Geographical discoveries of Europe New time. Great geographical discoveries: causes, events, consequences

Tutorial: chapters 4, 8 ::: History of the Middle Ages: Early New Time

Chapter 4.

Great geographical discoveries of the middle of the XV - mid XVII century. They were associated with the process of initial capital accumulation in Europe. The development of new trade routes and countries, the robbery of newly open lands contributed to the development of this process, marked the beginning of the creation of a colonial system of capitalism, folding the world market.

Pioneers of the great geographical discoveries became in the XV century. Countries of the Pyrenean Peninsula - Spain and Portugal. Waving in the XIII century. His territory among Arabs, Portuguese in the XIV-XV centuries. They continued the war with Arabs in North Africa, during which a significant fleet was created.

The first stage of Portuguese geographic discoveries (1418-1460) is associated with the activities of Prince Enrique of the Marithelist, a talented organizer of maritime expeditions, in which not only the noblemen participated, but also merchants. Back in the 20-30s of the XV century. The Portuguese opened the island of Madeira, the Canary and Azores, advanced far to the south along the western coast of Africa. Having reinked Cape Bohador, they reached the coast of Guinea (1434) and the islands of the Green Cape, and in 1462 - Sierra Leone. In 1471, they examined the coast of Ghana, where they found rich golden placers. Opening in 1486 Bartolomeo Diamose Cape of Good Hope on the southern tip of Africa created a real opportunity to prepare an expedition to India.

Far seaside travel has become possible in the second half of the XV century. As a result of considerable success in science and technology. Until the end of the XVI century. The Portuguese walked in front of other countries not only by the number of discoveries. The knowledge gained by them during travel was given to the navigators of many countries a new valuable information about marine currents, tides and lowers, wind directions. Application on the map of new lands pushed the development of cartography. Portuguese maps differed great accuracy and contained data on previously unknown Europeans in the world. In many countries, reports on Portuguese maritime expeditions, Portuguese navigation manuals were published and reprinted. Portuguese cartographers worked in many countries from Europe. At the beginning of the XVI century. The first cards appeared, on which the lines of tropics and equator and the latitude scale were applied.

Based on the teachings on the softenness of the Earth, the Italian scientist, astronomer and the spaceographer Paolo Toskanlyli amounted to the world map, in which the shores of Asia were marked on the west coast of the Atlantic Ocean: he believed that India could be achieved, the experience west from the coast of Europe. Italian scientist incorrectly imagined the length of the Earth by Equator, making a mistake for 12 thousand km. Subsequently, they said that it was a great mistake, which led to a great discovery.

By the end of the XV century. Navigation devices (compass and astrolabia) were significantly improved, which allowed more accurately than before, determining the position of the ship in the open sea. A new type of vessel appeared - Caravel, which thanks to the system of sails could go in the wind, and against the wind, reaching the speed of 22 km per hour. The ship had a small crew (1/10 crew of the rowing gallery) and could take on board enough food and fresh water for long-range sailing.

At the end of the XV century. The Spaniards were looking for new trade routes. In 1492, the Genoese navigator Christopher Columbus arrived in the courtyard of the Spanish kings of Ferdinand and Isabella (1451-1506). About the preceding period of the life of Columbus is known little. He was born in Genoa in a weathered family, in his youth participated in sea travel, he was an experienced pilot and captain, read a lot, knew astronomy and geography. Columbus offered his Spanish monarchs, approved by Toskanjelli, the project - to reach the shores of India, floating west through the Atlantic. Prior to this, Columbus was in vain off its plan to Portuguese king, and then the English and French monarchum, but received a refusal. The Portuguese by this time were already close to the opening of the way to India across Africa, which predetermined the refusal of the Portuguese king Alfons V. France and England did not have enough fleet for the expedition equipment at this time.

