Turks or Turks multiple number. National character and morals of residents of the Turkish Republic

Many other peoples lived: Armenians, Greeks, Jews, Assyrians. What kind of people live in this area now?

Seljuki.

According to official science, the first Turkic peoples appeared in Malaya Asia in the sixth century. Byzantine rulers greeted the Bulgarians here, the Arabs attracted here Turkic-speaking Muslims from Central Asia, and the Armenian kings were set up for the protection of Avarians. However, these tribes cried, dissolved in the local population.

Selzhuki - Turkic-speaking nomadic peoples inhabited in Central Asia and Altai (Turkov language refer to Altai language family), which focused around the Troja Tribe, whose rulers accepted Islam.

These were Turkmen, Kyniki, Assara, Kaiy, Caramanies and other nations. At first, the Seljuki strengthened in Central Asia, conquered Korezm and Iran. In 1055, they captured Baghdad Caliphate capital and moved to the West. In their ranks poured farmers from Iran and Arab Iraq.

Empire of Seljukov grew, they invaded Central Asia, conquered Armenia and Georgia, took Syria and Palestine, pretty pushing Byzantium pretty. In the middle of the XIII century, the empire, without having survived the invasion of the Mongols, broke up. In 1227, the Kaiy tribe was moved to the territory of Seljukov, with which the rules of Ertorgrule, whose son Osman became the founder of the Turkish state, which later called the Ottoman Empire.

The invasion of Mongols caused a new flow of immigrants, and in the XIII century Small Asia Came tribes from Khorezm. And today in Turkey, the ancient tribe of Hommbed is nomed.

Since the XII century, Turks began to move to settlement, mixing with indigenous peoples, which marked the beginning of Islamization and turkization of the population. Simultaneously with this from the North-West, Pechenegs, Romanians and Eastern Slavs migrated to Maly Asia.

The Turkish people have formed by the end of the century. Already in 1327 official language In some areas, Turkey was Turkic, not Persian. Modern Turkish science believes that the population of Turkey is 70% consistent with the descendants of Seljuk Turkov and 30% from the indigenous population.

Another version

Russian science considered otherwise. In Efron and Brockhaus, Efron and Brockhaus indicated that the ancestors of the Turks were the "Ural Altai tribes", but due to the mass of the immigrants of other nationalities, they have long lost authenticity, and now the Turks are descendants of the Greeks, Bulgarians, Serbs, Albanians and Armenians.

It turned out that such confidence is based on the history of warlike Osmans. At first they won the territory of Byzantium, then Balkans, Greece, Egypt. And everywhere exported prisoners and slaves.

The slaves were paid by conquered peoples, children and wives were taken for debts from Slavs. Turks married Armenians, Slavs, Grechany. And the children inherited the features of these peoples.

There was another process that led to the "reassurance" of the Greeks and other peoples who were previously under the protection of Byzantium. After in 1204, Konstantinopol was brazed by the Crusaders, the Greeks ceased to consider Latinan allies.

Many preferred to remain "under Osmans" and pay the JIZY - the tax for the wrong, instead of leaving to Europe. Just at this time, Islamic preachers appeared, who were broadcasting that the differences between religions were not many and those who persuaded the Byzantines to accept Islam.

Genetics

Genetic studies confirm - Turks are heterogeneous. Almost a quarter of Anatolian Turks can be attributed to autochthonous peoples, a quarter to Caucasian tribes, 11% have a Phoenician Gallogroup (these are descendants of the Greeks), 4% of the population has East Slavic roots.

Anthropologists believe that the average of the Turks is a representative of the European-like race, and after all, the Seljuky Turks were not Europeoids. Central Asia and are now populated by monogoloid peoples.

What the Turks think

The Turkish ethnographer Makhturk became interested in this issue. He went to Central Asia and Altai to find there related nationality Turks, find common legends, identical elements in patterns and clothes, common rituals. He climbed in the deaf auly and remote overhead, but did not find anything.

