Arnold Regel: Elegant Gardening and Art Gardens. REGEL A.
Before you extract from the book Arnold Rela "Elegant Gardening and
feature gardens ",
published in 1896 in St. Petersburg. According to our standards - this is a luxurious
Edition with many drawings,
drawings, engravings, elegant, whimpering screensavers, initials. By
The then is cheap (75 kopecks) and mass.
It was intended to gardeners-artists, parking builders and, except
Pleasure from reading, brought
Pure utilitarian benefits - served as a benefit in practical matters.
Arnold Regel - Son of the famous Berlin Botany Eduard August
Related invitation
to the post of scientist director of the St. Petersburg Botanical Garden and has joined
This position in 1858.
It is also known that Eduard Regell founded the Russian Society of Gardeners and
The founder of the magazine
"Gardening Herald". Son - a scientist, theorist, an expert of art
Gardening and his passionate
minister; For fifteen years collected materials for their book and
conceived enterprise
successfully implemented.
Russian gardens
Russian man always distinguished sincerely, genuine love for
Nature, peer which -
i.e. to transfer to his own way - he did not come to mind: he was naive
admired the powerful spill of the mother
Volga or father's father, loved and the steppe of the Neanlaudic - Kickle, Nepropyu;
Gogol's words: "Damn you
Steppes, how are you good! "- Right caught from the Russian heart. But above all
He put the forest dense:
"Inseciously in the field when there is no forest!" - says the Russian proverb. Chill
Bor - Bereznyak or Dubrava - was
was like an ancient gallins, nikhov, scott and thoughttones, a favorite place
Russian people, part of the sake of hunting,
part of the sake of berries and mushrooms, but only more for wonderful, wild, mysteriously
beauty ... evidence serves
By the way, the indication existing in the "Saints" (in the presentation of M.
Tolstoy): Founders of eminent
Monasteries - for example, Savvati-Rotten and Kirill Belozersky - elected place
For the monastery is not only
that these places have abounded by "multilateral" different, and mostly
Due to the majestic landscape.
Pay attention to the location of any of the ancient monasteries: they are all
enjoy a luxurious view and
Drowning in the gardens of gardens, they themselves represent a wonderful picture, sample
- But far from the sample - which
There is even a Donetsk monastery. But the location of the monastery on the mountains
It has a special basis:
In antiquity, in general, all housing was built if possible on the elevated
place to avoid snowdrifts in winter
and flood in spring; In view of this Metropolitan Illarion in the word about law
grace, "indicates that
"Monasteries on the mountains of the stales."
A few legends have been preserved about deep antiquity gardens; For example, U.
Kirsi Danilova, in the song
About the nightingale Budimarovich, it is described that the rich guest has arrived
in Kiev on their ships,
To the affectionate prince Vladimir. Prince offered him to occupy, for recreation and
stops, courtyards boyars and
noble; Guest abandoned the courtyards, and in return turned to the Red
Sun with the following request:
Only you give me the head of the earth,
Not Pakhana and not Oran ...
His, we will buzz, princely niece,
In cherry, in a nut,
Build me, Solovyu, removed the courtyard.
The prince agreed, and the bogatyr-merchant built a princess niece in the garden,
Fun Putyish, Three Teremes
High (Terema has always been built in the upper floor, and therefore
called "high" or - from Tatar -
"Attic").
Purely the poetic side of Russian gardens spoke in ancient folk
Songs, mainly
wedding; In the collections of Kireevsky, Rybnikov, Sakharov, Sukhonina, etc.
repeatedly mentioned
that the former Russian woman or the girl went to the garden to pour their grief
(SUNTING STREAM - FAVORITY
the features of Russian songs, and more thorough reasons): in their lives
the garden occupied no less important
Place than Eastern Women: She spent the best time, and comparison
own destiny "with color
scarlet, lazoevoy "or with a pear, apple tree, birch are always touching, and
Sometimes deeply poetic. They are
and courted behind the garden
God court of his mother-in-law father
People in other people give people!
There is a green-garden without me,
War down all the flowers in the garden:
Scarlet, whlen flower,
Blue, Lazorus Vasilek.
But about the colors - although they were very loved - mentioned in songs and gyrovets,
Supports and sayings significantly
less often about trees - apple trees, pear, rowan, kalina, raspberry, oak and
birch.
My apple tree, apple tree
My green apple tree,
Do not bloom in the present spring
Do not raise sweet apples!
I will tell my father,
And I will say my mother,
That you are thinly irrigated
That you are thinner
There is no apple;
That I myself will become watering,
Fur spine cleaned,
Worm worm herself.
Maybe either a father and squeezed
Either Mother and emmer
Do not give me this year
On someone else's long-distance kid ...
At the valley there is an oak - near Raspberry;
Wide leaf on raspberry - even wider on the oak,
And I walk, well done in a circle.
You are curly Rowan - what's wrong with?
With a valley, it happened - I broke Kilinushka ...
The sayings and signs are also increpresented by trees and
colors: "Repeated as
Lipka "," blushed (or dressed) like poppies color "" Spring wind blows,
Apple tree - blooms "and so on.
PROPAEDEUTICS
The propaedeutics is a combination of information and knowledge that need to be stocking before the start of some scientific or special occupation. Like the most extensive propaedeutic program, hugging the whole encyclopedia, requires agriculture; Somewhat less - but still very significant - artistic gardening (general gardening and gardening are part of agronomy). It is precisely the circumstance that not everyone gives him a clear report that, in essence, it is necessary to know the Garden bypass and what means it - in cash of the required knowledge - is able to place, it is precisely this garden art most of all is obliged to be improper assessment and that everything is registered Thus, thanks to which it still cannot be released from strong arms of the craft, and forever get rid of unsuccessful excuses of dilatantism.
In view of this, I dedicated to the propaedeutics of elegant gardening. A whole department in which I collected or although it was necessary to know the most significant of the fact that the future garden trailers need to be known before the study of the very theory of the garden, in this way, maybe I will benefit those who wishes Seriously do this case, and although it is hardly daring to hope that I will manage to temper the gusts in anything. Amateurists, but the possibility of the fact that the diligence will be given a more normal size, or - what does not happen in the world! - What of the other, truly darisy amateur, the talented architect will produce.
Mathematical qualities
The most durable key of faithful success in whatever the lesson is the famous moral qualities, in the absence of which every work, even the most persistent, most resistant, remains useless. Such qualities usually express the word "talent" or "talent"; - This is a common place in this case, at least, the tranquency is amenable to known analysis, since the main quality of the artist comes down in cash than the elegant taste, which is already mentioned and once again will be mentioned. But, in addition to the taste, it is necessary for the presence of another, no less important factor: sincere, genuine; Serious love of business, and with it, of course, and appropriate respect for him; both in life and in art, both of these concepts are inseparable in the sense that true love without respect does not exist.
Theory and Technique
The subject of the theory of elegant gardening is the study of composite elements that are part of the artistic garden; Imagine the artist's thought, i.e., in reality, to fulfill the theory of the theory - the case of the technique. Thus, the natural line between the theory and technique is determined by itself: the first one belongs to the entire artistic part of the creation, the second is practical, not to say, handicraft: or otherwise: the theory - creating, in imagination or on the plan, an elegant picture of the garden - indicates that Do, and the task of technology to know - how to do it.
But, in essence, no accurately defined face between theory and technology does not exist and cannot exist: in the exact sciences based on calculations, the practice is the use of the facts found by scientific means; The artistic is not considered with the numbers, I will say more - it hates them, but it is deprived of the exact basis, and therefore it is not able to give accurate laws, the theory of artistic gardening was not created in a closed privacy of the Cabinet of a scientist and not through scientific or philosophical considerations, but was The fruit of an infinite series of practical experiences and observations, continued for centuries, and with the exception of some, purely mathematical issues, such as the theory of perspective, is based almost exclusively on empirical principles; The technique also expresses a combination of applied knowledge required for rational gardening and created either scientifically or empirically, but, in any case, verified on experience; Therefore, the theory and technique - i.e., artistic and practical principles are a mutual addition, and in the case of gardening - to a certain extent, inseparable degrees. And indeed: the artist who does not know the proper craft is the perfect absurdity, because the abstract theory, without cash, is like faith without affairs - "Dead Is". Position This is confirmed by all who wrote about art.