In Spain, the situation was more favorable to implement Columbus's designs. After the restoration in 1492 Granada and the completion of the last war with Arabs, the economic situation of the Spanish monarchy was very heavy. The treasury was empty, the crown no longer had at his disposal free lands for sale, income from trade taxes and industry was insignificant. A huge number of nobles (Hidalgo) remained without livelihood. Pupils of centuries reconquists, they despised all economic activities - the only source of income for most of them was war. Without losing the desire for rapid enrichment, the Spanish Hidalgo was ready to rush into new conquest. The crown was interested in sending this restless noble freestyle from Spain, over the ocean, in unknown land. In addition, the Spanish industry needed markets. By virtue of its geographical location and long-term struggle against Arabs Spain in the XV century. It turned out to be cut from trade in the Mediterranean Sea, which was controlled by Italian cities. Expansion at the end of the XV century. Turkish conquests made more difficult for Europe trade with East. The path to India around Africa was closed for Spain, since Promotion in this direction meant a collision with Portugal.

All these circumstances were decisive for the adoption by the Spanish Courtyard of the Columbus project. The idea of \u200b\u200bthe overseas expansion was supported by the tops of the Catholic Church. It was approved by scientists of the University of Salamancan, one of the most famous in Europe. A treaty (capitulation) was concluded between the Spanish kings and Columbus (capitulation), according to which the Great Marinee was appointed by the vice-king of newly open lands, received the hereditary rank of admiral, the right to 1/10 of the income from newly open possessions and 1/8 of the profits from trade.

On August 3, 1492, flotilla from the three Karavel was saved from Harbor Palos (not far from Seville), taking a course to the southwest. After passing the Canary Islands, Columbus led the squadron in the north-west direction and after a few days of swimming reached Sargassov Sea, a significant part of which is covered with algae, which created the illusion of the proximity of the Earth. Flotilla fell into the Passatove zone and quickly moved forward. For several days, ships wandered among algae, but the shore was not visible. It caused a superstitious fear among the sailors, the stresses were called on the ships. In early October, after two months of swimming under the pressure of the crew, Columbus changed the course and moved to the southwest. On the night of October 12, 1492, one of the sailors saw the land, and with the dawn flotilla approached one of the Bahamas (Guanahan Island, called Spaniards San Salvador). During this first trip (1492-1493), Columbus opened the island of Cuba and explored his northern shore.

Having accepted Cuba for one of the islands off the coast of Japan, he tried to continue swimming on the West and opened the island of Haiti (Espanyol), where he met more gold than in other places. The coast of Haiti Columbus lost his biggest ship and was forced to leave a part of the crew on Espanyol. Fort was built on the island. Having strengthened it with guns from the deceased ship and leaving the garrison of food and powder stocks, Columbus began to prepare for reverse swimming. The fortress on Espanyole - Navidad (Christmas) - became the first Spanish settlement in the new world.

Open land, their nature, the appearance and classes of their inhabitants did not remind the rich lands of Southeast Asia described by travelers of many countries. The natives had copper-red skin, straight black hair, they went naked or wore pieces of cotton fabric on the hips. There were no signs of gold mining on the islands, only some of the inhabitants had gold jewelry. Capturing several natives, Columbus in search of gold mines examined the Bahamas. Spaniards saw hundreds of unfamiliar plants, fruit trees and flowers. In 1493, Columbus returned to Spain, where he was adopted with great honor.

The discovery of Columbus was conquered by Portuguese. In 1494, through the mediation of the Roman Pope, a treaty was concluded in the city of Tordesillas, according to which Spain was transferred to the right to own the Earth to the West from the Azores, and Portugal to the East.

Columbus made three more travels to America: in 1493-1496, 1498-1500 and in 1502-1504, during which small Antilles, Puerto Rico Island, Jamaica, Trinidad and others were opened, and the coast of the Central America. Columbus, until the end of his days believed that he found the Western way to India, hence the name of the "Western India" lands, which remained in official documents until the end of the XVI century. However, in the following travel, they did not find the rich fields of gold and precious metals there, revenues from new lands only slightly exceeded the costs of their development. Many expressed doubt that these lands were India, the number of Columbus enemies grew. Particularly great was the dissatisfaction of the nobility-conquistadors in the new light, which Admiral Surovo Kalars for disobedience. In 1500, Columbus was accused of exceeding power and was sent to Spain in the shackles. However, the appearance of the famous navigator in the Spain in the Spain and under arrest caused the perturbation of many people belonging to various sectors of society, including the approximate Queens. Soon, Columbus was rehabilitated, he returned all his titles.

