The first person lands on the moon year. First people on the moon

Apollo-11 "(eng. Apollo. 11 ) - piloted spacecraft series " Apollo", That first delivered people to the surface of another space body -lun.

Crew

• Commander - Neil Armstrong .
• The pilot of the command module - Michael Collins .
• Pilot lunar module - Edwin E. Oldrin Jr. .

All crew members - experienced astronauts who have passed the program "Gemini". Armstrong and Oldrin Like pilots, had a combat experience, Collins was an experienced tester pilch. By coincidence, the crew is made up of one year old.

General

The ship included the command module (sample CSM-107.) and lunar module (sample LM-5.). For the command module, astronauts chose callsign " Colombia» (« Columbia. "), For the lunar module -" Needle» (« Eagle "-" Orel "). Ship weight 43.9 tons. "Colombia" - the name of the statue name Congressive Washington Ship, in which flew to the moon of heroezhulyu. Flight emblem - eagle above the surface of the moon, holding an olive branch in claws. For launch used rocket " Saturn-5."(sample AS-506.). The purpose of the flight was formulated as follows: "Make a landing on the moon and return to it."

The successful commitment of the mission marked the victory of the United States in the "lunar race" and meant the promise of the President of the President to the Luna to the end of the 60s.

Tasks flying

We were planned: landing on the moon in the western part of calm, collecting exacermed soil, photographing on the surface of the moon, installation on the moon of scientific instruments, carrying out television sessions from the board of the ship and from the surface of the moon.

Profit preparation and start

Six days before the calculated start date, it was found in one of the cylinders with a compressed helium placed in the oxidizing agent of the first stage of the carrier rocket. Two techniques climbed into the tank and, tightening the nut on the cylinder, eliminated leak. Further, finish training proceeded without incident and even more smoothly than all previous manned ships Apollo.

In the center of managing the launch among the honored guests there were 36-ypresident Johnson , vice president Agrya and Pioneer of German rocket technology 75-year-old Herman wubble . On a cosmodrome and in the surrounding areas, the start observed about a million people, and the launch television broadcast looked about one billion people in various countries of the world.

Ship " Apollo-11."Started on July 181969, 13 hours 32 minutes of Greenwichun 724mSplea time.

The engines of all three stages of the carrier rocket worked in accordance with the calculated program, the ship was brought to a geocentric orbit close to the calculated one.

Second start and flight to the moon

After the release of the launch of the carrier rocket with the ship at the start-in-center orbit, the crew for about two hours made an inspection of onboard systems.

The engine of the latter stage of the carrier rocket was included to transfer the ship to the trajectory of the flight to the Moon at 2 hours and 44 minutes 16 seconds of flights and worked 346.83 seconds.

At 3 hours and 15 minutes 23 seconds of the flight time of the beginning of the beginning of the bays, which ended with the first attempt after 8 minutes 40 seconds.

At 4 hours 17 minutes 3 seconds of the flight time, the ship (hitch from the team and lunar modules) separated from the last stage of the carrier missile, was distinguished from her at a safe distance and began his own flight to the moon.

On the team from the ground, a draining of fuel components from the last stage of the carrier rocket was made, as a result of which the stage later under the influence of the lunar attraction was released on a helium-centered orbit, where it is up to the present.

During the 96-minute color television session, which began at 55:08:00 flight, Armstrong and Oldrin Moved the lubun modulode of the first test system.

Landing on the moon

First photo made Neil Armstrong on the moon .

The ship has reached the lunar orbit about 76 hours after the start. Thereafter Armstrong and Oldrin Began to prepare for the uncoversion of the lunar module for landing on the lunar surface.

The command and lunar modules were dominated by about a hundred hours after the start. In principle, it was possible to use automatic programs up to the moment of landing, however Armstrong Even before the flight, he decided that at an altitude of about a hundred meters above the lunar surface, it will turn to a semi-automatic landing management program, explaining its solution to the following phrase: "The automation does not know how to choose the seats." According to this program, the automation adjusts the vertical component of the module velocity by changing the axle of the landing engine across the signal signals of the radio personnel, while the astronaut manages the axial position of the cabin and, accordingly, the horizontal component of the speed. Actually Armstrong Moved to the manual shower control mode much earlier, since the on-board computer worked with overload and all the time the alarm was burning, unwounding the crew, despite the assurances of the ground operator, which can not be paid to the signal (later the operator that made a decision despite the alarms not to refuse From landing on the moon, received a special awards).

The post-flight analysis showed that the computer overload was caused by the fact that, in addition to managing the planting that required 90% of the power of the computer, it was assigned to control a radar, providing a meeting with the command module in orbit, which required 14% of power. For subsequent flights of lunar expeditions on the program " Apollo»Computer software has been changed.

The need to transition to a semi-automatic control program has also arisen because the automatic program of the vellaid module landing of the intersectoametromocolo-180 meters filled with stones. Armstrong I decided to fly the crater, fearing that the lunar module will turn over when landing.

The lunar module lurked in the peace of calm 20 by 20 hours 17 minutes 42 seconds Greenwich. Place of grace Armstrong called Calm databaseand at the time of the landing passed: " Houston, says the base of calm. "OREL" sat». Charles Dewk from Houston replied: " I understood you, "calm". You are lingering. We have mounted everything here. Now we breathe again. Thanks a lot!"

Stay on the moon

The first step of man on the moon. Astronavtbazz Oldrin goes to the surface

Astronauts made operations imitating the start from the moon, made sure that the onboard systems are good. Even during the treatment of a village-centric orbit, astronauts asked permission to abandon the planned rest period, after landing, the medical leader of the flight gave such permission, having considered that the nervous stress, apparently, would still hinder the astronauts to fall asleep before reaching the moon.

The outer onboard camera installed on the lunar module provided direct exit broadcast Armstrong on the lunar surface. Armstrong Scene on the surface of the moon on July 21, 1969 at 02 hours 56 minutes 20 seconds Greenwich. Going to the surface of the moon, he pronounced the following phrase:

“ This is one small step for a person, but a gigantic leap for all mankind. "

Oldrin went to the surface of the moon about fifteen minutes after Armstrong . Oldrin Tedged various methods of rapid movement on the surface of the moon. The most appropriate astronauts recognized usually walking. Astronauts walked over the surface, collected a number of samples of Lunogwards set a television chamber. Then the astronauts of the set-infiled state of America (the USDo File Congress rejected the proposedness of the flags of the National), held a two-minute session with the President of the President Nicenson, the scientific devices were installed on the surface of the moon). Oldrina It was very difficult horizontal Seismometer using the level. Ultimately, the astronaut horizonled it "on the eye", and the seismometer was photographed so that specialists on Earth could determine the position of the device on the ground. Some delay caused the fact that one of the two panels of solar panels of the seismometer did not automatically unfold, and it had to be turned on manually.

Oldrin at the seismometer. In the background, the moon module is visible, the USA flag, equipped with a wire frame to prevent the accusation, and the camera on the tripod

After installing devices, astronauts collected additional soil samples (the total weight of the samples delivered to the Earth - 22 kg with the maximum allowable weight of 59 kg) and returned to the lunar module.

With the resource of the autonomous life support system about four hours Oldrin stayed on the surface of the moon a little more than one and a half, Armstrong - Approximately two hours and ten minutes.

After returning to the lunar cabin, astronauts folded unnecessary more objects in the bag, depicted Cabin and threw a bag to the surface of the moon. The television camera that operated on the surface of the moon showed this process and shortly after that it was turned off.

After checking onboard systems and eating, astronauts slept about seven hours ( Oldrin - Curled on the cabin floor, Armstrong - in a hammock suspended above the casing of the main engine of the take-off stage of the lunar cabin).

Start from the Moon and Return to Earth

After another reception of food by astronauts, one hundred and twenty-fifth hour of flight, a start from the moon of the lunar module took place.

The total duration of the residence of the lunar module on the surface of the moon was 21 hours of 36 minutes.

On the lunar module remaining on the surface of the moon, a sign with an engraved hemispheres of the Earth and the words " Here people from the planet Earth first stepped on the moon. July 1969 New Era. We came with the world on behalf of all mankind" Under these words, the signatures of all three astronauts of the ship are engraved Apollo-11."And the president Nixon .

