Sayings and proverbs from Krylov's fables. Research work on the topic: “The meanings of proverbs and sayings in the fables of I.A.

Municipal state educational institution

"Secondary school No. 37" p. Ugoyan

MO "Aldan region"

Scientific-practical conference "I am a researcher"

Research work on the topic:

"Magicpantry I. A. Krylov»

I've done the work:

4th grade student Vadim Avelov

Scientific adviser:

Avelova Ludmila Dmitrievna,

Teacher of Russian language and literature

Introduction …………………………………………………………………..3 page

The life and work of I. A. Krylov ……………………………………...5 pp.

Fables of I. A. Krylov………………………………………………………………………6-7 pp.

2.1. Practical part. The meanings of proverbs and sayings in the fables of I. A. Krylov (on the example of the fables "Casket", "Cat and Cook", "Quartet", "Elephant and Pug", "Hardworking Bear", "Dog Friendship", "Swan, Pike and Cancer”) ………8-9 pp.

2.2. Meanings of proverbs and sayings in pictures………………………10-12 pp.

Conclusion………………………………………………………………........ 13 p.

References………………………………………………………………14p.

Introduction.

Goal of the work: to show the educational significance of proverbs and sayings from the fables of I. A. Krylov.

To achieve this goal, the following tasks:

To study the fables of I. A. Krylov;

Explore proverbs and sayings in the fables of I. A. Krylov;

Show their educational value in the modern world.

Subject of study: work on proverbs and sayings that form a system of values in the life of every child in literature lessons.
Relevance: The school curriculum involves the study of Krylov's fables from elementary school. The use of proverbs and sayings in speech is the main indicator of the level of education and culture of a person. Insufficient study, misunderstanding of the meanings of proverbs and sayings leads to a large gap in the field of linguistics and literary criticism, as well as a decrease in the moral quality of a person.

Hypothesis: Krylov's fables - an encyclopedia of life. The study of the meanings and role of proverbs and sayings will enrich our speech, improve the culture of communication and contribute to the development of spiritual and moral qualities.

Research methods:
1. Observation.
2. Theoretical analysis.
3. Comparison.
4. Study of literature.

I was fascinated by the fable genre - as one of the oldest genres of art, since its historical roots are very deep. According to legend, the ancient Greek author Aesop, who lived in the 6th century BC, is considered the founder of the fable. The origin of the fable dates back to the 6th century BC and is associated with the name of Aesop. The fables that we know as Aesopian were mostly stories about animals, including moralizing, where the story was related to human life. The fable, as a poetic genre, was developed by the French fabulist La Fontaine in the 17th century. Lafontaine creates fables that are based on folk wisdom, they are very witty, contain dialogue. Dialogue is a conversation between two or more people. And it is from the book of Lafontaine's fables, which accidentally caught the eye of Krylov, that the path to the creation of the great Russian fabulist begins.

In Russian literature, the foundations of the national fable tradition were laid by Sumarokov. And the pinnacle in the development of this genre was Krylov's fables, which absorbed the experience of two and a half millennia. The fable is "moralizing in nature", that is, there is always a moral in the fable. Therefore, a special place in it is occupied by proverbs and sayings that are used by all people, although many of us do not even know the meaning. I was attracted to his work by the fact that proverbs and sayings in his fables are of great educational value.

Life and work of I.A.Krylova

Ivan Andreevich Krylov was born on February 2 in Moscow into the family of a poor army captain, who received an officer's rank only after thirteen years of military service. In 1775, his father retired, and the family settled in Tver.

The future fabulist received a meager education, but, having exceptional abilities, reading a lot from childhood, persistently and persistently self-educating, he became one of the most enlightened people of his time.

After the death of his father, the family was left without any means of subsistence, and from the age of ten Krylov had to work as a scribe in the Tver court. Mother failed to get a pension after her husband's death, and in 1782 it was decided to go to St. Petersburg to apply for a pension. In the capital, too, nothing was achieved, but for Krylov there was a place for a clerk in the Treasury. In addition, Petersburg opened up an opportunity for him to engage in literary work.

In 1789, Krylov began publishing the satirical journal Spirit Mail, which continued the traditions of Russian satirical journalism. Due to its radical direction, the magazine could only exist for eight months, but Krylov did not abandon his intention to renew it. In 1792, he created a new satirical magazine, The Spectator, which immediately became popular because of the topicality of its subject matter. In the summer of 1792, a search was made in the printing house, Krylov came under police supervision, and the publication of the magazine had to be stopped.

In 1791 - 1801 Krylov retired from journalism, wandered around the provinces: he visited Tambov, Saratov, Nizhny Novgorod, and Ukraine. He did not stop composing, but his works only occasionally appeared in print.

After the death of Catherine II, he managed to enter the service of Prince S. Golitsyn as a personal secretary and teacher of his children. In Golitsyn's home theater, the joke tragedy Trumph, or Podshchipa, written by Krylov in 1800, was staged - a witty and well-aimed satire on Paul I and the royal court.

Fables of I. A. Krylov

In 1809, the first book of Krylov's fables was published, in which he acted not only as a moralist, but as an accuser of the "powerful" people of this world, who oppress the people. It was the fable that became the genre in which Krylov's genius was expressed unusually broadly. Nine books, including more than 200 fables, make up Krylov's fable legacy.

In 1812 he became a librarian of the newly opened Public Library, where he served for 30 years, retiring in 1841. Krylov not only turned out to be a good collector of books, the number of which increased greatly under him, but he worked hard on compiling bibliographic indexes and a Slavic-Russian dictionary.

I. A. Krylov devoted his work to the fable. In 1808 the first edition of his Fables appeared. The book was sold like hot cakes and brought Krylov a huge success. It was printed a lot. From 1809 to 1843 I.A. Krylov wrote more than 200 fables.
The fabulist inherited the tradition of identifying people with animals from his predecessors. But Krylov's skill, of course, does not consist in imitation of this tradition. As a classicist, Krylov believed that the vices of mankind should be eradicated with laughter, therefore greed, ignorance, and stupidity are ridiculed in his works.

