Despite the fact that our planet is a relatively temperate place in terms of climate and geographic data, it has places that will affect you with their level of extreme, be it the coldest place on the ground or the deepest wpadin in the ocean. Prepare for the fact that these 25 seats will surprise you with their fantastic performance!

The hottest inhabited place is Dallol, Ethiopia

The average daily temperature here is 34.4 degrees Celsius.

The deepest cave - Crever Crubere-Vorona

It is in Abkhazia, the depth is more than 2000 m.

The highest point - Mount Everest

Mountain height - 8,848 m above sea level.

The most distant from the center of the earth dot - Chimborace, Ecuador

The most remote island - the island of Buve

The Norwegian island in the southern part of the Atlantic Ocean is located 1000 miles from Antarctica and almost 1500 miles from South Africa.

The most distant continental point - the Antarctic Pole of Inaccessibility

This is the most remote point from any ocean on the continent. And Antarctica is the most remote continent.

The most flat place - Solonchak Uin, Bolivia

The world's largest saltchart of 4086 square meters. miles

The highest shipping lake - Titicaca

The lake on the border and Bolivia is located at an altitude of 3812 m.

The lowest point on land - the shore of the Dead Sea

This point shares Jordan, and the West Bank is 418 m below sea level.

The longest mountain range - Andes, South America

Range long in 5000 miles passes through 7 countries of South America.

The deepest manual hole - Kola ultra-dust well

Its depth reaches 12,62 m.

The most rainy place is Choco, Colombia

It drops 11,770 cm of precipitation per year.

The drinker is the desert of Atakam, Chile

The most densely populated country that has no way out to the sea - Ethiopia

70 million people do not have access to the coastline.

The largest difference of heights - Mount Tor, Canada

Height of 1250 m, the average angle of 105 degrees.

The coldest settlement - Oymyakon, Russia

7 months in the year temperatures here keeps significantly lower than zero.

The most windy place is the Bay of Commonwealth, Antarctica

Winds regularly exceed the speed of 240 km / h, and the average annual wind speed is 80 km / h.

The highest waterfall - Angel, Venezuela

Its height reaches 1054 m, and water has time to evaporate even before it reaches the earth.

The highest mountain pass - Marcimik La, India

Located at an altitude of 5582 m.

The largest freshwater lake - the top lake

Its area is 31820 square meters. miles

Country with the longest coastline - Canada

The coastline stretches for 151,019 miles.

The biggest gorge is the big Canyon, USA

Its length is almost 220 miles, and the depth is near Miles.

The biggest glacier - Lambert Fisher, Antarctica

Extends more than 100 miles.

The shortest river - Row, Montana

Its length is only 61 m.

The lowest point is the abyss of the Challenger

Located in the lower part of the Mariana depression at a depth of 10911 m below sea level.

With sushi, it has features at all levels, from hundreds of kilometers in size to the tiny fractions of the millimeter and below, there are no obvious restrictions on the size of the smallest features, and, therefore, no clearly defined perimeter of sushi is recorded. Various approximations exist with certain minimum permissions.

Example of paradox serves as well-known coast of Great Britain. If the British coastline is measured using fractal units per 100 km (62 miles) in length, then the coastline length is about 2,800 km (1700 miles). With a unit of 50 km (31 miles), the total length is about 3,400 km (2100 miles), about 600 km (370 miles) is longer.

Mathematical aspects

The main concept of length comes from Euclidean distance. In a friend euclidean geometry, the straight line represents the shortest distance between two points; This line has only one finite length. The geodesic length on the surface of the sphere, called a large circle length, is measured on the surface of the curve that exists in the plane in the path containing the end points and the center of the sphere. The length of the main curve is more complex, but can also be calculated. Measuring with a ruler, a person can approximate the length of the curve by adding the amount of direct lines connecting points:

Using a few straight approximate curve, a low estimate will be produced. The use of increasingly shorter lines will produce the sum of the length that is approaching the true length of the curve. The exact value of this length can be established by calculus - section of mathematics, allowing you to calculate infinitely small distances. The following animation illustrates this example:

However, not all curves can be measured in this way. Fractal, by definition, is considered a curve, with complex changes in the measurement scale. Taking into account the approximation of a smooth curve closer and closer to one value as the measurement accuracy increases, the measured value of fractals can significantly change.

