular, the era of Herzen-Chernyshevsky.

In 1913, following Lenin and Zinoviev, K. moved closer to the border, to Krakow, and in early 1914 he was sent by the Central Committee to St. Petersburg to lead Pravda and the Bolshevik faction in the 4th State Duma. K. performs this work until July 8, when the defeat of Pravda forces him to move to Finland, where he finds him declaring war. K. successfully holds the first meeting of the faction and local workers convened by him in Finland after the declaration of war and is preparing a wider meeting. This conference is completely arrested on November 4 in the village of "Ozerki" near Petersburg (Badaev, Petrovsky, Muranov, Shagov, Samoilov, Yakovlev, Linde, Voronin, Antipov, etc.). In May 1915, a trial takes place, and the St. Petersburg Judicial Chamber with class representatives adjudges K., along with the deputies and other participants in the process, to the deprivation of all rights and exile to a settlement in Siberia. The convicts are first sent to Turukhansk, then to the village of Yalan near Yeniseisk, and finally to the city of Achinsk, where the February revolution finds them. K., Stalin, Muranov, who were at that time in Yalani, immediately went to Leningrad, where they arrived a few days before Lenin returned from exile.

At the April conference of 1917, K. was elected to the Central Committee of the party. At the same time, K. becomes one of the editors of Pravda and until October is one of the representatives of the party, first in the Leningrad Soviet and its Executive Committee, and then in the Central Executive Committee of the Soviets.

After the July days of 1917, the Kerensky government arrests K. and keeps him in prison until the offensive of Kornilov. During the arrest, K. is subjected to the dirtiest accusations from the Mensheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries. Before the October speech between K. and Zinoviev, on the one hand, Lenin and the majority of the Central Committee. - on the other hand, disagreements are outlined that cause a decisive rebuff from Lenin; however, before the speech, these differences are eliminated, and at the suggestion of Lenin, K. is elected chairman of the 2nd Congress of Soviets, which carried out and formalized the October coup, and then the first chairman of the new, Bolshevik majority, Central Executive Committee. Soon after, K. surrenders his position as chairman of the Central Executive Committee to Ya. M. Sverdlov, and he himself is a member of the Brest delegation, which concluded a truce at the front, and then a member of the Brest peace delegation. After a temporary break in negotiations with the Germans in January 1918, K. received an order from Lenin to make his way to England and France to acquaint them with the coup that had taken place and with the tasks of the Soviet government. After a week's stay in London, the British government deports K. Returning through Finland, where at that time a civil war between the Reds and Whites is in full swing, K. falls into the hands of the Whites, is arrested on the Åland Islands, is kept for some time in prison in Marienhaben, and then transferred to the fortress of Uleaborg, from where, after several months of solitary confinement, he was released in August 1918 in exchange for the Finnish arrested in Leningrad.

Upon his return to Moscow, he was elected chairman of the Moscow Council. In 1919, when the republic was going through difficult days, K. went to the civil front. war as an emergency. full Defense Council. In 1922, during Lenin's illness, he was appointed one of the deputy chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars and the STO, and after Lenin's death, he was appointed chairman of the Council of Labor and Defense. In January 1926 he was relieved of this post with the appointment of the People's Commissar of Trade. K. in his political activities is a consistent Bolshevik-Leninist. He inherited a lot from his teacher V.I. Back in July 1917, V.I., when he was in hiding, wrote to K.: “If they kill me, I ask you to publish my notebook “Marxism about the State” [So Lenin thought to call his book, which came out under the title "State and Revolution".]. Even during the life of Lenin, with his consent, K. began publishing the collected works of V. I. During his illness, V. I. handed over to K. his personal archive, from which subsequently grew and unfolded the Institute of V. I. Lenin, whose director is K.

Throughout his social life K. gave a lot of effort to literature. His articles on societies. and polit. questions written in the period before the revolution of 1917 are partly collected in the book "Between two revolutions". It did not include articles on questions of literature, including major studies on Chernyshevsky, Herzen and Nekrasov, and articles published in the collection. "Liter. decay". He also owns the works: "The economic system of the imperial. and the tasks of socialism", "Two parties", "Struggle for peace", etc. Currently being prepared coll. sochin., I vol. which has already been published.