Krylov's fables so perfectly expressed the people's view of life and, in their structure, turned out to be so close to folk tales and sayings that many lines of fables turned into folk proverbs and firmly entered our memory. And the proximity of Ivan Andreevich's language to folk speech was also reflected in the fact that the writer inserted proverbs and sayings into his fables, and they completely merged with the general tone of the fable. But even more remarkable is the fact that Krylov's own poems, easily remembered, themselves became proverbs, entered the popular speech. There are many such proverbs and sayings from his fables in the Russian language: “And the chest just opened” (“Casket”), “Ai, Pug! She is strong to know that she barks at the Elephant ”(“ Elephant and Pug ”),“ And Vaska listens and eats ”(“ Cat and Cook ”) and many, many other no less wonderful and expressive.

And the casket just opened.

From the fable "The Casket" (1808) A certain "mechanic sage" tried to open the casket and sought - out of habit - a special secret of his castle. But since this secret did not exist at all, he did not find it and “left behind the casket.” And how to open it, I did not guess, And the chest just opened. To open it, you just had to lift its lid. Allegorically: one should not look for a complex solution to a problem where there is a simple one or where there is no problem at all.

And Vaska listens and eats

Leaving for the tavern, the Cook left the kitchen in the care of Cat Vaska, so that he guarded food supplies from mice. But, returning home, the Cook discovers that the Cat, "having crouched behind the vinegar barrel, purring and grumbling, is working on the chicken." The cook, seeing this, proceeded to denounce the Cat: “Cat Vaska is a rogue! Cat Vaska is a thief! And Vaska, not only in the kitchen, Don't let him out into the yard, Like a smooth wolf in a sheepfold: He is a corruption, he is a plague, he is an ulcer of these places! (Vaska listens, but eats.) Here my rhetorician, giving free rein to the flow of words, Did not find the end of moralizing. But what? While he was singing it, Cat Vaska ate all the roast. Allegorically about a person who is deaf to reproaches, exhortations and still does his unseemly deeds. It is also quoted as a reproach to those who spend their eloquence where you just need to "use the power"

“And you, friends, no matter how you sit down;

You're not good at being musicians."

From the fable "Quartet" (1811) Contemporaries believed that this fable was written as a satirical response to the reform of the State Council, which, by the will of Emperor Alexander I, was divided into 4 departments in 1810. They were headed by N. S. Mordvinov (Monkey), P. V. Zavadovsky (Donkey), P. V. Lopukhin (Goat) and A. A. Arakcheev (Bear). So, the lyceum classmate of A. S. Pushkin M. A. Korf wrote in his “Memoirs”: “It is known that we owe the lengthy debate about how to seat them and even several subsequent transplants to Krylov’s witty fable “Quartet”. About a poorly functioning team, in which things are not going well because there is no unity, harmony, professionalism, competence, an accurate understanding of each of his own and common tasks.

And nothing has changed!

From the fable “The Swan, the Pike and the Cancer” (1816) “Once the Swan, the Cancer and the Pike took it with their luggage”, but nothing came of it, because:

... The swan breaks into the clouds,

Cancer moves back, and Pike pulls into the water.

Who is to blame among them, who is right, is not for us to judge;

Yes, only things are still there.

Ironically about inefficient work, about a task that is not being solved.

2.1. Practical part.

The meanings of proverbs and sayings in the fables of I. A. Krylov
Each proverb, saying, any popular expression has its origins. Fables I.A. Krylova is an excellent school of observations of life and phenomena. They are interested in both dynamic plots and the depiction of the characters of the characters, in particular animals, insects, birds. Each read fable causes a person to think, makes him think about morality. I have identified the most popular proverbs and sayings from his fables and explained their meanings with the help of literature and an online resource.
1. And the chest just opened.
The moral of the fable "Cabin" is expressed in the initial quatrain:
It often happens to us

And work and wisdom to see there,

Where you can only guess

Just get down to business.
2. And Vaska listens and eats.
This proverb is from the fable "The Cat and the Cook". The cook scolds the Cat for stealing the pie and chicken in his absence.
And here is the moral of the fable:
And I would cook differently

He ordered to kill on the wall:
So as not to waste speeches there,

Where to exercise power.
3. And you, friends, no matter how you sit down, you are not good at musicians.
Unsuccessful musicians: the naughty Monkey, the Donkey, the Goat and the clubfoot Mishka turn to the Nightingale flying past.
And here is the moral of the fable:
“To be a musician, you need the ability

And your ears are softer, - the Nightingale answers them. -
And you, friends, no matter how you sit down, You are not good at musicians.
("Quartet")
4. Hey, Pug! know that she is strong that she barks at the Elephant!
Mongrel notices Moska, barking at the Elephant with all her might, that he does not pay any attention to her barking.
And here is the moral of the fable:
"Hey Moska! to know she is strong, What barks at the Elephant!
("Elephant and Pug")
5. And the arcs bend with patience and not suddenly.
Seeing that the peasant is working on the arcs, the bear decided to live by the same labors.
However, the Bear did not succeed, and here is the moral of the fable:
“In that,” answered the neighbor, “What you don’t have at all, godfather: In patience.”
("Hardworking Bear")
6. Just throw them a bone, so your dogs!
in a fable "Dog Friendship" lived two yard dogs - Barbos and Polkan. And so they began to confess to each other in a strong and indestructible friendship. When the cook from the kitchen throws a bone, new friends squabble. At last they were forcibly poured with water.
Morality is:
The world is full of such friendship. You can’t talk about current friends without sinning,
That in friendship they are all almost alone: Listen - it seems that they have one soul, -
And just throw them a bone, so your dogs!
There is another proverb : "Dog friendship to the first bone." Did Krylov write a fable based on this proverb, was the proverb born from his fable?