Length " true Fractal"Always strives for infinity. However, this figure is based on the idea that the space can be divided to uncertainty, i.e. be unlimited. This is a fantasy that underlies the Euclidean geometry and serves as a useful model in everyday measurements, almost certainly Does not reflect the changing realities of the "space" and "distances" at the atomic level. Coast lines are different from mathematical fractals, they are formed from numerous small parts that create models only statistically.

Of practical considerations, You can use the measurement with the appropriate selection of the minimum sizes of the ordinal unit. If the coastline is measured in kilometers, then small variations are much less than one kilometer and they are easy to ignore. To measure the coastline in centimeters, tiny size changes should be considered. The use of various measurement techniques for various units also destroys the usual confidence that blocks can be converted using a simple multiplication. The extreme cases of the coastline include the paradox of the fjords of the heavy coast of Norway, Chile and the Pacific coast of North America.

Shortly until 1951, Lewis Fry RichardsonIn the study of the possible effect of the border length on the likelihood of war, I noticed that the Portuguese presented their measured border with Spain, a length of 987 km, but Spain reported it as 1214 km. It was the beginning of the problem of the coastline, which mathematically difficult to measure due to the irregularity of the line itself. The prevailing method for estimating the length of the border (or coastline) was the imposition of n of the number of equal segments with a length of ℓ with separators on a map or aerial photographs. Each end of the segment must be on the border. After examining the discrepancies in estimating borders, Richardson discovered what is now called Richardson's effect: the amount of segments is inversely proportional to the total length of the segments. In fact, the shorter the ruler, the more measured border; Spanish and Portuguese geographers, the boundary was simply measured using different lengths of the lines. As a result, Richardson struck that, under certain circumstances, when the length of the line is striving for zero, the length of the coastline also strives for infinity. Richardson believes that on the basis of geometry EuclidaThe coastline will be suitable for a fixed length, how to make such estimates of the right geometric shapes. For example, the perimeter of the correct polygon entered into the circle is approaching the circle with an increase in the number of sides (and reduce the length of one side). In a geometric theory, such a smooth curve, as a circle, to which small direct segments with a certain limit can be approached, is called a hidden curve.

More than ten years after Richardson completed his work, Benouua Mandelbrot Developed a new region of mathematics - fractal geometry to describe it is such unfamiliable complexes in nature as an endless coastline. Own definition of a new figure acting as a basis for research: I came up with a fractal from Latin adjective " fragmented"To create irregular fragments. Therefore, it is advisable ... that, in addition to the "fragmented" ... Talked should also mean "irregular".

The key property of the fractal is self-specification, that is, on any scale the same general configuration is manifested. The coastline is perceived as bays alternating with capes. In the hypothetical situation, this coast has this property of self-similarity, regardless of how much of any small section of the coast is manifested in an enlarged form, a similar picture of smaller bays and capes is superimposed on large bays and capes, up to the sand. At the same time, the scale of the coastline instantly changes in a potentially infinitely long thread with a random location of bays and capes formed from small objects. In such conditions (as opposed to smooth curves), Mandelbrot claims, "the length of the coastline turns out to be an elusive concept that slides between the fingers of those who want to understand it." There are various types of fractals. The coastline with the specified parameters is located in "the first category of fractals, namely curves with fractal dimension More 1. "This last statement is an expansion of Richardson's Mandelbrot.

Richardson's Mandelbrot Statement:

where L, the length of the coastline, the function of the unit of measurement, ε, is approximated by the expression. F is constant and D is the Richardson parameter. He did not give theoretical explanation, but Mandelbrot determined D with the neurogenic form dimension HausdorffLater - fractal dimension. Realming the right side of the expression we get:

where Fε-D should be the number of units ε necessary to obtain L. Fractal dimension - The number of fractal sizes used for fractal approximation: 0 for point, 1 for the line, 2 for the area. D The expression is between 1 and 2, it is usually less for the coast than 1.5. The broken measurement of the coast does not apply in one direction and are not a region, but is intermediate. This can be interpreted as thick lines or bands 2ε. More broken coastlines have a greater d and, therefore, L is greater, for the same ε. Mandelbrot showed that D does not depend on ε.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/coast#Coastline_Problem.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/coastline_paradox

Translation: Dmitry Shakhov

Shore Length

Is it measurable?
Do we have the right to lead in textbooks
coastline and do not open if
asking this figure from students?