Memorial plate on the landing stage of the Lunar Module of the Apollo-11 ship

After the running level of the lunar module, it was knocked down with a team module for 128 hours of expedition to a selenium-centered orbit. The crew of the moon module took the samples collected on the moon, and moved to the command module, the runway of the lunar cabin was unfounded, the command module started back to the ground. It took only one course correction during the entire reverse flight caused by bad meteorological conditions in the planned landing area. A new landing area was approximately four kilometers to the northeast of the intended. The separation of command module compartments occurred at a hundred ninety-fifth hour of flight. In order for the crew compartment to reach a new area, a managed descent program was changed using aerodynamic quality.

The crew compartment lasts in the Pacific Ocean about twenty kilometers of the Otavianosse " Hornet » ( CV-12) (eng. Hornet (CV-12)) After 195 hours 15 minutes 21 seconds from the start of the expedition at the point with coordinates13 ° 30 'p. sh.169 ° 15 'in. D..

In the water, the crew compartment was originally established by the bottom up, but after a few minutes with the help of inflatable floats cylinders was turned into a settlement position.

Three lung divers, which suspended the crew compartment compartment, are reset and led to two inflatable boats. One of the divers of the Vskppandreiiological protection opened the hatch of the crew compartment, handed over the crew three of the same skaandra and closed the hatch again. Astronauts put on Spacks and 35 minutes after the taning switched to an inflatable boat. Diver treated astronauts and the outer surface of the compartment inorganic compound. The crew was raised on board a helicopter and brought to an aircraft carrier 63 minutes after the leading. Astronauts directly from the helicopter switched to the wcristine, where their expectations technician.

The president Nixon communicates with the crew " Apollo-11."Located in a quarantine van

The president arrived at the aircraft carrier to meet astronauts Nixon , Director Thomas Pain as well as astronaut Frank Borman. . Nixon He turned to astronauts in a quarantine van with a brief welcoming speech.

Astronauts were in quarantine on 21 days (it is considered from the moment of starting from the moon). From the very first day of stay on earth, the crew began report on flight And undergo medical examinations. These surveys, as well as the analysis of samples and the effects of lunar materials on plants and animals, the presence of lunar microorganisms did not find, and quarantine was considered possible not to renew.

At the end of the quarantine period, the astronauts spent one day with families, after which, on August 13, 1969, the solemn meetings of astronauts were organized successively in York, Chicagoilos-Angeles.

September 16 took place the crew Apollo-11.»Value USA. On this day, Congress approved the US State Award - Honorary Congress Medal for the development of space.

Some results of flight

NasaneOdnodno emphasized that the flight of the ship " Apollo-11."He had its main task to solve engineering and technical problems, and not scientific research on the moon. From the point of view of solving these problems the main achievements of the flight of the ship " Apollo-11."They consider a demonstration of the effectiveness of the adopted method of landing on the moon and start from the Moon (this method is considered applicable and at the start of SMARS), as well as the demonstration of the crew's ability to move around the moon and conduct research in lunar conditions.

Nevertheless, the expedition also produced a colossal scientific breakthrough: the very first samples of lunar soil were delivered to the ground.

Euchariston the moon

Shortly after landing Oldrin , using the rights of the elderpressure church, held a brief private service with Sprice. Armstrong , being unbelieving, did not pass. Although it was originally planned to broadcast this event, at the last moment NASA abandoned this idea, mainly due to the trial, initiated earlier atheists against NASA due to a public reading by the crew Apollo-8.lunny orbit of the chapter Life.1.. For this reason, everything passed during a break in connection. Oldrin He had a small plastic box with a hiking set of miniaturnopotira, Ivin's livings, which he took in advance in the church of Vhiustone. They read verse AND h.15: 5.. Subsequently Oldrin remembered:

"I adopted giving granteed gratitude for the mind and spirit, which delivered two young pilots of Virmian calm. I wonder, I thought, because the very first drink and the very first food, filed on the moon - wine and the bread of communion "

July twentieth, 1969 Astronauts of the piloted spacecraft " Apollo-11.»Steel the first people who stepped onto the surface of the moon. Years of efforts, hazardous experiments and ambitious missions led to the fact that the residents of the Earth for the first time in history have landed on the surface of another celestial body. At this event, millions of people around the world have been observed in live events. Nile Armstrong Astronauts, Michael Collins and Edwin Oldrin left the land on Wednesday, landed on the moon on Sunday, spent a little more than two hours on the lunar surface, posted a set of scientific instruments and collected samples of the lunar soil, after which they were given in the Pacific Ocean next Thursday.

In the continuation, a grand gallery of photographs of this historical mission is presented.

NASA.
Astronaut Edwin Oldrin, the pilot of the lunar module, on the surface of the moon near the support of the Moon Module "Eagle" on July 20, 1969. This snapshot was made by astronaut Nile Armstrong, the crew commander of the APOLLON-11 mission. While Oldrin and Armstrong examined the sea of \u200b\u200bcalm, astronaut Michael Collins, the pilot of the command module, remained in Colombia in the lunar orbit.

NASA.
Crew Mission "Apollo-11": Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins, Edwin Oldrin.

NASA.
Aerial view of Saturn-5 carrier rocket for the "Apollo-11" mission, May 20, 1969.

NASA.
The crew members of the APOLLON-11 mission and the head of the Astronaut Dald Salaton squad during the traditional breakfast mission, July 16, 1969.

NASA.
Technicians work on the top of a white room, through which astronauts enter the spacecraft, July 11, 1969.

AP Photo / File
Nile Archsrong and crew members of the Apollo-11 mission before sending to the starting platform to the carrier rocket for launching on the moon at the Kennedy Space Center in Merritt Island, Florida, July 16, 1969.

AP PHOTO / Edwin Reichert
Residents of Berlin stand in front of the television shop window and are watching the beginning of the Mission "Apollo-11", July 16, 1969.

NASA.
The start of Apollo-11 was held on Wednesday, July 16, 1969. When launching a carrier rocket "Saturn-5", the thrust force was 34.5 million Newtons.

AFP / Getty Images
US Vice-President Spiro Agnus and Former US President Lindon Johnson watch the start of the Apollo-11 mission at the Kennedy Space Center, Florida, July 16, 1969.

NASA.
View of the flight "Apollo-11" from the Boeing EC-135N aircraft.

NASA.
The view of the planet Earth from the side of the Pilotable spacecraft Apollo-11.

NASA.
This snapshot was made by astronaut Nile Armstrong before landing on the moon. In the photo - Edwin Oldrin in the lunar module.

NASA.
The view of the lunar module amid the earth during the stay of astronauts on the surface of the moon.

NASA.
Having reached the lunar orbit, the view of Crater was from the side of Apollona-11.

NASA.
The view from the side of the Apollo-11 spacecraft to the ground ascending over the horizon of the moon.

NASA.
Command Module "Colombia" above the crates in the sea of \u200b\u200babundance.

NASA.
Astronauts who supported contact with the crew of the Mission "Apollo-11": Charles Moss Duuk, James Arthur Lovell and Fred Wallace Haze.

NASA.
Moon module "Eagle" in the landing configuration. The snapshot was made on the lunar orbit using the Columbia's command module.

NASA.
View from the Illuminator Nile Armstrong on Mesia and Messier Craters A.

AP Photo.
Astronaut Mission Apollo-11 Neal Armstrong steps to the surface of the Moon, July 20, 1969.

AFP / Getty Images
In Paris, France, the family is watching the "Apollo-11" commander steps on the surface of the moon, July 20, 1969.

NASA.
The first photo made by the Nile Armstrong after entering the surface of the moon. White package in the foreground - bag with garbage.

NASA.
Crater near the Moon Module "Eagle".

NASA.
One of the first traces left by Edwin Older, a member of the crew of the Apollo-11 mission.

NASA.
The shadow of Edwin Oldrina on the background of the lunar surface.

NASA.
Basz Oldrin salutes the American flag on the moon during the Apollo-11 mission. The picture was made by astronaut Nile Armstrong.