7. And (yes, only) things are still there.
In a very short fable "Swan, Pike and Cancer" it is told how the characters listed in the title were carried with luggage. But the Swan rushed into the clouds, the Cancer backed away, and the Pike pulled into the water. And the wagon remained there to this day.
Moral fable in the first three lines:
When there is no agreement among the comrades, their business will not go smoothly,
And nothing will come out of it, only flour.

2.2. The meaning of proverbs and sayings in pictures

And the casket just opened. ("Cabin")

It is used in relation to the found simple solution to a problem that at first seemed difficult.

2. And Vaska listens and eats. ("The Cat and the Cook»)

It is used in relation to a person who does not dispute the arguments addressed to him, continues to do it in his own way.

About the situation when one speaks, convinces, and the other does not listen, does not consider the speaker and continues to do his (usually reprehensible) work.

And you, friends, no matter how you sit down, you are not good at musicians. (“Quartet”)

It is used in relation to a group of people incapable of joint activity.

4. Hey, Pug! To know that she is strong, that she barks at an elephant.
Without a fight, get into big bullies. ("Elephant and Pug")

It is used in relation to a person who scolds higher authorities or someone who is stronger in some way, taking advantage of his impunity.
It is used in relation to people who differ greatly in physical data or in social status, when a small, insignificant person carefully tries to harm some figure.

5. And the arcs bend with patience and not suddenly. ("Hardworking Bear")

It is used as a playful and ironic censure of someone's haste, as well as a superficial, frivolous attitude to business that requires skill and patience.

6 . Listen - it seems they have one soul - And just throw them a bone, so your dogs! ("Dog Friendship")
foreign language: about the fragility of friendship

Wed The dog of friendship is an example from ancient days,

A friendship between dogs, as if between people,

Almost completely invisible.

7. Yes, but things are still there. The Swan is torn into the clouds, the Cancer is moving backwards, and the Pike is pulling into the water. ("Swan, Pike and Cancer")

It is used in cases when the matter, without moving, stands still, and around it there are fruitless conversations, fuss, that is, there is no consistency in any business.

Conclusion

I. A. Krylov - the great Russian poet - fabulist, because he loved everything Russian: the Russian people, the Russian language, Russian nature, Russian art.
By the time Krylov became exclusively a fabulist, he had already come a long way. He was an author of comedies, comic operas, tragedies, a satirist, a journalist and a poet. But he became famous as a great fabulist. A. S. Pushkin said about him this way: “He surpassed all the fabulists known to us, enriched the Russian language with winged, witty figurative expressions, comparisons.”

V. G. Belinsky wrote: “There is no need to talk about the great importance of Krylov’s fables for raising children, children unconsciously and directly imbibe the Russian spirit from them, master the Russian language and are enriched with wonderful impressions of almost the only poetry available to them.”

The fables of I. A. Krylov do not grow old. Each new generation is brought up on them .. Lines from fables have entered into speech, have become familiar. They are known not only in our country, but also abroad, translated into 50 languages.
Having studied the state of this problem in theory, practice, identifying the educational values of proverbs and sayings from the fables of I. A. Krylov, we can do the following conclusions:
1. Proverbs and sayings have absorbed the centuries-old moral experience of the people. This makes them relevant in our time, as they introduce the student to the world of universal values, introduce them to the origins of folk culture.
2. Proverbs and sayings in the fables of I. A. Krylov - a real encyclopedia of life. Any fable can serve for educational purposes for classroom hours, thematic conversations at school.

In the future, I want to make a dictionary of proverbs and sayings from the fables of I. A. Krylov with my own illustrations.

Bibliography
1. Gordin A.M. Ivan Andreevich Krylov in portraits, illustrations, documents. Edited by L.V. Denitsky. – M.: L.; "Enlightenment", 1966.
2. Dal V.I. Explanatory dictionary of the living Great Russian language. In four volumes. 4th ed., stereotype. - M.: Russian language. - Media, 2007.
3. Zhukov V.P. School phraseological dictionary of the Russian language: A guide for students.- M .: Education, 1980.
4. Zhukov V.P. Dictionary of Russian proverbs and sayings. - 13th ed., stereotype. – M.: Russian language. – Media, 2007.
5. Krylov I.A. Collection of fables. 1997
6. Stepanov N.L. , A. Krylov. Life and art. – M.: Goslitizdat, 1958.

Goal of the work: show the educational significance of proverbs and sayings in the fables of I.A. Krylov.

To achieve this goal, the followingtasks:
1. Explore popular expressions in the fables of I. A. Krylov.
2. Show their educational value in the modern world.

Subject of study : work on proverbs and sayings that form a system of values in the life of every child in literature lessons.

Relevance: insufficient study of the educational influence of proverbs and sayings as a literary genre.

Research methods :
1. Observation.
2. Theoretical analysis.
3. Comparison.
4. Study of literature.

Content

Introduction …………………………………………………………………………… 3 p.

Chapter 1. The world of the fable of Ivan Andreevich Krylov ……………………………….. 4-5 pp.

Chapter 2 Practical part. The meanings of proverbs and sayings in the fables of I.A. Krylov (on the example of the fables "Casket", "Cat and Cook", "Quartet", "Elephant and Pug", "Hard-working Bear", "Dog Friendship", "Swan, Pike and Cancer”) ………………………… 6-9 pp.

Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………….............. 10p.

Bibliography ………………………………………………………………………. 11p.

Introduction.

I was fascinated by the fable genre - as one of the oldest genres of art, since its historical roots are very deep. Having studied the literature on this issue (see the list of references), I learned the following: fables appeared in ancient times, when a person was looking for an answer to the question of how to behave in this vast world. The fable was so popular that many legends are associated with its existence.