K.S. Lazarevich

In the lessons of geography we operate in many statistical indicators. Most of them are very simple and rosary: \u200b\u200bso many million people, so many million tons of coal, so much kilometers. But this is if not thoughtful. And only to dig any digit of plumps - and it ceases to be a clear. Sometimes - scattered in dust. Here are examples.
We open recently published and just received on the sale of the Atlas of the World (M.: FSUE Production Card Supply Association "Cartography", 2003.). In the table of "states and territories of the world" we find: "The capital of France - Paris (2,125.2 thousand inhabitants). If the student will lead such a digit on the exam, will the examiner be satisfied? After all, Paris is one of the largest centers of Europe and no less than St. Petersburg. But there is no mistake in the list: it is Paris in the administrative boundaries of the city of Paris. And within the borders of the currently established urban bunch - this is a decade-millionist. A lot depends on how to count. This does not mean that we can take from the student as an answer any number in the range from 2.2 to 10; Having a different number, the student must understand what it is worth what is both measured.
Million tons of high-calorie coal and brown coal are different millions.
But it would seem, kilometers. Kilometer - he and Africa kilometer. And what is the measured in kilometers can be questioned? But it turns out, and leading length in kilometers, the author of the textbook must first think. The teacher, using the textbook, should also subjected to the figure with a critical analysis before broadcasting it to students and require her memorization. We read the textbook for the 10th grade: "Canada goes to three oceans, and the total length of its coastline (about 250 thousand km) has no equal in the world." How was the coastal line measured, what did you measure, how did you measure, than measles? How can I measure the coastline?

Incorrect curves on a map can be measured using a crossmeter - the wheel of this device can be killed on a curve, carefully prescribing each repository. However, the coastline, the coastline is often so great that it does not pass for a cevimmeter. You have to flip over the curve with a circular meter. The most convenient length of the step is 2 mm. At different scales, this step corresponds to, of course, different distances, the exact length of this measurement will never give, since each step is hiding the curve on a small segment, but the relative error is more or less saved.
Let's, for example, try to measure the length of the coastline of Chukotsky A.O. Take a card from school atlas on the geography of Russia (scale 1: 22 000 000) and a two-billion pitch of the circula (44 km) we firm all the Chukotka coast. The result will be 4300 km (98 steps of the circular). Produce the same measurement on the scale map
1: 7,500,000. Here we already have 345 two-millionth (15 km) chambers, that is
5 200 km. It is logical to assume that if the measurements are used a larger scale card, the measured coastline will become even extensive.
We put another experiment. The length of the coastline of the Leningrad region. on a map
1: 22 000 000 - 300 km, on map 1: 2 500 000 - 555 km, and on topographic map
1: 500,000 - 670 km. At the same time, the length of the coastline of the Vyborg Gulf alone (where the shores are specially cut by the inquiry and coves), measured by the topographic map, is 338 km, whereas according to school atlas - 65 km (the difference is more than in
5 times!).
Thus, a natural increase in the length of the measured coastline with an enlargement of the scale is observed. The reason is not only that the two-millimeter circular step corresponds to an inclusive value on the ground, but mainly that the line itself is, even if it is very accurate to measure and translate it in accordance with the scale into kilometers, it really becomes longer (Fig. 1) . On the map of Russia near the shore of the Leningrad region. Only the Vyborg Bay, the Neva Guba and the small bends of the southern shore of the Finnish Bay are guessed. On the map of the scale 1: 2,500,000 the outlines of the Vyborg Bay are already quite complex, and the Koporovskaya and Luzhsk lips clearly visible in the south. On a half-million map within the Vyborg bay, many other small bays, some of which have their own names (hall. Baltic, Klyuchevskaya bay), and only the southern shore of the Finnish Gulf looks a little changed compared to the previous scale, there is a random of the coast.

