Milky Way. Galaxy Milky Way

Everyone ever thought about how large and the world around us was unjusted. Being part of an immeasurably huge universe, we are often asking for curious questions: "How big is the universe?", "What is it about?", "Is there a reasonable life, except for us?", "How many galaxies in the Universe?" and many others.

This article seeks to respond to some of them and expand the general knowledge and ideas about the universe and its components and systems.

Universe

The universe includes everything that exists. From cosmic dust to giants; From the smallest atoms of hydrogen to subjective ideas and abstract concepts. All that is located and functions in space is part of the universe.

It is studied by different sciences. Physics, astronomy and cosmology - pioneers in the study of the universe in objective reality. They are trying to give answers to the question of what space consists of or how much galaxies in the universe. Philosophy from the first of his days is studying the universe in subjective reality. The mother of all sciences worries not how much galaxies in the universe, but how she and her perception affect our life and development.

Given the incredible dimensions of the universe and the mass of bodies and substances in it, it is not surprising that we have accumulated a huge number of knowledge; It is also not surprising that much more issues remains unanswered. Only a small part of the universe at a certain point in time can be physically learning, we can only guess the rest. The past and the future of the Universe is only assumptions and predictions, and its present is open to us only on a tiny share.

What do we know about her?

We are absolutely confident that the Universe is huge, and with a large probability we can argue that it is immeasurable. For measuring distances between space objects, a completely "universal" unit is used - light year. This is the distance that the beam of light is able to overcome for the year.

The substance from which the Universe consists is surrounding our planet at least at a distance of 93 billion light years. For comparison, our galaxy occupies a place that can be overcome for 100 thousand light years.

Scientists share the cosmic substance on the accumulation of atoms - understandable and studied physical matter, which is also called a baryonic substance. However, most of the universe occupies unexplored dark energy, the properties of which are unknown by scientists. Also, a large part of the visible space of the universe occupies a dark or hidden mass, which scientists are called an invisible substance.

The accumulation of the baryon substance forms stars, planets and other cosmic bodies, which, in turn, form galaxies. The latter are in motion and removed from each other. Answer the question of how much galaxies in the universe is impossible with accuracy.

What can we only assume?

The past universe and the process of its formation is exactly unknown. Scientists suggest that the age of the universe is almost 14 billion years, and it was formed after the expansion of a concentrated hot substance, which in cosmology is called the theory of the Big Bang.

All, on which the main theoretical models of the evolution of the universe are based, scientists are obtained by observing its visible part of it. How true any of the currently existing models is impossible to prove. Most scientists agree with the theory of expansion of the Universe - after the "Big Explosion", the cosmic substance continues its movement from its center.

It is worth remembering that all these models are theoretical, and to test them in practice is impossible due to a variety of reasons. Therefore, it is necessary to concentrate on affordable and proven knowledge that answer questions about how many stars in the galaxy, and how many galaxies in the universe. The photo taken with the help of modern technologies, called Hubble (from Hubble Ultra Deep Field), allows you to see the location of the set of galaxies on a small visible part of the sky.

What is a galaxy?

The galaxy is a cluster of stars, gas, dust and hidden mass. The gravitational interaction of the baryon substance and the dark space mass combines the galaxies into a tightly bound group of cosmic bodies. The galaxies are moving at a certain speed, which confirms the theory of expansion of the universe, however, the gravitational center of the galaxy does not allow the movement of the universe to influence its formation. All bodies in the galaxy rotate around the gravitational center.

Galaxies can be of various types, sizes and consist of a variety of systems. There is no single answer to the question of how much galaxies in the universe, since the existence of two identical galaxies is unlikely. By type they are divided into:

• elliptical;
• spiral;
• lenzoid;
• with a jumper;
• incorrect.

The size of the galaxy is classified as dwarf, medium, large and gigantic. An unambiguous answer to the question of how many systems in the galaxy does not exist, since the number of systems and stellar clusters depends on many different factors, such as the gravitational field of stars, the size of the galaxy, and many others.

Galactic scale

Each galaxy consists of star systems, clusters and interstellar clouds. Several neighboring galaxies can be attracted to each other and form a local group. It can be from three to 30 galaxies of various types and sizes.

The clusters of local groups, in turn, form tremendous star clouds, which are called ultrasound galaxies. The gravitational interdependence of galaxies in relation to neighbors from the local group, as well as from supercipration, is based on the interaction of the atoms of the baryon substance with hidden matter.

Milky Way

Our native galaxy is a Milky Way - is a helix in the form of a disk with a jumper. The galaxy core make up old stars - red giants. The local group of the Milky Way shares with two adjacent galaxies: Andromeda nebula and the triangle galaxy. The supercounting to which they belong is called the supercountability of the Virgin.

In the local group of the Milky Way, except for the three large galaxies, there are about 40 dwarf galaxies-satellites, which are attracted by stronger gravitational fields of their large neighbors. Black holes and dark matter spaces in the supercountability of the Virgin may be as much as galaxies. In the Milky Way, an absolutely accurate number of stars is unknown, but according to the most approximate calculations of their 200 billion. The diameter of the Milky Way is one hundred thousand light years, and the average disk thickness is a thousand light years.

The youngest stars and their clusters are closer to the disk surface, while the center of the galaxy kernel, by the assumptions of scientists, is a huge black hole around which is a very high concentration of stars. The main star of our system is the sun - located closer to the surface of the disk.

solar system

The age of the solar system is 4.5 billion years, and it is located in the form of a disc. The most difficult element of the system is its center - the sun, it accounts for almost all the mass, which causes a strong gravitational attraction. Eight planets rotating around it constitute only 0.14% of the total mass of the system. The land belongs to the four small planets of the earth group, along with Mars, Venus and Mercury. The rest of the planets are called gas giants, because they are largely from the gases.