NASA.
The crowd in the Central Park of New York is watching the planting crew "Apollo-11" on the moon, July 20, 1969.

NASA.
Oldrin unpacks experimental equipment from the lunar module.

NASA.
Astronaut Basz Oldrin carries experimental equipment for deployment on the lunar surface.

NASA.
Oldrin collects passive seismic experimental equipment - a device for measuring moon-dimensions.

AP Photo.
Family in Tokyo, Japan, looking at the TV. Speech by American President Richard Nixon on the background of a direct broadcast greeting of Astronauts of the Apollo-11 mission from the Moon in July 1969.

NASA.
Armstrong takes pictures of the module "Eagle".

NASA.
Module on the surface of the moon on the background of the earth.

NASA.
Lunar module staircase and memorial plate: "Here people from the planet Earth first stepped on the moon. July 1969 of our era. We came with the world on behalf of all mankind. "

NASA.
Astronaut Neil Armstrong in the lunar module after the historical walk through the moon.

NASA.
After takeoff from the surface of the moon, the Eagle module is preparing to dock with the command module in the background.

NASA.
View of the full lunar disk.

NASA.
Earth in the porthole of the Colombia command module during the reverse flight.

AP Photo.
The crew members of the APOLLON-11 mission aboard the helicopter after a successful pressure in the Pacific Ocean, July 24, 1969.

NASA.
Dispatakers of the center of manned space flights in Houston met the successful completion of the "Apollo-11" mission, July 24, 1969.

NASA.
US President Richard Nixon welcomes Apollo-11 crew, located in a quarantine van. From left to right: Nile Armstrong, Michael Collins, Edwin Oldrin.

NASA.
Residents of New York welcome the autocolon with astronauts of the Apollo-11 mission, moving on the 42nd street towards the United Nations building.

NASA.
Astronauts in Sombrero and Poncho around the amazed crowd in Mexico City during the Presidential Tour of Good Will, within which members of the crew "Apollo-11" together with his wives for forty-five days visited 27 cities of twenty-four countries of the world.

July 16, 1969 at 13:32 UTC (World Time) from the starting complex No. 39 of the Kennedy Space Center (Florida, USA) was launched spacecraft "Apollo-11". The task of the mission was landing a person to the moon.

July 21, at 02:56:15 UTC (at 5 h 56 minutes 15 seconds in Moscow time, or at 6 o'clock 56 minutes 15 seconds in modern Moscow summertime) Astronauts "Apollo-11" made an exit to the lunar surface. The first person who pulled down on the moon was the ship commander Neil Armstrong. After 15 minutes, the pilot of the lunar module was joined Edwin Oldrin. The pilot of the command module Michael Collins All this time I expected them on an incense orbit.

Returned "Apollo-11" to Earth July 24, 1969 at 16:50:35 UTC. The whole expedition continued8 days 3 hours 18 minutes and 18 seconds.

During the flight, astronauts spent several teleranslations.

Successful implementation of the Apollo-11 flight program meant achievement national Goalsupplied by US President John Kennedy in May 1961 - until the end of the decade, plan a person to the moon and safely return him to the ground - And marked the victory of the United States in the lunar race from the USSR.

Landing man on the moon is often referred to as one of the greatest achievements of humanity.

Crew "Apollona-11":
commander - Neil (Neil) Olden Armstrong (Neil Alden Armstrong) (left),
the pilot of the command module - Michael Collins (Michael Collins) (center),
pilot lunar module - Edwin E. Eugene (Basz) Oldrin Jr (Edwin Eugene (Buzz) Aldrin, Jr.) (Right).

Spaceship "Apollo"

3-bed Ship mass about 47 tons,the composition of which includes the following components:

• command module
• service module
• lunar module,
• emergency salvation system.

All ship modules Apollo

1. Shocking node. 2. Tlood cover, powered by the crew compartment at startup. 3. Hemmetic cosmonauts cabin. 4. Flexible heat shielding skirt on the crew compartment. 5. Locks of orientation for pitch. 6. Linkers of the orientation on the roll. 7.Pasnel for mounting a block of four auxiliary engines. 8. Bags with fuel for a marching engine. 9.Conor and flow meter. 10. Martyr motor. 11. Top bottomscape rear bottom screen. 12.Strophirectional Range Antenna S. 13.Diator of the thermostat system. 14.Backets with liquid oxygen and hydrogen. 15. Block auxiliary engines. 16. Locks of lying orientation.

Command and Service Modules ship "Apollon-11" (they got a name and call sign "Colombia" )

Command Module - this is cone with spherical base, the diameter of the base is 3920 mm, the height of the cone is 3430 mm, the angle at the top of 60 °, the nominal mass -5500 kg. The command module isflight Management Center. All crew members within the flight are located in it, except for the landing on the moon.

Service module. Carries the main motor installation and system for providing the ship. Has a formcylinder 3943 mm long and 3914 mm diameter. Taking into account the length of the nozzle of the march engine, which comes out from the case, the total length of the service module7916 mm. General mass of the service module - 23.3 tons, including 17.7 tons of fuel. The mosquired motor installation, a reactive control system, fuel tanks and motor installations and energy installation on hydrogen-oxygen fuel cells are placed. The service module provided all ship maneuvers on the trajectory of flight to the moon, the trajectory correction, the exit to the orbit of the moon, the transition from the orbits of the moon to the trajectory of flight to the ground and the correction of the return path.

For landing on the moon to the main (command and service) modules added more lunar module :

Lunar module of the ship "Apollo-11" (He got a name and call sign - "Eagle" )

Moon module has height of 6.37 m., Diameter 4.27 m. and mass of about 16.2 tons. Comprises planting and hearing steps.

Landing step weighing about 11.7 tonsequipped with independent motor installation up to 4.76 tons And the chassis is used to reduce the lunar ship from the orbits of the moon and a soft planting on the lunar surface, and also serves as a starting area for the runway.

Run step weighing about 4.5 tons With a sealed cabin for the crew and self-mostering tight 1,59 tonsAfter completing the research, it starts from the surface of the moon and in orbit is joined with a command compartment. The separation of steps is carried out using pyrotechnic devices.

Comparison of the Apollo ship with a downed lunar module (at the top) with other ships that were used by NASA to prepare for the moon flight: 2-seater "Gemini" (below right) and 1-seater "Mercury" (at the very bottom right ). Left - launch vehicles for these ships and placement of ships on them.

To launch ships "Apollo" was used suat-V-V (Saturn-5 ") rocket-carrier rocket Hope height of 110 m., Diameter 10.1 m. and starting weight about 2925 tons, of which about 2700 tons (i.e., more than 90%) - fuel. She could bring the load to a low near-earth orbit 145 tons, and on the trajectory to the moon - 65.5 tons (46.8 tons - the ship "Apollo" and 18.7 tons - 3rd stage with fuel residues).

The carrier launch vehicle "Saturn-5" remains the most powerful, most powerful, the most severe and most of the rockets created at the moment, bringing the useful load into orbit.This is the brainchild of the outstanding constructor of rocket technology.Verner von Brown:

Saturn-5 carrier launch scheme

As can be seen in the schemes, the carrier rocket "Saturn-5" consisted of three steps.

On the first stage (S-IC) were installed 5 oxygen-kerosene engines F-1., overall more 34000 kN. (i.e., more than 3400 tons, 690 tons for each engine). These engines still remain the most powerful single-chamber rocket engines from ever flying. The first stage worked 2.5 minutes and accelerated the spacecraft to speed 2.68 km / s (in the inertial reference system) and took it to height 68 kilometers.

Second step (S-II) used 5 oxygen-hydrogen engines J-2, the total thrust of which was 5115 kN. (523 tons-forces, 104 tons for each engine). The second stage worked approximately 6 minutes, accelerating the spacecraft to speed 6.84 km / s and withdrawing it on height of 185 km.