How to set the exact length of the coastline?
This purpose was set by the English meteorologist Richardson, choosing his native island as a landfill - UK. He came to the conclusion to increase the length of the coastline with an increase in the scale of the card, along which this length is measured (Fig. 2). Is there a limit of such an increase? Hardly. The coastline length increases each small sandy braid, coming into the sea, each hollow, creating a tiny bay, every pebble that flows water. Even on the largest map of them, they are not visible, meanwhile, in reality, all these irregularities of the coastline exist.

Many examples of how the use of mathematical methods allows you to make geographic research more convincing, more reliable. It also happened inverse: a geographical study - the study of the length of the coastline - contributed to the emergence of a new mathematical concept. The English name of this concept is Fractal, in Russian, it was still not fully established and found in three versions: fractal (PAGITIVE AND CURRENT CHANGES WILL BE fractal, fractal), fractal in men's race ( fractal, fractal) I. fractal in female genus ( fractali, fractal); Recently, it seems to be inclined to fractal.
Fractal is a line, each fragment of which is infinitely complicated, the length of each fragment and the entire line is constantly increasing. As an example, you can bring a figure, usually called a snowflake of Koha, although the name is incorrect: built this snowflake at the beginning of the twentieth century. Helga von Koh, and the surname should not be inclined.
Take the equilateral triangle. We divide each side of it into three equal parts and on the average segment of each side we will build an equilateral triangle. It turns out the right six-pointed star, a figure with six convex corners and six incoming. We divide each side (and these sides 12) to three equal parts and on the average segment of each side we will again construct an equilateral triangle. The figure is already with 48 parties, with 18 convex and 30 incoming corners. Repeating this operation is an infinite number of times (it is possible to do this, of course, only mentally), we will get a figure whose area is constantly increasing, but everything is slower, gradually approaching a certain limit (Fig. 3). The perimeter of this figure is increasing inability, because every time we build new equilateral triangles on the side of the figure, it would be no three equal segments of this side are replaced by four of the same and therefore the length of each side (and therefore the entire perimeter) It increases by 4/3 times, and any number more than a unit to an extent equal to infinity (and the construction we make an infinite number of times), tends to infinity.

The border of the snowflake will be something like a wide, shaggy line filling out the entire border area of \u200b\u200bthis figure. The concepts of "wide line", "thick surface", seemingly absurd from the point of view of classical mathematics (the line there is not width, and the surface - thickness), with the development of the theory of fractals acquired citizenship rights. It is believed that the one-dimensional line, it has only a length, the position of the point on it is determined by the same coordinate; The surface is two-dimensional, it has the area, the position of the point on it is determined by two coordinates; The body is three-dimensional, it has the volume, we already need three coordinates. And the theory of fractals introduces the concept of fractional dimension: the line did not become two-dimensional, but already ceased to be one-dimensional. An unprepared person is quite difficult to understand (you can not sneeze one and a half times), but if we recall how the coastline behaves - not only on the map, but also in nature, as it changes, if you look at her, crushing, then straightened to the whole height, then rising to the mountain, then take off on the plane or spacecraft, we will not understand how much you feel what kind of complex system is this line; For it, there is definitely a few single characteristics - length.
And the theory of fractals born from geographical studies, herself comes to the rescue of geography. Not yet developed, but definitely has perspectives to study the relief as fractal. Considering the relief in general, drawing it on a small-scale map, we see the mountain ranges, a plateau, deep valleys. On average, hills, small valleys, ravines have already been identified. More largest - and visible bumps, wind ripples in the sand. But this is not the limit: there are separate pebbles, sand. In practical terms, all this is important because you need to learn how to select the objects to the image on the maps of different scales; One of the main errors of maps is the inconsistency of the map content of its scale, the map is or undeserted, or overwhelmed.
And what still do with the long coastline? Refuse to measure it because it is immeasurable?
No, this is not a way out. Just, leading the length of the coastline, should always be indicated, on what scale cards it was measured, in which way. And be sure to stort considered the coastline of the islands or not. Without specifying the scale of cards and whether the islands are taken into account or not, all the data on the length of the coastline lose meaning. Unfortunately, even in sources applying for a conguable solidity, you can meet terrible absurdities. For example, the famous CIA website "The World Factbook". Here, for each country and the ocean, data on the coastline are given, but the measurement method is not specified. As a result, the coastline of Canada is more than 200 thousand km, the Arctic Ocean - 45.4 thousand km, the Atlantic - 111.9 thousand km (the data are shown - do not think the bad! - up to a kilometer). Canada was considered taking into account the islands, it is undoubtedly; As the oceans believed, it is unknown, but the coastline of two of the three oceans, wash Canada, in the amount of less than the coastline of Canada alone. For Norway, a figure of 21,925 km is given and given a note: "Mainland 3419 km, large islands 2413 km, long fjords, numerous small islands and small bends [literally translated zanzbins] Coastline 16,093 km. " In total, it turns out just the specified total length of the coastline. But this is why the shores of the fjords are not part of the coastline of the mainland, why the length of the Zzbinin is flattened to the length of the coastline of the mainland, which islands are considered large - all this has only to guess. A completely undisputed data in this table is given only for Andorra, Austria, Botswana, Hungary, Swaziland, and those who like them, entering the sea that are not having, is written: "0 km."

