A phrase is a combination of two or more independent (significant) ones. Collocation Several words related in meaning and grammatical

§ 1. Types of communication in a phrase

We remember the past and take new steps on the path of knowledge.

Exercise

1. Explain on what basis the phrases are divided into three groups. Check for errors in the grouping.

School Olympiad,
first student,
rhetoric lessons,
classical gymnasium,
entertaining linguistics.

Learn a paragraph
stand in front
get out from behind the desk,
computer science room,
elective in chemistry.

2. In words with unverifiable vowels, underline dangerous passages. Pick the three most difficult words from your point of view and make sentences with them.

Collocation – it is a combination of two or more independent words connected with each other grammatically and meaningfully.

A word combination serves to name objects, their actions and signs more accurately than a word. Compare, for example, the word House and phrases wooden house, twelve-story house, my house, brick house etc.

The phrase highlights the main and dependent word: error(which?) unnoticed, point out(for what?) on the flaws, fled(how?) quickly.

There are three types subordination in a phrase: coordination, management, adjoining.

Agreement- this is a subordinate relationship in which the main and dependent word are in the same gender, number and case: spring sun, funny kitten, at this stop or only in number and case: first lessons, funny kittens, i.e. are consistent. With a change in the form of the main word, the form of the dependent also changes: spring sun, spring sun, about spring sun.

Control is a subordinate relationship in which the main word controls the case form of the dependent word: decide(what?) task, take an interest(how?) art. With a change in the form of the main word, the dependent retains its form: interested in art, interested in art, interested in art.

Adjacency is a type of subordinate connection in which a dependent unchangeable word (adverb, participle, indefinite form of a verb) is associated with the main one only in meaning, adjoins it : read aloud, soft-boiled egg, spoke smiling, forgot to call.

1) a combination of predicate and subject: it's raining, a quarter ends;

2) homogeneous members suggestions: newspapers and magazines; shines, but does not warm;

3) a noun (or a word replacing it) with the preposition: near the house, during the year, near him;

4) complex forms of future tense and comparative degree: I will study, you will train, the deeper, the best;

5) idioms: put a spoke in the wheels, drive a bum, roll up your sleeves.

To make it easier for you to recognize the types of connection in a phrase, we will compose a self-instruction.

Self-instruction

Communication types in a phrase

1. Determine if the dependent word is an unchangeable part of speech
Yes	No
I determine if the dependent word is in case form	2. Determine if the dependent word changes when the main
Yes	Yes	No
Output: control	Output: reconciliation	Output: control
No
Output: adjoining

Exercise

What kind of connection are used to connect words in a phrase if only one feature is known? Keep in mind: in two cases, the problem has more than one solution.

1) The main and dependent word play the Estonian game “Do as I do”; 2) the dependent word is expressed in an adverb; 3) there is a preposition between the main and dependent word; 4) the main word, like a traffic controller at an intersection, controls the traffic; 5) the main word is a verb.

Exercise

1. Write down phrases, grouping them by type of subordinate relationship and underlining spelling.

A desperate act, answered irritably, in a bubbling stream, breathing heavily, hide the letter, in the course of the river, have a new haircut, according to a new textbook, evening program, program piece, then decide, due to a rash decision, chained to a rock, to compromise, an uncompromising person, having decided on an act, spoke with a pretense, overcoming an obstacle, a growing organism creeping over the river, red-hot.

2. Dictation... Prepare to take dictation of these phrases.

Exercise

Fill the table.

1. Depending on which part of speech the main word is expressed, phrases are divided into nominal, verbal and adverbial.

V registered phrases, the main word is expressed by a noun ( warm day, desire to learn), adjective ( very inquisitive, pale with fear) or numerals ( three comrades, two at the top). TO verbal include phrases with verbs, participles and participles in the role of the main word ( read a book, flushed with embarrassment, remembering the past). This is the largest group of phrases. Have adverbial phrases, the main word is the adverb ( a lot of fun, just before departure).

2. Besides free phrases, allocate more whole phrases: five books, most of the students, one of us, my mother and I, a girl with blue eyes etc.

Whole phrases appear in a sentence as one member of the sentence: Seryozha (you can't say “ silent five "). Keep this in mind when parsing the sentence members.

Exercise

1. Write down only complete phrases. Indicate which of them have a quantity value ( three friends), selectivity ( one of us), compatibility ( Tamara and I), portrait detail ( a boy with a bright red shock of hair). For the rest of the phrases, name the species by the main word (nominal, verb or adverbial).