Consequently, the ideal of the Sadorer is the one who, at least to a certain extent, connects the theory with the technique, that is, who, in addition to capital artistic training, more or less closely mastered with the whole encyclopedia of heterogeneous knowledge, one way or another tested to the Garden Engineering. For a specialist, fully dedicated to gardening or gardening, such a requirement is quite rational, but, as can be seen from experience, it is impossible: the best builders were not at all equally strong in all sectors of this extensive case, but always differed by a special specialty. But if a garden is a subject of lovedness, sports, or in the case when it is necessary to engage in temporarily, by chance, - then it is clear that the circle of the required knowledge should significantly limit: knowledge is always useful - no dispute, but for a non-specialist and other The goals, it is even more useful to know, a priori, which is exactly the whole stock of this wisdom, it is certainly necessary and without which you can do.
Indigenous amateurs come in this case, it is simply simply: they provide the entire technical part of the work to those skilled in the art, and in their way, only the artistic idea and the highest control are preserved; As a result, it turns out, first, disproportionate consumption, and secondly, the fabulous nonsense. But the last only on the eye of the banner, - others can like such nonsense, because nature, in itself, is so elegant, so luxurious that it takes a completely special talent in order to force it for any beauty. Due to this, the amateurs are not aware of their misses, and in cash inevitable dose of pride - are almost unable to consciousness.
I am not writing for amateurants (the word bloom), but not for specialists, but for engineers, architects, artists; Namely, at these things, the choice of the necessary knowledge is somewhat difficult: other I have a complete reason to assume solid scientific training, others have a solid artistic propaedeutics, a major stock of practical agricultural information; Is the question: how to satisfy both and the other, and the third?
Is the question: how to get out of this dilemma? As, for example, to proceed relative to the order and method of studying the theory of composite elements, i.e., part of the natural, part of an artificial material that serves to create a garden or park painting (garden buildings, plantings, tracks, lawn, water, rocks, hills, hollows, So what, and so on.)?
It goes without saying that eloquently and convincing a living, visual example - and there is nothing to be desired.
In art - as in any other business - no progress, without an accurate, conscious concept of what was created or tested earlier. Therefore, the garden trailers are closest to the past of the Garden Art,
i.e. with the history of its development and with the main phases of his being. But this is not enough: having mastered with styles and types of gardens, it is required to at least familiarize themselves with elements of painting, plastics and architecture - with styles and orders, with the theory of colors and shadows, etc., etc., in addition, inevitably familiarity with purely Handicraft side of architecture: the builder should know the main properties and the best sources of construction materials, local prices and conditions, time and production of works, program and formulas estimates, etc.
Natural language
The most sick place is the question: how much to the garden by the Sadostroyer know the botany and practical gardening? I also note that I will note that the purely scientific side is quite necessary, but accurate information is needed on the conditions of predominance of local and acclimatized flora, as well as the normal form of these plants, and especially woody breeds; In addition, acquaintance with the local soil and the local climate, the need for knowledge of the form, I suppose, and have no reason to explain; The cultural conditions are important in that without familiarizing with them, it is impossible to make a picture of the future: the plant can very easily fool all sorts of hopes and destroy the best plan, if you do not know how to do with it and not know the exact conditions of his stagnation. But all this knowledge is coupled - not at all bottomless sea: any country is divided into climatic belts and is divided into relatively non-core areas, within which only a limited number of plants are stirred. From among the representatives of the local flora, not everyone goes into business, but only trees, bushes, garden flowers and some herbs; Consequently, if you follow a certain method and not to bother with the instructions of local inaders (of course, experts), then get acquainted with the local Flora, as far as the builder is required, it is possible to soon. With acclimatized plants - it's much easier: it is necessary to know if it is impemable to contain a known plant in this place at all and, at which location, the plant is able to transfer the local climate, and then take care only about the right parking lot, fully gardens the gardener with the preparation of the required soil, landing , Care, etc. The very question of the stagnation of any vigorous plant in a known area is solved by references to the subject literature or by analogy, but only better - the request for knowledgeable persons, its own experience of a non-specialist is never reliable.
The most significant task in the propiance of the architecture is the collection of garden motifs, i.e. the necessary elements for the future creation or re-creation of the garden picture. Part of this work can be executed without any difficulty: with the help of an album or a photographic apparatus, a collection of sketches and species, whose motives are found in exemplary gardens; Such gardens are replete with both Petersburg and Moscow. Such copies are not only useful, and it is necessary to study Antique, but it is not necessary to repeat them in reality, no matter how elegant they are: the artist must first be independent and can only be copied in a garden. One master, the highest of all - live nature .. But he should not be able to imitate it: his direct task is to reproduce it in the strangest, eccentric, ugly forms; It must apply to the garden the same principle that landscape painting is guided, i.e., in nature, the most artistic motives and, if possible, enjoy natural material, only under such conditions the garden is the true creation of an artist, the fruit of his fantasy, the embodiment of his ideas When creating creative genius gets indisputable right to stand along with the best works of painting, science, poetry and architecture: elegantly executed park - the same artistic creation as any picture, any poem, any drama, any novel, any monument or the palace.
So, the collection of natural motives is no less important for the Garden Equipment than for the artist; But here is the question: where to look for them? Russian artists constantly comply with the fact that nature we have the poor, cold, ugly, almost stool, is not the fact that in Italy or in Switzerland; That all Russia is like an extensive plain, on which the role of Montblan performs Valdai, - special beauties, they say, no, luxurious effects - not a trace ... whether it is abroad!
I will answer it, firstly, that the nature is poorer, the more picturesque, and secondly, that beautiful locations are everywhere. So, for example, in the south of Russia, in the Crimea and in the Caucasus, there are landscapes in every step, directly as follows to the canvas or on the scene; Our Liflyand Switzerland is no worse than Saxon, although another nature, our Finnish cliffs are not at all bad Norman; The coast of Ladoga, Ilmeni, Paidus, but especially the Baltic Schhers and Laguna - greatly spectacular; Imatra, Kivic, Narva Falls are luxurious species; The beauty of the Neva has no rival worldwide, and the father of Don or Volga-Mother, in its kind, not less poetic than the Danube or Rhine; Finally, the black and in the Caspian seas come across the motives, the wonderful charm of which foreigners do not even admit, considering the work of the Queenji empty fiction, - while the like landscapes I myself met, and more than once! Consequently, with such an abundance of natural landscapes, especially take care of motifs - completely in vain: they are everywhere at hand. For example, in the Ordis, the Sivev station, there are luxurious batches of the rocky shores of red sandstone; Near the Vyborg leaves the gloomy, extremely picturesque masses of granite rocks and erytic boulders; The wonderful groups of trees are growing near Vuoksa - light, graceful, transparent, with wondrous foliage and straight-in-art tones; Schhers are eternally changing the picture, with many grateful plots for coastal villas; Pure park motifs - but natural, not artificial.
But what is guided by the choice of motifs?
This case is more complicated: here in the foreground is an artistic taste, that is, the ability to distinguish in a naturally elegant, and vice versa: in the critical consciousness that it is in the famous landscape that makes a lack and a space. I have already before, in the introduction itself, it spreads the meaning of taste; Now let's touch only the ways to sophistication.
The critical assessment of taste is subject to both artificial and natural works, the position of art, part of the mathematical principles, are all more understandable to the mind and everything is easier to criticize; The beauty of nature is only closer than the feeling, and if their bases are sometimes summary under the mathematical formula, then most often through sofism. Nevertheless, nature is analyzing: if the artist, standing in front of her face to face, is constantly trying to find out what exactly is the dignity or beauty, the disgrace or lack of one or another natural motive, and if it will carefully compare one place with another The same character and color is, the result is a number of observations that are capable of not only to present a solid point of support, but also to significantly reveal the natural taste - and especially with a parallel study of the creation of great masters, an example of which clearly shows how they used natural motives. Then this is already the individuality of the artist himself, that is, the ethical beginning, which is its distinctive feature, is his mental, spiritual system, his personal view of art and nature.