Milky Way is our home galaxy, a family of 100 billion stars. Their light forms a pale path in the night sky; Different parts of it are visible anywhere in the earth. In our galaxy there are spiral sleeves, stars, gas and dust. It is possible that there is a giant black hole in her center. The galaxy disc is surrounded by an extensive cloud - halo - from an invisible substance.

What is actually a Milky Way? There are 100 billion stars located in the form of a thin disk with spiral sleeves. Since we live inside the galaxy, it is difficult to imagine her form directly. Watching the Milky Way on the Keba, we look in the direction lying in the disc plane.

How to see the Milky Way to interfere with the clouds of Gaga and weave. They are permeable for radio waves, and radio astronomers found that the Galaxy is a big spiral, and the sun is located and at a distance of 25,000 light years from the center. The diameter of the main part of the disk, consisting of stars, reaches 100,000 snowy years, but its thickness is much smaller. In the part where the sun is located, it does not exceed several hundred snowy years.

In the center of the inside of the disk there is thickening, the sphere of stars with a thickness of about 3000 light years. In this area, the stars are packaged much more dense than in the disk. The spiral disk along with its central thickening is located inside the extensive halo - the clouds of a substance extending for 150,000 light years from the center.

Inside the disk

The galaxy disk resembles a thin pancake. It has four spiral branches - sleeves containing gas, dust and young stars. Our sun is located in the Orion Sleeve - this is a branch that includes Orion Nebula and Nebula North America. Between the sun and the central thickening there is a Sleeve for Silver - Kiel, about 75,000 light years long.

The galaxy rotates. Internal sections pass in their orbits much faster than external. The same picture is also observed in the solar system, where Mercury circles around the Sun for 88 days, and Pluto - for 243 years. The galactic journey of our Sun takes about 200 million years. The age of the Sun is about 25 galactic years, as it has managed to reach the galaxy 25 times.

Since the areas located closer to the center of the Galaxy rotate in their orbits faster, the question arises, why spiral sleeves did not make one hundred times each other in this cosmic whirlpool. The answer is: Spiral branches -:\u003e That "Waves of density", transport traffic jams of a space highway, where the congestion is always formed on the same places, although each "car" (every star of the Milky Way) in the end passing further.

When the stars and gas, making their orbital movement around the galaxy, are approaching the spiral sleeve, they are crashed into a slowly moving substance of the sleeve. In such areas of interaction, new stars can be born. Once gas and dust are knocked into a dense formation, compressed clouds are collapsed under the action of the forces of grave and create new stars. When observing other spiral galaxies, young stars and bright radiating nebula can be seen in their spiral sleeves. These sleeves are open clusters, whole families of the most young stars.

Stars-fugitives

Most stars in the surrounding area of \u200b\u200bthe Sun moves along Galactic orbits with speeds from 30 to 50 km per second, but there are also stars that travel two more times faster. The orbits of these rapid stars cross the galaxy disk through. Outside, in galactic halo, the stars have very high speeds.

Invisible galaxy

Knowing orbital rates of stars and gas, astronomers calculate the amount of substance inside the galaxy. The faster the star is moving but orbit with this radius, the massive should be its galaxy. Exactly the same method find the mass of the Sun, using the relationship between the orbital speed of the planet, the radius of the CE orbit and the mass of the sun.

The speed of the sun and its distance from the center of the Galaxy indicate that the mass of the galaxy concluded inside the orbit of the Sun is about 100 billion solar masses. This roughly coincides with the mass of visible stars and gas.

However, stars located outside the sunny orbit tell us something completely different. Instead of slowing down as removal from the center (as it happens with the planets and the solar system), the rates of stars remain more or less permanent. This can only happen in the case when the stars are attracted by much more powerful gravitational forces created by the giant amount of invisible substance. The accumulations in the galactic halo move as if they attracted 10 times with a large number of substances than what we see.

The Milky Way has the day of the Galaxy-companion, a large and small magtellane clouds. The orbit of one of them indicates that the mass concluded in the halo, at 5 - 10 times the mass, which we observe in the disk.

Invisible substance in halo

Most of the substance in the galactic halo is invisible and, therefore, cannot be enclosed in ordinary stars. This is not gas because it would be detected by radio telescopes or ultraviolet telescopes. Light from distant galaxies goes to us through halo, so an extra mass can not be dust. The dark, the substance hidden from us could consist of certain mysterious atomic or nuclear particles that have not yet been detected on Earth. On the other hand, the hidden mass can form countless cold "planets" or black holes. Anyway, now nine tenths of the Milky Way of Invisible. In the future, we will see that this problem of the hidden mass applies to other galaxies, and even to the entire universe.

Centre

The center of the Galaxy Milky Way lies towards the constellation of Sagittarius. The center cannot be seen in optical telescopes, since it is unlocked by extensive accumulations of these. However, they are permeable for radio waves and infrared radiation, which provide us with information about the center of the Galaxy.

Within 1000 light years from the center of the star are very tight. If you were on some planet inside this crowded zone, you would see a good million very bright stars in the night sky, so the darkness would never come. The nearest stars would have accounted for only a few light days.

In the very heart of the Milky Way there is something ambitious. The central region is a powerful source of radio waves, infrared and X-ray radiation. Powerful infrared radiation emanates from the size of the size of only 20 light years. On the radiosses of this area, the gas clouds are visible, fixing to the center. Around the center there is a knocked gas ring; Hot gas, breaking away from his inside edge, falls into the center.