Moreover, he was surprised that anthropologically people in Central Asia are very different from the Turks. And then, the professor arose the theory that the official story adapts to reality, and in the XII century, the Turkic tribes began their migration due to nonsense. They moved first to the southeast, and then to Iran and in Malaya Asia.

The ethnographer noted that the purebred Turks are in Turkey until now, they retained the Mongoloid appearance and compactly live in several parts of the country.

Dear readers and readers of my blog! We raise you and just hello after a protracted pause, about the valid causes of which I will say a few words at the very end!

No doubt that to understand the mentality of the Turks, Russians and representatives of any other nationality is required to begin to learn them native languageAt least at the level of the spoken. That is, master the words and expressions, most common in everyday life.

Why so? - Here, in fact, everything is simple. This is due to the fact that as far as the microscope is studied, a new Universe is provided before the gaze of foreigners - all those basic and often unfamiliar concepts and the principles that are familiar to juggle in their lives.

Speaking about the Turkish mentality - well, there is no and can not be at the "despicable gyura" such a tricky eastern "firmware", until he "will let the saliva" and will not say the first in his life "Merhab".

A simple example of a loving Turkish mentality and his imprint in the Turkish language: I personally had a long time for a long time, the abundance of all sorts of diminutive or magnifying law words in the everyday interpopol communication. All sorts there, "Ashk" (my love), "Bitanted" (my only), "Sevgilim" (my beloved), etc. etc.

It is clear that Russian from the Russian to hear the appeal "My love" will be funny funny if the cavalier is just not exclaimed after the "Thousands of Damage, Channelia!", Being closed in the blue-white scarf FC "Zenit", but from the Eastern Prince In practice, it turns out the cool "Zamanyuha" for the girls :)

But now we are not talking about Eastern love, although the idea itself to discuss love vocabulary in the local Turkish performance has long been spinning in my head. And then come to my blog all sorts, I hope yet the ladies, and not young people, here with such search queries - at least stand on the place of the post, even fall in a log :)

On the other hand, I understand that many compatriots want to comprehend the Turkish mentality externally, without becoming a tourycologist - graduate of Isaa, including representatives of the best half of humanity. Of course, solely of practical and at the same time romantic considerations. Two in one:)

Especially for them, I chose five, the main in my opinion, the Turkish word forms and concepts that reflect the characteristic features of the thinking of the Turks.

Immediately I want to make a reservation - I did not put the tasks to draw up a phrasebook. The goal was to set the vector direction to understand Turkish thinking :)

Mentality of the Turks in five words and expressions

1. Kırmamak (Kyrmak)

This is the negative form of the verb "Kırmak", which is translated as "breaking", and in the intermediary communication can be translated as "to upset", well, or "peel" :)

In Turkish mentality it is very important to show that you are ready to take a step towards another person, his hopes and aspirations. From a sense of personal sympathy, so to speak, you are ready to do what, in principle, was not going to do or was not going to do or did not decrease;)

The word is very often used in the process of bargaining between the seller and the buyer, when the size of the discount and the parties are being discussed to determine its mutually acceptable size. From the series: You do not climb me and I will not, you want a discount of 20%, the maximum I am ready to give 10%, but only for you I will climb into a loss and let it be 15% :)

2. Ayıp Olmasın Diye (iyp Olmasyn Die)

Literally can be translated as "so that it was not ashamed." Here is the attention (!) - We have one of us one of the key concepts of the Turkish language and the foundation of the Turkish mentality.

I will say that approximately half of things during the day the average of the Turks does, based on this consideration. Even the economy with exports in Turkey is growing, well, so that everything was :) :)

You really don't want to do this, you understand that you are forged your boot on a gentle throat of your song, but you can not do anything - these people always called you and you, even categorically not wanting to see them, just obliged to call them. Or, they had two gold bracelets at your daughter and all this was perfectly seen and now, when you're already called Congratulations - do not care that the family budget cracks. Two bracelet - take me out yes, and more precisely - put on my daughters of friends :)

The reader may ask, what is the difference between the first from the second, I mean "Kirmamak" from "AIP"?