On the third steps (S-IVB) was set 1 oxygen-hydrogen engine J-2 Taiga 1000 kN. (102 tons). The third step turned on twice, after separating the second stage, she worked 2.5 minutes and took the ship to the near-earth orbit. Shortly after the exit to this orbit, the third step turned on again and for 6 minutes removed the ship on the trajectory of flight to the moon. The third stage was displayed on the trajectory of collision with the moon (starting from the flight "Apollona-13"); In the previous flights to the Moon, the stage went on an near-free orbit.

In addition to Saturn-5, in the test launches under the Apollo program, a missile was used " Saturn-1B. "- two-stage carrier missile, a modernized version of the Saturn-1 carrier rocket.

On the first stage « Saturn-1B. (Si-B) was installed 8 oxygen-kerosene engines H-1, the total thrust of which was 6700 kN. (i.e., 684 tons-forces, 137 tons for each engine). Stage worked 2.5 minutes and turned off at height 68 kilometers.

Second step "Saturn-1B" (S-IVB), it is the third stage "Saturn-5", worked about 7 minutes and displayed a payload to 15.3 tons on the near-earth orbit.

Comparison of carrier missiles "Saturn-1", "Saturn-1B" and "Saturn-5"

Chronicle of Flight "Apollona-11"

Start of the Saturn-5 carrier missile with the "Apollo-11" ship on July 16, 1969

Run engines of the second stage of Saturn-5 after separating the first stage

The engines of all three stages of the carrier rocket worked in accordance with the calculated program, the ship was brought to a geocentric orbit close to the settlement. After that, the crew for about about 2 hours I made an inspection of onboard systems.

The engine of the third stage of the carrier rocket was re-enabled in 2 hours 44 minutes 16 seconds of flight time And worked 348 secondsgiving the ship speed 10,8392 km / s and translating it to the trajectory of free return:

In case of refusal of the main engine of the ship, this trajectory provided its return to Earth after 145 hours. 04 min. Flights along it, including a fairly remote root of the moon.

After going to the trajectory to the moon, at 3 hours 15 minutes 23 seconds of the flight started mannevr Rebuilding Ceps of the Apollo shipwho ended with the first attempt after 8 minutes 40 seconds:

Mannevr Rebuilding Ceps of the Apollo ship (This scheme refers to Apollo-10, but "Apollo-11" was rebuilt similarly)

When " Colombia"And" Eagle»We moved to the safe distance from the 3rd stage of the carrier rocket, on the team from the ground was the last time the engine of the 3rd stage was turned on, and she moved to the trajectory of the flee of the moon and exit on heliocentric orbit.

And on such a trajectory:

Scheme Flights "Apolloon -eleven"

Scheme Flights of the previous ship - "Apolloon -10"

Astronauts transferred a ship to passive thermal control mode when he slowly rotated around his longitudinal axisBy making about 3 revolutions in 1 hour. It ensured uniform heating of the ship.

At 25 o'clock 00 minutes 53 seconds of the flight Apollo-11 overcame exactly half the distance from the ground to the Moon, flying 193,256 km. Shortly thereafter inclusion of the main engine by 2.9 seconds Was held intermediate trajectory correctionAs a result, the ship moved to the trajectory, providing rapprochement with the moon and landing on it.

Shortly before the crew had to start a regular night recreation period, Armstrong unexpectedly contacted Houston and requested: at what distance from Apollo-11 at that moment was the third stage of the carrier missile? The fact was that astronauts in the portholes saw at a high distance some incomprehensible object, which blinked as flashed flashing beacon. It was similar to the fact that he, knitting in space, reflected the sunlight. He was observed by all three astronauts, since the ship slowly rotated in passive thermal control mode at that time. Houston answered them after a few minutes that the third step flies from them at a distance of 11100 km. It became clear from this that the mysterious object could not be the third step. As Aldrin told on the post-flight survey, the form of the object looked like L. Armstrong looks like a letter. Armstrong added that all this resembled an open suitcase. And Collins said that it was a hollow cylinder, and if the focus of the secret is a little bit, then the object looked like an open book. What it was in fact, it was not possible to specifically. Presumably, astronauts could see one of the panels of the adapter, in which the lunar module was at the top of the third stage during the takeoff.

July 19 at 75 hours 49 minutes 28 seconds of flight time (4 minutes earlier than the estimated time) when the ship was behind the moon, the EDUClies of the service compartment was included; He worked 357 seconds and translated the ship to elliptical orbit of an artificial satellite moon with a height of 313.8 km. and at the periolement 112.7 km. In this orbit, the ship made 2 turns around the moon and 80 hours. 04 min. 51 seconds. flight time (for 4 minutes 39 seconds earlier than the estimated time) was secondaryly included the LFD of the service compartment by 16.4 seconds, as a result of which the ship moved to orbit close to circular, with a height of 121.5 km height and peri-seal 99.4 km. This orbit is very close to the nominal orbit of 120x100 km, which, under the influence of the anomalies of the gravitational field of the Moon, was supposed to go to Circular orbit height 111 km.

July 20 Neil Armstrong and Edwin Oldrin switched to the lunar module, activated and checked all of its systems, led folded landing stages in the working position. At the beginning of the 13th turn, when Apollo-11 was over the opposite side of the moon, "Colombia" and "Orel" were dominated.

Lunar Module "Orel" in orbit around the moon after dusting with the Colombia command module

At the end of the 13th turn, over the back side of the moon, a moon module landing engine was turned on by 29.8 seconds, Orel switched to an orbit of a decline with an extreme of 105.9 km and peri settlement 15.7 km.

Reducing the lunar ship from the orbit of an artificial satellite on the surface of the moon

He flew down the landing steps forward and the portholes down so that astronauts can track landmarks on the surface. Armstrong noticed that one of the landmarks crater Muskelney W.they flew about about for 3 seconds before it was supposed. This meant that they would slide on the calculated point.

At 102 hours 33 minutes 05 seconds of flight time Near the peri settlement of the decline orbit (approximately 400 km east of the planned landing area) was the engine of the lunar module is included, the braking stage began. After about 4 minutes after that, "Orel" was turned on a roll by 180 °, the portholes up, Armstrong and Oldrin almost directly seen the land. Such a turn was necessary for two reasons: so that the landing radar could capture the surface and so that at the final stage of landing, when the ship turns into a vertical position, the astronauts could see the area where they sit.

Almost immediately after that emergency signaling of on-board computer workedWhat Armstrong reported to PCU. The lunar module at that moment was at an altitude of 10.2 km . The alarm was called overloading onboard computerIn addition to the navigation data, it was unnecessary at that time information from the radar meeting with a command-service module (the radar switch was put by Armstrong in such a position for about 3 minutes to the first alarm signal). In total, during the landing, the alarm was triggered 5 times, which strongly distracted the attention of astronauts. The word of specialist in the navigation systems of the lunar module of Steve Bails, which considered that the overload of the computer will not put a landing (later, he will receive a presidential medal of freedom with astronauts).

Dehibition of the lunar module before landing on the moon .

A similar maneuver of the lunar module "Apollo-10" - without landing. After him, a branch of the lunar module was committed, and his takeoff part, together with Stafford and Sulnan, again died again to the command module of the ship, who was waiting for them in orbit under the administration of Yang, and all three astronauts returned to Earth.

After 8.5 minutes After the start of braking, at the height of just less than 2 km., the stage of approaching to the landing point beganThe on-board computer moved to the execution of the program, in accordance with which the management of the landing engine and the orientation system engines are automatically carried out, and the astronauts can manually adjust the orientation. Orel began to slowly turn into a vertical position.

At an altitude of 1.5 km. With a decrease rate of 30.5 m / s Armstrong, for some time, turned off the automatic mode to make a trial orientation adjustment.

At an altitude of about 460 m. Armstrong saw that the autopilot leads the ship to the point in the Middle Edge Big Crater, surrounded by a boulder field up to 2-3 meters in diameter (later it was found that it was western crater, diameter 165 m). From a scientific point of view, landing near a large crater would be very valuable. However, Armstrong quickly realized that it was not possible to plant an "eagle" in a fairly safe place, not the arrival of the crater. He decided to fleet him.