With the cash of the required layout motives, and the entity, no more than synthetic work: the particulator-Sadostroiter is only less frequent, and even less improvises the details of the future picture, - but only applies to the case already seen, existing, but changes it in accordance with local conditions . The main task of it is to combine art with nature, for a harmonic association, all individual parts in the general, complete, artistically excellent whole, and the form of color, architectural lines and the external situation depend on local, cash data ...
First place for artistic knowledge I take the historical style. Against this, it can be argued that such a style currently does not exist, as he has long been removed from his age. Let me say that there are buildings and monuments in Greek, Roman, Gothic, Florentine, Lenotrovsky, Tudorsk, Pompadurne, etc. Style, until then, the corresponding garden type will not cease, and if you surround a similar structure inappropriate for the garden situation, it turns out sharp anachronism, and the best proportion of the effect is lost. In the form of proof, I will give a visual example at the time of the second empire, part of the tullery garden is closed on the natural way, but since the nature of the garden and the palace -
purely historical, then some of this does not fit with the rest and, causing a lot of costs, caused screaming of all experts. Therefore, the historical style with all the rare application cannot be considered disappeared forever: For the artist, it is still alive, moreover, it is the historical style that represents it the richest and most elegant material for creating masterpieces of genre art. The artisan, of course, will not understand this, and therefore it may not recognize, but the artist will understand and, I hope, will agree with my opinion.
In the newest gardens, the place of historical style occupies a national, i.e. the one in which the distinctive features of a local nature prevail. The current Caucasian garden is not similar to the current Italian, or French to Dutch, Indian on Turkish, Egyptian or low-immiginal north-Russian or English: no matter how much of them in appearance is the situation, climate, vegetation are not those. Therefore, quite another step - the use of some features in the location, ornaments and the colors of the components of the distinctive features of the local architectural style, and the national type is created. This provision I applied to Russian gardens, not only in theory, but also for fifteen years of practice.
Regularity, i.e. the correct, geometric location of the garden parts, in itself, does not form a style at all: it is no more than a common characteristic feature, inherent in those historical styles that are called "architectural". Not less - if no more characteristic conditions of the old Lonortov gardens were the following provisions:
1) The garden formed a separate world and retired by high walls or thick hedges, so the shortcomings or beauty of the neighborhood played a well-known role only as objects for panorama, with "surprises" and "Wolf jump". Then everything that stood behind the fence was not in the expense and, as it were, belonged to the external conditionally invisible world: at least some subjects were sticking out in sight, they were not honored with attention;
2) The walls and fences were not at all considered a disadvantage: they were decorated with vases, precious lattices and a carved gate, as if deliberately putting them in appearance;
3) everyday items were put as close as possible to the housing and the nimalo did not impress the impressions with their presence, as they decorated as far as possible, and therefore even stables, sheds and gardens were not amazed by prospeasic;
4) The most important feature is that artificiality not only exhibited on the fore, but necessarily outdown all naturalness, the soil was equal to Waterpas, the water was placed in mathematically correct reservoirs and pools, trees - most often tried by a ball, pyramid and t .. - differed in the correctness of the forms and seating, and where it was possible to "rank", the flower beds were located on the tricky geometric figures, the tracks were formed by a whole system of direct, oblique, parallel and star lines, and Esplanada served as centers of proper crosses. If a little somewhere, nature thought to fiercely, then it was immediately designed, and then they were strigted and ennobled so that the naturalness did not remain.
It is very clear that such artificiality could not stop forever: the absolute symmetry is boring, monotonous - eliminates the possibility of using the whole mass of the luxurious trees, colors and curly plants, and therefore in large parks and gardens it is allowed only in the nearest neighborhood of historical buildings, on the same irregular plantations that we will talk about. But in small country gardens, where there is no place for natural motives without explicitly stretch, as well as in urban squares and boulevards, where the closest situation involuntarily destroys any illusion of naturalness - there is a symmetric breakdown.
For larger parks and gardens are currently accepted natural -artistic, picturesque, landscape or landscape - style, which in the history of gardening, is called "Anglo-German", the features of it, which I want to tell in this department are brought to the following provisions:
1) In contrast to the geometric style, it does not separate the park or garden, but, on the contrary, introduces the surrounding landscape into an organic connection with it, as a result of this is the need: a) agree on the nature and external situation of the park with the surrounding area and b) hide the exact boundaries where the park ends and an extraneous neighborhood begins;
2) For the effectiveness of the script, all optical deceptions are allowed to optically increase the place, increase the depth, bring further beautiful objects, remove too close, reduce disproportion, disguise everything ugly and all sorts of means to use the beauty of the surrounding landscape;
3) artificiality is prosecuted here in the geometric style naturalness: natural flaws should be corrected or stuiswasters, natural beauty, if possible, are developed, and in the absence of those are created, but the main condition is the law: everything should seem natural, natural , without the slightest trail of artificiality, so patterned, figure or carpet flower bed, sometimes falling into the artificial bowl of the parks of natural style, is the most perfect absurd, like a cactus growing between birch, and systematically straight tracks and regular alleys for the same reason are incomprehensible with landscaped park, Since they are natural;
4) Official items wearing a prosaic imprint, do not fit with the poetry of a natural park: they are too reminded by everyday, practical life and too far from the undisputed nature to take place in the foreground, as a last resort, such objects are tolerant, subject to elegant form, but It is best to remove or disguise them. In the distance, the most prose objects, such as the railway or some kind of factory, can successfully enter the landscape.
From these provisions, it is clearly, firstly, with all the seeming simplicity, the picturesque style is incomparably more complicated by geometric, and secondly - that a distinctive feature is the lack of artificiality, and, consequently, mathematical regularity.
To arrange a spectacular garden - it is not at all what to take a brush and to compose from the etudes a luxurious picture. If you refer (as often do) on a special card, on which all sorts of soil irregularities are indicated, it will not help this case: even with the fervent imagination, it is impossible to determine in absentia, how best to use cliffs and shoots, hollows and hills, river and pond, lake and seashore; At a distance, it is impossible to provide effects that are expected from the puff, spruce, oxygen or birch, it is impossible to calculate the methods of obtaining ease of tone or effectitude of the flare from the use of shallow pins, large lawns, aqueous mirror or individual giant trees; Even less to cooperate with how to highlight beautiful parties when you do not see them; or how to disguise ugly, prosaic, but unconditionally necessary economic structure; Or how to hide the exact boundaries how to go to the surrounding area, without forming a sharp contrast, and where to look for the best points of view finally, how to find out without having been in place, where and how to arrange kurtins, lawns, alleys, paths, etc. To lead the viewer, a variety of landscape almost on every turn. All this, without a personal stay in place - absolutely not conceivable, and although, under the well-known conditions, it is very no wonder to reproduce a pretty motive listed in the album when visiting some picturesque town, but to coordinate this motive with the neighborhood so that there is no coarse dissonance - In case, it is impossible in absentia. In total, the question of the rod: lawns, shrubs and all sorts of small things are nothing to transplange or replace; Easy gardening is also a trifle to transfer; But if you cut down the close-up of age-old trees, then the mistake is incorporated: there are no such trees, but to wait until you grow up to the same giants - perhaps, and the century is not enough ...
For persons who do not own a brush nor a pencil, there is a very simple way if they build for themselves or enjoy unlimited, uncontrolled authority: it is enough to create a garden plan in imagination, and on a situational drawing to outline the main points with conditional signs and subject to sign. These notes are made only for the sake of memory and for clarity of orders to forens or gardeners who need to know the exact places and boundaries of each site, as well as what it is there to put on, sow or build; The general picture of the garden may, up to the exercise itself, remain in the head of the architecture.
Garden architecture technology
Unity of execution
Just as I allocated the theoretical principles underlying the gardening art, I will note several practical instructions applicable to each style and very useful not only to the architect, but also the owner.
I will start with a simple truth that almost everyone knows, but she sticks to it - out of ten one: any project or plan can only fulfill the one who created it. Consequently, since the owner invited the architect and approved his destination, then it was necessary to let him bring the case to the end. From this it should not be at all that the architect was obliged to strike in place in place: it should draw a plan or at least a draft plan, mark the plots, set roads, indicate the reserves, distribute vegetation, in a word, to plan the exact course of work, and then personally fulfill the main thing ( As, for example, leveling), the architect can provide a further institution of the work of the priestly chosen personally and working under its direct supervision. Next, from time to time, it is obliged to appear in place, not only in order to control the assistant, and the main thing, to check itself: if the work itself, it may be necessary to meet the need to abandon the well-known assumption, can shine a new idea, - I never know what can happen and what it is impossible to foresee; In addition, the very plan - as I mentioned - no more like a germ of thought, which develops in the final form only gradually, during operation, and rarely executed on paper, is most often carried out right in practice. Consequently, the third party is even unknown that the architect in reality does not mean to do, especially since this reality is not immediately created, but for whole years.