Thirty-eight parrots, many cars, meeting a friend, Ivanov and Petrov, who could not hold back tears, three fat men, apples and pears, girls with laughing faces, a well-known man, a short man, each of the employees, subscribe to the magazine, mom and dad, what - any of the things, spoons and forks, saving a child, my friend and I, a kid with brown eyes, a date in private, twenty-two students.

2. Make sentences with 3-4 complete phrases. Indicate which member of the proposal they are.

Have you ever wondered why intentions come true, a Dreams Come True? Why someone can delight drive into a rage, into anger or discouraged but not at all lead to jubilation?

A few more examples. A person who speaks a native language since childhood will never name health heavy, and illness - strong; will not confuse the turnover lose patience and lose calm... In all these cases, we take into account the features lexical collocation of words, that is, their ability to connect with each other. Many mistakes in our speech are explained by the violation of the rules of lexical collocation. For example: Brown hair(or eyes),awfully beautiful(or scary beautiful). Funny combinations, aren't they? (They say Brown eyes and brown hair, very nice or unusually beautiful.)

Exercise

1. In these phrases, the norms of the lexical combination of words are violated. Write down the phrases, correcting mistakes.

Cheap prices, take action, earned fame, unrelenting help, does not matter, sudden departure, increase the level, provide care.

2. Come up with sentences with stable phrases play a role, matter.

Exercise

When talking about many different animals, we use different nouns, for example: herd of horses, herd of cows... But how should I say when it comes to sheep, dogs, crows, fish, bees?

Exercise

1. Before you two groups of words: in the first - the words that are the main in the phrase, in the second - dependent. Combine words into phrases.

1) Package, tile, bundle, tube, pack, bunch, jar, stick, pinch, handful.

2) Jam, nuts, milk, chocolate, firewood, yeast, cookies, carrots, toothpaste, salt.

2. What is the common meaning of all these phrases?

Exercise

1. Type the following phrases on your computer keyboard.

Worry about the child, confidence in the future, come from Moscow, the head of the hospital, a monument to Pushkin, distinguish letters and sounds, at the end of school, review an essay, pay attention to physics, pay for travel, be surprised at behavior, worry about relatives, indicate shortcomings , to honor with an award.

2. What phrases were underlined in green on the screen? What does this mean? Read the commentary on these examples given in the Grammar Explanation dialog box. Have all the mistakes been corrected by the "Spelling" program (section "Grammar")? Determine whether you can rely on computerized spelling and grammar checkers for everything.

3. Write down all phrases correctly, in accordance with the norms of the literary language.

Exercise

1. Verbs close in meaning often require different cases from nouns, for example: making a difference(what and what?) sounds and letters, but: differ(what from what?) sounds from letters... Combine words into phrases, putting the dependent word in the desired form. Indicate the case of the noun.

1) Warn, warn (danger); 2) be surprised, amazed (act); 3) focus attention, pay attention (the main thing); 4) superiority, advantage (enemy); 5) to be defeated, to lose (champion); 6) pay, pay (travel); 7) build on, build on (results); 8) commander, commander (regiment); 9) reprimand, reproach (dishonesty); 10) despise, neglect (danger).

2. In words with prefixes before- and pre- underline dangerous places.

§ 2. Parsing a phrase

The order of parsing a phrase

1. Select a phrase from a sentence.

2. Find the main and dependent word; indicate which parts of speech they are expressed; make a diagram of the structure of the phrase.

3. Name the type of phrase by the main word (verb, nominal, adverbial).

4. Determine the type of subordinate relationship (coordination, management, adjoining).

Sample of written analysis

And Tatyana has a wonderful dream. (A. Pushkin)

1) Wonderful dream- adj. + noun, nominal, acc.;

2) Tatyana is dreaming- verb. + noun, verb, ex.

Exercise

1. Read the sentence.

The night is frosty, the whole sky is clear;
Luminaries of heaven, a wondrous choir
It flows so quietly, so according to ... ( A. Pushkin)

Have you seen this picture on your mental screen?

2. What is the meaning of the word chorus? Find synonyms for the adjective marvelous.

3. Select the grammatical foundations in the sentence, then parse all the phrases.

Exercise

The class performed parsing phrases. Check for errors in the next job.