F. Music.

[In 1926 he was expelled from the Politburo. In November 1927 he was withdrawn from the Central Committee, then expelled from the party. In 1928 he was reinstated in the party, in 1932 he was again expelled, and in 1933 he was reinstated again. In 1934 he was expelled from the party. Unreasonably repressed. In January 1935 he was sentenced to 5 years in prison in the case of the Moscow Center, in July he was sentenced to 10 years in prison in the case of the Kremlin Library and Commandant's Office, and in 1936 he was sentenced to death in the case of the Trotskyist-Zinoviev United Center. Rehabilitated posthumously.]

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See what "Kamenev, Lev Borisovich" is in other dictionaries:

Lev Borisovich Kamenev Lev Borisovich Rosenfeld ... Wikipedia

Kamenev, Lev Borisovich- Lev Borisovich Kamenev. KAMENEV (real name Rosenfeld) Lev Borisovich (1883 1936), politician. On the eve of the October Revolution, he opposed an armed uprising. Elected Chairman of the 2nd Congress of Soviets of Workers and Soldiers ... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

- (real name Rosenfeld) (1883 1936) Russian and Soviet politician, revolutionary; in October 1917 opposed an armed uprising. In November 1917, the chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. In 1918, 26 Chairman of the Moscow Council. In 1923, 26 deputy ... ... Political science. Dictionary.

Kamenev Lev Borisovich- (Kamenev, Lev Borisovich) (1883 1936), Soviet com. leader. A Social Democrat since 1901, he took the side of the Bolsheviks during the split of the RSDLP in 1903. For the call of the Bolshevik deputies of the Duma to oppose World War I, K. was exiled to Siberia. IN… … The World History

Wikipedia has articles about other people with that surname, see Kamenev. Lev Borisovich Kamenev Lev Borisovich Rosenfeld ... Wikipedia

Real name Rosenfeld (1883-1936), politician and statesman. Bolshevik since 1903. In October 1917, together with G. E. Zinoviev, he opposed the holding of an armed uprising, considering it untimely. After the uprising, on 2 ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

early years

October 1917

In 1917, he repeatedly disagreed with Lenin in his views on the revolution and on Russia's participation in the First World War. In particular, pointing out that The German army did not follow the example of the Russian army and still obeys its emperor", Kamenev concluded, " that in such conditions Russian soldiers cannot lay down their arms and go home», therefore, the demand “Down with the war” is now meaningless and should be replaced by the slogan: “Pressure on the Provisional Government in order to force it openly ... to immediately come out with an attempt to persuade all the belligerent countries to immediately open negotiations on ways to end the world war”.

Lenin criticized Kamenev's line, but considered a discussion with him useful.

On October 18, in the newspaper Novaya Zhizn, Kamenev published an article “Yu. Kamenev about the "speech". On the one hand, Kamenev announced that he "is not aware of any decisions of our Party that include the appointment of any speech for this or that period," and that "there are no such decisions of the Party." On the other hand, he made it clear that there was no unity within the Bolshevik leadership on this issue: “Not only me and Comrade Zinoviev, but also a number of practical comrades find that they can take the initiative of an armed uprising at the present moment, given the ratio of public forces, independently and a few days before the Congress of Soviets, it would be an unacceptable, disastrous step for the cause of the revolution and the proletariat” (ibid., pp. 115-116). Lenin regarded this speech as a disclosure of a virtually secret decision of the Central Committee and demanded that Kamenev and Zinoviev be expelled from the party. On October 20, at a meeting of the Central Committee of the RSDLP(b), it was decided to confine ourselves to accepting Kamenev's resignation and to charge him and Zinoviev with the obligation not to make any statements against the planned line of the party.

Party career

During the October Revolution, on October 25 (November 7), 1917, Kamenev was elected chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. He left this post on November 4 (17), 1917, demanding the creation of a homogeneous socialist government (a coalition government of the Bolsheviks with the Mensheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries).