Therefore, before the start of the work, the word for the owner: here he may even be obliged to express all his desires and considerations, can draw and post what and how he pleases, has the right to put all sorts of requirements and conditions and should define the extreme border of the alleged expenses. Having enlisted with such information, the architect - still remaining almost neutral - before all starts a careful study of the place and to the embryonic sketch of the project, in which, as far as possible, it tries to fulfill all the versatile desires of the owner, correcting or replenishing it predetermined at its own discretion and With the amount provided by its disposal.
I note, by the way, that the amount is almost always insufficient: tens of thousands sometimes do not regret on the buzzing side, and for the content and device of the garden or the park, barely agree to spend a few hundred, because it is a bush and a tree - not purchased good : You can get from the forest: a trifle can be searched to sear and domestic money, and a little bit, and large trees and chop sin; about all sorts of "special" alterations, which the architect considers the necessary, and the owner is completely unnecessary, then there is a sorry for such "whims" to burst into the land ... on this kind of argument the architect is obliged to object to the luxury that requires constant, strengthened costs, only partly Reacing the material consumption - although, relative to the buildings, the garden has an advantage of ancient times expressed by a simple man in the proverb: "What to put - it will increase that you will build - rotate"; that the forest, at least even its own, is not at all in any case, can serve as the best, but only the most advantageous material, because a forest tree, and especially this that has grown from a sibling, and not from Samosov - can not have such a developed and The rigorous root comula, how the trees raised in the nursery differ in the nursery, and therefore many forest trees do not bring transplants, and all the works are spent on them in vain; Finally, that, in extreme cases, it is incomparably more logical to completely abandon the elegant garden and be content with the Starlaveth Economic Warridge (he and the garden), than to start on the half-one and then already really killing money for nothing. And if the estimate is not able to do, it is still more profitable to have at least a stubble, but beautifully broken kindergarten than admiring the tentine nonsense.
But we assume that the convincing eloquence of the architecture took the top: the required amount is allocated; Is the queue question about the details of the plan. Now the word for the architects: he, on his part, presents his considerations and motivates every detail clearly and intelligently. It is clear that the motives of the architecture can only spoke from artistic reasons: as well as, in any language, there are several revolutions of speech to express one and the same thought, but there is only one one, but there is only one, a fully exhaustive idea in the most suitable form, - Also exactly and for each individual place can be more broken down, but all
Reprint from publication. St. Petersburg., Edition G. B. Winkler, 1896. On separate accompanying sheets of 9 color drawings. Bible gardening and landscape designer! This is a luxurious edition with many drawings, drawings, engravings, elegant, whimpering screensavers, initiatives. It was intended to artist gardeners, parking builders and, in addition to reading pleasure, brought purely utilitarian benefits - served as a manual in practical matters. Arnold Regel is the son of the famous Berlin Botany Eduard Augustus Rela, who took an invitation to the post of scientist director of the St. Petersburg Botanical Garden and entered into this position in 1858. It is also known that Edward Regell founded the Russian Society of Gardeners and was the founder of the Journal of Horticulture. Son - a scientist, theorist, an expert of artistic gardening and his passionate minister; For fifteen years, the materials were collected for their book and a conceived enterprise successfully implemented. An excellent monograph Arnold Eduardovich Regel is not ...
Read completelyReprint from publication. St. Petersburg., Edition G. B. Winkler, 1896. On separate accompanying sheets of 9 color drawings. Bible gardening and landscape designer! This is a luxurious edition with many drawings, drawings, engravings, elegant, whimpering screensavers, initiatives. It was intended to artist gardeners, parking builders and, in addition to reading pleasure, brought purely utilitarian benefits - served as a manual in practical matters. Arnold Regel is the son of the famous Berlin Botany Eduard Augustus Rela, who took an invitation to the post of scientist director of the St. Petersburg Botanical Garden and entered into this position in 1858. It is also known that Edward Regell founded the Russian Society of Gardeners and was the founder of the Journal of Horticulture. Son - a scientist, theorist, an expert of artistic gardening and his passionate minister; For fifteen years, the materials were collected for their book and a conceived enterprise successfully implemented. The excellent monograph Arnold Eduardovich Regel did not lose its value to the present. This book is a complete, non-abbreviated, option of the publication. Unique work, which has been classic for more than a hundred years old, will take the best place in your home library or will become a real gift for those who are interested in horticultural history and landscape design.
Circulation 30 copies. Made using Print-On-Demand technology.
Historical and didactic essay of Engineer Arnold Regel. SPB: G. B. Winquill, 1896. 2, XII, 448 p., Il. In the publishing crankshaft with polychrome embossed on the front lid. 29 x 22.5 cm. Many illustrations in the text and on separate patches. Patterned mousets.
Arnold Eduardovich Regel is a bright representative of the famous dynasty that made a huge contribution to the development of gardening in Russia. An outstanding scientist and garden engineer, an expert of the best world samples of garden and park arts, A.E. Regell created a unique work - "elegant gardening and artistic gardens," which has been classic for more than a hundred years. He summarized and systematized the centuries-old horticultural history and developed a slim system of valuable practical recommendations. This book still refers to recognized masters of modern landscape architecture.
Regel, Arnold Eduardovich (1856-1917) - Russian gardener and a dendrologist. By education, an engineer. Son Edward Ludwigovich Regel, director (1875-1892) of the St. Petersburg Botanical Garden. It is also known that Edward Regell founded the Russian society of gardeners and was the founder of the Journal of Gardening. Son - a scientist, theorist, an expert of artistic gardening and his passionate minister; For fifteen years, the materials were collected for their book and a conceived enterprise successfully implemented. Engaged in park construction, landscape architecture. Founder of the company "Regel and Cesselring", which was planning for private gardens. Designed and created the park in the estate "Random" General D.V. Drachevsky in the Valley of the Mzimta River 3 km from Adler (modern Sochi Park of the Council of State South Cultures). Engaged in the garden of the garden estate ala kirill. In 1896, A.E.'s work was published. Reluil "Elegant Gardening and Artistic Gardens", which summarizes and systematized the history of gardening and a system of practical recommendations has been developed.
In medieval Russia, until the XVI century. Including, first place in a number of gardens - as in the West, to Italian Renaissance - occupy monastic gardens. "In the old years, in the old, in those times the initial", in Russia, as in all Western Europe, the monastery was not only moral and political asylum, the universal church to everyone who needed her patronage or defense not only a resident and treasury where inconspicuous treasures flocked; Not only by the archive for the chronicle and the seatingman of theoretical and practical knowledge, but also an exemplary agricultural institution that had a significant impact on the entire surrounding person. Zabelin, Dubensky, Tonin and many others positively argue that the Greek missionaries that went to the "Extensive Skiffia and the country of hyperboreev to preach Christianity at the same time and the creators of Russian gardens. This is not exactly accurate: judging by many archaeological monuments, the monks, being proclaimers of the general civilization and undoubtedly bringing tremendous benefits in the sense of agronomic development, nevertheless did not create Russian gardening at all: already before them, every ancient Slavs, from little wealthy, He had his own "fence", but the monasteries gave gardens a slightly different meaning. The Old Slavic "Fences" were, in essence, what is now taken to call the garden - i.e. Vegetable; For walking served forest. For the first time, the monasteries began to breed the flower beds and, guided by the example of the Bible, called them by paradise or paradise. Such paradise - which the princes were also acquired at the same time - Khodanovsky counted six on the space from Novgorod Seversky to Moravia; In Sudomyr Voivodeship, in the XVI century, also known was the "Paradise Yard with a Well"; In Kiev, behind Dnipro, Yuri Dolgoruky owned by the estate called the paradise. Monasteries, in all likelihood, the ancient Slavic language must be a word of vert, Wart or vertical, who denoted the garden; According to the guessing of Snegiva, the "vert" comes from Latin virgin or vertoon. The words "vert" and "fence" were connected to the vertograd, i.e. fenced vert; This, in fact, were the gardens - the very word "garden" was sometimes used in the sense of the beser, as the next quotation is proved from the Slavic translation of the Bible: "Copyrights of the Mithograd and Gardens" (Ecclesiast, XI, 5), i.e. made Sadov and Zadarov. The value of the garden in the sense of the zero should, however, be understood not as a beast park, but in the sense of the sidet. The fact is that the old owners contained and bred in the garden not only vegetables and fruit trees, but also the fish for which there was special ponds. So, for example, in the affairs of the district chamber, 1746 meets on the preamp "Sovereigns of the Fish Garden"; Kotoshovin mentions the living fish for the royal help to keep in Moscow "in the gardens". Consequently, the expression "Sadman" (gardeners), found in literacy V.K. Simeon 1341, explicitly denotes fishermen and wardlowns at fish saddle. In the said, the gardener was put on a par with the "brass and Sokolnichi"; In the literacy of Prince Vladimir Andreevich (1400) -C-as Bortnikov, Psary and Bobrovniki; Finally, in the literacy of 1496, it is mentioned about the "gardeners of the Hawk", that is, about the faces of the planting havars.