In principle, the essence is the same, but, as described in the old vulgar anecdote about the bath and two naked men, there is a nuance:

And there and there you are doing what you do not want to do. But in the first case, you are doing this, experiencing a sincere location to a person, and in the second without it and even on the contrary, frantically creaked with teeth. Only because it is necessary to "not be ashamed."

3. Elalem Ne Der? (Elylea not der?)

Here it is a strict public opinion - "what will they say / think / surrounding?". It is especially important when it is necessary so that there was no "AIP" or, even worse, not "rezil" (rezil - shame).

"From people in the village not hide" sang Tikhonov about our village, but it is true about Turkey, which is a big village in the extent of which I look :)

As a metauka noted a psychologist-head of Jian Manai from the series "Fi", in this, that is, Turkish, society, you can do anything, that's just no case to displaced.

I remember, for several years on Turkish television, noise endowed the plot when the young Turkish was not released during a crowded exam in the toilet and she, not wanting to be expelled, did not stand in general and added his ticket ... And how proudly she told about it In front of the central TV cameras, and what "AIP", "RELA" and "Tryndets" (not confused, the third word - our) happened at the Fascists-examiners. It's only jeans in the "firstwar" to wash, and they - all their lives wash away ...

So, living in Turkey, foreigners should be very good to explore that for the Turks is shameful, and what is not. Combinate the face running between shame and extravagant so as not to be subjected to the "Elylember" (society) for picking his finger in the nose in people :)

In permeated with interpersonal relations, the Cross-Rise, Turkey, everyone knows everything about everyone, and therefore a good personal recommendation from dear man - on the weight of gold, and bad, respectively, is immersed as a reprimand in a partbile. More recommendations are higher personal status and more chances for survival and achieving success in life. So, "Aiyup" and "Expand" is not worth it.

4. Mahcubiyet (Machjubiet)

It is a rather complicated state of the soul when you start to feel that some person makes for you some way more than you for him. Create "mahjubet" from friends and familiar attention to their signs - favourite hobby Turk.

I have already been in this state for the fifteenth year, without a big chance to pay in my moral debts. If you build all those Turks who gave me signs of attention and location during the life in Turkey, then it will turn out to be a queue for the first Soviet McDonalds in Moscow on Gorky Street, it is now Tverskaya.

When the Turk feels that he loses in the contest of attention signs, he immediately says "Beni Mahcup Ediyorsun" ("Beni Mahjup Edysun"), I am experiencing such a "mahjubet", which I can't keep in myself.

Well, it receives an indulgent "Ne Demek" ("Not Dem") - type, bazaar, everything is under control ... or, worse, "Estağfurullah" ("Estafurullah") - "Yes, God is with you," what Bullshit, just wound up all the apartment to you with flowers and gifts.

5. Saygı (Saigs)

"Saigs" or respect is one of the fundamental concepts in the Turkish system of relationships, younger to the elders, children to parents, etc. What should we learn, learn and study again!

Another side of the question is that even if you are full of M * Duck, you will tell you about it with all possible respect, as a completely deorder circumstance of your life, which does not make you worse than others. Before this hundred times by adding "Beni Yanlış Anlama" ("Beni Yallas Anliam"), that there is "I ask not to understand me wrong."

And you leave after that you are overwhelmed, even in the depths of the soul, knowing that you just called the M * Duck and is ready to celebrate my own entry into this honorable estate, inviting me to celebrate everyone, including you called you.