The ancient world knew many fables. It is believed that the first ancient Greek fabulists were Hesiod (late 9th–8th centuries BC) and Stesichorus (6th century BC) (middle 6th century BC). ) is the most famous ancient fabulist, whose works have become classics and have been repeatedly translated into the languages of the world. Aesop's fables were written in prose, witty, clear and simple. It is with the name of the Greek fabulist that the concept of "Aesopian language" is associated, which began to be widely used in Russia from the end of the 18th century. Undoubtedly, the most famous of the Western European fabulists is (1621-1695). The real development of the fable genre occurred, of course, in the post-Petrine era. The first writer of the 18th century who wrote six imitations of Aesop was (1708-1744). At the same time (1703–1769) he published Several Aesopian fables. After Kantemir and Trediakovsky, the fable became one of the favorite genres of the poets of the 18th century. Many fables were written (1718–1777), who called them fables-parables. In total, he created 334 fables, some of which are a free translation of La Fontaine, but most are original works. The next step in the development of the Russian fable was the work of I.I. Khemnitser (1745–1784). He also translated the works of Lafontaine and the German fabulist Gellert. In addition, he created many of his own fables, first published anonymously in 1779 under the title Fables and fairy tales NN in verse. The name of the author was made public after his death, when the book was first published in 1799 Fables and tales of I.I. Khemnitser. Fables (1760-1837), although artistically inferior to the works of Sumarokov or Khemnitzer, are much more innovative, primarily in their language. All forty of his fables were written between 1803 and 1804. All fabulists of the 18th-19th centuries. eclipsed (1768–1844). V.G. Belinsky noted that the works of I.A. Krylov are not just fables - "this is a story, a comedy, a humorous essay, an evil satire."

I was interested in the work of Ivan Andreevich Krylov, because we got to know his works a little in elementary school lessons, and then in literature classes in the 5th grade. It was interesting. I was attracted by the rich and expressive language of his fables. A special place in it is occupied by proverbs and sayings that are used by all people, although many of us are not even aware of the source of the origin of this or that expression. I was attracted to his work by the way he unpretentiously and at the same time cleverly ridicules human vices, which have no number. His fables are so figurative and at the same time simple in form and language that they are very easily perceived by children and have great educational value for them.

Chapter 1. The world of the fable of Ivan Andreevich Krylov.

I.A. Krylov dedicated his work to the fable. In 1808 the first edition of his Fables appeared. The book was sold like hot cakes and brought Krylov a huge success. It was printed a lot. From 1809 to 1843 I.A. Krylov wrote more than 200 fables.
The fabulist inherited the tradition of identifying people with animals from his predecessors. But Krylov's skill, of course, does not consist in imitation of this tradition. As a classicist, Krylov believed that the vices of mankind should be eradicated with laughter, therefore greed, ignorance, and stupidity are ridiculed in his works.

Krylov's fables so perfectly expressed the people's view of life and, in their structure, turned out to be so close to folk tales and sayings that many lines of fables turned into folk proverbs and firmly entered our memory.And the proximity of Ivan Andreevich's language to folk speech was also reflected in the fact that the writer inserted proverbs and sayings into his fables, and they completely merged with the general tone of the fable. But even more remarkable is the fact that Krylov's own poems, easily remembered, themselves became proverbs, entered the popular speech. There are many such proverbs and sayings from his fables in the Russian language: “And the chest just opened” (“Casket”), “Ai, Pug! She is strong to know that she barks at the Elephant ”(“ Elephant and Pug ”),“ And Vaska listens and eats ”(“ Cat and Cook ”) and many, many other no less wonderful and expressive.

And the casket just opened.

And Vaska listens and eats

“And you, friends, no matter how you sit down;

You're not good at being musicians."

And nothing has changed!

From the fable “The Swan, the Pike and the Cancer” (1816) “Once the Swan, the Cancer and the Pike took it with their luggage”, but nothing came of it, because:

... The swan breaks into the clouds,

Cancer moves back, and Pike pulls into the water.

Who is to blame among them, who is right, is not for us to judge;

Yes, only things are still there.

Ironically about inefficient work, about a task that is not being solved.

Conclusions for chapter 1

1. Values are a product of cultural processes, since they have no meaning outside of human relations.

2. Proverbs and sayings define the spiritual values of society and the individual. They are an established element of oral folk speech. We widely use them in modern speech, not always realizing their authorship.

Chapter 2. Practical part. The meanings of proverbs and sayings in the fables of I.A. Krylova

Sometimes it is difficult to determine whether the proverb came from Krylov's fable, or whether Krylov perfectly illustrated the proverb with his fable. Fables I.A. Krylova is an excellent school of observations of life and phenomena. They are interested in both dynamic plots and the depiction of the characters of the characters, in particular animals, insects, birds. Each read fable causes a person to think, makes him think about morality. Let's see it with examples:

1. And the chest just opened.
The moral of the fable "Cabin" is expressed in the initial quatrain:
It often happens to us And work and wisdom to see where it is only worth guessing Just take up the matter.

2. And Vaska listens and eats.
This proverb is from the fable "The Cat and the Cook". The cook scolds the Cat for stealing the pie and chicken in his absence.
And here is the moral of the fable:
And I would order another cook to hack on the wall:
So that there speeches are not wasted in an empty way, Where you need to use power.

3. And you, friends, no matter how you sit down, you are not good at musicians.
Unsuccessful musicians: the naughty Monkey, the Donkey, the Goat and the clubfoot Mishka turn to the Nightingale flying past.
And here is the moral of the fable:
“To be a musician, you need skill And your ears are softer,” Nightingale answers them. -
And you, friends, no matter how you sit down, You are not good at musicians.
("Quartet")

4. Hey, Pug! know that she is strong that she barks at the Elephant!

Mongrel notices Moska, barking at the Elephant with all her might, that he does not pay any attention to her barking.
And here is the moral of the fable:
"Hey Moska! to know she is strong, What barks at the Elephant!
("Elephant and Pug")

5. And the arcs bend with patience and not suddenly.

Seeing that the peasant is working on the arcs, the bear decided to live by the same labors.
However, the Bear did not succeed and Here is the moral of the fable:
“In that,” answered the neighbor, “What you don’t have at all, godfather: In patience.”
("Hardworking Bear")

6. Just throw them a bone, so your dogs!

in a fable "Dog Friendship" lived two yard dogs - Barbos and Polkan. And so they began to confess to each other in a strong and indestructible friendship. When the cook from the kitchen throws a bone, new friends squabble. At last they were forcibly poured with water.
Morality is:
The world is full of such friendship. You can’t talk about current friends without sinning,
That in friendship they are all almost alone: Listen - it seems that they have one soul, -
And just throw them a bone, so your dogs!
There is a proverb: "Dog friendship to the first bone." Did Krylov write a fable based on this proverb, was the proverb born from his fable?