Central monster

In the heart of the Milky Way there is a mysterious source of colossal energy. Shyaya, as one hundred million suns, he is so small but the size that could fit entirely inside the Jupiter orbit. His weight is about a million times more solar. Almost probably there is a black hole there, greedily devouring interstellar gas and dust and draws fresh food from the rolling gas ring. Falling on a black hole, this gas is heated and highlights the energy that we observe.

Not all astronomers agree with the hypothesis that the energy is formed through a black hole. In their opinion, the release of such energy could be the result of a powerful explosion of star birth.

Our neighbors, Magellan Clouds

Two galaxies that are Milky Way satellites, a large and small magtellane clouds were opened in the XVI century. Portuguese navigators during swimming towards South Africa. Subsequently, they were named after Ferdinand Magellan (1480-1521), head of the first round-road (1519-1522). Magellanovy clouds are visible in the southern hemisphere. A large cloud is from us and a distance of 165,000, and small - 200,000 light years.

In a large cloud, there is a central strip of stars, but no spiral structure. This is the Galaxy of the Middle Size - it is about 20 billion stars. It is 10 times closer to us than the nearest large galaxy. Since in a large cloud you can see individual stars, astronomers often watch this galaxy, trying to explore the life path of ordinary stars. In a large cloud, there is a giant emitting nebula - Tarantul. This is a gigantic cloud of supergigant stars and gas. Here is a large "star factory". In 1987, it was in the area that the famous explosion of supernova occurred.

Galactic cannibalism

Both Magellanov clouds are moving in orbits around the galaxy pasha. Since they are very removed from us, their movement across the sky is almost imperceptible. However, in 1993, astronomers still managed to measure this move, comparing photos made with an interval of 17 years. Stars of a big cloud moved during this time just so much that they found this movement. Knowing his speed, astronomers calculated the orbit of a large cloud. Having done it, they encountered two large surprises.

First of all, the speed turned out to be more than expected. This could be explained only by providing that the Milky Way was even more than previously thought. Apparently, invisible massive halo approximately 10 times exceeds the spiral disk of the galaxy. Traveling but orbit around the Milky Way occupies about 2.5 billion years old.

Secondly, the orbit takes place very close to the massive halo. As a result, each time a large cloud turns out to be quite close, the gravitational forces tear it into the shreds. A giant tail of fragments consisting of star clusters and hydrogen is sucking out. As a result, a long thin arc separated from a large cloud, which currently falls on the Milky Way. The same fate and a small cloud. The satellite galaxies, like the gigantic comets of a galactic scale, leave the debris tails behind them. According to the estron calculations, in the next 10 billion years, the Milky Way will make an act of galactic cannibalism, fully accompanied by all the substance of the magtellane clouds.

Path in the universe

All Stars of Big Magellanov Clouds are removed from us more or less equally. It is about the same thing that say: "All residents of New York are at the same distance from London." This means that differences in the star values \u200b\u200bof individual stars Magellanov clouds are fully due to the difference at their age and chemical composition. Watching the stars of our own galaxy, we must take into account that the distances to them are completely different, and the exact definition of these distances is a difficult task. Comparing the same stars of magtellane clouds among themselves, one can be sure that the difference in distances almost does not affect the result.

> \u003e\u003e how many stars in the Milky Way

How many stars on the territory of the Galaxy Milky Way: How to determine the amount, study of the Hubble telescope, the structure of the spiral galaxy, the methods of observation.

If you have the opportunity to admire the dark sky, then an incredible star collection opens in front of you. From any location is available for a review of 2500 Milky Ways without the use of technology and 5800-8000, if the binoculars or telescope is planted. But it is only a small part of their quantity. So, how many stars in the galaxy Milky Way?

Scientists believe that the total number of stars in the Milky Way ranges from 100-400 billion, although those who raises the mark up to the trillion. Where does such differences come from? The fact is that we are open from the inside and there are places hidden from the earthly visibility zone.

Galactic structure and its influence on the number of stars

Let's start with the fact that the solar system is located in a spiral-type galactic disk, with a length of 100,000 light years. We are distant from the center of 30,000 light years. That is, there is a huge abyss between us and the opposite side.

Next, one more complexity of observation occurs. Some stars brighter others and sometimes their light eclipses the neighbors. The most distant stars available to the naked eye are located at a distance of 1,000 light years. The Milky Way is filled with dazzling lights, but many of them are hidden behind the gas and dust haze. It is this elongated track called "dairy".

The observation of the stars in our galactic "district" are open. Imagine that you fell to a party to the room where the whole area is clogged with people. You are standing in one corner and you are asked to call the exact number of those present. But that's not all. One of the guests includes a smoke car, and the whole room is filled with a thick fog, closing everyone from you who is next. Now consider!

Methods of visualization of the number of stars

But you should not panic, because there are always loopholes. Infrared cameras allow you to get through dust and smoke. Among such projects, you can remember the Spitzer telescope, Cobe, Wise and the German Space Observatory.

They all appeared in the last decade to explore the space in infrared wavelengths. It helps to find hidden stars. But it does not allow you to see everything, so scientists are forced to produce calculations and put forward presumptive numbers. Observations begin with star orbits on a galactic disk. This calculates the orbital speed and the period of rotation (movement) of the Milky Way.

Conclusions about how many stars in the Milky Way

One rotation around the Galactic Center at the Solar System takes 225-250 million years. That is, the speed of the galaxy is 600 km / s.

Next is determined by the mass (halo of dark matter - 90%) and the average mass is calculated (we study the masses and types of stars). As a result, it turns out that the average assessment of the number of stars of the Galaxy Milky Way is 200-400 billion heavenly bodies.