At a height of about 140 meters The commander translated the computer into a semi-automatic mode in which the landing engine is controlled automatically and maintains a permanent vertical speed of 1 m / s, and the orientation system engines are performed completely manually. Armstrong reduced the slope of the lunar module back from 18 ° to 5 ° from the vertical. This increased the speed of horizontal movement forward to 64 km / h. When the moon module flew over the crater, the commander began to look for a place suitable for planting, and chose a relatively flat platform between small crater and a boulder field.

At an altitude of about 80 meters Vertical reduction rate was about 0.5 m / s. Oldrin reported that 8% of fuel remained. After a few seconds, he added that he sees the shadow of the "eagle" on the surface of the moon. At the final stage of the landing approach, the lunar module was turned around at about 13 ° to the left of the course, and the shadow was out of sight of Armstrong. At an altitude of 30 meters, Oldrin reported that fuel remains 5% and that the warning caught fire. A 94-second countdown began, at the end of which Armstrong will have only 20 seconds to plant a ship or edge landing and take off. After 33 seconds, the telecom operator in the PC in Houston Charles Duke warned that it remains 60 seconds. Landing radar for a few seconds "Lucky" surface. Armstrong pulse frequency at the final stage of landing reached 150 shots per minute.

At an altitude of 12 meters Oldrin reported that the lunar dust rises.

At an altitude of about 9 meters As Armstrong recalled, "Orel" for an unknown reason began to move left and back. With the movement back it was possible to cope, but it did not work completely to pay off. Even more slowing down the decline or to hang it was impossible, because fuel remained very little, and the allowable time limit before the landing interruption was almost exhausted.

Shortly after Oldrin reported that height 6 M.. , vertical vertical speed 0.15 m / s, and the speed of horizontal movement - 1.2 m / s, Duke from Houston warned that it remains 30 seconds. After 9 seconds, after this, Aldrin warning shouted: " Contact signal!" It happened in20:17:39 UTC July 20 (102 h. 45 min. 39.9 s. Of flight time) . The blue contact signal meant that the lunar surface touched at least one of the dipsticks with a length of 1.73 m, which were attached to three of the four supports (except where there was a staircase). After 1.5 seconds, after that, Armstrong muffled the engine. In a post-flight survey, he told that he could not accurately determine the point of landing. Landing was so soft that the moment when the ship became soil, it was difficult to determine.

After graduating, Armstrong handed over land: " Houston, says the base of calm. "OREL" sat" Charles Duk answered, rebuilt from excitement: " I understood you, "Svok ...", "calm". You are lingering. We have already cried here. Now we breathe again. Thanks a lot!»

The lunar module has become a ground with a slight tilt back by 4.5 ° from the vertical, it remained turning around 13 ° to the left of the flight path. Post-flight analysis showed that in the fuel tanks of the landing stage "Eagle" remained 349 kg. Fuel. It would be enough for 25 seconds of freezing, after which it would be 20 seconds to launch the engine of the runway and the interruption of planting. The following "Apollonov" after landing remained from 499 to 544 kg.

The ship lifted at the point with coordinates 0.67408 ° C. sh. 23,47297 ° C. d., in 6858 meters of the west of the center of the Ellipse of the landing area:

Place of landing "Apollona-11" (blue arrow shows on it) - Southwest Sea Area

During first 2 hours staying on the Moon Neil Armstrong and Edwin Oldrin were busy imitation of pre-train - In case, for any reason, there would be a need to interrupt stay on the moon.

After its completion, Armstrong requested the resolution of Houston, instead of rest, which was the following point in the flight plan, after about 3 hours, start the exit to the surface. Permission was given less than in half a minute, everything was clear that emotional state of astronauts still will not let them fall asleep. In addition, the main event of the mission was moved from deep night in the time of the east coast of the United States on best airtime (For broadcast live).

Then Oldrin, as the elder of the Presbyterian Church, held a brief private church service, having committed the sacrament of communion. Oldrin had a small plastic box with a hiking set of miniature waters, guests and wines, which he took in advance in the Webster's Presbyterian church in Houston. After the flight, Oldrin returned the miniature pace to the Webster Church. Every year on Sunday, the closest by July 20, local parishioners are taking part in worship Lunny Eucharist. Armstrong, being an atheist, did not participate in the ceremony, and did not become coming.

From obtaining permission to the early exit to the surface of the moon before the start of depressurization of the cabin of the lunar module passed over 4 hours. After opening the outlet, at 109 hours 16 minutes 49 seconds of flight time , Armstrong, turning his back to him, began to slowly sockly. Oldrin suggested him, in which direction you need to move and turn so as not to cling to anything. Selecting the site above the staircase, Armstrong first of all rehearsed the return to the lunar module. He covered him again and rose on his knees. Everything turned out fine.

Taking bag with garbagewho handed him to Oldrin, he again got on the platform and threw the bag on the lunar surface:

The bag with garbage was the first item that a person who arrived at another cosmic body threw on him. Is this a prophetic symbol - the characteristic of our future development of the planets?

After that, Armstrong jerked for the ring and opened the cargo compartment of the landing level to the left of the staircase (if you look at the lunar module), thereby turning on the camera, which took off his first step on the surface of the moon (see the video below). Going on a round plate of the Lunar Module's support, Armstrong jumped back to the lower step of the stairs and told Oldrin that it was possible to go back, but you need to jump carefully. He jumped again on a plate and reported to Houston that the supports of the module are depressed into the surface of only 2.5-5 cmAlthough the lunar soil is very fine-grained, almost like a powder, if you look at it at close range.

Holding his right hand for the stairs, Armstrong left foot stepped on the lunar surface (the right remained on a plate) And pronounced:

"This is one small step for a person, but a gigantic leap for all mankind »

(« That's One Small Step For [A] Man, One Giant Leap for Mankind »)

It happened in 109 hours 24 minutes 20 seconds of flight time , or in 02 hours 56 minutes 15 seconds UTC July 21, 1969 . After 15 minutes, Edwin Oldrin joined him.

The phrase when landed on the moon was drawn up in advance, howeverfrom the excitement Armstrong missed an uncertain article before the word manWhat is well audible in the record. Thus, the meaning of the phrase distorted: the word man without article means not a separate person, but a person, as a view, humanity.

According to a friend of childhood Armstrong, the phrase about two different steps was inspired by the playful game Mother May iin which you need to do large or small steps forward.

The television of a person's landing on the moon was all countries, in addition to the USSR and China. In the countries of the former USSR, the legend is common, which at the time of the first landing on the moon, when more than 1 billion people watched a live broadcast from the moon in the rest of the world, according to the central television of the USSR, the film "Pinal and the Shepherd" was supposedly shown. However, at this moment, 5:56 in the morning Moscow time, Central Television of the USSR did not led by; In 1969, the transfer of CT began only in 8 a.m.

On the surface of the moon, astronauts tried various ways of movement, collected 21.55 kg. samples of lunar soil, Installed scientific devices, talked to President Nixon, established a memorial plate, the American flag and memorable medals in honor of the dead American astronauts and Soviet cosmonauts. Armstrong went to a small western crater with a diameter of 30 meters located in 60 meters East of the lunar module, and made a number of pictures there. It was the maximum removal of astronauts from the lunar module during this expedition.

Stay outside the ship continued 2 hours 31 minutes 40 seconds.

When Armstrong and Oldrin returned to the lunar module and removed helmets and gloves, they felt cooking smell of moon dust. Astronauts were stuffed with wet napkins and towels. The particle of the lunar dust fell Armstrong to the eye, but it was possible to remove without any problems; Remove the lunar dust from under the nails, neither he nor Oldrin could not.

Oldrin reported land that on the control panel, on the right, where it costs, one switch is not in that positionwhat is needed, and engine ignition switch in general broken. Most likely, it happened when Oldrin turned in the cockpit yet with a grandfather behind his shoulders. Astronauts began to search, which could be turned on the broken switch. It turned out that for these purposes, a felt-tip pen was approached, which they had on board.

Answering a number of issues of specialists on earth, Armstrong and Oldrin were filmed in the cockpit and became to sleep. Sleep accounted for in the spaces. Oldrin, according to him, underwhelmed two hours. Armstrong was approaching the state of the dormant, but never could fall asleep.