7. And (yes, only) things are still there.

In a very short fable "Swan, Pike and Cancer" it is told how the characters listed in the title were carried with luggage. But the Swan rushed into the clouds, the Cancer backed away, and the Pike pulled into the water. And the wagon remained there to this day.
Morality fables in the first three lines:
When there is no agreement among the comrades, their business will not go smoothly,
And nothing will come out of it, only flour.

Dictionary of winged words and expressions:

1. And the casket just opened. ("Casket")

It is used in relation to the found simple solution to a problem that at first seemed difficult.

2. And Vaska listens and eats. ("The Cat and the Cook »)

It is used in relation to a person who does not dispute the arguments addressed to him, continues to do it in his own way.

About the situation when one speaks, convinces, and the other does not listen, does not consider the speaker and continues to do his (usually reprehensible) work.

3. And you, friends, no matter how you sit down, you are not good at musicians. ("Quartet")

It is used in relation to a group of people incapable of joint activity.

4.Ay, Pug! To know that she is strong, that she barks at an elephant.

Without a fight, get into big bullies. ("Elephant and Pug")

5. And the arcs bend with patience and not suddenly. ("Hardworking Bear")

It is used as a playful and ironic censure of someone's haste, as well as a superficial, frivolous attitude to business that requires skill and patience.

6 . Listen - it seems they have one soul - And just throw them a bone, so your dogs! ("Dog Friendship")

foreign language : about the fragility of friendship

Wed The dog of friendship is an example from ancient days,

Afriendship between dogs, as if between people ,

Almost completely invisible .

7. Yes, but things are still there. The Swan breaks into the clouds, the Cancer moves back, and the Pike pulls into the water. ("Swan, Pike and Cancer")

It is used in cases when the matter, without moving, stands still, and around it there are fruitless conversations, fuss, that is, there is no consistency in any business.

Conclusions on chapter 2

Proverbs and sayings are a highly moral genre. They affirm goodness, truth, justice, intelligence, love, diligence; condemn lies, evil, stupidity, laziness, arrogance.

Conclusion

I.A. Krylov is a great Russian poet - fabulist, because he loved everything Russian: the Russian people, the Russian language, Russian nature, Russian art.

By the time Krylov became exclusively a fabulist, he had already come a long way. He was an author of comedies, comic operas, tragedies, a satirist, a journalist and a poet. But he became famous as a great fabulist. A.S. Pushkin said about him this way: “He surpassed all the fabulists known to us, enriched the Russian language with winged, witty figurative expressions, comparisons.”

The fables of I.A. Krylov do not grow old. Each new generation is brought up on them. They entered the fund of national culture. Lines from fables entered into speech, became familiar. They are known not only in our country, but also abroad, translated into 50 languages.

Who has not heard his living word,

Who in life has not met his own?

Immortal creations of Krylov

We love each year more and more.

From the school desk with them we got along,

In those days, the primer was barely comprehended,

And forever remain in my memory

Winged krylov words.

Having studied the state of this problem in theory, practice, identifying the educational values of proverbs and sayings from the fables of I.A. Krylov, we can do the following conclusions:

1. Proverbs and sayings have absorbed the centuries-old moral experience of the people. Their historical roots are deep. This makes them relevant in our time, as they introduce the student to the world of universal values, introduce them to the origins of folk culture.

2. With the fables of I.A. Krylov, lively folk speech entered Russian literature, for example, A.S. Pushkin said that in the work of I.A. Krylov "a cheerful cunning of the mind, mockery and a picturesque way of expressing himself."

Bibliography

1. Gordin A.M. Ivan Andreevich Krylov in portraits, illustrations, documents. Edited by L.V. Denitsky. – M.: L.; "Enlightenment", 1966.

2. Dal V.I. Explanatory dictionary of the living Great Russian language. In four volumes. 4th ed., stereotype. - M.: Russian language. - Media, 2007.

3. Zhukov V.P. School phraseological dictionary of the Russian language: A guide for students.- M .: Education, 1980.

4. Zhukov V.P. Dictionary of Russian proverbs and sayings. - 13th ed., stereotype. – M.: Russian language. – Media, 2007.

5. Krylov I.A. Collection of fables. 1997

7. Stepanov N.L. , A. Krylov. Life and art. – M.: Goslitizdat, 1958.

From early childhood, parents read different fairy tales and poems to us. Along with the fairy tales of A. S. Pushkin and the poems of A. Barto, children are brought up on the fables of the famous Russian writer I.A. Krylov.

Is there really at least one child in Russia who has not heard the fable about the dragonfly and the ant or about the swan, cancer and pike? I.A. Krylov in his fables very accurately notices human qualities and vices, veiledly transferring them to the characters of his works.

They quote passages from Krylov's fables not only in childhood, but also in adulthood, because they reflect the realities of our life.

A few examples of popular aphorisms from the fables of Ivan Andreevich Krylov:

"Did you all sing? this is the case: So come on, dance!”;
“When there is no agreement among the comrades, their business will not go smoothly, and nothing will come out of it, only flour”;
“Who is noble and strong, but not smart, it’s so bad if he is with a good heart”;
“How many times have they told the world
That flattery is vile, harmful; but everything is not for the future,
And in the heart the flatterer will always find a corner”;
“Although I bend, I do not break”;
“For the strong, the weak is always to blame”;
“When adopting wisely, then it’s not a miracle
And find the benefit from that ”;
“And the Casket just opened”;
“What gets away with thieves, thieves are beaten for that”;
"Yes, only things are still there."