Future technologies will allow you to find each star. Or the probes will be able to achieve incredible distances and will remove the galaxy from the "North" - above the center. In the meantime, we can rely only on mathematical calculations.

Planet Earth, solar system, and all the stars visible to the naked eye are in Galaxy Milky Waywhich is a spiral galaxy with a jumper having two pronounced sleeves starting at the ends of the jumper.

This was confirmed in 2005 by the Space Telescope named after Lyman Spitzer, who showed that the central jumper of our galaxy is more than previously thought. Spiral galaxies With a jumper - spiral galaxies with a jumper ("bar") from bright stars leaving the center and intersecting the galaxy in the middle.

Spiral branches in such galaxies begin at the ends of the jumpers, whereas in conventional spiral galaxies they come directly from the kernel. Observations show that about two thirds of all spiral galaxies have a jumper. According to existing hypotheses, jumpers are foci of stars, supporting the birth of stars in their centers. It is assumed that by means of orbital resonance, they pass through themselves gas from the spiral branches. This mechanism provides the influx of building material for the birth of new stars. Milky Way Together with Andromeda Galaxy (M31), Triangle (M33), and more than 40 smaller satellite galaxies form a local group of galaxies, which, in turn, is included in the supercountability of the Virgin. "The use of an infrared image from the Spitzer NASA telescope, allowed scientists to find that the elegant spiral structure of the Milky Way has only two prevailing sleeves from the ends of the central star bar. Previously it was believed that our galaxy had four basic sleeves."

/s.dreamwidth.org/img/styles/nouveauoleanders/titles_background.png "target \u003d" _blank "\u003e http://s.dreamwidth.org/img/styles/nouveauoleanders/titles_background.png) 0% 50% No-repeat RGB (29, 41, 29); "\u003e The structure of galaxies
In appearance, the galaxy resembles a disk (because the bulk of the stars is located in the form of a flat disk) with a diameter of about 30,000 parses (100,000 light years, 1 quintillion kilometers) in the estimated average thickness of the disk of about 1000 light years, the diameter of the convexity in The center of the disk is 30,000 light years. The disc is immersed in a halo of spherical shape, and a spherical crown is located around it. The center of the galaxy kernel is located in the constellation Sagittarius. The thickness of the galactic disk in the place where is located solar system With the planet Earth, is 700 light years. The distance from the sun to the center of the galaxy 8.5 kilo parsek (2,62.1017 km, or 27,700 light years). solar system Located on the inner edge of the sleeve wearing the name of the Orion sleeve. In the center of the Galaxy, apparently, is located in front of a massive black hole (Sagittarius A *) (about 4.3 million of the mass of the Sun) around which, presumably, rotates the black hole of the middle mass from 1000 to 10,000 Sun and the period of circulation of about 100 years And several thousand relatively small. The galaxy contains, at the lowest estimate, about 200 billion stars (a modern assessment ranges in the range of assumptions from 200 to 400 billion). As of January 2009, the mass of the galaxy is estimated at 3.1012 of the mass of the Sun, or 6.1042 kg. The bulk of the galaxy is not contained in the stars and the interior gas, but in the non-luminous halo of dark matter.

Compared to halo, the galaxy disc rotates noticeably faster. The speed of its rotation is not the same at different distances from the center. It rapidly increases from zero in the center to 200-240 km / s at a distance of 2 thousand light years from it, then slightly decreases, again increases about the same value and then remains almost constant. The study of the peculiarities of the rotation of the galaxy disk made it possible to estimate its mass, it turned out that it was 150 billion times more than the mass of the Sun. Age Galaxy Milky Way Raven13 200 million years, almost as old as the Universe. The Milky Way is part of the local group of galaxies.

/s.dreamwidth.org/img/styles/nouveauoleanders/titles_background.png "target \u003d" _blank "\u003e http://s.dreamwidth.org/img/styles/nouveauoleanders/titles_background.png) 0% 50% No-repeat RGB (29, 41, 29); "\u003e Location of the Solar System solar system It is located on the inner edge of the sleeve that begins the name of the Orion's sleeve, in the outskirts of the local supercluster, which is also sometimes referred to as the viy's accumulation. Thickness of a galactic disk (in that place where solar system With the planet Earth), is 700 light years. The distance from the sun to the center of the galaxy 8.5 kilo parsek (2,62.1017 km, or 27,700 light years). The sun is located closer to the edge of the disk than to its center.

Together with other stars, the Sun rotates around the center of the Galaxy at a speed of 220-240 km / s, making one turn around about 225-250 million years (which is one galactic year). Thus, for all the time of existence, the Earth flew around around the center of the Galaxy no more than 30 times. The galactic year of the galaxy is 50 million years, the period of circulation of jumpers 15-18 million years. In the vicinity of the Sun, it is possible to track the sections of two spiral sleeves, which are removed from us about 3 thousand light years. According to the constellations, where these sites are observed, they were given the name of the Sleeve for Sagittarius and Sleeve Perseus. The sun is located almost in the middle between these spiral branches. But relatively close from us (for galactic standards), in the constellation Orion, another, not very clearly pronounced sleeve - the nose-sleeve, which is considered to be a branch of one of the main spiral sleeves of the galaxy. The speed of rotation of the sun around the center of the galaxy almost coincides with the speed of the seal wave forming the spiral sleeve. This situation is atypical for the galaxy as a whole: the spiral sleeves rotate with a constant angular velocity, like knitting needles, and the movement of the stars occurs with another pattern, so almost all the stellar population of the disk comes inside the spiral sleeves, it falls out of them. The only place where the speed of stars and spiral sleeves coincide is the so-called cotational circle, and it is on it that the sun is located. For the Earth, this circumstance is extremely important, since in spiral sleeves there are rapid processes that form powerful radiation, destructive for all living things. And no atmosphere could protect from him. But our planet exists in a relatively peaceful place of the Galaxy and for hundreds of millions (or even billion) years has not been exposed to these cosmic cataclysms. Perhaps that is why on Earth was able to be born and the last life, the age of which is in 4.6 billion years. Earth location scheme in the Universe in a series of eight cards that show, from left to right, starting from the earth, moving in Solar system, for nearby star systems, on the Milky Way, to local galactic groups, onlocal supercountability of the Virgin, on our local over cluster, and ends in the observed universe.