Sadroductory activities of the Byzantine monks began, of course, from the center of Orthodoxy, with the "Flying of the Russian State" - from Kiev; already in the XI century, with every monastery, even with the deserts, there were gardens in which monks and those trained by them novices took the cherries, apples, pears, plums, currants, raspberry, "Berreny" (gooseberry), etc. From here, gardening was distributed and in monastic primary faults, where only the soil allowed; At the same time, according to the personal request of the princes and Princess, the monks built gardens and princely teremes. About the monk-gardener Mikule, who was in Vyshgorod (Mind of Kiev), mentioned in the "age of temporary years" of the Rev. Nestor-chronicle (1055-1115), in the life of St. Boris and Gleb. Monks, in all likelihood, divorced in Kiev: N. Sementovsky ("Kiev, his shrines, antiquity, and wonders, etc.") indicates that near the silk garden, in which Peter I personally planted a lot of tute trees in 1708, with a deep antiquity there was a grape garden; And Kalofoy, in the composition of the terturagim, published in 1638, showed the grape garden on the plan of the distant Kiev-Pechersk caves. On the other hand, N. Zvarevsky ("Essays of the history of the city of Kiev") explains the mistake made by several historians about the word "Lose". In the chronicles, the Harat under 1161 is: "And Kyyev came, and a hundred on Bologna in the vines, an opponent's degree." Obolonium or bologne was called meadow space, a layer of 17 lengths, from the hem to p. Vyshgorod, between Dnipro and mountains; A smaller part, closer to the city, gives excellent haykos, but large - almost completely covered with swamps, swamming a ventilation shrub. The chronicler, as well as the present Kievans, calls the log shrub "Loses"; And Karamzin (II, notes. 400), not knowing the topography of Kiev, suggested that grapes grow on Obolona; This misses, of course, also got to those who have learned their information solely from the "Russian State History". The Kiev-Pechersky "Apple Garden", one of the oldest in all over Russia, was used by Kiev-Pechersk Monastery, was founded by the Kiev-Pechersk Monastery. Anthony, on returning from the Athos Mountain, in 1051
In the first half of the XII century, the predominance of the Northeast of Russia was held: when Yuri Dolgorukh managed to take the Kiev throne, then he retired to the future center of Russian autocracy and settled here forever, capturing Greek monks from Kiev, experienced in various fields, icon painting , Foundry and Stone Affairs, in trade and gardening. From these, monastic gardens and land began to appear in a harsh, bearish edge - in Suzdal and Vladimir. Son Yuri, Andrei Bogolyubsky, ranked in the saints, in the second half of the XII century, divorced the garden with its country terme, in Bogolyubov (now the monastery), in 10 versts from Vladimir, when merging the Nerl and Klyazma rivers. Since then, the gardens flourish in the entire Vladimir-Suzdal region, and especially in the cities of Vladimir, Suzdal, Vyazniki, Murom and Gorokhovets. In Bogolyubov and Vladimir, the colossal, dumpy addresses and limes were preserved every summer, according to legend, struck by the Grand Duke Andrey Bogolyubsky himself; But I'm singular, still not lost, use "Cherries", i.e. Cherry Gardens, divorced in the above places, and specially Vladimir, up to half of the current century, cultivated in the same way as 700 years ago. The best, but also the most gentle of Vladimir cherries, not even closely transported, are called "Vasilyevsky" and grow in the "patriarch" of the garden, the name of the garden and varieties belong to the fact that these cherries are, according to legend, moved here at the beginning of the XVII century Some Georgian patriarch, and taken from the homeland of St. Vasily caesarian; The second grade is the "Parental" cherry dark, almost black, more enduring; Only this variety and comes on sale. The very garden of the patriarch, as well as Dobroselsky, - divided by Moscow Metropolitans Peter in Alexei, originally stayed in Vladimir; With them, besides the named gardens, Yaropole and Savior-Evvisievsky gardens were especially developed. Appleantic gardens were famous for Kursk, Tula, Eagle and Other, More Forest Places; In Pskov, in the church of the Church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker, planted an appleary garden in 1473
Moscow Gardening begins from the first years of the XIV century, from the era of the transfer of the Grand People's Throughcomb and Wallowing of the Metropolis in Moscow; Then, together with the monasteries, the gardens began to spread, and not only in Moscow, but also near Moscow - in Zarechye (or, in ancient, in Zarechye); It happened only more due to the fact that the gardens - if not sin so we put it in fashion. The fact is that the Metropolitans divided the gardens, universally famous for their beauty, i.e., abundance of luxurious fruits and many fragrant colors, which were planted by mowers and fences; One of the best in Moscow was considered the garden of the Gas Metropolitan Paisich Ligarid, divorced in the Kremlin, at the Savior-Semenov Foreway at the Nikolsky gate. The Kudrinsky Patriarchal Garden was famous for Moscow, which began began on the time of the All-Russian Patriarchs, the corruption of the village of Kudrin; Trinity-Sergievsky, Vorobyevsky, Moscow Donskoy, Novospassky and Nikolo-Ugreshsky monastery gardens were notes (the last monastery is especially known in the fact that in the Trinity day he will put all the bouquets of all Bogomols, but the red gardens were crowded vertograds, with flowers and ponds to that graceful that this garden, according to the expression, was "like a certain paradise."
In the history of the ancient Russian gardening, the XVII century plays the most prominent role: at this time, if it was not created in principle, then at least developed and reached the Apogius "Red" Gardening, the highest glimpse of an old Russian gardening of the pre-reform era.
Let's start with the main thing - with "COOL". The expression of "coolness" had a figurative value in ancient times: probably the Russian man, like the eastern people, could not imagine anything better, how to sit in a hot day under the canopy of a tree or arbor, in a chill; Hence the concept of the concept of cool in the sense of comfort, - "live cool" marked to live in his pleasure; "Domostroy" says: "And in the summer (owner) of the coolness: eats melons, a pod (peas), carrots, cucumbers and all vegetables"; Finally, the word is heard in the spacious and today: "slambled" when they want to designate late Sibertism or trivial, inappropriate fun: "Cool of proclazissi with Babii? Starting to work, "I read, I do not remember in what a story from popular life. Cool he lived in an old one, who had a full bowl of the house, i.e. Who has not only been seized by plenty, but everything you need was done or was prepared at home, so on the market, "at a trade", nothing had to buy anything (such a purchase of the house owner, in general, consumed); Ideal satisfaction - even for the royal economy - was the opportunity to accumulate too much, and this excess to travel to the market. This - in addition to any registries, accounts and other official documents - eloquently confirms Petreys, visiting Moscow at the beginning of the XVII century; At that time, they believed in the West that Rus Orthodox was the wilderness of the desert, in which it is impossible to get nothing, Petra will refute this opinion:
"Some people think and write," he notes, "Neither fruit trees nor greens are growing in Russia; They are rudely mistaken: there are not only a variety of trees, but they see all kinds of seeds, so in Russia it is easier to get fruits than in any other place, such as apples, drains, cherries, small drain, gooseberries, currant, melon, carrots, beets, parsley, horseradish, radish, radishes, pumpkins, cucumbers, gray and white cabbage, onions, garlic, sage, marigolds, multicolored violets, mirry, carnations, medical, major, thyme, basilica, pepper and other things like , mention which I consider it too much. "
"Gardics - grapes" - a vigorous fruit: Natural mid-Russian grapes can be considered perhaps the gooseberry and Ryabin; The beginning of South-Russian vineyards is made in Astrakhan, in the first decade of the XVII century, and it is a monk who, who, having served as Persian Losa, asked them to the Sea Monastery, near the city; The vines began, and, in 1613, in the royal order, the same monk arranged a whole vineyard. Then the case went with such a success that in 1636, when the olery visited Astrakhan, there was no longer a house in which they would not have been engaged in this production, which would be profitable that another vineyard brought up to 50 r. income; At that time - very big money. In the north, the first vineyard was divorced in the village of Izmailov, with Alexei Mikhailovic, and in Moscow itself, the grapes were divorced in the upper gardens.