The country of Canada is one of the countries with the largest territory in the world, ranking second after Russia. The territory of Canada is 9,984,670 km², while the population of the country in 2016 was 36,048,521 people. But the density of the country is only 3.5 people at km2, which is one of the lowest in the world. Canada also became famous for the longest coastline worldwide - 243,791 km! Canada is located on the mainland North America, in its northern part. The land border has only with the United States, and marine borders has with Denmark (Greenland) and France (Saint-Pierre and Miquelon).

Canada is washed in the north of the Arctic Ocean, in the west of the country, the quiet ocean, and in the east Canada is washed by the Atlantic Ocean. Canada's length from the north to the south of the country is 4,600 km, and from the west to the east of the country - 7700 km.

The capital of Canada - Ottawa. Monetary unit - Canadian dollar. Canada's monarch today is Elizabeth II.

Canada is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system. It was founded back in 1534 J. Cartier. The country consists of 3 territories and 10 provinces. There are two official languages \u200b\u200bin the country - English and French.

Flag of Canada:

To date, this country is an industrial and technologically developed state. Canada has a diversified economy that is based on trade and natural resources that Canada is rich.

Relief Canada

The central part of the country is occupied by the plains. It is possible to highlight the lowland the Hudson Gulf, which is noted by a flat relief, the Lavrentian elevation, which is characterized by a hilly relief and central plains. In the West of the country there is a mountain system Cordiller. The highest point is Mount Logan of this mountain system, the height of which reaches 5959 m above sea level. In the northeast of the country there is a strip of mountains high to 2000 m, and in the south-east region of the Appalachian hills.

Climate Canada

The climate of Canada is quite diverse, which is due to its large territory. In total, Canada has three types of climatic belts - arctic, subarctic and moderate. Very very different temperature in the north and south of the country. In winter, the difference in average temperatures in the south and north reaches almost 30 units, and in the summer a little less.

For example, the average maximum temperature in the north in winter reaches -28 degrees Celsius, and in the south of the country -0.4 degrees Celsius. In the summer, the average maximum temperature in the north reaches 6 degrees Celsius, and in the south of the country 29 degrees Celsius. At the same time, in the south of the country, the temperature may rise to 35-40 degrees Celsius, and in the north of the country, it is descended to -45-60 degrees Celsius with strong icy winds.

The climate of Canada is quite stern. It is long, snow winters, which last up to 8 months a year and a short summer. At the same time in the winter in the south of the country, the sun shines 8 hours a day, and in the north does not shine at all. Since in the country there are ice winds from the north and warm winds, which are found with the United States, then a rather large amount of precipitation falls over Canada.

Interior Water Canada

Canada occupies one of the first places by the number of lakes. About 10% of Canada Square is covered with water. There are great lakes on its territory (Ontario, Top, Erie, Huron), as well as smaller lakes and numerous rivers throughout the country. The most important river in Canada is the Shipping River St. Lawrence, which connects the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean Pool. Thanks to the climate of Canada, all its lakes and rivers are covered with ice from 5 to 9 months per year.