In November 1917, Kamenev joined the delegation sent to Brest-Litovsk to conclude a separate treaty with Germany. In January 1918, Kamenev, at the head of the Soviet delegation, went abroad as the new Russian ambassador to France, but the French government refused to recognize his authority. Upon returning to Russia, he was arrested on March 24, 1918 in the Aland Islands by the Finnish authorities. Kamenev was released on August 3, 1918 in exchange for the Finns arrested in Petrograd.

From September 1918, Kamenev was a member of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, and from October 1918 - Chairman of the Moscow Council (he held this post until May 1926).

Since March 1919, Kamenev became a member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b). On April 3, 1922, it was Kamenev who suggested that Stalin be appointed General Secretary of the Central Committee of the RCP(b). Since 1922, due to Lenin's illness, Kamenev presided over meetings of the Politburo.

Scientists and writers turned to Kamenev more than once for help; he managed to secure the release from imprisonment of the historian A. A. Kizevetter, the writer I. A. Novikov and others. The poet M. A. Voloshin invited Kamenev to his house in Koktebel.

On September 14, 1922, Kamenev was appointed Deputy Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (SNK) of the RSFSR and Deputy Chairman of the Council of Labor and Defense (STO) of the RSFSR. After the formation of the USSR in December 1922, Kamenev became a member of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR. Since 1923, Kamenev became the deputy chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the STO of the USSR, as well as the director of the Lenin Institute.

After Lenin's death

After the death of Lenin, Kamenev in February 1924 became chairman of the STO of the USSR (until 1926).

At the end of 1922, together with G.E. Zinoviev and Stalin formed a "triumvirate" directed against L.D. Trotsky, which, in turn, served as an impetus for the formation of the left opposition in the RCP (b).

However, in 1925, together with Zinoviev and N.K. Krupskoy stood in opposition to Stalin and Bukharin, who was gaining strength; became one of the leaders of the so-called "new", or "Leningrad", and since 1926 - the united opposition. At the XIV Congress of the CPSU (b) in December 1925, Kamenev declared: “Comrade Stalin cannot play the role of a unifier of the Bolshevik headquarters. We are against the theory of one-man command, we are against creating a leader.”

At the plenum of the Central Committee, which took place immediately after the congress, for the first time since 1919, Kamenev was elected only as a candidate member, and not as a member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, and on January 16, 1926, he lost his posts in the Council of People's Commissars and the STO of the USSR and was appointed People's Commissar of Foreign and Internal USSR trade. November 26, 1926 he was appointed plenipotentiary in Italy.

In October 1926, Kamenev was removed from the Politburo, in April 1927 - from the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, and in October 1927 - from the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. In December 1927, at the XV Congress of the CPSU (b), Kamenev was expelled from the party. Exiled to Kaluga. Soon he issued a statement admitting mistakes.

In June 1928, Kamenev was reinstated in the party. In 1928-1929. he was the head of the Scientific and Technical Department of the Supreme Economic Council of the USSR, and since May 1929 - the chairman of the Main Concession Committee under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR.

In October 1932, Kamenev was again expelled from the party for non-information in connection with the case of the "Union of Marxist-Leninists" and sent into exile in Minusinsk.

In December 1933, Kamenev was again reinstated in the party and appointed director of the scientific publishing house Academia. Kamenev was the author of the biographies of Herzen and Chernyshevsky, published in the ZhZL series.

At the XVII Congress of the CPSU (b) he delivered a speech of repentance, which did not save him from further repressions. He was not elected to the Congress of Writers of the USSR.

After the murder of S.M. Kirov, in December 1934, Kamenev was arrested again and on January 16, 1935, in the case of the so-called "Moscow Center", he was sentenced to 5 years in prison, and then, on June 27, 1935, in the case of the "Kremlin Library and Commandant's Office of the Kremlin", sentenced to 10 years in prison.

In August 1936, Kamenev was brought as a defendant to the First Moscow Trial - in the case of the so-called "Trotskyist-Zinoviev United Center", on August 24 he was sentenced to capital punishment and on August 25 he was shot. It is alleged that on the way to the place of execution, he held on steadfastly, tried to cheer up Grigory Zinoviev, who had fallen in spirit: “Stop it, Grigory, we will die with dignity!” He refused the last word.