Round dances of stars intertwined in wonderful patterns in the distant firmament. (M. Lermontov)

Round dances of stars - n. + noun, nominal, acc.;

wonderful patterns- adj. + noun, nominal, acc.;

intertwined in the sky - verb + noun, verb, exercise;

intertwined patterns- verb. + Nar., approx.

Exercise

1. Read an excerpt from the novel by A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin". Let your imagination run wild.

It was evening. The sky grew dim. Water
They flowed quietly. The beetle hummed.
Round dances were already dispersed;
Already across the river, smoking, was blazing
Fishing fire. In a clean field,
Moon by silvery light
I'm immersed in my dreams
Tatyana walked alone for a long time.

2. Write down three phrases with different types of communication. Parse any two phrases.

3. What is the meaning of the word round dances? And what is the meaning of the same word in M. Lermontov (see the previous task)?

Exercise

1. Write down phrases by opening brackets and distributing phrases by type of connection into different groups. For phrases with a matching relationship, indicate where the main and dependent words agree.

In winter (e, i) m silver, waking up early, in the morning (n, nn) ​​he snowed, smelled snow, a brown mare, softly covered (n, nn) ​​s, with a cheerful crack, bl (and, e) sta in the sun , (not) a patient horse, fluffy reins, weaving at a trot, bl (and, e) a stony carpet, (to) meet the northern Aurora.

2. In what Pushkin lines are these phrases found? Try to remember the titles of the works and the lines themselves.

3. In what phrase has the rule of government changed in comparison with Pushkin's time?

4. What is the name of a stylistic device in which the usual word order is violated in a phrase or sentence? Give examples.

Exercise

1.Remember spelling... Write down by inserting missing letters and expanding parentheses. Complete each row 3-4 with your own examples.

1) Winter .. jacket, curly greenery, early .. in the spring, formerly ... girlfriend, waking up in the whole forest, about fluttering .. flame, late .. night, about drizzling .. rain, no .. with snow ...

2) Wrote on the cover .. notebook .., attend the opening .. exhibition .., drove up to the towers .. fortresses .., went to the porch of the gatehouse .., a letter from Astrakhan .. for Natal ..

3) (Over) the spring sky, chirping (over) the spring, worrying (about) the former, (by) the former path, a hot (by) summer day was blowing ...

4) Shortly ...

2. Determine which words in phrases from the fourth row are main and which are dependent; indicate the types of communication. Make sentences with participial phrases.

3. Based on this task, make a conclusion about what spelling and punctuation rules are associated with the ability to highlight phrases from a sentence.

§ 3. Collocation and forecast

The ability to look ahead is a wonderful human characteristic. You know that to refer to this amazing ability a whole series of words have been created: foresight, anticipation, anticipation, premonition, forecasting etc. But most often we use the word forecast(remember the expression weather forecast). So, reading a sentence that begins with the word those, we anticipate what will follow soon which... Hearing the words for, we expect to... Similar those in order there when give us the opportunity to anticipate to some extent both the thought and the syntactic construction expressing this thought. Seeing the first words in a sentence When the boys, leaving ..., we immediately guess that when the boys, having abandoned one thing, did something else, something else happened. In some cases, from the words already read, you can accurately predict the following. Even small children, having heard the unfinished lines of Pushkin: “Waited for winter, nature waited. Snow fell only ... ”, unmistakably end:“ in January ”.

But more often than not, we predict the forms of words and syntactic constructions... Let's see how the forecast works when a phrase is created. To do this, let's analyze a few examples.

Let's take a phrase with a link reconciliation... If it has a word green, then it will necessarily predict what will be the main word expressed by the noun in the form of the nominative case, singular, female, for example: lamp, or blouse, or melon, or insect... And seeing the word trembling, we immediately guess that somewhere near there will be a genitive or accusative noun plural: wings, or butterflies, or birds…

If the main word is denoted by a Latin letter A, and the dependent - with the letter V, their relationship can be represented by the formula A<- В, that is dependent word predicts the main thing(of course, if it comes first in the phrase). Does the main word predict dependent? Of course not. Because the main word does not necessarily have a dependent that characterizes it. So, in connection with the agreement, the dependent word predicts the main thing, but not vice versa.