During the last travel, Columbus made great discoveries: he found the coast of the mainland south of Cuba, examined the south-western coast of the Caribbean for 1500 km. It was proved that the Atlantic Ocean is separated by land from the "Southern Sea" and the coast of Asia. Thus, the admiral did not find a pass from the Atlantic Ocean to Indian.

During swimming along the shores of Yucatana, Columbus collided with more developed tribes: they made colored fabrics, used bronze dishes, bronze axes, knew the melts of metals. At that moment, the admiral did not attach importance to these lands, which, as it turned out later, was part of the Mayan state - countries with high culture, one of the great American civilizations. On the way back, Columbus ship was caught in a strong storm, Columbus with great difficulty reached the shores of Spain. The situation there was unfavorable. Two weeks after his return, Queen Isabella died, patronized Columbus, and he lost all support at the court. For his letters to King Ferdinand, he did not receive a response. In vain, the great navigator tried to restore his rights to receive income from newly open lands. His property in Spain and Espanyola was described and sold for debts. Columbus died in 1506 by all forgotten, in full poverty. Even the news of his death was published only 27 years later.

Opening of the sea route to India, the colonial captures of the Portuguese.

The tragic fate of Columbus is largely due to the successes of Portuguese. In 1497, the Expedition of Vasco da Gama was sent to India around Africa. Having reopening the cape of good hope, Portuguese sailors reached the Indian Ocean and opened the mouth of the River Zambezi. Moving to the north, along the coast of Africa, Vasco da Gama reached the Arab shopping cities Mozambique - Mombasa and Malindi. In May 1498, with the help of Arab Lotsman, the squadron reached the Indian port of Calicut. All swimming in India lasted 10 months. By purchasing a big cargo of spices for sale in Europe, the expedition went to the opposite way; He took the whole year, 2/3-crew died during the trip.

The success of the Vasco Daughter of Gama's expedition made a huge impression in Europe. Despite the big losses, the goal was achieved, there were huge opportunities for the trading operation of India. Soon, thanks to the superiority in weapons and marine equipment, they managed to displace the Arab merchants from the Indian Ocean and seize all maritime trade into their own hands. The Portuguese became incomparably more cruel than Arabs, the exploiters of the population of the coastal regions of India, and then Malacca and Indonesia. From Indian Prince, the Portuguese demanded the cessation of all trade relations with the Arabs and the expulsion of the Arab population from their territory. They attacked all ships as Arab and local, robbed them, brutally destroyed carriages. A special ferocity was distinguished by Albuquerque, who was first the commander of the squadron, and then became the vice-king of India. He believed that the Portuguese should strengthen the entire coast of the Indian Ocean and close the Arab merchants all exits in the ocean. The squadron of Albuquerque has a defenseless cities in the southern shore of Arabia, hovering horror with their atrocities. Attempts by Arabs to oust Portuguese from the Indian Ocean failed. In 1509, their fleet with Dia (North Coast of India) was defeated.

In India itself, the Portuguese did not capture extensive territories, but they sought to master only supporting points on the coast. They widely used rivalry of local raffle. With some of them, the colonialists concluded alliances, built a fortress on their territory and placed their garrisons there. Gradually, the Portuguese captured all the trade relations between the individual regions of the Indian Ocean coast. This trade gave huge profits. Moved on the east of the coast, they captured the transit trading in spices, which were brought here from the islands of the Zonda and Molukki archipelagments. In 1511, Malacca was captured by the Portuguese, and in 1521 their farms originated in the Molukskie Islands. Trading with India was announced by the monopoly of the Portuguese king. The merchants who brought spices to Lisbon received up to 800% of profits. The government artificially supported high prices. Every year, only 5-6 ship spices were allowed from huge colonial possessions. If the delivered goods turned out to be more than it was necessary to preserve high prices, they were destroyed.

Capturing in his hands control over trading with India, the Portuguese persistently searched for the West way to this richest country. At the end of the XV - early XVI century. As part of the Spanish and Portuguese expeditions, traveling to the shores of America made the Florentine navigator and astronomer Amerigo Vespucci. During the second trip, the Portuguese squadron passed along the shores of Brazil, having counted her island. In 1501, Vespucci took part in the expedition examined by the Brazilian coast, and came to the conclusion that Columbus opened not the coast of India, but a new mainland who was named after America. In 1515, the first globe with this title appeared in Germany, and then atlases and cards,

Opening of the Western way to India. First around the world journey.