But here, as everywhere, there is a nuance: being boreed in everyday communication by the fractions of decency, the Turks flock all their emotions against others, being driving the vehicle. Over rare exceptions, no one will miss anyone in the roadflow, all each other "claksons", and the turn signals are not used at all. I have long been saying that in the Turkish configuration of cars you can save on unnecessary lighting, but it is worth making a cluck volume of the locomotive beep :)

So, putting the line under the tips for communicating with the Turks - study the above concepts and you will understand the mentality of the Turks, percent of the EDAK at 90. And I understood the Turkish mentality, you will understand the morals and habits that in Turkish language are indicated by the short and sicful word "HUY", in Russian transcription non-needy ...

How stupid our compatriots rzut over this common word in language courses and how they just do not beat and not tell those who have not seen himself :)

Instead of imprisonment

Before you say goodbye to readers, I will explain the reason for your ten-day downtime. I recently happened "41 Kere Maşallah" ("41 Kera Mashallah") - forty once Mashhallah, as they say in Turkey, or, simply, the 41st birthday, which I took offense, for the first time, Edak for the 20 your home. Well, and then went, went ...

Thanks to everyone who came, and all those who are now reading these lines, is not excluded by experiencing a desire to congratulate the past! Soipa does not happen :)

To new meetings and do not forget to subscribe!

To date, the population of Turkey is 73 million people. Of these, 82% - Turks, 11% - Kurds, the rest includes Arabs, Greeks, Armenians and representatives of other nationalities. More than three million Turks live in Germany and others european countries. Currently, the population is increasing at the expense of Russians and other residents of the CIS countries.

The Constitution of the Turkish Republic recognizes the Turk of everyone who was born in Turkey from Mother-Turkish or Father-Turk. Self big cities Turkey is Ankara, Istanbul, Izmir, Adana, Bursa. In East, Turkey is bordered by Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenia and Iran; in the northwest - with Bulgaria and Greece; In the south-east - with Syria and Iraq. The Turkish Republic is washed by Mediterranean, Black, Aegean and Marmara Sea.

In Turkey, for many centuries, the contacts and assimilation of different nations have occurred. For example, the long-standing residents of Malaya Asia were similar to Schmers Mesopotamia (current Iraq) and Turks of Central Asia. In ancient times, the Indo-European tribes who created the Hittch kingdom were attacked by the territory of Anatolia. Later, the Greeks, Romans, Byzantines and Ottomans dominated here.

The historic homeland of Turils - Altai Mountains. Mongols lived to the east of their lands, and to the West - threatening Finns (ancestors of modern Finns, Hungarians and Estonians). Gradually, Turks settled Central Asia and created an empire with a huge territory. In the ninth century, Türki-Oguza, who lived in Central Asia, accepted Islam. Later, they began to call the Seljuk Turks. From the century to the century they became stronger. In the 11th century, Selzhuki Turks won Eastern Anatoly, which was part of Byzantium. Numerous Turkic tribes were assieved in the territory of Malaya Asia, assimilating the local population.

The National Curda is one of the two largest ethnic groups of the Turkish population (the second of them - Armenians), which, living in Turkey, avoided assimilation with Turks in the era of the Ottoman Empire. They live in East Turkey, in mountain and low-cost areas, their language, origin and cultural traditions are very similar to Persian. In 1925 and 1930s, the Kurda raised uprising for independence against the Turkish Republic, which were severely suppressed. A very long time on the territory of the Kurds operated a state of emergency, and in 1946 they received the same status as the remaining Turkish provinces. Until now, this problem remains extremely acute, especially since rather strong Kurdish minorities will live in neighboring Iraq and Iran that support Turkish Kurds.

Turks are very polite and consistent. In a difficult situation, they will always help you and will not leave the trouble. At the meeting, they are always friendly and welcome, etiquette is given great importance. Turks are very well referred to people who respese their traditions, and if you know at least a few words in Turkish - it literally disarms them. According to their religious traditions, the polite greetings and good wishes to each other play a very large role in their address, polite greetings are emphasized. But they have certain disadvantages, immediately cast into the eyes of the Western tourist: being the East People, they are very slow and incomprehensible. Therefore, if you conclude any deal, time and price will discuss in detail in advance.