Three days before the start of "Apollo-11", July 13, 1969 , USSR launched an automatic station "LUNA-15"who had to reach the moon just a day of the start, July 16 . For Americans, this launch was a mystery, but suggested that his goal was a soft landing of the apparatus on the moon and returning it to the ground with samples of the lunar soil before the return of Apollo-11. July 16 "Luna-15" safely reached an incense orbit. Within 52 turns with it, 86 communication sessions were carried out, but when trying to land July 21, 1969. During the stay of Armstrong and Oldrina on the moon, she crashed into a sea of \u200b\u200bcrisis (i.e., not so far, on lunar standards, from the site of the plant "Apollo-11").

Immediately after waking up, astronauts began to prepare for takeoff. The engine of the runway of the moon module was included, as planned, at 124 hours 22 minutes of flight . Thus, staying on the surface of the moon continued 21 hours 36 minutes and 21 seconds.

First 10 Seconds "Orel" rose strictly vertically. Oldrin saw in his porthole, as under the influence of a reactive jet flew in different directions, small pieces of heat insulation of the landing stage, and followed by them flag. When the speed reached 12 m / s, the ship turned 50 ° to the nose to begin to increase the horizontal speed.

The trajectory of the vertical start of the torn step of the mooncat from the surface of the moon

After 7 minutes "Orel" reached an intermediate orbit with peri settlement 17 km and equel 87 km.

About an hour after takeoff When both ships were over the opposite side of the moon, Armstrong included the orientation system engines. The lunar module moved to almost a circular orbit, perioselements of which rose to 83.3 km.

Active site of the trajectory of the relevant stage of the lunar ship in the orbit of the artificial satellite of the moon

Exit of the take-off stage of the mooncat in the orbit of the artificial satellite of the moon

Transition of the take-off stage of the moon ship to the phasing orbit and constant height difference

As a result, several other consecutive maneuvers 3.5 hours after takeoff "Orel" and "Colombia" got close to distances 30 m.

High altitude manewer, final phasing, correction of the take-off step meeting path with the main block of the ship.

Shortly after Armstrong and Oldrin moved to the command module,the runway "Eagle" was reset . She stayed in orbit, but over time he should have fallen into the moon. Collins 7-second engines of the orientation system engines answered "Colombia" to a safe distance.

At the very beginning of the 31st turn, when the ship was over the opposite side of the moon, wasincluded its march engine. He worked for 2 minutes 28 seconds. "Apollo-11" switched to the trajectory of flight to the ground:

Access to the trajectory of return to the Earth (the EDS is included at 149 seconds when the ship was for the moon disk, the increment of flight speed is 1003 m / s)

Astronauts transferred a command and service module to passive thermal control mode (slow rotation around the longitudinal axis), and the crew began 10-hour period of night rest.

In 195 hours 03 minutes 06 seconds of flight time "Apollo-11" on alight of 122 km From the surface of the Earth entered into dense layers of the atmosphere with speed \u200b\u200b11 km / s.:

Orientation of the ship's command compartment at the entrance to the atmosphere, the process of disclosing parachutes and landing in the Pacific Ocean

The trajectory of the entrance to the atmosphere of the ship's command compartment (time stamp in 1/2 min)

In 15 minutes Ship driven 3 km from the calculated point and 24 km from the aircraft carrier "Hornet", At point with coordinates 13 ° 19 '(13.30 °) S.Sh. 169 ° 09 '(169,15 °) ZD

Place planting a command compartment of the ship

The crew was raised on board a helicopter and brought to aircraft carrier63 minutes after the leading.

After 2 hours 5 minutes There were also delivered "Colombia". From the helicopter astronauts switched to mobile quarantine van. Containers with samples passed double sterilization: First ultraviolet rays, then - reflexus acid. Another 4 technique got into quarantine. In total, quarantine was subjected to 23 people. However, no pathogens or symptoms of infectious diseases in any astronauts, no one of those who were in quarantine were found in quarantine, so it was decided to stop quarantine for people at 1 o'clock on August 11, a day earlier than planned.

Samples of the lunar breed should have remained in the lunar laboratory longer, from 50 to 80 days until the results of all crops on microorganisms will be prepared. Several hundred grams of regolith and lunar stones are material to determine their toxicity and pathogenicity. The lunar material was tested on sterile mice and various plants. Not a single case that could indicate a danger to earthly organisms, was not marked, only certain minor deviations from the norm. For example, it turned out that samples of the lunar breed stimulated the growth of some plants. It was concluded that lunar soil is biologically safe.

At noon on September 12 Quarantine was stopped. The study of delivered samples continued in laboratories around the world.

Animation reconstruction of the main stages of flight can be viewed. "- Reconstruction of the" Apollo-11 "mission. Against the background of well-known facts, history unfolds in the picture unknown persistences Flight preparation: technical complexities and intricateness of astronauts relationships, a painstaking presentation of travel details, supplemented by never published archival shooting in HD, advanced special effects. The film is annoying many myths that existed decades. Shot to the 40th anniversary of Apollo-11 flight (2009):

* * *

It should be noted that the Soviet Union was at the same years the program of manned lunar flights. About why she was not implemented why the USSR "lost" to America a lunar race, it will be possible to talk separately.

* * *

It is also impossible to not say about what exists« hypothesis of lunar conspiracy » (or "Lunar Scam"), arguing that American astronauts were never on the moon, and everything that humanity is known about it - it is good imitation, hoax NASA and US government.

This hypothesis can be viewed, for example, the following video materials:

Sources: http://wikipedia.org, godkosmicheskojjery.ru, Files.radioscanner.ru, Zhistory.org.ua, Testpilot.ru, Bwana.ru, Epizodsspace.narod.ru

Image Caption. "One little step"

40 years ago, a man's foot for the first time touched the surface of another celestial body.

July 21, 1969 at 02 hours 56 minutes 20 seconds of Greenwich TV cameras on board the moon module of the American ship "Apollo-11" showed the world as Nile Armstrong jumps out of the hatch and, as if in slow motion cinema due to weak attraction, soles falls on the ground .

Radio waves reported to the land of the astronaut: "This is one small step for a person, but a gigantic leap for all mankind."

Subsequently, it turned out that Armstrong composed them with impromptu.

How it all began

The "father" of the lunar program was John Kennedy, which perhaps it became its main contribution to the story.

Speaking in front of the Congress on May 25, 1961, 43 days after the flight Yuri Gagarin, Kennedy set the task by the end of the decade to send a person to the moon.

The Americans did not hide that the Apollo program was a response to Soviet achievements in space. The goal was required visible and significant. Without paying for missile technologies of necessary attention in the 1950s, the United States should have prove its economic and technological superiority.

In another speech, which sounded in 1962, Kennedy said: "We chose the flight to the moon not because they are simple, but because it is difficult, because our goal will help put in order and evaluate our best forces and skills, because This is the challenge that we intend to accept and who do not want to postpone, the competition in which we are going to win. "

The first American flight into space took place on May 5, 1961. True, the ship Alan Shepard did not fly around the ball, as "East-1", and the "fierce" jumped outside the terrestrial atmosphere on Parabole. The first full-fledged American orbital flight performed on February 20, 1962, John Glenn.

In December 1968, the crew "Apollo-8" for the first time in history left the Earth orbit and flew around the moon. It became clear that the climax is not far off.

From the earth to the moon

Apollo-11 started on July 16, 1969 at 13 o'clock 32 minutes in Greenwich. The former President of Lindon Johnson, Vice-President Spirie Agni and the 75-year-old Patriarch of Rocket Moscow, and 75-year-old Patriarch of Rocket Moscow, were present at the Flight Management Center in Houston.

Million man gathered around the cosmodrome at Cape Canaveral, so that with his eyes to see the fire arrow stunned into the sky, and about a billion people watched on the TV at the start.

The engine of the last stage of the carrier rocket was included to translate the ship to the flight path to the moon at 2 hours and 44 minutes 22 seconds of flight time and worked 347 seconds.

At 4/30 minutes of flight time, the ship began independent movement to the moon.