The Vespucci hypothesis was finally confirmed as a result of Magellan's Around the World Travel (1519-1522).

Fernando Magellan (Magyillian) was a leaving from the Portuguese nobility. In early youth, he participated in maritime expeditions, being in the service of the Portuguese king. He accomplished several travels to the Molukskogo islands and thought they were much closer to the shores of South America. Without having considered it possible to achieve them, moving to the West and rich again open continent from the south. At this time, it was already known that the South Sea of \u200b\u200bPanama is the "South Sea", as the Pacific Ocean called. The Spanish government who has not received large revenues from newly open lands at the time, reacted with interest to the project of Magellan. According to the concluded by the Spanish king, the agreement with Magellan should have sailed to the southern tip of the American mainland and open the West way to India. He complained of the titles of the ruler and the governor of new lands and the twentieth part of all revenues that will flow into the treasury.

On September 20, 1519, the squadron of five ships came out from the Spanish Harbor of San Lucar, taking the course to the West. A month later, the flotilla reached the southern tip of the American mainland and moved three weeks along the strait, which is now wearing the name of Magellan. At the end of November 1520, the flotilla entered the Pacific Ocean, the swimming for which was continued over three months. There was an excellent weather, a passing wind blew, and Magellan gave the ocean such name, not knowing that at another time he was stormy and terrible. For all the time, the satellite of Magellan Pigafette wrote in his diary, the squadron met only two desert islands. Ship teams suffered from hunger and thirst. The sailors were fed on the skin, swinging it in seawater, drank rotting water, suffered from Qinggi. During the swim, most of the crew died. Only on March 6, 1521, the navigaters reached three small islands from the Mariana Group, where they were able to stock food and fresh water. Continuing the path to the West, Magellan reached the Philippine Islands and there soon died in a skirmish with natives. The remaining two ships under the command of D "Elkano reached Molukkskiy Islands and, capturing the cargo of the spices, moved to the West. The squadron came to the Spanish port of San Lucar on September 6, 1522. From the crew of 253 people returned only 18.

New discoveries led to the exacerbation of the former contradictions between Spain and Portugal. For a long time, experts of both parties could not accurately determine the borders of Spanish and Portuguese ownership due to the lack of accurate data on the longitude of the newly open islands. In 1529, the agreement was achieved: Spain abandoned his claims to Molukki Islands, but retained the rights to the Philippine Islands, which received their name in honor of the heir to the Spanish throne, the future King of Philip II. However, for a long time, no one decided to repeat the journey of Magellan, and the path through the Pacific Ocean to the shores of Asia did not have a practical meaning.

Spanish colonization of the Caribbean. Conquest Mexico and Peru.

In 1500-1510 The expeditions headed by the participants of the travels of Columbus examined the North Coast of South America, Florida and reached the Gulf of Mexico. By this time, the Spaniards captured large Antilles: Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti, Puerto Rico, small antilles (Trinidad, Tabago, Barbados, Guadeloud, etc.), as well as a number of small islands in the Caribbean Sea. The large antillest islands have become the outpost of the Spanish colonization of the Western Hemisphere. The Spanish authorities paid special attention to Cuba, which was called the "key to the new Light". Fortresses, villages for immigrants from Spain were built on the islands, the roads were laid, cotton plantations, sugar cane, spices. The gold deposits found here were insignificant. To cover the costs of maritime expeditions, the Spaniards began the economic development of this area. The enslavement and unknown exploitation of the indigenous population of large Antille Islands, as well as epidemics brought from the old light led to a catastrophic population reduction. To replenish the resources of the workforce, the conquerors began to import Indians from small islands on the antilles and from the coast of the mainland, which led to the devastation of entire regions. At the same time, the Spanish government began to attract here migrants from the northern regions of Spain. The resettlement of the peasants, who were given the plots of land, they were exempted from taxes for 20 years, they were paid to premiums for the production of spices. However, the workforce was lacking, and from the middle of the XVI century. African slaves began to import African slaves.