Solar System: 0.001 Light years

Neighbors in interstellar space

Milky Way: 100,000 light years

Local galactic groups

Local over the cluster of the Virgin

Local above the accumulation of galaxies

Observed universe

The Milky Way is a galaxy in which the land is located, the solar system and all individual stars visible to the naked eye. Refers to spiral galaxies with a jumper.

Milky Way Together with Andromeda Galaxy (M31), a triangle galaxy (M33) and more than 40 dwarf galaxies-satellites - their and Andromeda - form a local group of galaxies, which is included in the local supercountability (the supercountability of the Virgin).

History opening

Opening Galilee.

The Milky Way route was opened only in 1610. It was then that the first telescope was invented that Galileo Galilee was invented. The famous scientist saw in the device that the Milky Way is a real accopriety of stars, which, when considering the naked eye, merged into a solid weakly flickering band. Galileo even managed to explain the inhomogeneity of the structure of this strip. It was caused by the presence in the heavenly phenomenon not only star clusters. There are dark clouds there. The combination of these two elements and creates an amazing image of the night phenomenon.

Opening of William Herschel

The study of the Milky Way continued in the 18th century. During this period, his most active researcher was William Herschel. The famous composer and musician engaged in the manufacture of telescopes and studied the science of the stars. The great plan of the universe was the most important discovery of Herschel. This scientist watched the planet's telescope and made them counting on different sections of the sky. Studies made it possible to conclude that the Milky Way is a kind of star island in which our sun is located. Herschel even drew a schematic plan of his discovery. In the figure, the star system was depicted in the form of millstones and had an elongated incorrect shape. The sun was inside this ring surrounding our world. That is how our galaxy was represented by all scholars until the beginning of the last century.

Only in the 1920s, the light saw the work of the Karttein Jacobus, in which the Milky Way was described in the most detailed. At the same time, the author was given a Star Island scheme, as much as possible to the one that is currently known to us. Today we know that the Milky Way is a galaxy, which contains a solar system, land and those separate stars, which are visible to man with a naked eye.

What form does the Milky Way have?

When studying galaxies, Edwin Hubble classified them on various types of elliptic and spiral. Spiral galaxies have a disk shape, inside which are spiral sleeves. Since the Milky Way has a disc shape along with spiral galaxies, it is logical to assume that it is probably a spiral galaxy.

In the 1930s, R. J. Trewmpler realized that estimates of the galaxy size Milky Way, perfect by dripping and other scientists, were erroneous because the measurements were based on observations using radiation waves in the visible region of the spectrum. Triumpler came to the conclusion that a huge amount of dust in the plane of the Milky Way absorbs the light of visible radiation. Therefore, distant stars and their clusters seem more ghostly than they really are. In this regard, to obtain an exact image of stars and star clusters inside the Milky Way, astronomers had to find a way to see through dust.

In the 1950s, the first radio telescopes were invented. Astronomers found that hydrogen atoms emit radiation in radio waves, and that such radio waves can penetrate the dust in the Milky Way. Thus, it became possible to see the spiral sleeves of this galaxy. To do this, a margin of stars is used by analogy with marks when measuring distances. Astronomers understood that the stars of the spectral class O and B could serve to achieve this goal.

Such stars have several features:

• brightness- they are very noticeable and often found in small groups or associations;
• heat- they emit waves of different lengths (visible, infrared, radio waves);
• short time of life- They live about 100 million years. Given the speed with which the stars rotate in the center of the Galaxy, they do not move away from the place of birth.

Astronomers can use radio telescopes to accurately compare the positions of the stars of the spectral class O and B, and, guided by the Doppler displacements of the radio spectrum, determine the speed of their movement. After conducting such operations with many stars, scientists were able to release the combined radio and optical cards of the spiral sleeves of the Milky Way. Each sleeve is named by the name of the constellation that exists in it.

Astronomers believe that the movement of matter around the center of the Galaxy creates the density waves (high and low density areas), the same as you see, stirring the dough to the cake by an electric mixer. It is assumed that these density waves caused the spiral nature of the galaxy.

Thus, considering the sky in waves of different lengths (radio, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, x-ray) with the help of various terrestrial and space telescopes, you can get different images of the Milky Way.

Doppler effect. Just as the high sound of the fireman's siren becomes lower when the car is removed, the movement of stars affects the wavelength of light, which comes from them to the ground. This phenomenon is referred to as the Doppler effect. We can measure this effect by measuring lines in the star spectrum and comparing them with a standard lamp spectrum. The degree of Doppler displacement shows how fast the star moves relative to us. In addition, the direction of the Doppler displacement can show us the direction of movement of the star. If the spectrum of the star shifts into a blue end, the star moves to us; If in the red face - removed.