In 1988, he was rehabilitated due to the lack of corpus delicti.

Kamenev's personality

Boris Bazhanov wrote in his memoirs:

By himself, he is not a power-hungry, good-natured and rather “bourgeois” person. True, he is an old Bolshevik, but not a coward, he takes the risks of the revolutionary underground, he is arrested more than once; during the war in exile; liberated only by revolution. He is a smart, educated person, with the talents of a good state worker (now they would say "technocrat"). If not for communism, he would be a good socialist minister in a "capitalist" country.
... In the field of intrigue, cunning and tenacity, Kamenev is completely weak. Officially, he "sits in Moscow" - the capital is considered to be the same patrimony of his as Zinoviev's Leningrad. But Zinoviev organized his clan in Leningrad, seated him and holds his second capital in his hands. While Kamenev is a stranger to this technique, he has no clan of his own and sits on Moscow by inertia.

Family

The first wife of L. B. Kamenev is the sister of L. D. Trotsky, Olga Davidovna Bronstein (1883-1941), whom he met in Paris in 1902. The marriage broke up in 1927 due to Kamenev's frequent love affairs. Both sons of Kamenev from marriage with O. D. Bronstein - pilot Alexander Kamenev and Yuri Kamenev (1921-1938) - were shot. The grandson lives in Moscow.

The second wife (since 1928) - Glebova Tatyana Ivanovna, after the execution of her husband was exiled to Biysk and died in the camps. The son of L. B. Kamenev from his marriage to her is Glebov Vladimir Lvovich (1929-1994), a historian, professor of the philosophy department of the Novosibirsk State Technical University (NSTU, former NETI). The grandchildren of L. B. Kamenev - Glebov Evgeny Vladimirovich (born 1961), Glebova Uliana Vladimirovna (born 1968), Glebova Ustinya Vladimirovna (born 1975) - live in Novosibirsk.

Personal relationship with Stalin

".. This happened in the city of Achinsk, ... where Iosif Dzhugashvili was taken at the end of 1916 in connection with the draft into the army. In Achinsk, Stalin usually sat silently in the living room and listened to the conversations that Kamenev had with the guests, but, as eyewitnesses testify that the host usually treated his guest rather rudely, for the most part silently sitting in the corner of the living room, abruptly interrupted Dzhugashvili, believing that, due to the level of his education, he could contribute little of himself to the highly intellectual discussions that arose in the living room, and Stalin, as usually shut up." Quoted from V. D. Kuznechevsky's book "Stalin. "Mediocrity" that changed the world"

In fiction

Kamenev served as the prototype for the protagonist of V.V. Nabokov's story "The Extermination of Tyrants". The circumstances of the interrogations and reprisals against Kamenev are described in the novel by Anatoly Rybakov "Thirty-fifth and Other Years" (continuation of the novel Children of the Arbat).

KAMENEV LEV BORISOVICH - Russian revolutionary leader, Soviet state and party leader.

From the family of a railway employee. In 1901-1902, he studied at the Faculty of Law of the Moscow State University, excluded for participating in the student movement. Member of the RSDLP since 1901. Not-one-but-times-but under-ver-gal-xia are-stu and link-ke. In 1902, in Paris, I knew V.I. Le-ni-nym and others. . In 1903-1905, he conducted revolutionary work in Tif-li-se, Mo-sk-ve, St. Peter-ter-burg-ge. Co-labor-no-chal in more-she-vi-st-sky from-yes-no-yah. Published an essay on the history of Russian literature of the 19th century. Since 1908, in the emigration, the editor (together with Le-ni-ny and G. E. Zi-nov-e-vym) of the Bolshevik newspaper “Pro -le-ta-ry. I gave the book “Two Parties” with the pre-di-slo-vi-em Le-ni-na, on the right-len- against the less-she-vi-kov. At the beginning of 1914, on the right-len Le-ni-nym in St. Petersburg for the ru-ko-vo-dstvo faction of more-she-vi-kov in the 4th State Duma (he himself was not de-pu-ta-tom), as well as re-dak-qi-her newspaper Pravda. He headed the Russian Bureau of the Central Committee of the RSDLP. 22.10 (04.11.) 1914 are-sto-van. Os-vo-bo-zh-den after the February re-vo-lu-tion of 1917.