From 1510, a new stage of the conquest of America began - the colonization and development of the internal regions of the continent, the formation of a system of colonial exploitation. In historiography, this stage, which lasted until the middle of the XVII century, is called Conquists (conquest). The beginning of this stage was made by the invasion of conquistadors on Panaman's stakes and the construction of the first fortifications on the mainland (1510). In 1513, Vasco Núñez Balboa crossed the experiencies in search of a fantastic "Gold Country" - Eldorado. Going to the coast of the Pacific Ocean, he watered the banner of the Castilian king on the shore. In 1519, the city of Panama was founded - the first on the American continent. Here the detachments of the conquistadors sent to the mainland began to be formed.

In 1517-1518. Ernando de Cordoba and Juan Grikhaalva, landed on Yucatan's coast in search of slaves, were encountered with the oldest of pre-colombian civilizations - the Maya state. Before shocked conquisites, excellent cities were presented with fortress walls, rows of pyramids, stone temples, richly decorated with threads with images of gods and cult animals. In the temples and palaces, the Spaniards found a lot of decorations, figurines, vessels made of gold and copper, chased gold discs with types of battles and scenic scenes. The walls of the temples were decorated with rich ornaments and frescoes, distinguished by the fineness of the work and the wealth of paints.

Indians who have never seen horses, frightened the appearance of the Spaniards. The horseman for a horse seemed to them a huge monster. Special fear inspired firearms to which they could oppose only onions, arrows and cotton shells.

By the time of the appearance of the Spaniards, the territory of Yucatan was divided between several cities-states. Cities were political centers around which agricultural communities were united. The rulers of cities collected payments and taxes, were made by military affairs, foreign policy, they also performed the functions of the Supreme Priests. The Mayan community was an economic, administrative and fiscal cell of society. The land being processed was divided into sections between families, the rest of the land together. The main workforce was free community peasants. Inside the community, the process of property separation and class differentiation has already entered. Priests, officials, hereditary commanders were distinguished. The work of slaves were widely used in their farm, debtors, criminals and prisoners of war were paid to slavery. In addition to collecting taxes, rulers and priests used the workforce of communities on the construction of palaces, temples, roads, irrigation systems.

Maya is the only one of the peoples of Decolumbovy America, who had writing. Their hieroglyphic letter resembles the writing of ancient Egypt, Sumer and Akkada. The Maya books (codes) were written by paints on the long stripes "paper" made of vegetable fiber, and then sturped into cases. In the temples there were significant libraries. Maya had his calendar, able to predict solar and lunar eclipses.

Not only the superiority in service, but also the internal struggle between cities-states facilitated the Spaniards of the conquest of the Maya state. From local residents, the Spaniards learned that the precious metals are brought from the country of Aztecs lying north of Yucatan. In 1519, the Spanish squad headed by Ernan Cortez, headed by Ernan Cortez, went to the conquest of these lands - the poor young Hidalgo, who arrived in America in search of wealth and glory. He hoped to win new lands in small forces. His detachment consisted of 400 infantry soldiers, 16 riders and 200 Indians, had 10 heavy guns and 3 light guns.

The state of the Aztecs, to the conquest of which Cortez went extended from the coast of the Gulf of Mexico to the shores of the Pacific Ocean. Numerous tribes conquered by Aztecs lived on its territory. The center of the country was the Valley of Mexico City. Here lived a numerous agricultural population, the work of many generations was created a perfect system of artificial irrigation, high crops of cotton, corn, vegetables were grown. Aztec, like other nations of America, did not tamed pets, did not know the wheeled thrust, metal tools of labor. The social system of Aztecs was largely reminded by the state of Maya. The main economic unit was a neighboring community. There was a system of labor subsidity of the population in favor of the state on the construction of palaces, temples, etc. The craft from the Aztecs has not yet separated from farming, in the community there were both farmers and artisans, the layer of representatives of the nobility and leaders were standing out - casicians who had large plots of land and used the work of slaves. Unlike Maya, the Aztec state reached a significant centralization, the transition to the hereditary authorities of the Supreme Ruler was gradually carried out. However, the lack of internal unity, the internecine struggle for power among representatives of the highest military nobility and the struggle of the tribes conquered by Aztecs against the conquerors facilitated the victory of the Spaniards in this unequal struggle. Many conquered tribes switched to their side and participated in the fight against the Aztec rulers. Thus, under the last siege of the capital of Aztec, tenochtitlan, 1 thousand Spaniards and 100 thousand Indians participated in the battle. Despite this, the siege lasted 225 days. The final conquest of Mexico stretched more than two decades. The last polylot Maya was captured by the Spaniards only in 1697, i.e. In 173 after their invasion of Yucatan. Mexico acquitted the hope of conquerors. Here were found rich deposits of gold and silver. Already in the 20s of the XVI century. The development of silver mines began. The unreaccious exploitation of the Indians in the mines, on construction, mass epidemics led to a rapid reduction in the population. For 50 years, it decreased from 4.5 million to 1 million people.