Now let's look at the syntactic relationship control... Here the dependent word always predicts the main thing, and the main thing is the dependent one. Let's check it out. Transitive verb read requires it to have a noun (or pronoun-noun) in the accusative case: read(what?) book, letter... In the same way, after hearing or reading a word the book, we are waiting for the verb read, or give, or buy etc. In other words, there cannot be a servant without a master, and a master without a servant: the dependent word predicts the main thing, and vice versa... True, in a specific proposal, the forecast does not always come true. So, with the verb play there can be a variety of dependent words: play(on what?) on the piano, play ( with whom?) with brother, play(what?) play chess etc. Which of these connections, dependencies, are implemented in a particular proposal, we do not know.

The same relationship exists between the main and dependent word in phrases with a connection contiguity. Let's take a verb read. Read can (how?) okay fluently out loud etc. An adverb denotes a sign of an action, so we almost always expect a verb to appear next to an adverb that denotes this action. However, in a specific proposal, this expectation may not come true. The dependent word may or may not appear at all, or there will be only one of several predicted ones.

Now, based on the observations made, we will compile a table.

Let's try our hand at forecasting.

Exercise

It is known that a dependent word in a phrase is one of the following words: brick, school, neat, last, haste, hours, about the film, professional.

Try to predict the main word. Determine the types of communication in phrases.

Like this: ripe - the dependent word is an adjective in the singular form. h., w. r., V. p. So, the main word will be a noun in the same form, denoting an object. This is a relationship of agreement.

Exercise

Predict the meaning and type of connection in a phrase if it contains one of the following words.

1) Outright, 2) to translate, 3) outright, 4) unquestioningly, 5) to judge.

Exercise

“Collect” a sentence from the “scattered” words. Please note: this assignment is also related to forecasting.

Let's “collect” a sentence that “crumbled” into the following word forms: fragrant, early, on, white, just, in the morning, garden, tenderly, blossoming, whole, summer, rose.

Let's do this work together first.

Fragrant Is a verb in the past tense, singular, feminine. In a sentence, it must be a predicate and associated with a subject - a feminine noun, singular, nominative. There is such a noun - the Rose... It turned out the grammatical basis - the rose was fragrant. The next word is early... It is an adjective in the instrumental, singular, masculine or neuter form. It predicts that the sentence should contain a noun with the same grammatical features. We find it - in the morning... The adjective also applies to the same noun summer... It turned out to be a complex phrase early summer morning…

Exercise

The sentence is written in a column, one word at a time. Gradually shifting the "slider" (a sheet of blank paper or a ruler), express your assumptions about the further content and structure of the sentence, as well as about the placement of punctuation marks.

cutesy

on the stove

sitting ...

Cutesy- an adjective in the form of the nominative singular masculine gender is a dependent word in a phrase; I'm waiting for the main word with the same grammatical features. This word cat, the phrase turned out cutesy cat... I'm waiting for the predicate. On the stove- prepositional-case form, which must be associated with a predicate verb or participle. Sitting- verbal participle, together with a dependent word on the stove forms a phrase sitting on the stove, the adverbial turnover turned out; if there are no other dependent words further, then it must be separated on both sides with commas ...

Murlych

foot

stigma

(A. Pushkin)

Exercise

Make a step-by-step record of the following sentences, predicting their further content, structure and punctuation. (Proceeding in the same way as in the previous task, write down ...)

Exercise

1. Many adjectives "attract" strictly defined nouns. Match each adjective with an appropriate noun. Write down the resulting phrases.

Pencil ..., walnut ..., thick ..., brown ..., pitch ..., branched ..., snub ..., leap ..., exclusive * ..., pouring ..., stale ....

2. In which cases the problem has a unique solution, and in which - two or even three?

Exercise

1. Nouns and adjectives are mixed. Build phrases from them, focusing not only on the grammatical forms of words, but also on the meaning.

Ultimate, friendship, hopeless, joy, strong, fun, unrestrained, need, suffering, unbearable, influence, unrestrained, stormy, victory, wholesome, pity, immeasurable, health, immeasurable, sleep.

2. What is the general meaning of these phrases combined?

3. Find words with prefixes of the second group, i.e. on -s (-s) , label them.

ON. BORISENKO,
city ​​of Korolyov

Which fulfills communicative function(included in speech) only as part of a sentence.

It is generally accepted that word combinations include connections of significant (having an independent semantic meaning) words based on a subordinate connection (a connection between the main and dependent members). Some researchers also recognize a broad understanding of the phrase: compositional phrases - combinations of homogeneous members of the sentence, as well as predicative phrases - subject and predicate.