Seeing a woman on the street, dealing in black clothes, should not be shown on her with fingers or photograph.

If you enter the apartment, a private house to the Turks or a mosque, you always need to remove shoes before entering the entrance and leave it in front of the door. And if the mosque is crowded, the shoes can be put in the package and take with you. When entering the mosque, you need to be decently dressed, the woman should be tied to the head of the handkerchief; It is forbidden to attend such places in shorts, short skirts and T-shirts.

You will not meet a drunken Turk on the street: Islam prohibits drinking alcoholic beverages. Therefore, tourists need to behave accordingly, respecting the traditions of this country.

Appearance

Whatever traditions be, the most valuable in each country is its inhabitants. Externally, the Turks are very different and very different from each other: from dark brunettes with dark-skinned skin to the blonde blondes. So the external image of the Turks reflected all the processes of assimilation that occurred over the centuries in this country. Special item of male pride is the mustache, inherent in very many Turks, with the exception of the military.

Character features

The traits of the character of the Turks are very contradictory due to the fact that both East and West are connected in them, and Asia. The aggravated national pride is adjacent to their incompleteness complex. As Muslims, the Turks in the subconscious mind consider themselves above other peoples, but do not be afraid of simple draft work and come up as cheap labor in Western Europe. I hear a numerous number of times the word "Great Turkey", many understand that up to the real greatness of their country is still far away. Social inequality is too large here: from rich people who own elegant villas in Turkey, to the inhabitants of slums, barely reduced ends meet.

Turks are very valued friendship and for each other they are ready for everything. And if someone becomes an enemy, then it is forever, they do not change their views and relationships for a long time. Turks are rarely objective, people can easily break through the person, just shicy and not experiencing sincere feelings. Such people are often abused by friendship and use it for their own purposes, relying on kindness, reliability and naiveness of their friend. And even the argued dispute between friends can reduce the relationship.

The Turks are self-critical and have a good sense of humor. But they do not accept criticism from foreign citizens, and even one thoughtless word can hurt them to the depths of the soul. The Turks never stand again to declare that everyone is bad, they will be much more pleasant to hear what they do everything is not bad, but you need to try to do even better. It should not put pressure on the Turk, it is better to negotiate with him.

Huge importance for all Turks has trust. They are ready to refuse even from favorable suggestions, having heard non-confidence notes in their address. On the contrary, showing the trust in his interlocutor, it imposes a feeling of even greater responsibility on the Turk. But they are not always true to their word, write off any failures or misses to Allah. Turks are tolerant belong to representatives of all nationalities, but they are still leopard and inaccurate, they absolutely missing a sense of time. If they say that they will do tomorrow, then this may mean what will be done someday, for example, in a week. It is necessary to adapt to this, offended and angry on the Turks is useless, and even more so showing their rage to them - this will not lead to anything good.

Turks are emphasized polite in communication with each other, especially in small towns. They are helpful in relations between themselves, never create a closer, and if each other inadstantly fell, they are immediately apologized. Drivers are inferior to pedestrians and try to be mutually polite, and all misunderstandings settle peacefully and conflict. But, unfortunately, in huge cities (such as Istanbul), this tradition disappears.

Hospitality of Turks Already became the arrival of the towns. Do not be surprised if after one or two meetings, they will invite you to your home and get acquainted with all the relatives. If the Turks invite you to themselves for lunch, dinner, or just tea, will be impolite on your part to refuse them, as they can perceive it as a personal insult. Inviting me to my home, the Turks want to express their respect and confidence in you. According to the national customs, after visiting the Turkish house, you need to make a response step, inviting them to visit you.