Elected as a member of the Is-pol-ko-ma of the Petrograd so-ve-ta ra-bo-chih and soldier-Danish de-pu-ta-tov, you-stepped for the mouth-ta-nov- le-tion of the same-st-ko-go control over the actions of the Provisional government-vi-tel-st-va from the side of the Petrograd so-ve-ta, osu- s-in-le-pressure on him with the goal of pre-beautifying the world-war-na and for de-mo-kra-tic pre-form-ra- zo-va-nia. In ap-re-le - May, stop-chi-vo and active-but kri-ti-ko-val you-dvi-well-ty Le-ni-nym heading for so-cia-li-s- tic re-in-lu-tion. In the Co-ve-tah, I saw “a block of small-co-bourgeois-zhu-az-nyh and pro-le-tara forces, in front of someone-ry-mi there are still not-for- final bour-zhu-az-no-de-mo-kra-ti-che-sky for-da-chi. He considered that the Russian working class was from-but-si-tel-but weak; ot-ver-gal the thesis that Ev-ro-pa stands on the ro-ge of the pro-le-tar-re-vo-lu-tion. On April 29 (May 12), 1917, he was elected a member of the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b). Member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b). Na-ka-well-not and in the course of the July events of 1917 on-stay-shaft on not-about-ho-di-mo-sti pre-dot-vra-tit an-ti- great-vi-tel-st-vein-nuyu de-mon-st-ra-tion, when she still started, tried (together with other pain- she-vi-ka-mi) on-right-twine it into the world-noe Rus-lo. 9 (22) July-la, after the issuance of the sta-new-le-tion of the Provisional government about the are-stay li-de-ditch more-she-vi- kov, Kamenev voluntarily surrendered to the authorities, kept in Kresty. August 4 (17) os-in-bo-zh-day in connection with the day-st-vi-em os-no-va-ny for ob-vin-tion. October 10 (23) at the meeting of the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b) together with Zi-no-vy-e-ym pro-go-lo-so-val against re-zo-lu-tion about the armed revolt.

Pre-la-gal oh-ra-no-chi-sya “bo-ro-no-tel-noy in-zi-qi-her”, all-measures-but to-bi-va-sya support-ki masses, in order to get the maximum pre-sta-vi-tel-st-in in the Uch-re-di-tel-nom co-b-ra-nii. On-prav-vil (together with Zi-nov-e-vym) in the most important or-ga-ni-for-tion more-she-vi-kov at the places for-jav-le- nie "To the te-ku-shche-mu-men-tu" with-lo-the-n-their-their-vo-dov against the taking of power by an armed way, led the agitation among the li-de-ditch of the Petrograd org-ga-ni-za-tion more-she-vi-kov and de-le-ha-tov congress-yes So-ve-tov of the North o-las-ti. On October 16 (29), at the ras-shi-ren-nom for-se-da-nii, the Central Committee declared that "there are no data for the resurrection now." After the acceptance of the Lenin-sky re-zo-lu-tion, Kamenev gave an application for leaving the Central Committee. On October 18 (31) in the newspaper Novaya Zhizn, he published-whether-to-val for a mark-ku, in some-swarm he announced that he should take on himself ini-tsia-ti- vu of the armed resurrection “at the present moment and with the given co-relationship of the general forces, not-for- si-mo and a few days before the congress-yes So-ve-tov would-lo not-be-to-let-ti-my, gi-bel-nym for de la re-vo-lu-tion and pro-le-ta-ria-ta step by step. Lenin on-tre-bo-val exclusion of Kamenev from the party. The Central Committee of the RCP (B.) -se-da-ni-yah of the Central Committee.