Alexey Mikhailovich was especially cared about the wiring of the tute trees: in the "note. Departure Russian and glory. Archeology "placed integer instruction in the name of the Astrakhan governor, Prince Yakov Nikitich Odoyevsky, regarding the inventory of the tute trees and sending them to Simbirsk, with the master Larion Larion, and the acquisition of good seeds and the hiring of" grapete, watermelon and tute gardeners of gardeners, the most kind " At the end of the XVII century, the tute trees appeared already in Izmailov (K. Arsenyev: "Statistical Essay in Russia"); But practical Russian sovereign was created in Russia not earlier than the times of Peter I, who wished the Astrakhan Armenians - before the Persian silk who traded the Persian silk - was divorced by the mulk worms themselves.
Regarding vegetables, Assumption ("The experience of narrative about the ancient Russians") indicates a fact, completely uniform with the one that we have already met in medieval Germany: until the XVII century, Russian people did not sow salad, speaking about foreigners who used salad in food that " Germans foul grass eat like cattle "; De Bröne, mention that the salad and celery divorced in Moscow by foreigners, and before they were not known there, does not indicate whether Muscovites used him in food or not; But already under oleiah, they began to enter the taste of salad, so that from the second half of the XVII century there was no decent Moscow house, where asparagus was not raised.
Asparagus and artichokes were divorced in Moscow Dutch and German merchants, and already in the time of oleary asparagus grew there in abundance and reached thickness into the finger; But during the time of de-Bercne, both asparagus and artichokes were used only by foreigners. In a large use, there was a cabbage, which was almost the only food of poor people who ate her twice a day. The cucumbers were also very loved; They were eating them like apples and pears (in commonholders it is now in the go, and with honey - in the whole Western Territory) and in many things were completed. A lot grew garlic - the beloved seasoning of vintage yokes; In the abundance of Ros Ros, used as seasoning to fish and meat dishes; "Lukovniki" formed a whole corporation; The turnip of various varieties, red and cauliflower, carrots, Pasternak and beets - according to the testimony of De Beroine, were long divorced by foreigners. This indication can, perhaps, not entirely believe: that some exceptional varieties of turnips, beets, carrots, red and cauliflowers are brought from abroad - no dispute; But that ordinary varieties of these vegetables are divided primarily by monks, and not by anyone else - also hardly subject to doubt. Watermelons appeared in the north in the XVII century: in 1660, a decree was released, who commanded the watermelons to breed in Chuguev, and when they would take them - send them to Moscow; But Moscow watermelons de Brown does not praise:
"There are watermelons of a huge amount, but very watery and similar to our cucumbers."
In the south of the watermelon, Astrakhan, the garden fruits of which generally enjoyed great fame, and especially apples, peaches and melons; A special culture of watermelons on Bakhchi was engaged in Tatars, which brought them to the city with whole valves and sold a pair (sometimes 3- 4 pieces) on one penny.
The expression "red" - as now is still "beautiful", i.e. The reinforced degree of that concept - marked in ancient Something beautiful: Red Sun, window, porch, place, red day, corner, red gate, etc.; For example, in the ancient folk song, it is: "Krasno Maiden-shower is not for consolation, everything for tears me, good well, loved"; Therefore, the color most like all peoples except Chinese (preferring yellow) is called red. "Red" were called in Russia such gardens, which differed to the special beauty of flowers and plantations, and possibly elegant - i.e. Pestry, patterned - decoration. Such gardens were considered "funny", i.e. they combined everything that could delax the taste and gaze, smelling and rumor, as we will see further; But at the same time, they did not lose the utilitarian goal at the same time and, in essence, were no more than several distant fruit gardens, - they just broken were not somehow, but for more or less correct plan.
In the gardens - anyway, fruit trees, berry bushes, garden vegetables and medicinal herbs were predominantly cultivated.
Here is an old list of colors cultured in the Red Supreme Garden: "Peonies terry and seed," Coruna ", or flowers-crowns, tulips, lilies White and yellow, Nitch (Narcissus) White, Flashing (Malva) Scarlet, Mamris, Orlik, Carnations Fragrant and crucible, philorodazh, Casatis, Kaluofer, Maiden Beauty, Ruta, violets Lazz and yellow, Pijm, Issop ", etc. Such flowers were also included in the rest, not only Kremlin, but also country gardens.
In continuation of summer time, in all the ridic gardens hung cells with canary, roarts, nightingales and parrots; But his beloved bird was "peelpet" (quail), sitting in silk cells not only in room, but also in embankments. Especially about parrots are found by this kind of news. On behalf of Alexei Mikhailovich, ingenic guests, Andrei Viensius and Ivan Mars, August 22, 1654, brought various military supplies to Arkhangelsk - Lats, guns, pistols, swords, cloth - and immediately 19 trees "Garden Zamar Vegetables", and four parrots . The trees were as follows: "2 wood of the amranger apples, 2 d. Lemon, 2 d. Wine berries, 4 d. Perzyk Drugs, 2 d. Apricosis apples, 3 d. Skizhenia Morellen, 2 d. Almond nuclei, 2 d. Large Dummy. " Military supplies were sent to Moscow, and the trees and birds of Inozers were lucky themselves. During the trip along the Dvina "Little Parrotchik, Slap (called) Parakita, which is Den 12 Naphimkov, Zalemog and Mad."
Zabelin gives a few interesting instructions regarding the plumbing system that existed in the Kremlin to Trinity Fire. The water bundled car was arranged in 1633 by the Englishman, in the corner of the Kremlin Tower, who had previously called Sviblovoy, and from that time called the "water". In the lower floor, a white-mounted fluid was placed on a pipe conducted from Moscow River; Water climbed the horses (probably - Topchak) into the upper well, lined with lead; From here it was discharged by pipes to the waterway tent, which was standing at the upper embankment of the garden, bend the old cash yard. From the tent, the water was walking along the pipes lying in the ground, in different directions: to the riding gardens, onto the hearty, feed, cereal, stable and sweaty yards, at cooks and in various "decades", in which special reservoirs were placed - "Water-building lari "Powered by lead and published by English tin. Since 1683, the contractor of the waterway was the Master Galaktion Nikitin, who was working for the production of works and repair of pipes and all sorts of gear for 200 rubles per year. Nikitin lived to Trinity Fire and pointed out that lead pipes were placed.
According to the census of 1702, the royal source belonged to 52 gardens, in which, in addition to the set of apple trees, pears, drain and cherries - walnuts grew up walnuts, choler, cherry, fir, cedars, cypresses and grapes. Grape bushes were planted into special logs and wrapped in a straw, felt and roget for the winter. All "part" of the royal gardens went to the food of the courtyard, and what remained - it was on sale. The gardens then managed no longer ordinary workers, and the famous masters, part of the Russians, part of the foreigners - Ivan Telylevsky, Tit Andreev, Nikolai Almon, Yakov Bosman, and others. These gardens included not only urban (between which, according to Petrey, already Mikhail Fedorovich was somewhat entertaining), but also near Moscow "Country Cities" - not the grand villas in the sense of imperial Rome, and farms in the sense of Renata King. Such farms were placed in the villages of Kolomensky, Vorobyev, Pokrovsky (Rubtsov), etc.