Types of connection of words in a phrase

Classification of phrases by the main word

Classification of phrases according to the degree of fusion of components

According to the degree of merging of the components, the following phrases are distinguished:

• syntactically free

Example: high house.

• syntactically (or phraseologically) not free forming an indecomposable syntactic unity and acting as one member in a sentence:

Examples: three sisters, pansies.

Are not phrases

In the narrow sense, adopted in most textbooks and academic grammar, phrases do not include such combinations in which the connection is not subordinate, one of the words is not significant, or the connection occurs only in a certain position in a sentence of a certain form, for example:

1. Subject and predicate (predicate stem of a sentence), for example, it's raining.
2. Passive or impersonal form of the verb with instrumental subject. For example, suggested by scientists
3. A combination of homogeneous members of a sentence, for example, fast and dexterous
4. Forms of the future tense, imperative mood, degree of comparison, for example, Will work, larger
5. A combination of a word and a separate member of a sentence related to it, for example, walking speeding up
6. A combination of an official and a significant word, for example, a noun with a preposition: before bedtime
7. Combinations of verbs in the same form
8. phraseological units, for example, neither fish nor fowl

The plan for parsing a phrase:

1. Select a phrase from a sentence.
2. Find the main and dependent words, indicate which parts of speech they are expressed, raise the question from the main word to the dependent.
3. Determine the type of phrase (verb, nominal or adverbial).
4. Determine the method of subordinate communication (coordination, management, adherence) and indicate how it is expressed (by the end of the dependent word, the end and the preposition, only in meaning).

The type of connection can be determined by the question:

which? whose? (except for unchangeable attracting places. his, her, them) - reconciliation;

case questions of indirect cases: whom? what? to whom? what? whom? what? by whom? how? about whom? about what? (various prepositions can be found in phrases, which are a formal sign of control) - control;

where? where? when? where? why? why? as? - adjoining.

1. Determine the semantic relationship between the main and dependent word (attributive, object, adverbial).

Example:

A chilly wind tore at the hem of his greatcoat (L. Tolstoy).

which? — ↓──────× chilly wind —- ↓ ↓ adj. + noun	The phrase is nominal. Communication method - agreement, expressed by the end of the dependent adjective. Definitive relations: the subject and its sign are indicated.
as? ↓─────× vomited —- ↓ ↓ bunk bed + verb	The word combination is verb. The way of communication is adjoining, words are connected in meaning and intonation. The relationship is ad hoc: the action and its sign are called.
what? ×────↓ tore the floors ↓ ↓ ch. + noun in wines. NS.	The word combination is verb. The phrase names an action and an object, object relations.
which? ×────↓ overcoat floors ↓ ↓ noun + noun to the genus. NS.	The phrase is nominal, since the main word is a noun. The method of communication is control, expressed by the end of the dependent noun. The phrase names the object and its feature, the relationship is determinative.

Collocation- this is a combination of two (or more) independent words, interconnected by a subordinate link in meaning and grammatical: read a book, warm day.

Phrases call objects, actions, signs, etc., but more precisely, more specifically than words: read - read aloud, pen - ballpoint, fast - very fast.

The phrase consists of the main and dependent words.

A word that names an object, sign, action, etc. is called the main.

The word that explains, spreads the main thing is called addicted.

From the main word to the dependent one can Ask a Question.

It is customary to mark the main word when parsing a phrase cross.

The following word combinations are not phrases:

1. The combination of subject and predicate since this suggestion: The shop is closed; The day is hot; The train is arriving.

2. A number of homogeneous members of the proposal, since they are connected by a compositional connection (i.e. equal): books, newspapers, magazines; light but warm; now rain, then snow.

3. The combination of a service word with a significant, since this is a word form: near the house (about- preposition), also came ( too- union), as if in a dream ( as if- particle) .

4. Composite forms of words: I will study, the more interesting, the smartest.

5. Phraseological turns, since words in them lose their lexical meaning, they can be replaced with one synonym word: beat thumbs up(= mess around) , lead by the nose(= cheat) .

The words in the phrase are related in meaning and grammatical:
Semantic connection words in a phrase established on issues, which are put from the main word to the dependent:

×——————-↓ ×—————-↓ ×———————-↓
path(which?) forest, run away(where?) home, think(about what?) about exam.