Proverbs and sayings, popular expressions Krylova I.A.
And Vaska listens and eats.

And the casket just opened.

And just throw them a bone, so your dogs!

And you, friends, no matter how you sit down, you are still not good at musicians.

And nothing has changed. (Swan, crayfish and pike)

Hey Moska! To know she is strong, What barks at the elephant!

The trouble is, since the shoemaker will start the pies, and the pieman will sew the boots. (Pike and Cat)

Great beast for small things.

If the head is empty, then the head of the mind will not be given room. (Parnassus).

Because he praises the cuckoo.

God save us from such judges!

The tit made glory, but did not light the sea. (Tit)

Isn't it better to turn on yourself, godfather?

But chickens never rise to the clouds.

Eagles sometimes descend below chickens.

Sing better as a goldfinch than badly as a nightingale. (Starling)

Better drink, but understand the matter. (Musicians)

A helpful fool is more dangerous than an enemy. (The hermit and the bear)

Though the eye sees, but the tooth is dumb. (Fox and grapes)

T I.A. We have known Krylov since childhood. From the pages of school textbooks, the heroes of his fables looked at us: Monkeys, Donkeys, Nightingales. Surprisingly, while reading the fables, we immediately understood that the human characters and plots embodied in the characters can be tried on for ourselves and the people around us.

Short sayings that embodied the moral of these poetic works were easily remembered.

The heroes of the famous Krylov's fable undertook to carry the luggage together. The load is not very heavy. Why is it impossible to move? The swan takes off into the sky, while the Pike and Cancer are striving for the water. This is what happens when a group of people fuss, negotiate, not listening to each other and considering only their own opinions. In this case, they say: "But things are still there."

In the fable "The Quartet", Krylov parodies the work of the departments of the State Duma. They are represented by the naughty Monkey, the stubborn Donkey, the aggressive Goat and the clubfoot Bear! To learn how to play, the characters even try to switch places. But the music doesn't sound. “But you, friends, no matter how you sit down, you are not good enough to be musicians,” - such is the result of the activities of the “musicians”.

The fable about the Wolf and the Lamb has not lost its sharpness either. “The strong one is always to blame,” we sometimes think when we see impunity, arrogance, cynicism and defenselessness, humility on the one hand, on the other. As he says

Another familiar situation. The fox-Prosecutor, who took bribes from Pike, convinces the criminal to be sentenced to death - to drown in the river. "And the Pike was thrown into the river!"

The cook left Vaska-Kota to protect food. Returning, he sees that the Cat is finishing the chicken. The cook uses all his eloquence and shames the glutton. "And Vaska listens and eats." Here it is necessary to apply legal measures, and not to talk.

Krylov's proverbs are applicable to a variety of everyday situations. Reacting to what we are persistently offered, we say that this is "Demyanova's ear". “Jumping Dragonfly”, “under each leaf both a table and a house were ready,” we conclude with irony about frivolous, carefree people. Tormented over the solution of some problem, we exclaim: “And the chest just opened!”

For two centuries, life has changed radically. But Krylov's aphorisms have not lost their relevance and poignancy. This was foreseen by the wise Krylov, when, a few years before his death, he began to carefully prepare a collection of his fables for publication.

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It happens not infrequently for us to see work and wisdom where one has only to guess and just take up the matter. casket

The strong always blame the powerless. wolf and lamb

"Did you all sing? this thing: So come on, dance!” dragonfly and ant

When there is no agreement among the comrades, their business will not go smoothly, and nothing will come out of it, only flour. Swan, crayfish and pike

How many times have they told the world, That flattery is vile, harmful; but everything is not for the future, and in the heart the flatterer will always find a corner. A Crow and a fox

That I, without a fight at all, can get into big bullies. Let the dogs say: “Ay, Pug! Know that she is strong that she barks at the Elephant! ”Elephant and pug

Do not despise anyone's advice, but first consider it. Eagle and mole

And you, friends, no matter how you sit down, you are still not good at musicians. Quartet

Unfortunately, the same thing happens with people: no matter how useful a thing is, without knowing its price, the ignoramus about it always tends to the worst; and if the ignoramus is more knowledgeable, then he also drives her away. monkey and glasses

Who is noble and strong, but not smart, so bad if he is with a good heart. Elephant in the Voivodeship

Choose your friends wisely. When self-interest covers itself with the guise of friendship, it only digs a hole for you. Grove and fire

That as it happens to live is not sickening, but dying is even more sickening. Peasant and death

Friends! Your work is empty: only glory to the wolf, And Savva eats the sheep. Shepherd

You look at another businessman: he is busy, rushing about, everyone marvels at him; it seems to be torn from the skin, but everything does not move forward, like a squirrel in a wheel. Squirrel

It is not in vain that the people say: do not spit in the well, it will come in handy to drink water. Lion and mouse

Why, without fear of sin, does the Cuckoo praise the Rooster? Because he praises the Cuckoo. cuckoo and rooster

The world is full of such friendship. Listen, it seems, they have one soul - but just throw them a bone, so your dogs! dog friendship

The trouble is, if the shoemaker starts the pies, and the pieman makes the boots, and things will not go smoothly. Pike and cat

As in people, many have the same weakness: everything seems to be a mistake to us in another; but if you set to work yourself, you will do twice as bad. convoy

And what is the most important science for kings: to know the property of their people and the benefits of their land. raising a lion

Who, no matter what he begins to disassemble, has the gift of seeing one bad thing? Pig

Willingly we give, What we do not need ourselves. wolf and fox

In the same way, I saw, sometimes other gentlemen, having confused matters, correct them; look: they are flaunting in Trishkin's caftan. Trishkin caftan

A helpful fool is more dangerous than an enemy. Hermit and bear

True talents are not angry for criticism: beauty cannot harm them; some fake flowers are afraid of rain. Flowers

The miser loses everything, wanting to get everything. Stingy and chicken

How many find happiness only by walking well on their hind legs! Two dogs

I heard is it true? - as if in the old days they saw such judges who were very smart, as long as they had a smart secretary. Oracle

Almost everyone has the same calculation in everything: who will trick whom better and who will deceive whom more cunningly. Merchant

And you are right - blame yourself: what you sow, so reap. wolf and cat

Proverbs and sayings are apt expressions created by the Russian people, as well as translated from ancient written sources and borrowed from works of literature, expressing wise thoughts in a short form.