The "silent" monarch of the gardens did not satisfy these: the pious sovereign sincerely loved not only the gardens, but the whole agricultural case is at all, it was one of the outstanding types of the then domical host, in the best sense of the word; At the same time, Alexey Mikhailovich, like a smart, educated Boris Godunov, had a passionate desire to use Western culture and services of foreign masters, and used them, as far as the indigenous morals, customs and views of the time allowed. Especially in a foreign garden, he was interested in drawingly and, sending ambassadors, obliged them to certainly send the thorough reports on the state of overseas gardens. By virtue of this, Likhachev, who traveled the Messenger to Florence in 1659, sends an inspired description of the Floren Prince gardens; there he, by the way, saw the "apple pretty", "Two lemons, Majesty in the header," yes "other people (automata) themselves play on the authority, and no one drives them," there are no vodka, only Jacob , triple wines, "; "And the beauty in the gardens can not be described, because they do not have a winter and snow for a single month. Fish gardens are a lot, and Fish Dicky, Beschemy ... And a lot to describe inappropriate: Therefore, who did not see anything, it will not come to the mind. "
These reports were extremely interested in the sovereign, since he has already given a long-standing dreamed in 1663. It was built by an extensive country courtyard, which combined everything that the then Russia could either produce or produce, or from the sea to get a new, better, beautiful and gorgeous in part of gardening. This yard is a favorite residence of Alexei Mikhailovich, which he constantly visited at least once a week - was the famous Izmailovsky courtyard, a sample of the then economic farm.
The village of Izmailovo, with capping and empty, was the old Votchina Nikita Ivanovich Romanova, by the death of which was enrolled in the treasury. This place formed an extensive plain, extremely comfortable for agriculture. The king spread a plan for his future country residence, which ... was a few gardens: a large garden on Italian manner, with four high gates and notorious "Babylon"; A huge little animal (forest park), acquired by a fence and filled with various animals; Very beautiful pharmacy with botanical garden; vineyard; Finally, several sections for breeding grapes, grass "Marina" (Marines), cotton, cedar, apple trees, mulberry trees (silk), etc. etc. The first extract followed from Astrakhan: August 30, 1665. Astrakhan gardener Vasily Nikitin brought the first grape bushes to Moscow, as well as seeds of watermelon, melon and paper. For the "tute trees" sent on October 21 of the same year, Sokolnik Dmitry Rakov; The results are unknown, but probably negative. In the next, 1666, on January 28, another Sokolnik was sent to Simbirsk, Elisha Batov, also for a taut, but already in the form of cuttings, and rain was sent to Kiev behind the fruit trees, and the spring brought from there "Trees with root, Hungarian Dool Both drains and figs, and grape bushes. " Part of the plants sent, between which there were still cuttings and trees of pears, nuts "hairsty", cherries, "deress", "thrust" - passed on April 23 to the Kremlin gardens, and the rest sent to Izmailovsky gardens. Together with the trees arrived from Kiev grape gardener of the Mezhigorsky Monastery, the old man of Philaret, appointed to be the chief leader in caring for cuttings. Filaret was defined to live in a miracle monastery, and in Izmailovo ride with a colonel and head by Streletsky, boyar ARTEM SERGEEVICH Matveyev - the future "King and the People". From the same time, a number of instructions begins, the data of the Astrakhan gardener Larion Larion and several other persons on the census of the tute trees in the Astrakhan and Siberian people, about the collection of ripe silk berries ("And for the berries to give money", attributed to the king's own hand, Acquisition of all kinds of seeds and "kernels" (bones), by the way 24 of the inclination of some berries "Indeed"; finally about hiring and bringing the following masters - experienced winegrildren and gardeners, a dyeer, "so that the paints knew in herbs and paint Kindyaki knew" , "The cable master, in order to make plakuana's grass"; it was still required to "bring such a person who was in Tukhmenkh and in Khiva and in Balkh and in Bukhars", finally, "to divide genuinely than Kyzylbashi paint and where there are paints, they buy whether or Herbs and from which herbs are doing, and the names to spend and bring samples to herbs "; And in addition to the article about the placuner, it is said that" and other of the same herbs can be brought by secret, of which there would be ropes and other strains. " Trees and bushes, seeds and grains were diligently gathered everywhere where they best have grown away - in individuals, at the Palace Peasants, in the Streltsy, of which many differed as excellent gardeners; Fifteen Moscow Sagittarians were instructed to turn around the early spring of 1666. Some centers, famous for the gardens, and then put them in Izmailovo "Build all trees", and at the same time took care of the service of manure from the states "Osking", where a large royal stable existed before .
The garden in which grape cuttings and fruit trees were disassembled, got the name "grape"; In the summer he spent water from the pond, by means of a car performed according to the "Overall" model Moses Terentyev. The grape garden, which occupied the space at 16 tents, was surrounded by "fences in the poles, and in the fence of four, the gate with gates, covered with testers, the tops at the gate of tents." Among the garden was "three termes from the inputs and with red windows, their railing circle; Near the termes of the path, between the paths of the columns are accurate. Teremes, columns and beds are written with paints. In the same garden, individual sections were placed in the same garden: "Pear Garden and Dulley" with a length and width of 80 soot.; "Drain", which had 100 square meters. SAZH., "Two cherry garden" one in 100 square meters. Saw., Other in 150 soot. Length at 45 soot. widths. In addition, at the garden there were two ponds, "dams are damp by the turf, the drain places of oak." Grape cuttings sat down in the worklines, and were covered with veins, then the grapes were bred and from seeds ... In 1667, a "new garden" arose: the king chose the best place in the Izmailovsky estate, in the middle of the gardens, arrested here Palace, and the selected place was covered with a wide channel; In this way, the island turned out, the very garden began to be called "Garden, which is on the island", and the estate - Izmailovsky Island ... In Izmailovsky Gardens, all garden works were made in free hiring. The workers were obliged to perform various work - to clean tracks, prepare the ridges, span German flowers and herbs. The plants were messed up with flames and mumps, they were protected from the birds with non-valid grids. Polyberry was produced from tin leek.
Ponds served mainly for economic and hygienic needs: for washing, rod, cataanium on boats, bathing, watering, and as well as animal cages; But they also had a different goal: on the one hand, they dried the ponds through the ponds, and on the other - the removed earth went to the device cellars. It is the drainage purposes that are owned by its existence of the once famous Presnensky ponds. At the beginning of the XVII century, the whole terrain from Novinsky to Moscow-River, Khodyanka, and to the border of the Earth of Tver Yamchikov, belonged to the Koven Patriarch Monastery and consisted of a part of the swamps, part of the forests, and part of the arable land; All the land concluded one village and 15 wisdom. Patriarch Joachim conceived to dry the land, adjacent to the Presne River, in those types to make them more convenient for settlement; On May 21, 1683, Joakim went to Jordan and pointed the place where to be the first (top) pond; In 1684, a garden broke around the top pond, and immediately the place under the accommodation is the service gardeners. Currently, neither the fresh nor ponds do not exist, as well as many other ponds (eg in a threeproof lane) and the Neglin river: all this is risen and smoothed from the face of the earth, and where during it is agile with golden karasi and Brown-free carps, lazy slather and darling bass, and the magnificent swans, black and white, were already goddly, there a long time ago there were huge stone houses long ago and the parks and boulevards stretch ...