The relations between the opposite sexes at the Turks are completely different as with us. Turks belong to the woman solely as the object of love, so they do not accept relationships to the woman as a friend, friend or colleague for work. Turks prefer to spend time with friends, and you rarely meet a married couple who go somewhere together, except for relatives. Emergencies of the centuries Turkish woman was a keeper of a homely hearth and sat at home with children, without working anywhere. But recently, in connection with the increasing Europeanization of Turkey, you can increasingly meet working women and even occupying prominent posts in the state.

In Turkey, presenters between a man and a woman are prohibited, and civil marriages are not welcome. Losting each other, the young couple immediately decides to get married. Outside the house, it is not customary to be excessive tenderness in relation to each other. Until now, there is a so-called police of morals here, so you will not see a kiss couple on the street. Only in 2002, a mandatory test for virginity among high school students was canceled.

Even ask about the health of his wife and pass her Hi among Turks is considered indecent. It is usually customary to ask about the health of the family as a whole and pass hello to the family, even if you were before in this house and know my wife.

Being in a restaurant or at a party, it is considered a ugly act to invite someone else's wife to dance and sit on free place At the table, especially if women are sitting nearby. Turks are great owners and jealies and do not even allow the thoughts that the wife can dance with someone else.

In the matter of marriage, the Turks are uncompromising and even merciless, they do not forgive betray, and some may even kill. There was such a case when the Turkish parliament justified the police officer who killed his wife and brother, put them together. At the same time, the public refers favorably to treason from men.

A large number of fans do not exal a girl in the eyes of the young man, while in Europe the army of fans only adds the girlfriend authority. To date, the girl in Turkey is limited in his choice of the future husband, and often marriages are concluded by agreement between the parents of the bride and groom. Today is the transitional period between the old rooted traditions and a new look at life, and the Turkhanka, who is actively learning and mastering new professions, is now other needs and requests, but men really do not want to admit it, so it often causes a crisis in new families.

Family manner

Family and related ties are playing a major role. In Turkish families, especially in the village, there is a clear hierarchy: the wife and children unconditionally obey her husband and father, the younger brothers - the oldest brothers, and the younger sisters - the oldest brothers and sisters. The elder brother - Abi - is essentially the second father for younger brothers and sisters. Its responsibilities include including the security of his sisters, so it is often true tyrant for them. A large families of the family enjoys well-deserved respect and the authority of the whole family, especially if she gave birth to her husband with several sons.

The authority of the head of the family - Father - was always absolute and undeniable. FROM early years In children, deep respect for parents were brought up, especially to the Father, they even had to get up in the presence of a father, and some Turks right up to mature age do not dare to smoke at the father.

Turks, especially in rural areas, there are beauty ideals. Strength and full women, who can take on all the cargo of home care are appreciated. The Turkish proverb says about the canons of female beauty: "She was so beautiful that he had to turn to enter the door."

Leaving the parental house, the girl is already becoming a member of the husband's family, but here it takes a much lower place than in the family of his parents. The daughter-in-law is not considered a member of the family until the Son is born. Even her husband does not have the right to call named, but, referring to new relatives, she must say "your son" or "your brother."

The birth of a child, especially the Son, immediately increases the status of a young woman in a new family. And her, the more respect, the more sons of her. But if a woman is fruitless - this is a real tragedy for her. The public believes such a woman, she loses all its rights, including the right to inheritance, and marriage itself becomes threatened.

Husbands are not discussing their wives with other people and especially do not brag about their victories on the love front. In small towns and villages you will never see spouses together. The manifestation of tenderness towards his wife is considered indecent. And if a man returned after a long business trip, he is met first of all relatives of the male floor, behind them - mother and sisters, and the last one is a wife.

Until now, for women there are some bannes from men. So, it is not customary that women without male escorts attend any parties, entertainment institutions or restaurants.