A proverb is a complete sentence containing folk wisdom. It is written in simple folk language, often has rhyme and rhythm.

A proverb is a well-established phrase or phrase, a figurative expression, a metaphor. Not used on its own.

Sayings are used in sentences to give bright artistic coloring to facts, things and situations.

Krylov widely uses proverbs and sayings in his fables: “Well done sang, some in the forest, some for firewood” (“Musicians”).

The fact that folk expressions have dissolved in the language of Krylov's fables is one of its features. And vice versa, many expressions began to be perceived as proverbs: “And Vaska listens and eats”, “And the chest just opened”. “I didn’t even notice the elephant.”

Some expressions have become popular in a partially modified form: "The Cuckoo praises the Rooster for praising the Cuckoo." ("The Cuckoo and the Rooster"). The use of proverbs and sayings gives the language and style of Krylov's fables a folk character and flavor. In proverbs, he found picturesque, concise formulas that contributed to the expression of the views of the fabulist.

In his fables, Krylov ideologically and satirically sharpened the images that had developed in the popular imagination, putting specific political hints into them. Using the satirical images of folk proverbs and fairy tales, Krylov, with amazing artistic perfection and tact, combines the caustic folk humor of the proverb, its verbal depiction with a well-aimed assessment of modernity, enriching the images created by the people with new content. In proverbs, more fully and brighter than anywhere else, the humor of the Russian people, their understanding of life, their moral sense, were affected. The proverb has achieved maximum expressiveness and semantic generalization, at the same time, it is always "figurative", allegorical, especially close to fable.

A lot of Krylov's fables go back in their design to proverbs. So, the proverb "Don't spit in the well - it's useful to drink water" echoes the plot and moral of the fable "The Lion and the Mouse". It should be pointed out that such fables as "The Poor Rich Man", "The Miser" are closely connected with the folk proverbs about stinginess, which prompted Krylov to choose a fable plot.

But not only Krylov uses folk wisdom in his fables, many of his lines turned into proverbs and sayings:

The ignoramus also blindly scolds science and learning, and all scientific works, not feeling that he eats their fruits.

Pig under the oak.

Proverbs in Krylov's fables:

The trouble is, since the shoemaker will start the pies, and the pieman will sew the boots.

The trouble is, if the cobbler starts the pies,

And boots to stitch a pieman,

And things won't work out.

Yes, and noted a hundred times,

That someone loves to take on someone else's craft,

He is always more stubborn and absurd than others.

Pike and cat.

Do not despise anyone's advice, but first consider it.

Eagle and Mole.

Caught like a crow in soup (to get into an unpleasant situation due to one's own negligence):

So often a person in calculations is blind and stupid.

For happiness, it seems that you are rushing on your heels;

And how do you actually deal with him -

Got caught like a crow in soup!

Crow and Chicken.

How much of the empty in the world is made criminal and evil.

Robber and Carrier

Sayings in Krylov's fables:

From the fire to the frying pan (to be in a worse position than before):

And early so they began to wake them up every time,

How early the roosters never sang.

Then the girls found out too late

That they fell out of the fire and into the frying pan.

Mistress and two Servants.

They go out of their way (to be zealous, try their best):

One day Swan, Cancer, yes Pike

Carried with luggage, they took it,

And together the three all harnessed themselves to it;

They are climbing out of their skin, but the cart is still not moving!

Swan, Pike and Cancer.

Your stigma is in the fluff (someone is involved in an unseemly act, action, event):

That I was involved in this sin?

Think, remember well."

"No, gossip; but I saw often,

That your stigma is down.

Fox and Marmot.

Things are still there (ironically about inefficient work, about a task that is not being solved):

Cancer moves back, and Pike pulls into the water.

Who is to blame among them, who is right, is not for us to judge;

Yes, only things are still there.

Swan, Pike and Cancer.

I didn’t have time to gasp (instantly, lightning fast):

The peasant did not have time to gasp,

How the bear sat on him.

Peasant and Worker.

Who is in the forest, who is for firewood (out of order, out of order; out of tune (about inconsistent actions, usually about singing, playing musical instruments)):

Well done sang: some in the forest, some for firewood.

And who has that power.

The visitor's ears crackled,

And dizzy

Musicians.

Ears wither (it is disgusting to listen to something extremely stupid, ridiculous):

Everyone just listens to him with their mouths open;

Even though he carries such a game,

What ears wither<…>

Whatever you say, they will marvel at everything.

In fables, Krylov makes extensive use of both sayings and proverbs that go back to living folk colloquial speech.

Of all the Russian fables, the most famous are those written by Ivan Andreevich Krylov. And how much wisdom lies in them! Many apt phrases from Krylov's fables firmly entered into colloquial speech and became proverbs.

Schools often give tasks to pick up proverbs from fables or to remember from which fable one or the other proverb. It helps a lot in completing this task “Student Dictionary. Proverbs, sayings and popular expressions ”(author O. D. Ushakova). There we find a whole section dedicated to this topic.

But it is most useful for mental development to take a collection of Krylov's fables and look for catch phrases on your own. Those phrases that seem to you known, well-aimed, actively used by us in speech, are proverbs or catch phrases.

A controversial point: expressions from Krylov's fables should be considered proverbs or winged expressions. Krylov's well-aimed phrases eventually gained proverbial wisdom. They are figurative, well-aimed, rhythmic in form, firmly established in everyday speech and have instructive content. And these features, if we turn to explanatory dictionaries, are inherent in proverbs.