Medicinal herbs - a direct folk remedy, appreciation sedia and even valued among Russians no less high than that of any other people; By virtue of this, it is clear that these herbs took the same honorable place in Russian gardens as in the ancient Germannsky. When medicine adopted in Russia, a more durable, more rational base, then the medicinal potions began to cultivate in special gardens that were called "pharmaceutical". Domestic roots, flowers and herbs - Issop, sage, mint chicory, latch, poppy, cumin, dill, portulak, parsley, zory rosemary, lady tree, black head, rosehip, red white and yellow roses, and so on . etc. The full list is available at Deriker ("experience of the nomenclature of simple means"), V. Richter ("History of Medicine in Russia") and other authors. What did not grow in this place, was discharged from the other: so, for example, Alexey Mikhailovich commanded the voivods of various areas to collect medicinal plants and send them to the yard, in the form of special grant. By virtue of this, the decisions were brought to Moscow, for royal use, licorice root from Astrakhan and the Volga region, Badyan - from Siberia, rhubarb - from Bulgaria. Rhubarily sold from the treasury for a long time. Moskovskaya pharmacaric gardens with the establishment of a pharmaceutical order, from the history of which we learn that in Moscow, already at the beginning of the XVII century, there were four pharmacistic vegetables: the main thing - in Blessing, on the shore of the river River, near the old stone or Trinity bridge, between Borovitsky and Troitsky gates, near the Swan's courtyard (it seems, the address is sufficiently detailed); the second-in flor (now the meat) gate; The third - in the German Sloboda, why was called "Pharmaceutical Garden, which is under Novonesecksky Sloboda"; Finally, the fourth is a court pharmacy in China, the eastern wall of the Kremlin. The last garden burned down with a pharmacy in 1737
Medicinal herbs - direct folk remedy, appreciated and even valued among Russians no less high than that of any other people; By virtue of this, it is clear that these herbs took the same honorable place in Russian gardens as in the ancient Germannsky. When medicine adopted a somewhat stronger, more rational foundation, then the medicinal potions began to cultivate in special burdens that were called "pharmaceutical". Domestic roots, flowers and herbs - Issop, sage, mint chicory, latch, poppy, cumin, dill, portulak, parsley, zory rosemary, lady tree, black head, rosehip, red white and yellow roses, and so on . etc. The full list is available at Deriker ("experience of nomenclature of simple means"), V. Richter ("History of Medicine in Russia") and other authors. What did not grow in this place, was discharged from the other: so, for example, Alexey Mikhailovich commanded the voivods of various areas to collect medicinal plants and send them to the yard, in the form of special grant. By virtue of this, the decisions were brought to Moscow, for royal use, licorice root from Astrakhan and the Volga region, Badyan - from Siberia, rhubarb - from Bulgaria. Rhubarily sold from the treasury for a long time. Moskovskaya pharmacaric gardens with the establishment of a pharmaceutical order, from the history of which we learn that in Moscow, already at the beginning of the XVII century, there were four pharmacistic vegetables: the main thing - in Blessing, on the shore of the river River, near the old stone or Trinity bridge, between Borovitsky and Troitsky gates, near the Swan's courtyard (it seems, the address is sufficiently detailed); the second-in flor (now the meat) gate; The third - in the German Sloboda, why was called "Pharmaceutical Garden, which is under Novonesecksky Sloboda"; Finally, the fourth is a court pharmacy in China, the eastern wall of the Kremlin. The last garden burned down with a pharmacy in 1737
Zabelin and Tonin lead a rather detailed list (but only hated) Moscow cannon red gardens of the XV, XVI, XVII centuries; On the gardens of these are still quite a few instructions, which is most famous for the fact that they often connected with real gods that metropolitani was placed in the China city (in the XVII century - Patriarchs), and that in general Moscow was abounded by herg ... Memory of the previous Gardens and vegetable gardens have been preserved in the names of the ancient Moscow tracts: "Big, middle, small gardeners", "Berserevka", "Pea Field", "Gardeners", etc. Vintage Sloboda - Garden and Garden - belonged to the palace department, were still established At the first Moscow princes, in the form of a lifestyle, Slavezharan were obliged to put in the palace, every garden vegetable and all sorts of passing; In addition, the headman is always a skillful gardener, - annually made a novel "Novy": early melons (early August), cucumbers (in early June), radish, beets, carrots, turnips, etc. For each new product, 4 Arsshina Sukna On the caftan, but the best bow was not in Moscow, but from the famous Veretsev-Lukovnikov. There were no idea about the potato concept: it was introduced in Russia only in 1787 by decree Catherine Great. But cabbage and carrots were famous for the village of Sparrow Mountains ... With the Vorobyevsky Palace, a beautiful garden was conducted, who soon traveled to the local peasants - from now and went to the move "Vorobyevskaya cabbage with carrots". I already mentioned about the classes of Streltsov as Gargetnikov, touched by a different class of yamchikov. At the beginning of the XVII century, Moscow rigs of all five Slobod, "for the faithful sovereign service," land on the outskirts of the city; Subsequently, this part joined the capital. With cheap dung and with constant demand for vegetables, the best purpose of Yam's lands was determined by itself: it was quickly developed and began to flourish her garden, and soon the garden filled all the side alleys in Tverskaya, Yamskaya, to Georgians, in the cross-head, etc. Floriculture - which first seemed funny - also developed pretty quickly, and then Muscovites were addicted to gardens and boulevards, colors and fountains to such an extent that Moscow colored markets enjoyed fame even abroad. Especially the acclimatization and brood of medicinal and expensive overseas plants developed, for which, as the novelty, they first paid the fabulous sums, they later acquired almost every garden. The Government promoted such a rise in the garden to such a rise, and since Alexei Mikhailovich, a number of orders aimed at the development of gardening are not in Moscow, but in all of Russia begins.
Arnold Eduardovich Regel (1856-1917) - Russian gardener and a dendrologist. By education, an engineer.
Designed and created a park in the estate "random" general D. V. Drachevsky in the Mzimta River valley 3 km from Adler (modern Sochi Park of the Soviet South Cultures). He was engaged in the garden of the estate of Ala Kyriol, designed a bright park in the city of Narva-Jõesuu (Estonia).
In 1896, the work of A. E. Relel "Elegant Gardening and Art Gardens" was published, which summarized and systematized the history of gardening and a system of practical recommendations was developed. In 1990, the book was reissued.
Proceedings
- Regel A. Native and eliminated cultural plants of the Verkhovyev AMU Darya.
- Regel A. Elegant gardening and artistic gardens. Historical and didactic essay. - St. Petersburg. : Edition G. B. Winkler, 1896. - 448 p.
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An excerpt characterizing Regel, Arnold Eduardovich
- Helen! He said out loud and stopped."Something particularly spoken in these cases," he thought, but could not remember what exactly they say in these cases. He looked at her face. She moved towards him closer. Her face shook her.
- Oh, remove these ... like these ... - She pointed to glasses.
Pierre removed glasses, and his eyes over the overall strangeness of the eyes of people who shot glasses, his eyes looked frightened questioningly. He wanted to bend over her hand and kiss her; But she had a quick and coarse movement of the heads of his lips and brought them with their own. Her face struck Pierre his changed, unpleasantly confused expression.
"Now it's too late, everything is over; Yes, and I love her, "Pierre thought.
- Je Vous Aime! [I love you!] - he said, remembering what it was necessary to speak in these cases; But these words sounded so poorly that he was ashamed for himself.
After a month and a half he was an obvente and settled, as they said, the happy owner of the beautiful wife and millions, in the Bolshoi St. Petersburg re-trimmed house of the counts of the Berthi.
The old prince Nikolai Andreich Bolkonsky in December 1805 received a letter from Prince Vasily, who informed him about his arrival along with his son. ("I'm going to revision, and, of course, I'm 100 miles not a hook to visit you, a diverse benefactor," he wrote, - and my anatole defeats me and goes to the army; and I hope that you will allow him to personally to express to you That deep respect, which he, imitating father, nourishes to you. ")
"Here is Marie and you don't need to export: the grooms themselves go to us," the little princess did carelessly, hearing about it.
Prince Nikolai Andreich frowned and said nothing.
Two weeks after receiving the letter, in the evening, the people of Prince Vasilla arrived ahead, and he himself came with his son as another day.
Old Man Blocks has always been a low opinion on the character of Prince Vasilla, and even more recently, when Prince Vasily in new reigns in Pavel and Alexander went far in ranks and honors. Now, according to the hints of letters and the little princess, he understood what was the matter, and the low opinion about Prince Vasille passed in the soul of Prince Nikolai Andreic to the sense of unfair contempt. He constantly snorted, speaking about him. On that day, how to come by prince Vasillus, Prince Nikolai Andreich was particularly dissatisfied and not in the spirit. Was he not in the Spirit that Prince Vasily came, or because he was particularly dissatisfied with the arrival of Prince Vasilla, which was not in the spirit; But he was not in the spirit, and Tikhon was still in the morning, he honed the architect to enter the princess.
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