Vegetable world Canada

The vegetation in the country varies from deciduous and mixed forests in the south of the country and to the tundra, the taiga, which in the north of the country go to the Arctic desert. Forests on the territory of Canada are prevailing coniferous forests. In the forests, it is most often possible to meet such plants like: black spruce, pine, white spruce, thuja, larch, oak, beech, chestnut, alder, birch, Iva, cedar, fir, strawberry tree, elm and many other plants.

Animal world Canada

In the south of the country, the animal world is the most diverse, and in the north the most meager. On the territory of the country there are deer, moose, rams, goats, sands, hare, squirrel Chicari, chicken clubs, carcakers, dickery, American flying, beaver, raccoon, wolf, fox, bears and many other animal representatives. Also a lot of migratory and fishing birds live. Rivers and lakes are rich in fish. But the list of reptiles and amphibians is not so numerous.

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On the modern political map of the world, there are their records on the area of \u200b\u200bcountries, the location, length of the borders, the population, the time of emergence, the political structure, the number of nationalities, the characteristics of the location of the capitals, etc.

Every educated person, a student, a student should know a certain part

The biggest state

The very largest state of N is the Federation. Its area is 17,0754 million sq. Km. With accession to Russia in 2014, the country's area increased by 26 thousand k.km. The area of \u200b\u200bRussia is 11.5% of the entire global surface of the sushi.

The following areas for Russia in the area are occupied by: Canada (9.976 million square meters km), USA (9.3726 million square meters. Km.), Brazil (8,512 million square meters).

Russia is the coldest country

Spain is located in Europe, and its Canary Islands in Africa.

Portugal in Europe, and Madera Islands in Africa.

Yemen is located in Asia, his Islands of Socotra are located in Africa.

Countries located in several parts of the world

On the political map of the world there are countries that are without regard to their possessions lie simultaneously in several parts of the world.

Most of Russia lies in the eastern hemisphere, and the extreme north of the country is located in the Western Hemisphere. Many countries are located simultaneously in the eastern and western hemisphere: England, Algeria, Mali, Burkino - Faso, Ghana, Fiji,.

There are countries that are simultaneously located in the North and South Hemisphere: Indonesia, in Africa (Equatorial Guinea, Sao Tome and Principe, Liberia, Somalia).

The island state from 16 Kiribati Islands, located in the Pacific, is in four parts of the world. This country is located on Gilbert Islands. The name is given by name of one of the travelers who visited the islands. The name gave the Russian traveler I. Curtainstern. This state appeared on the world map in 1977.

The state occupies a whole continent

It takes a whole continent of 7.7 million square meters. km. It can accommodate 33 Great Britain on its territory.

The biggest island state

The largest island state of Indonesia. Its area is 1.904 million sq.km. It extended from north to south by 2,000 km. and from west to east by 5000 km. This is a country of 13,000 islands. Kalimantan 3 island largest in the world. Sumatra Island in Square is equal to Sweden. Java is 4 times more Belgium and is equal to the square of Greece.

The name of the country gave a German traveler, geographer and ethnographer A. Bastian in 1884. He suggested calling the people of the country in Indonesians, connecting the word "India" and the Greek "Nesos" -Ostrov, that is, the inhabitants of Island India. Because in the culture of the main peoples, Indian cultural influence is clearly seen.

Country where the form of the Board often changed in a short time

In Central African Republic, in 30 years, the form of government changed four times.

On December 1, 1958, the former French colony was proclaimed by an autonomous state as part of the French community. Currently, the Republic of December 1 is celebrating as the Day of the Republic of the Republic.

On August 13, 1960, it was proclaimed an independent state in the French Community. The first President D. Dako was elected.

On January 1, 1966, a member came to the CAR and came to power the military. The president was the Colonel J. B. Bokassa. The country has become called the Central African Empire.

On September 20, 1979, a coup during military aid of France again. D. Daco came to power again.