Milky Way Structure

If you carefully consider the structure of the Milky Way, then we will see the following:

1. Galactic disk. Most of the Milky Way Stars are concentrated here.

The disc itself is divided into the following parts:

• The kernel is a disk center;
• Arcs - areas around the kernel, including directly area above and below the disc plane.
• Spiral sleeves are areas that protrude outside the center. Our solar system is located in one of the spiral sleeves of the Milky Way.

1. Ball clusters. Several hundreds of them are scattered above and below the disc plane.
2. Halo. This is a big, dull area that surrounds the entire galaxy. Galo consists of a large gas gas and possibly dark matter.

The radius of halo is significantly larger than the size of the disk and for some data reaches several hundred thousand light years. The center of symmetry halo Milky Way coincides with the center of the galactic disk. Galo is mostly from very old, inappropriate stars. The age of the spherical component of the galaxy exceeds 12 billion years. Central, the most dense part of halo within several thousand light years from the center of the Galaxy is called balja (Translated from English "Thickening"). Galo rotates very slowly.

Compared to halo disk rotates noticeably faster. It is like two plates folded plates. The diameter of the galaxy disk about 30 PDAs (100,000 light years). Thickness - about 1000 light years. The speed of rotation is not the same at different distances from the center. It raises rapidly from zero in the center to 200-240 km / s at a distance of 2 thousand light years from it. The mass of the disk is 150 billion times more than the mass of the Sun (1.99 * 10 30 kg). Young stars and star clusters are concentrated in the disk. Among them are many bright and hot stars. Gas in the disk of the galaxy is uneven, forming giant clouds. The main chemical element in our galaxy is hydrogen. Approximately 1/4 it consists of helium.

One of the most interesting areas of the Galaxy is its center, or corelocated in the direction of the Sagittar constellation. The visible radiation of the central regions of the galaxies is completely hidden from us with powerful layers of absorbing matter. Therefore, it began to be studied only after creating receivers of infrared and radio emission, which is absorbed to a lesser extent. For the central regions of the galaxy is characterized by a strong concentration of stars: in every cubic part of their many thousands. Closer to the center are the areas of ionized hydrogen and numerous sources of infrared radiation, indicating the star formation there. In the very center of the Galaxy, the existence of a massive compact object is a black hole with a mass of about a million sun.

One of the most notable formations are spiral branches (or sleeves). They gave the name of this type of objects - spiral galaxies. Along the sleeves mostly focused the youngest stars, many scattered star clusters, as well as chains of tight clouds of interstellar gas, in which stars continue to form. Unlike halo, where any manifestations of stellar activity are extremely rare, a stormy life continues in the branches, associated with a continuous transition of a substance from interstellar space in the stars and back. The spiral sleeves of the Milky Way are largely hidden from us by absorbing matter. Their detailed research began after the appearance of radio telescope. They allowed to study the structure of the galaxy on observations of radio emission of interstellar hydrogen atoms, concentrating along long spirals. According to modern ideas, spiral sleeves are associated with compression waves propagating the galaxy disk. Passing through the compression area, the disk substance is compacted, and the formation of gas stars becomes more intense. The causes of the occurrence of spiral galaxies in the disks such a kind of wave structure is not quite clear. Many astrophysics work on this problem.

Sun in the Galaxy

In the vicinity of the Sun, it is possible to trace the sections of two spiral branches removed from us about 3 thousand light years. According to the constellations, where these sections are found, they are called Sleeve for Sleeve and Sleeve Perseus. The sun is almost in the middle between these spiral branches. True, relatively close (for galactic standards) from us, in the constellation Orion, one more, not such a clearly pronounced branch, which is considered a branch of one of the main spiral sleeves of the galaxy.

The distance from the Sun to the center of the Galaxy is 23-28 thousand light years, or 7-9 thousand parses. This suggests that the sun is located closer to the outskirts of the disk than to its center.

Together with all close stars, the Sun rotates around the center of the Galaxy at a speed of 220-240 km / s, committing one turnover for about 200 million years. So, in all the time of existence, the earth was shielded around the center of the Galaxy no more than 30 times.

The speed of rotation of the sun around the center of the galaxy almost coincides with the speed with which the seal wave is moving in this area that formulates a spiral sleeve. This situation is generally extraordinary for the Galaxy: Spiral branches rotate with a constant angular speed, as the wheel spokes, and the movement of the stars, as we have seen, obeys completely different patterns. Therefore, almost all the star population of the disk then falls inside the spiral branch, it comes out of it. The only place where the speeds of the stars and the spiral branches are the same - this is the so-called corotional circle, and it is on it that the sun is located!

For the Earth, this circumstance is extremely favorable. Indeed, in the spiral branches, violent processes occur, generating powerful radiation, destructive for all living things. And no atmosphere could protect from him. But our planet exists in a relatively peaceful place of the Galaxy and for hundreds of millions and billions of years have not experienced the influence of these cosmic cataclysms. Maybe that's why life could be born on Earth.

For a long time, the position of the Sun among the stars was considered the most ordinary. Today we know that this is not the case: in a certain sense it is privileged. And it must be considered, arguing about the possibility of living in other parts of our galaxy.

Location of Star

On the cloudless night sky, the Milky Way is visible from any point of our planet. However, only a part of the galaxy is available to the look of man, which is a system of stars located inside Orion sleeves. What is the Milky Way? The definition in the space of all its parts becomes most understandable if we consider the star card. In this case, it becomes clear that the sun illuminating the earth is located almost on the disk. This is almost the edge of the galaxies, where the distance from the nucleus is 26-28 thousand light years. Moving at a speed of 240 kilometers per hour, the shovel spends on one turn around the core of 200 million years, so for all the time of its existence it traveled through the disk, encroaching the kernel, just thirty times. Our planet is in the so-called cornist circle. This is a place in which the speed of rotation of the sleeves and stars is identical. This circle is characterized by an increased level of radiation. That is why life, as scientists believe, could only arise on that planet, near which there is a small number of stars. Such a planet and appeared our land. It is located on the periphery of the galaxy, in her calm place. That is why on our planet for several billion years there were no global cataclysms, which often occur in the universe.