The life of a bachelor is not peculiar to Turkey, especially in the village. It is considered strange if the guy did not marry up to 25 years. Currently, young families no longer live with parents, they often remove apartments in Turkey, as well as parents can buy them inexpensive real estate in Turkey. Young couples with parents often visit each other. It is very love to go to visit, arrange tea drinking and give each other small gifts.

In Turkey, you will not meet such a phenomenon as shelters or home for the elderly, characteristic of the European or American lifestyle. On older relatives, it is customary to take care to the end of life. Here, even neighborhood relations are penetrated by warmth and attention, and care for close relatives is the direct debt of every Turk.

On November 24, the Turkish military shot down the Russian bomber Su-24. Two pilot of the CCS of the Russian Federation allegedly died. The relations between Russia and Turkey for hundreds of years remained at least intense, consequence of which were 11 wars. Despite the various results of these wars for Russia, it was in the confrontation with the Ottoman Empire that the Russian army tried one of the most highly wins.

Chesme Battle

The maritime battle of Chescery became part of the Russian-Turkish war, which lasted from 1768 to 1774. At the time of the start of the campaign, Russia did not have access to the Black Sea, which was one of the reasons for the beginning of the war.

In July 1770, several squadr were sent to the Watercology of the Mediterranean Sea under the command of Count Orlov. Having found a Turkish fleet on the raid in the Chesmen Bay, the Russian fleet, consisting of 9 linear ships against 15 from the enemy, on July 6, attacked the Turkish fleet.

As a result, 15 linear ships and 6 frigates of the Ottoman fleet were destroyed. Another five gallery Russian troops received as trophies. The losses of the Russian fleet were at times less - 1 linear ship and 4 brander. The ratio of losses in the vibrant strength turned out to be crushing - 650 among the Russians against 11 thousand (!) At the Turk.

The contemporary of those events, the famous writer and Military Susonicer A.Y. Glotov described the results of the battle in Chesmen Bay: "Everything has been prompted there. The victorious flag was waving them at the very threshold of Constantinople. Such successes of the small Russian squadron do not have an example in history."

This corresponded to the truth. Russia has passed the opportunity to control the Strait of Dardanelles, which strongly threw the strength of Istanbul. The war herself ended with the signing of Kychuk-Kainardji world, according to which the first lands were departed to Russia, as well as Azov. And the most important thing - Russia received the right to possess the military fleet on the Black Sea.

Sturm Izmail

After nomination of Russia's impossible conditions (the return of the Crimea, the right to inspect all ships passing through the straits, etc.) Turkey in August 1787 declared war. The beginning developed successfully for Russia: a number of fortresses were taken, including Ochasts, and a victory was obsessed with Ramnica. By December, Russian troops approached Izmail.

The fortress, which was considered impregnable, defended the garrison of 35 thousand people. Subsequently, recalling the details of the operation, who led the assault, Alexander Suvorov acknowledged that "on the assault on such a fortress it was possible only once in his life," that was quite explained: the fortress was surrounded by a 7-meter shaft, which in some places reached a height of 8 meters , as well as a molar width of 12 meters. Up to 200 implements were installed on the walls.

The combat mood of the defenders peculiarly reinforced Sultan Selim III, who in his decree promised to execute each surviving Turkish warrior if the fortress fell. The assault, which began on December 22, ended two days later, when the resistance of the Turks was broken. Preparation for the assault took just a week. As a result, more than 26 thousand people died. It is believed that only one person saved from the garrison, who was able to twist Danube on the log.

In the capture of Izmail, besides Suvorov, other such famous military commanders of their time, as Mikhail Kutuzov (at that time, the rank of Major General, became a fortress commandant after taking) and Major de Ribas General (led by the construction of Odessa, the famous street Deribasovskaya is named in his honor), who led the landing during the assault. A year after taking the fortress, Turkey signed the Yask Mirny Agreement, in which he recognized the rights of Russia to the Crimea, Kuban and Georgia.