So, proverbs from Krylov's fables the following may be remembered:

Wolf and Lamb

The strong always blame the powerless.
It's your fault that I want to eat.

Eagle and Chickens

Eagles happen to go down below chickens,
But chickens will never rise to the clouds!

Pike and cat

The trouble is, if the shoemaker starts the pies,
And boots to stitch a pieman ...

Rooster and Pearl Seed

I will dung up a bunch of tearing,
The rooster found the pearl grain...
The ignoramuses judge exactly like this:
What's the point of not understanding, then everything is a trifle for them.

convoy

Everything seems to be a mistake to us in another;
And you will take care of the matter yourself,
So you will do twice as bad.

Elephant in the Voivodeship

Who is noble and strong
Not smart
So bad if he has a good heart.

Guns and Sails

Every state is strong
When all the parts are wisely arranged in it ...

Hare on the hunt

At least they laugh at the boasters,
And often in the division they get shares.

Miser and Chicken

The miser loses everything, wanting to get everything.

Wolf and Crane

That wolves are greedy, everyone knows:
Wolf, eat, never
Doesn't understand bones.

Monkey

How you want to work
But don't hesitate to buy
No gratitude, no glory
If there is no benefit or fun in your labors.
The monkey decided to work:
I found a block of wood - and well, mess around with it!
You work hard, but there is no benefit in this.

geese

Yes, our ancestors saved Rome!
Leave your ancestors alone
The honor was right for them;
And you, friends, are only good for roasting.

Elephant and Pug

They drove the elephant through the streets,
As you can see, for show.
It is known that Elephants are a curiosity with us ...
Hey Moska! know she is strong, What barks at the Elephant!

Lion and mosquito

Don't laugh at the powerless
And you can't hurt the weak!
Sometimes powerless enemies take revenge:
So don't rely too much on your strength!

Walkers and Dogs

Envious people, no matter what they look at,
Raise forever barking;
And you go your own way:
They will fall behind.

Hermit and Bear

Although the service is dear to us in need,
But not everyone knows how to take it:
God forbid to contact the fool!
A helpful fool is more dangerous than an enemy.

Kite

In vain do you dream so much about yourself!
Though high, but you fly on a leash.

Mirror and Monkey

What gossips count to work,
Isn't it better to turn on yourself, godfather?

wolf and cub

... First I need to know
What is the shepherd of the flock?...
And where the shepherd is a fool, there the dogs are fools.

wolf and fox ca

We willingly give
What we do not need ourselves.

Quartet

naughty monkey,
Donkey,
Goat
Yes, clubfoot Mishka
They decided to play a quartet.
To be a musician, you need skill.
And you, friends, no matter how you sit down,
You're not good at being musicians.

Wolf and Shepherds

What a fuss you all made here, friends,
When would I do it!

Starling

Every talent has its own;
But often, a stranger was seduced by success,
Grabs for something else
In which he is not good at all.
Take care of what you belong to
If you want to have a successful end in business.
Better sing well with a goldfinch,
What a bad nightingale.

Two Barrels

But no matter how loud that barrel is,
And the benefits in it are not […] great.
Who shouts about his deeds to everyone incessantly,
That really doesn't make much sense...
A great man is only loud in business,
And he thinks his strong thought
No noise.

Curious

I didn't even notice the elephant.

Swan, Pike and Cancer

When there is no agreement among comrades,
Their business will not go well,
And nothing will come out of it, only flour.
Yes, only things are still there.

Mouse and Rat

If it reaches their claws,
That's right, the lion will not be alive:
There is no beast stronger than a cat!
When a coward is afraid of whom,
That thinks that
The whole world looks through his eyes.

Crest

As long as our conscience is clear,
The truth is dear to us and the truth is holy to us ...
She is both heard and accepted;
But only began to distort souls,
That truth is far from the ears ...

Chizh and Dove

Do not laugh at someone else's misfortune, Dove.

Cloud

Whenever you pour your rain on the fields,
You would have saved the whole region from hunger;
And in the sea without you, my friend, there is enough water.

Donkey and Nightingale

God save us from such judges.
It's a pity that I don't know
You are with our Rooster:
Even if you were more aggravated,
If only I could learn a little from him.

Fox and Donkey

And what should I be afraid of? And I kicked him:
Let donkey hooves know.
So low souls, be noble, you are strong,
They do not dare to raise their eyes to you:
But fall only from a height -
From the first, expect resentment and annoyance from them.

dog friendship

Listen - it seems they have one soul, -
And just throw them a bone, so your dogs!

The Peasant and the Snake

When you want to be honored by people,
With the analysis of making acquaintances and friends!

Fox and Grapes

Though the eye sees
Yes, the tooth is numb.

Miller

The trouble would not be great at first,
Whenever you put your hands on...

Two dogs

How many find happiness
Only the fact that they walk well on their hind legs!

Cuckoo and Rooster

Why, without fear of sin,
The cuckoo praises the Rooster?
Because he praises the Cuckoo.

Pond and River

So the gift without the use of the world withers,
Weak every day
When laziness takes over...

Hunter

As they often say in business: I still have time,
But I must admit that
What do they say, asking not wisely,
And with my laziness.

Dragonfly and Ant

Have you been singing? This business:
So come on, dance!

Pig under the Oak

The ignoramus is also in blindness
Defend science and learning
And all learned works
Not feeling that he is eating their fruits.

Wolf and Cuckoo

What is the temper of who is stupid,
All the more screaming and grumbling at people.
He does not see the good, no matter where he turns,
And the first one will not get along with anyone.

Wolf in the kennel

With wolves, otherwise do not make the world,
Like skinning them off.

bee and flies

Who works for the benefit of the fatherland,
He will not be easily separated from him;
And who is useful to be deprived of the ability,
The other side is always pleasant:
Not a former citizen, he is despised there,
And his idleness is not annoying to anyone there.

Fly and bee

... Oh, how are you not lazy
Work all day from morning to evening!
If I were in your place, I would die in a day.
If they kick me out the window, then I drag them into another.