After 55 hours of the flight Nile Armstrong and Edwin, Oldrin moved to the descent module. The third astronaut, Michael Collins, was supposed to wait for them in the lunar orbit.

76 hours after the start, the ship reached the orbit of the moon, and after 100 hours the modules were dominated.

The lunch was possible in automatic mode, but Armstrong decided on Earth, it would take the control over height of about 100 meters by saying: "The automation does not know how to choose the seats."

He looked like in the water, because I had to go to manual mode even earlier.

First, the automatic program led the ship into a stoned crater with a diameter of about 180 meters. Armstrong flew it to avoid turning when landing.

Secondly, during the reduction of the on-board computer for an unknown reason, an alarm litigation lit.

The operator in Houston faithfully suggested that the bulb caught fire due to the overload of the computer, which was to simultaneously manage the landing and maintain a connection with the orbital module, and advised Armstrong and Aldrin did not pay attention to the signal (later he received a special NASA award for this).

The lunar module fell into a sea of \u200b\u200bcalm on July 20 at 20 o'clock 17 minutes 42 seconds in Greenwich.

Armstrong conveyed: "Houston," says the base of calm. "Eagle" [callsigned lunar module; The orbital ship was assigned a call sign "Colombia"] sat down. "Charles Dewuk from the center of flight control replied:" I understood you, calm. You are lingering. We have mounted everything here. Now we breathe again. Thanks a lot!".

The first steps

According to the program, astronauts, before the exit, it was assumed to sleep, but they stated that they would still not fall asleep, and the medical leader was allowed to take a walk in the moon first, and relax in front of the start.

Oldrin came out fifteen minutes after Armstrong.

"Apollo-11" stayed on the moon for 21 hours 36 minutes.

Armstrong remained outside the ship 2 hours 10 minutes, Oldrin - a little more than one and a half hours. Life support systems in the spaces were calculated for four hours each.

First of all, astronauts tried different ways of movement through the moon, and found the most comfortable walking.

Then installed a television chamber and the American flag on the wire frame (Congress before the flight rejected the idea of \u200b\u200bNASA to establish the UN flag), for two minutes they talked on the radio with President Nixon, gathered 24.9 kg of lunar stones and soil (with the maximum allowed weight 59 kg ), I installed two scientific instruments - seismometer and reflector of laser radiation - and returned to the ship.

I had to tinker with one of two solar panels of the seismometer, which was not automatically unfolded, and it was put into the working position manually.

Returning on board, the astronauts threw out the outflow bag with garbage (the camera on the surface of the moon showed this procedure and was turned off), checked the onboard systems, lunch with chicken soup, ham and cake with dates, slept around seven hours (Armstrong in a hammock suspended above the engine housing The take-off stage, Oldrin - Curling on the floor), once again slightly drove, and at 17:57 on July 21, they gave the start.

A sign with an engraved hemispheus of the land was attached to the landing level on the moon, the words: "Here people from the planet Earth first stepped on the moon. July 1969 new era. We came with the world on behalf of all mankind," and signatures of all three astronauts And President Nixon.

Professional risk

Everyone understood that the first people on the moon risk, but only 30 years later, when the secret documents of the White House and NASA were published over the expiration of the statute of limitations, it was clear how much.

Richard Nixon's spectrants wrote the presidential appeal to the nation in the event of the death of Armstrong and Oldrin.

"Fate ordered that people who flew to the moon for the sake of its peaceful development, destined to continue there in the world. They mourn their families and friends; they mourn their fatherland; they mourn the peoples of the world; they are mourned by the birthplace of the land that risked to send two of his sons In the uncharted distance. For them, others will follow and will certainly find the way home, "said the text of speech, which, fortunately, was not uttered.

In particular, scientists treated very seriously to meteorite danger. Many believed that the surface of the moon is under continuous shelling of small particles, and taking into account the cosmic velocities, even the dusting has a slaughter power of a large-caliber bullet.

In case of depressurization of the player during the lunar walk, the astronaut could live only two minutes - it is not enough to run to the ship, climb the ladder and squeeze into a narrow hatch.

Nobody knew how to take place the apparatus weighing two and a half tons. Supports could fall into the villagers or bite in the lunar dust, or the bounced stone could damage the fuel tank.

But the most feared that the lunar module will not be able to take off due to the engine malfunction or side systems. In this case, the astronauts would be doomed to the painful waiting for the end for about three days - until the air will run out.

As appears from the published documents, some of the political advisers Nixon bothered that astronauts, having the opportunity all this time to communicate with earthly radio amateurs, will take place to curse the government, who sent them to death, and generally compass extra.

Rumors walked as if in the case of the hopeless situation of Armstrong and Oldrin provided ampulus with poison. Both subsequently categorically argued that it was a bullshit.

"In the event of a breakdown of the engine to astronauts, instead of thinking about death, it would be necessary to engage in them to engage in it," said Armstrong.

Meanwhile, fears were not in vain. In 1965-1967, three engines similar to the one that was used for the start of the lunar module exploded during testing.

When in the summer of 1968, an experienced instance of the module was taken to a cosmodrome from the GRUMMAN AEROSPACE plant, NASA specialists, according to them, grabbed their heads - so much had flaws in it. Of course, for the year they were eliminated, but no one could completely exclude trouble.

Six days before the start, a flow was found in one of the cylinders with a compressed helium used to displace the oxidant from the tank into the first-stage march engine. Two techniques climbed into the tank and eliminated it by tightening an ordinary nut.

When landing on the moon, an ice plug was formed in the fuel line of the plant engine, and the pressure began to grow. The first half an hour astronauts spent, a second ever expecting an explosion. Fortunately, everything went out, the pipe was withstanding, and the plug was molded the sun.

But the most dangerous "state of emergency", almost a destination, nearly destroyed, occurred when leaving the ship. With difficulty moving in a close compartment in bulky skaters, someone from astronauts - most likely, Oldrin - hung one of the buttons on the control panel. Returning on board, travelers immediately saw a piece of black plastic on the floor.

Incredibly, but the fact: from about two hundred buttons and togglers suffered precisely the one that included the ignition of the engine to take off from the moon, and it was not provided with duplication!

When the astronauts reported on what happened to the Earth, in the negotiation protocol, the only time ago an entry appeared: "Long pause".

In the end, astronauts started, pulling into the resulting hole with a ballpoint handle.

With this they had to endure unpleasant moments. The protocol retained the words of Oldrina, several times reported to the flight control center: "No Fire!" ("No ignition!"). It turned out that the helium cylinder valve in the second fuel tank did not immediately work, and the fuel did not enter the engine.

The way home

But the flight to the ground passed without incident.

Docking with an orbital module, where Michael Collins waited for comrades, took place approximately three hours.

July 24, after 195 hours 15 minutes 21 seconds from the beginning of the expedition, "Apollo-11" was given in the Pacific Ocean at a point with 13 degrees coordinates of 30 minutes of northern latitude and 169 degrees 15 minutes of Eastern longitude.

The ship rushes over the water upside down, but independently accepted the correct position after the inflation of special floats cylinders.

A helicopter arrived with a 20 km aircraft carrier "Hornet", and 63 minutes after the arrangement of the astronauts were aboard the ship.

Scientists were very afraid of infection with unearthly forms of life. One of the divers descended from the helicopter into the water - the one who was to open the hatch "Apollo" - was dressed in a biological protection surprise. First of all, he handed over the three of the same surprise, and processed the surface of the descent compartment with iodine.

At the aircraft carrier of astronauts, they were immediately placed in a quarantine van. Even the president, who arrived on board, talked to them through hermetic glass.

Star travelers should have been in isolation on 21 days, but because there were no abnormalities biologists, the term of "concluding" was slightly reduced. A solemn meeting in New York, Chicago and Los Angeles (astronauts flew from the city to the city by plane) took place on August 13.

End of a romantic era

Over the next three and a half years, the Americans flew to the moon six times (one flight ended unsuccessfully due to a technical problem; the astronauts flew around the moon and returned to Earth). In December 1972, the program was declared completed.

The USSR in the 1960s actively participated in the lunar race, but after the ahead of Americans failed, he lost interest to her.