At the opening on October 25 (November 7) of the II All-Russian Congress of the So-ve-tov of the ra-bo-chihs and the sol-Danish de-pu-ta-tov from was elected a member of Pre-zi-diu-ma and chairman of the congress. Since October 27 (November 9) Chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. October 29 (November 11), together with G. Ya. , someone-swarm pro-dil Vik-zhel - All-Russian executive committee of the trade-union-for-lez-but-do-rozh-ni-kov (committee of coal- ro-sting all-general for-bass-to-koy on trans-port-te in the case of-ka-for more-she-vi-kov from creating koa-li-qi-on -no-go “one-but-kind-no-go so-cia-li-sti-che-go-pra-vi-tel-st-va” from pre-hundred-vi-te-lei of all co- cia-list parties and groups from popular socialist cia-lists to more-she-vi-kov without the participation of V. I. Le-ni-na and L. D. Trots-ko th). Kamenev stated that “with-g-she-it is possible and not-about-ho-di-mo” subject to the condition of recognition of all parties-mi-dec -re-tov and platforms-we of the 2nd congress-yes So-ve-tov, that for the “All-Russian Central Executive Committee in the first place there is a program of right-vi-tel-st-va and his answer-st-ve-ness, but by no means his personal composition.

On November 3 (16), at the meeting of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, there was an appointment with the pre-lo-wife Kamenev and G. E. Zi-nov-e-vym re-zo-lu- tion about co-gla-this pre-dos-ta-vit in-lo-vi-well places in the right-vi-tel-st-ve eser-ram and less-she-vi-kam. In response to the request of the Central Committee, under the chi-thread of the party dis-qi-p-li-not, Kamenev on November 4 (17) left his staff (together -ste with Zi-nov-e-vym, A. I. Ry-ko-vym, V. P. No-gi-nym and V. P. Mi-lu-ti-nym) as a sign of non-co-gla -this with-me-re-ni-em pain-shin-st-va of the Central Committee from-stay, in the words of Kamenev, -no matter what, and no matter what the victims of the workers and the soldiers, yes, it’s not worth it. ” On November 8 (21), Kamenev was dismissed from the position of one hundred chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee by decision of the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b). After the creation in no-yab-re - de-kab-re koa-li-qi-on-no-go pra-vi-tel-st-va more-she-vi-kov and le- the first Socialist-Revolutionaries Kamenev and his side-no-ki re-re-sta-whether from-the-roof about-ty-in-put-to-lyat yourself more-more-vi-st-speed- mu ru-ko-vo-dstvo.

Member of the Educational Council (from the Vi-teb-sko district). Member of the Soviet de-le-ga-tion, under-pi-sav-shay 02 (15) .12.1917 in Brest-Litov-sk, agreement on re-re-peace with Ger- ma-ni-her and her co-yuz-ni-ka-mi. In January 1918, Kamenev sent Le-ni-nym to Great Britain and France for in-for-mi-ro-va-niya society about-li-ti-ke pain-she-vi-kov. He was expelled by the British government and for-der-zhan by the authorities of Finland on the Åland Islands day). From September 1918 he was a member of the Pre-zi-diu-ma of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. Since October, the pre-se-da-tel Is-pol-ko-ma of the Moscow gu-bern-sko-go and the Moscow city-so-ve-comrade.

Again elected as a member of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) and its Polit Bureau (March 1919). In August 1919 - March 1920, he was a member of the Organizing Bureau of the Central Committee of the RCP (b). In 1919, the authorized So-ve-ta defense on the Southern Front, a member of the college of the Cheka. In July-August 1920, he headed the Soviet de-le-ga-tion on the re-go-in-rach in Lon-do-not about the conditions-lo-vi-yah of the re-sto-nov -le-tion of the world from-no-she-ny with the countries of An-tan-you. In the course of the Dis-cous-sie about the trade unions of 1920-1921, under-der-zhi-val platform-for-mu Le-ni-na. In April 1922, he proposed to appoint I.V. Sta-li-on as General Secretary of the Central Committee of the RCP (b). Deputy Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR (September 1922 - February 1924). Deputy Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR (July 1923 - January 1926). One-time chairman of the STO of the USSR (February 1924 - January 1926; deputy from July 1923), People's Commissar of External and Internal Trade of the USSR (January - August 1926). Chairman of the directorate of the Institute V.I. ski collections.