Grammatical connection words in a phrase is expressed by ending or endings and prepositions:

— ×——————↓ ×———————↓
working her (which?) a place, tell(about what?) O trip e .

Types of phrases

A. Depending on which part of speech the main word is expressed, word combinations are divided into three groups:

1. Nominal phrases are those in which the main word is expressed:

noun: May day broken vase, seventh House, our yard, drops rain, a wish understand, riding on horseback;

adjective: useful children, interesting for me, absolutely unknown, capable forgive;

numerals: three comrade, five of us;

pronoun: something important, something incredible, some of them.

1. Verb

verb: log off outside, talk the truth, multiply at five, loud laugh, go bouncing;

participle: informing relatives, drove up to the pier, chatting with friends, loudly speaking;

gerunds: reading newspaper, being wary of colds asking help, proposing return.

1. Adverbial phrases are called in which the main word is expressed

adverb: very fortunately, still interesting, left from the house, shortly before dawn, somewhere in the yard.

B. By the nature of semantic relations, three groups of phrases are distinguished (by analogy with the secondary members of the sentence):

1. Definitive phrases denote subject and its sign:deep river, cheerful mood, forest flowers.
2. Object phrases indicate action and subject to which it goes: sweep the floor, wrote a note, digging a well, put on the table, reading a book.
3. Circumstantial phrases indicate action and its sign:sleep well, speak softly, jump high.

B. By the number of components, two groups of phrases are distinguished:

1. Simple phrases consist of two significant words: go in for sports, new student, view photos.
2. Complex phrases consist of three or more significant words and are formed as a result of the spread of a word with a whole phrase or the spread of a phrase with another word: doing homework(word performance spread by the phrase homework),new monthly magazine(phrase monthly magazine spread by word new);read a book - read an interesting book - read a very interesting book - read a very interesting book for a long time.

G. According to the degree of cohesion of the components:

1. Syntactically free phrases- the result of the free combination of two independent words, each of which has a full lexical meaning. In such phrases, the main word is the main one both grammatically and in meaning, and the dependent specifies the meaning of the main one in one way or another. Each of the components of a free phrase in a sentence is a separate member of the sentence. Free phrases are easily decomposed into their component parts: test, problem book in mathematics, work around the clock.
2. Syntactically non-free (solid) phrases- this is a combination of words, in which the grammatically dependent word is the main one in meaning, and the grammatical main word is insufficient in terms of semantics (information). Syntactically non-free phrases are not decomposed into their constituent parts. In a sentence, syntactically integral phrases are one member of the sentence: two houses, a few students, little time.

Models non-free (whole) phrases:

1. Quantitative nominal phrases. In them, the main word denotes quantity (number, volume, size), but does not have a substantive meaning, and the dependent word denotes a word with an objective meaning in the genitive case: three pencils, two guys, so many people, many cars, many books.
2. Phrases with the meaning of selectivity.
   In them, the main word is a pronoun or numeral, the dependent word is a noun or pronoun in the genitive case with the preposition "from": one of us, each of those present, some of the students, some of the guys.
3. Collocations with metaphorical meaning. The main word is used in a figurative sense and calls what the object looks like, the dependent word is the direct name of the object: sickle of the month, cap of curls, mirror of the river, flame of the mouth (S. Yesenin), copper leaves (S. Yesenin), mountain ash fire (S. Yesenin).
4. Phrases with the meaning of uncertainty. The main word is an indefinite pronoun, a dependent is an agreed adjective, a participle: something unpleasant, someone unfamiliar, someone sitting.
5. Collocations with the meaning of compatibility. Such phrases are called equal participants in joint action. The main word is a noun or pronoun in the nominative case, the dependent is a noun in the instrumental case with the preposition "s": brother and sister, Kolya with a friend, we are with a friend. Phrases built according to this model are integral only as a subject and only if if the predicate is plural:mom and daughter were preparing dinner; Nikolay and Denis went to the forest.If the subject is in the singular, the phrase is free:father and son went to the zoo (subject - father,with son - addition) .
6. Contextually integral phrases. Their wholeness arises only in the context of a sentence or a complex phrase: clever man will be able to figure it out; girl with blue eyes , tall man .
7. Phrases in compound predicates that include auxiliary verbs, linking verbs or other auxiliary components: He started to tell about adventures in the Amazon jungle; We want to you to help; She looked tired.