Over the past 40 years in the field of space development, nothing has happened as an equally epoch.

True, as the Russian BBC service told the on the eve of the anniversary of the cosmonaut Georgy Grechko, a lot of things were made, not so spectacular, but more useful for science.

Another veteran of Soviet cosmonautics, Konstantin Feoktists, is generally believed that at the present stage, the piloted expeditions are not needed.

The launch of the first Soviet satellite and the flight of Gagarin gave rise to euphoria. It seemed to many that the colonization of other planets was not far from around the corner, and the whole life of humanity radically change. They even sounded proposals to start on October 4, 1957 a countdown of a new era.

It became clear that the economic development of even close Venus and Mars is impossible in the foreseeable future, and spend tens of billions of dollars for single flights, which are mainly morally wishing to be.

In January 2004, George W. Bush announced the start of the ambitious program, which envisaged the return of a person to the moon to 2020 and flight to Mars by 2031, but with the beginning of the global economic crisis conversations about her subsided.

In Russia, it is still mainly imitating flight to Mars on earthly conditions. Another experiment of this kind was successfully completed just the other day.

It is possible that the first base on the moon will create the Chinese. Rising Asian superpower needs self-affirmation.

Someone and today, looking at the full moon, is experiencing peaceful excitement at the idea that people went through this celestial disk, and believes in the space future of civilization. Others - and such, perhaps, the majority - prose prodes, believe that it should be more engaged in terrestrial problems, and they do not look far ahead.

The development of space in the middle of the last century was an archiving business for world powers, because it directly indicated their strength and power. The priority of the development of the space industry not only did not hide from citizens, but, on the contrary, it was highly emphasized, instilling a sense of respect and pride in their country.

Despite the desire of many countries to take part in this difficult and interesting business, the main serious struggle unfolded between the two superpowers - the Soviet Union and the United States of America.

The first victories in the cosmic race were for the USSR

A series of success of Soviet cosmonautics has become a frankly abandoned challenge to the United States, who forced America to speed up the work in the field of space development and find a way to furnish the main competitor - the USSR.

• the first artificial satellite of the Earth is the Soviet satellite-1 (October 4, 1957) of the USSR;
• first flights to animal space - Cosmonaut Dog Like, the first animal derived to the Earth's orbit! (1954 - November 3, 1957) of the USSR;
• first flight of a person in space - Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin (April 12, 1961).

Nevertheless, the competition for space continued!

First people on the moon

Today, almost everyone knows that America managed to intercept the initiative in the cosmic race, running his astronauts on. The first piloted spacecraft, who managed to "fall out" in the distant 1969 successfully, became the American spacecraft "Apollo-11", with the crew of astronauts on board - these were Nile Armstrong, Michael Collins and Basz Oldrin.

Many of you remember the photo when on the surface of the moon on July 20, 1969, Armstrong proudly establishes the US flag. The Government of America triumphed, which was managed to overtake in conquer the moon of Soviet open-retarders of space. But the story is full of guesses and assumptions, and some facts do not give rest to critics and scientists of the minds so far. To this day, the question is discussed that the ship of Americans, in all likelihood, got to the Moon, took, but did the astronauts fall on her surface in fact? There is a whole caste of skeptics and critics, inflicting Americans in the landing on the moon, however, will leave this skepticism on their conscience.

However, for the first time the moon reached the Soviet Spaceship "Luna-2" on September 13, 1959, that is, the Soviet spacecraft were on the Moon 10 years earlier than the landing of American astronauts on the Earth's satellite. And therefore it is especially offensive that few people know about the role of Soviet designers, physicists, astronauts in the development of the Moon.

But the work was done huge, and the results were achieved much earlier than the victorious procession of Armstrong. The Vympel of the USSR was delivered to the surface of the Moon for a decade earlier than a person's leg stepped on her surface. On September 13, 1959, the Space Station "Luna-2" reached the planet, in honor of which she was named. The world's first spacecraft reached the moon (Space station Luna-2) landed on the surface of the moon in the area of \u200b\u200bthe sea rains near Aristill's crater, Archimedes and Autolik.

There is a completely natural question: if the Luna-2 station reached the satellite to the Earth's satellite, should there be "Luna-1"? It was, but its launch, made a bit earlier, was not so successful and, flying past the moon ... But even with such an outcome during the flight station "Luna-1", very significant scientific results were obtained:

• With the help of ion traps and particle counters, the first direct measurements of the parameters of the solar wind were carried out.
• With the help of an onboard magnetometer, the external radiation belt of the Earth was recorded for the first time.
• The lack of a significant magnetic field in the moon.
• AMC "Luna-1" became the first spacecraft in the world who had reached the second cosmic speed.

The launch participants were marked by the Leninist Prize, namely, the people did not know their heroes, but the common cause was the honor of the country - was a priority.

US landing the first people on the moon

And what's the USA? The flight of Yuri Gagarin into Cosmos became a serious blow to America, and in order not to stay forever in the shade of the Russians, the goal was set -, and although the Americans lost the landing race on the surface of the moon of the first spacecraft, they had a chance to be the first to land on the satellite of the Land of Cosmonauts ! Work on the improvement of the spacecraft, the scafflers and the necessary equipment was seven-world steps, the US government attracted the entire intellectual and technical potential of the country, and, not stinging, spent billions of dollars to develop. All NASA resources were mobilized and thrown into the field of science for the Great Goal.

The step of an American citizen on the moon is the only opportunity to get out of the shadows, to be compared with the Soviet Union in this race. It is possible that America would not work out their ambitious plans, but at this time the party leader was changed in the USSR, and the leading designers - Korolev and Humawa could not come to the general opinion. Korolev, being an innovator by nature, leanned towards the use of the latest engine developments, and his colleague was told for the old but proven "proton". Thus, the initiative was missed and the first one who officially stepped on the surface of the moon was American astronauts.

Did the USSR surrendered in the lunar race?

Despite the fact that Soviet cosmonauts never managed to land on the moon in the 20th century, the USSR did not surrender to the moon's development race. So in 1970, the automatic interplanetary station "Luna-17" carried on its board the first in the world, who did not know the analogues, the planet carrier capable of working fully in the conditions of another gravity of the moon. It was called "Lunohod-1" and was intended to study the surface, properties and composition of the soil, radioactive and radiographic radiation of the moon. Work on it was carried out at the Khimki machine-building factory. S.A. Lavochkin, led her Babakin Nikolai Grigorievich. The sketch was ready in 1966, and all project documentation was completed by the end of next year.

"Lunohod-1" was delivered to the surface of the Earth's satellite in November 1970. The control center was located in Simferopol, in the center of space communication and included the control panel of the crew commander, the driver of the lunar, an antenna operator, the navigator, the processing room for operational information. The main problem was the delay of the signal time interfering to full-fledged management. Lunohod worked there for almost a year, until September 14, it was this day that the last, successfully passed a session.

Lunohod has done a huge work to study the planet entrusted to him, worrying much longer than scheduled time. A huge number of photos, lunar panoramas were transferred to Earth. Years later, in 2012, the International Astronomical Union gave names to all twelve craters who met on the way "Lunost-1" - they received male names.

By the way, in 1993, "Lunohod-1" was set at Sotheby's auction, the declared price was five thousand dollars. The bidding over the amount is over, much higher - sixty-eight and a half thousand US dollars, the son of one of the American astronauts became the buyer. It is characteristic that the precious lot rests on the territory of the moon, in 2013 it was found in the pictures made by the orbital American probe.

Summing up It can be noted that the Americans became the first people who landed on the moon (1969), here's a list of US astronauts who committed landing: Nile Armstrong, Basz Oldrin, Pete Konrad, Alan Bean, Alan Shepard, Edgar Mitchell, David Scott, James Irwin , John Young, Charles Duuk, Eugene Sernan, Harrison Schmitt. Neil Armstrong lived a long life and died on August 25, 2012 at the age of 82, as well as retaining the title of the first person who pulled down to the moon ...

But the first space ships who conquered the moon (1959) were Soviet, then the championship is undoubtedly belonging to the Soviet Union and Russian designers and engineers.