What will the death of the Milky Way?

Space history of the death of our galaxy begins here and now. We can blindly look around, thinking that the Milky Way, Andromeda (our older sister) and a handful of unknowns - our space neighbors are our home, but in fact, much more. It's time to learn what else is around us. Go.

• Galaxy triangle. With a mass of about 5% of the mass of the Milky Way, this is the third largest galaxy in the local group. It has a spiral structure, its own satellites and may be an Andromeda galaxy satellite.
• Large Magellanovo cloud. This galaxy is only 1% of the mass of the Milky Way, but is the fourth largest in our local group. It is very close to our Milky Way - less than 200,000 light years from us - and it continues the process of active star formation, since tidal interactions with our galaxy lead to a collapse of gas and generate new, hot and large stars in the universe.
• Small Magellanovo Cloud, NGC 3190 and NGC 6822. All of them have a lot of 0.1% to 0.6% of the Milky Way (and it is not clear which one more) and all three are independent galaxies. Each of them contains more than a billion solar masses.
• Elliptical galaxies M32 and M110.They can be "just" by Andromeda satellites, but in each of them more than a billion stars, and by weight they can even exceed the number 5, 6 and 7.

In addition, there are at least 45 other well-known galaxies - the smaller - the components of our local group. Each of them has a shage of dark matter surrounding it; Each of them gravitationally tied to another, located at a distance of 3 million light years. Despite their size, mass and magnitude, no one will remain in several billion years.

So, the main thing

As the time flows, the galaxies interact gravitational. They are not only tightened by gravitational attraction, but also interact tidal. Usually we are talking about tides in the context of the moon, attracting the earth's oceans and creating tides and flow, and it is partly true. But from the point of view of the galaxy riding is a less noticeable process. Part of a small galaxy that is close to large, will be attracted with greater gravitational power, and a part that is further will experience less thanks. As a result, a small galaxy stretches and ultimately breaks under the influence of attraction.

Small galaxies that are part of our local group, including both Magellanov clouds and dwarf elliptical galaxies, will be broken in this way, and their substance will be included in large galaxies with which they merge. "Well, and that" you say. After all, this is not completely death, because large galaxies will remain alive. But even they will not exist forever in such a state. After 4 billion years, the mutual gravitational attraction of the Milky Way and Andromeda will drag out the galaxy in the gravitational dance, which will lead to a large merger. Although this process will take billions of years, the spiral structure of both galaxies will be destroyed, which will lead to the creation of a single, giant elliptical galaxy in the kernel of our local group: Malkomeda.

A small percentage of stars will be thrown during such a merger, but the majority will remain unharmed, while a large surge of star formation will happen. In the end, the rest of the galaxies in our local group will also be awesome, and one big giant galaxy will remain, the rest of them. This process will flow in all related groups and clusters of galaxies throughout the universe until the dark energy fell separate groups and clusters from each other. But after all, it is impossible to call death, because the galaxy will remain. And for some time it will be so. But the galaxy consists of stars, dust and gas, and everything will ever come to an end.

In the entire Universe, galactic mergers will be held tens of billions of years. During the same time, dark energy will remove them throughout the universe to the state of complete privacy and inaccessibility. And although the last galaxies outside our local group will not disappear until hundreds of billions of years, the stars will live in them. The most long-lived stars existing today will continue to burn their fuel tens of trillion years, and from gas, dust and star corpses that inhabit each galaxy will appear new stars - although less and less and less often.

When the last stars are burned, only their corpses will remain - white dwarfs and neutron stars. They will shine hundreds of trillion or even quadrillion years before being rowed. When this inevitability happens, we will stay brown dwarfs (failed stars), which accidentally merge, re-light nuclear synthesis and create star light over tens of trillion years.

When, after tens of quadrillion years, the last star will go out in the future, there will still be some weight in the galaxy. It means that it is impossible to call "true death."

All masses gravitational interact with each other, and gravitational objects of different masses show strange properties when interacting:

• Repeated "approaches" and close passes cause speed exchanges and pulses between them.
• Low mass objects are discharged from the galaxy, and the objects with a higher mass are immersed in the center, losing speed.
• For a sufficiently long period of time, most of the mass is thrown out, and only a small part of the remaining masses will be tightly tied.

In the very center of these galactic remains there will be a supermassive black hole, in each galaxy, and the remaining galactic objects will rotate around the increased version of our own solar system. Of course, this structure will be the last, and since the black hole will be the most as much as possible, it will eat everything, how can it be reached. In the center of Malkomeda there will be an object of hundreds of millions of times the massive of our Sun.

But after all and her will come to the end?

Thanks to the phenomenon of the radiation of Hawking, even these objects will once be sprinkled. It will take about 10 80 - 10,100 years, depending on how much the black hole is our supermassive black hole in the process of growth, but the end is coming. After that, the remains rotating around the Galactic Center will unleash and leave only halo dark matter, which can also be arbitrarily dissociated, depending on the properties of this matter itself. Without any matter, there will no longer be anything that we once called the local group, Milky, and other cute hearts with names.