Sinop Battle

Failed for Russia Crimean War Started from the triumph of the Russian fleet over Turkish in the Sinop Bay. On November 23, 1853, Russian ships under the command of Admiral Nakhimov approached the Bay of Sinop on the Black Sea. The task was set to prevent the exit from the Bay of the Turkish squadron for the further landing of the landing in the Sukhum area. The battle itself took place on November 30 and lasted less than four hours. During this time, all ships of the Turkish squadron were destroyed, about three thousand people were killed and wounded, and the Vice Admiral Oman-Pasha was captured. In fact, in addition to ships, the entire Turkish naval base was defeated. From Russia, there were 37 dead. None of the Russian ships was sweeping.

Nakhimov recorded in the order on the basis of the battle: "gentlemen of the commanders of ships and frigates for the composite and accurate decree of their vessels on this disposition during a strong enemy fire, equally, for unshakable their courage to continue the case, I appreciate the officers for fad and accurate execution Their debt, thank teams who fought as lions. "

Battle under Shaynovo.

On April 12, 1877, Russia declared the war of the Ottoman Empire. The goal is to help extend the liberation movement of Slavic peoples in the Balkans.

By the summer of 1877, the Russian army took possession of Shipkin Pass (divides the modern territory of Bulgaria to the North and South Parts), which had a strategic position for further promotion of the Ottoman Empire. The squad was left to hold the squad of just five thousand soldiers, while the Turks hoped into the hope of rapidly increased the forces. As a result, Russian soldiers had to heroically repeal the attacks of the 30,000th Army of the Turks. The apogee battles were the events of August 9-14, when Russian soldiers reflected continuous (at 13 o'clock) the attacks of the Turks, but did not give themselves from heights.

The defeat under Shainovo became decisive in the war. For the Russian army, a direct and vigilable path of the Adrianopol and Istanbul opened. The promotion of the Russian army prevented only the signing of a San Stefan peace treaty, according to which Serbia, Montenegro and Romania received independence, and was the created new principality - Bulgaria.

Prevent the capture of the capital of the Ottoman Empire prevented the intercession of the Western powers, which forced to sign a peace treaty. Russian losses amounted to a little more than five thousand people. Turks flew by flight, about 23 thousand Osmans were captured.

Sarykamysh battle

The Caucasian direction in the First World War for Russia was not the main one, however Ottoman Empire Under the leadership of German military specialists, preparing for the offensive campaign against Russia. In October 1914, the Turkish fleet fired at Odessa and Sevastopol, forcing Russia to move to active actions. In November, the first Russian compounds switched to the border with the Ottoman Empire.

An eccentric Enver-Pasha, one of the leaders of the empire, who, ignoring the recommendations of the German consultants, was nominated to the border with Russia, and decided to defeat the Caucasian army independently. The first two weeks of the war were terrible for Russia - the forces were forced to retreat to the border. By December, the largest squad of Russian forces was concentrated by the city of Sarykamysh, from where, on the one hand, it was possible to strike at Kars, and on the other hand, it was possible to obtain the opportunity to organize a counteroffensive up to Tiflis and disorganize the entire Caucasian grouping of Russia.

In the first days, the defense of the city accepted the misinitions and about 100 young officers. The fate of 18 Russian battalions in the Caucasian direction turned out to be in their hands, and Tiflis was covered by panic - the evacuation of the population began. By mid-December, Russian parts were tightened to Sarykamysh (mostly Kuban Cossacks), but the forces were still unequal.

As a result, by December 25, the Turks managed train Station And go to the rear defending. But then the station was removed by the forces of Cossacks-Plastuna, whose silent attack revealed the Turks in shock. The fracture occurred on December 31, when the 3rd Turkish army caused a decisive blow from which they could not recover, and in early January, successful confirrance was taken. "The Caucasian army of Russians makes amazing feats every day," said France's ambassador to Russia Maurice Paleologist, with Sarykamysh operation.