In 1923-1924, together with I. V. Sta-lin and G. E. Zin-nov-e-vym, you stood up against L. D. Trotsky. Since the autumn of 1925, together with Zi-nov-e-vy, he led the “new op-po-zi-tion”, on the right-lena against Stalin . In December 1925, at the 14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, he asserted that Stalin could not play the role of “ob-e-di-ni-te-la more-she-vi -st-th headquarters. In 1926, Kamenev and Zi-nov-ev met with Trotsky against Sta-li-na, sfor-mi-ro-vav on the July ob-e-di-nyon -nom ple-nu-me of the Central Committee and the Central Control Commission of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks "ob-e-di-nyon-ny op-po-zi-tion." For fractional activity, Kamenev in December 1925 was re-re-ve-den in can-di-yes-you as a member of the Polit-buro, in 1926 he was cha-tel-but claim-lu-chen from his co-hundred-va. In 1927, you were withdrawn from the staff of the Central Committee. Then, yes, the suit-lu-chen from the party (in 1928, it was restored-sta-nov-len).

Chairman of the Scientific and Technical Department of the Supreme Economic Council of the USSR (1928-1929). Chairman of the Main con-cession-si-on-no-go committee under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR (1929-1932). In October 1932, he was again expelled from the CPSU (b) for the fact that, knowing about the su-sche-st-in-va-nii of the "counter-re-revolutionary group" M. N. Ryu -ti-na and-be-tea from her to-ku-men-you, did not inform the party about this. On-sta-nov-le-ni-em of the coll-le-gy of the OGPU dated October 11, sent to exile in Mi-nu-sinsk. Editor-tor (together with V. D. Bonch-Brue-vi-chem, A. V. Lu-na-char-sky) of a collection of ma-te-ria-lov and do-ku-men-tov on art -torii of literature, art and social thought of the 19th century "Links" (Issue 1, 1932). Author of a bio-graphical essay, introductory article, com-men-ta-ri-ev, editor-in-chief of the book “Once and Thoughts” A. I Ger-tse-na (vols. 1-3, 1932). In 1933, the restoration of the flax in the CPSU (b). According to the re-ko-men-da-tion of M. Gor-ko-go (considered Kamenev “talent-li-vy research-follow-to-va-te-lem of the Russian li-te-ra- tu-ry") headed the publishing house "Aca-de-mia".

According to Kamenev's ini-tsia-ti-ve, there would be-lo na-cha-from-give half-a-th meeting of co-chi-non-ny A. S. Push-ki-na, se-rii "Russian Li-te-ra-tu-ra". At the same time, in 1933, he was appointed a member of the directorate of the Institute of Marx - En-gel-sa - Le-ni-na at the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. In 1934, director of the Institute of Literature named after M. Gorky (since 1938, IMLI of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR), director of the Institute of Russian Literature of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, was elected a member of the right niya and pre-zi-diu-ma Soyu-za pi-sa-te-lei. 12/16/1934, are-sto-van on the basis of vi-non-niyu in connection with the murder-st-vu of S. M. Ki-ro-va, again excluded from parties. On January 16, 1935, Kamenev was admitted to the 5-year-old for the key of the USSR. 07/27/1935, the period was increased to 10 years according to a new about-vi-not-ing in the under-go-to-ke of the murder-st-va of Sta-li-na (the so-called de -lo Krem-Lev-sky bib-lio-te-ki and ko-men-da-tu-ry Krem-la). In August 1936, he was included in the number of the main ob-vi-nya-e-mykh on the de-lu “An-ti-so-vet-sko-go ob-e-di-nyon-no-go trots- ki-st-sko-zi-nov-ev-sko-go center-t-ra ”, 08/24/1936 osu-zh-den. Ras-shooter. 07/13/1988 rea-bi-li-ti-ro-van.

Compositions:

About A. I. Ger-tse-ne and N. G. Cher-ny-shevsky. P., 1916;

Sta-ty and re-chi. 1905-1925. M.; L., 1925-1929. T. 1, 10-12;

Cher-ny-shevsky. 2nd ed. M.; L., 1934;

Me-zh-du two-mya re-in-lu-tion-mi. M., 2003.

Illustration:

L. B. Ka-menev. Ri-su-nok Yu. P. An-nen-ko-wa. 1920s BRE archive.