The most ancient state and the republic in the world

The most ancient state and the oldest Republic in the world - San Marino. The republic has existed since 301 of our era. The name of San Marino officially appeared in the documents of the 10th century. The country is located in the north-east of the Apennine Peninsula. Its area is 61 sqm. The population is 24.3 thousand people. This amazing country is visited annually by 3 million tourists.

The oldest federation state

The oldest federal state is Switzerland, or rather the Swiss Confederation. It formed on August 1, 1291 from the Alpine Cantons (Uri, Unterwalden and Schwitz). These cantons concluded "Union for Eternal Times" among themselves. Later, neighboring lands were attached to the alliance of three cantons. At the Vienna Congress in 1814-1815g. The accurate boundaries of the state were established. In 1848, a constitution was adopted, which stated that the country was considered federal.

The youngest state

The youngest state is Eritrea, which is officially proclaimed on May 14 in 1993. Until that time, it was under the sovereignty of Ethiopia for 40 years. This country is located on the banks of the Red Sea of \u200b\u200bNortheast Africa. Area of \u200b\u200bthe country 125 thousand km.km. Population number, 6 million people. In the capital, Osmere, there are 400 thousand people. The name of the country has happened from Greek "Eritos", which means red. Until now, argue about the origin of the country's name. Maybe it happened from the name of the sea, maybe from the color of the soil.

Continent with the largest boundaries

This continent is Africa. There are 108 borders there.

The longest border between countries

The longest border between Canada and the USA. Its length is 8963 km. Taking into account the length of the borders between the state and Canada (2547 km).

The longest continuous land border

This is the border between Russia and Kazakhstan. Its length is 7,200 km. Long land border between Argentina and. Its length is 5255 km.

The shortest border

The shortest land border of the Vatican. Its length is only 4.07 km. Even less than the length of the borders between Spain and Gibraltar. Border length 1.53 km.

Country with itselfbig The number of land borders

Such a country is. It borders with 15 countries.

Russia borders with 14 countries, Brazil from 10, Germany and the Democratic Republic of the Congo from 9.

Country with the largest number of marine borders

The largest number of marine borders from Indonesia.

It borders with 19 countries.

The longest marine border

The longest sea border is located between Canada and. Its length is 2697 km.

State with the longest coastline

The most extended coastline in Canada. The total length of the shores is 96009 km. On the continigious coast the length of the coast of 28737 km, and on the numerous islands of their length 67272 km. Canada's coastline is four times more than in the United States.

Sovereign country with the shortest coastline

The shortest coastline in the seaside state is Monaco. It is only 5.61 km long. Monaco is located on the northern coast of the Ligurian Sea of \u200b\u200bthe Sea between France and Italy. Monaco is the principality. Monaco lives at the expense of tourism. Gambling business, building residences. Here S.P. Dyagilev created the Russian ballet in 1911. Monaco is the main office of the international hydrographic organization and the famous oceanarium.

The most ancient capital

The most ancient capital is the city in Syria. It exists approximately from 2500 to our era.

In 10 - 8 centuries. BC. The city was the center of the Damascus state. The name Damascus with Semitky denotes "useful", "business".

The youngest capital

The very young capital of the world in 1997 was the city of Akmola (Astana) in Kazakhstan.

This new capital of Kazakhstan by decree of the president in 1998 was renamed and became known as Astana. Translated from Kazakh denotes "Capital". The city is located on the banks of the river Ishim.

The most populated capital of the world is considered the capital of Japan. Within this urban agglomeration at the end of the 20th century, about 26 million people lived. He became the capital in 1869. Tokyo translated from the Japanese capital. He is part of Megapolis Tokaido.

The highest high capital in the world

The most high mountain capital of the world is the city of La Paz (Bolivia). This city is located in the Mountains of Andes on Bolivian Highlands at an altitude of 3400 meters.

The southernmost capital of the world

The most southern capital in the world is Wellington (New Zealand). The city is located in the south of the North Island. The population of the city is 150 thousand people. The city was founded in 1839.

The oldest ruling dynasty

The oldest ruling dynasty in Japan. The 125th Emperor Akihito, who was born on December 23, 1933, leads his own genus from the first emperor Dzimmno.