Mythology

Armenian, Arab, Valah, Jewish, Persian, Turkish, Kyrgyz

According to one of the Armenian myths about the Milky Way, the God of Vaagn, the ancestor of Armenians, the harsh in winter stole the Assyrians of the Barsham Soloma, and disappeared in the sky. When he walked with his prey on the sky, he dropped on his way of straws; Of these, a bright track for the sky (in Armenian "Road Solomocrad") was formed. Arab, Jewish, Persian, Turkish and Kyrgyz names (Kyrgysts are also spoken about the myth of scattered straw. Samachynn Zholu - The way of the strawer) of this phenomenon. The inhabitants of Valahia believed that Venus stole this Solool from St. Peter.

Buryat

According to Buryat mythology, the good forces create the world, modify the universe. So, the Milky Way arose from the milk, which Manzan Gourme was hit from his chest and splash out after deceying her Abai Georere. According to another version, the Milky Way is the "seam of the sky", which is engaged after the stars satisfied from it; On him, like on the bridge, Tengri go.

Hungarian

According to the Hungarian legend, Attila will come down on the Milky Way, if the pieces will threaten the danger; Stars are sparks from hoofs. Milky Way. Accordingly, it is called "dear warriors."

Ancient Greek

Etymology words Galaxias (γαλαξίας) And its connection with milk (γάλα) reveal two similar ancient Greek myths. One of the legends tells about the mother's milk of the goddess of the gee, who fed Hercules. When Gera learned that the baby she would breastfeed, not her own child, but the illegal son of Zeus and the earthly woman, she pushed him out, and the spilled milk became the milky way. Another legend suggests that spilled milk is a milk of Rei, the wife of the Kronos, and the baby was Zeus himself. Kronos devoured her children, as he was predicted that he would overthrow his own son. Rei had a plan, as to save his sixth child, a newborn zeus. She wrapped stone into infant clothes and slipped his Kronos. Kronos asked her to feed her son again, before he swallows him. The milk spilled out of the breast of Rii on a bare stone, later began to call the milky way.

Indian

Ancient Indians considered the Milky Way of the milk of the evening cow passing through the sky. In the Rigveda, the Milky Way is called Trone Dear Ariaman. Bhagavata-Purana contains a version by which the Milky Way is the stomach of the heavenly dolphin.

Incanian

The main objects of observation in the astronomy of the Incas (which was reflected in their mythology) in the sky was the dark sections of the Milky Way - peculiar "constellations" in the terminology of the Andean cultures: Lama, cubs, shepherd, shepherd, cord, partridge, toad, snake, fox; And also stars: South Cross, Pleiads, Lira and many others.

Ketskaya

In Kat's myths, similar to Selkup, the Milky Way is described as the road of one of the three mythological characters: the son of the sky (Yes), who went to hunt on the western side of the sky and there is a frost, the hero of Albe, who pursued the evil goddess, or the first Daha Shaman, raised this expensive to the sun.

Chinese, Vietnamese, Korean, Japanese

In the mythologies of Sinofer, the Milky Way is called and compared with the river (in Vietnamese, Chinese, Korean and Japanese, the name "Silver River" is preserved. The Chinese also sometimes called the Milky Way of "Yellow Dear", in the color of straw.

Indigenous peoples of North America

Hidats and Eskimos call the Milky Way of "ash". Their myths talk about a girl who scattered across the sky as people could find the road home at night. Chayenna believed that the Milky Way was dirt and Il lifted by the turtle sailing in the sky. Eskimos with Bering Strait - what is the traces of the Creator Creator, who went across the sky. The Cherokee was believed that the Milky Way was formed when one hunter stole a wife of another of jealousy, and her dog became a corn flour, which remained unattended, and scattered her in the sky (the same myth meets from the Kalahari Koisan population). Another myth of the same people suggests that the Milky Way is a trail of a dog that has dragged something in the sky. Khunayha called the Milky Way of the "doggy tail", the black-related called him "Wolf Dear". The Wyandot myth says that the Milky Way is a place where the souls of dead people and dogs are going together and dance.

Maori

In Mythology, Maori Milky Way is considered a boat Tama-Reret. The nose of the boat - the Constellation of Orion and Scorpio, Anchor - South Cross, Alpha Centaur and Hadar - Rope. According to the legend, one day Tama-Reret sailed on his canoe and saw that it was too late, and he was far from home. There were no stars in the sky, and, fearing that the tanifa could attack, Tama Rerette began to throw a sparkling pebbles into the sky. The Heavenly Deity of Rangini liked what he did, and he placed the boat Tama-Reret on the sky, and he turned the pebbles into the stars.

Finnish, Lithuanian, Estonian, Erzyanskaya, Kazakh

Finnish name - Fin. Linnunrata. - means "the path of birds"; Similar etymology and the Lithuanian name. The Estonian myth also links Milky ("bird") path with bird flying.

Erziang name - "Kargon Ki" ("Crane Road").

The Kazakh name is "ұұz Zholy" ("The Path of Birds").

Interesting facts about the Galaxy Milky Way

• The Milky Way began the formation as a cluster of dense regions after a large explosion. The first stars appeared in the ball clusters that continue to exist. This is the oldest galaxy stars;
• The galaxy increased its parameters by absorption and merging with others. Now she takes the stars in the dwarf galaxy of Sagittarius and Magellan clouds;
• The Milky Way moves in space with an acceleration of 550 km / s relative to the relic emission;
• In the galactic center, the supermassive black hole Sagittarius A * is hidden. By weight of 4.3 million times the solar;
• Gas, dust and stars rotate around the center at a speed of 220 km / s. This is a stable indicator that implies the presence of a shell of dark matter;
• After 5 billion years, a collision is expected to the Galaxy Andromeda.