Simultaneously with the conquest of Mexico, the Spanish conquistadors were looking for a fabulous country of Eldorado and on the coast of South America. In 1524, the conquest of the territory of the current Colombia began, where the port of Santa-Martha was founded. Hence the Spanish Conquistor Himenes Cesada, moving up the Magdalene River, reached the possessions of the Chibric Music tribes who lived at the Bogota Plateau. Ham agriculture, pottery and weaving production, treatment of copper, gold and silver were developed here. Chibchi was especially famous as skillful jewelers, manufactured decorations and dishes of gold, silver, copper and emeralds. Golden discs served in their equivalent in trade with other areas. Conquering the largest principality of Chibric Music, Jimenez Cesada founded the city of Santa Fe de Bogota in 1536.

The second stream of colonization was walking from Panama to the south along the Pacific coast of America. The conquerors attracted a fabulously rich country of Peru, or a virgin, as its Indians called. In the preparation of expeditions to Peru took part rich Spanish merchants from Panama Isthmus. One of the detachments was headed by a semi-limited idalgo from Extremadura Francisco Pisarro. In 1524, along with his countryman, Diego Almagro, he went on south along the west coast of America and reached the Guayaquil Bay (modern Ecuador). Here stretched fertile densely populated lands. The population was engaged in agriculture, the flock of Lam, which was used as pack animals. Meat and milk las went into writing, and from their wool was made durable and warm fabrics. Returning to Spain in 1531, Pisarro signed the capitulation with the king and received the title and the rights of Adelantado - the leader of the detachment of conquistadors. The expedition joined his brother and 250 idallo from Extremadura. In 1532, Pizarro landed on the coast, quite quickly won people who lived there behind the backward broken tribes and captured an important support point - the city of Tumbes. In front of it, the path to the conquest of the state of the Incas - Tauantisuyu, the most powerful from the states of the New World, who worried at the time of the Spanish invasion of the highest recovery. From ancient times, the territory of Peru inhabited Indians - Kechua. In the XIV century One of the Kechucian tribes - Inca - won numerous Indian tribes who lived in the territory of modern Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia. By the beginning of the XVI century. The Inca State included part of Chile and Argentina. From the tribe of the conquerors formed a military to know, and the word "Inca" acquired the meaning of the title. The center of Ink, Power was the city of Cusco, located high in the mountains. By carrying out their conquests, the Inci sought to assimilate the conquered tribes, they moved them into the depths of the country, they put on the language of Kechua, introduced a single religion - the cult of the Sun. The Temple of the Sun in Cusco was a pantheon of regional gods. Just like Maya and Aztec, the main cell of the Inca society was a neighboring community. Along with family puts, there were "Incasters" and the "fields of the Sun", which were processed together and the harvest with them was going on the maintenance of rulers and priests. From community lands already allocated fields of nobility and elders, former property and transmitted by inheritance. The supreme owner of all lands was considered the ruler Tauantisuyu - Inca.

In 1532, when several tens of Spaniards took a trip to Peru, a fierce civil war was laid in the state of Tauantisuyu. The tribes of the North of the Pacific coast, conquered by the Inics, supported the conquerors. Almost never encounter resistance, F. Pizarro reached the important center of the state of the Incas - Cauchamki city, located in the high-mountainous area of \u200b\u200bthe Andes, the Spaniards seized the ruler Taantisuyu Atagalpu and concluded him to the dungeon. Although the Indians collected a huge redemption and filled the dungeon of the captive leader with gold and silver jewelry, ingots, vessels, the Spaniards were executed by Atagalpu and appointed a new ruler. In 1535, Pizarro made a campaign on Cusco, who was conquered as a result of a severe struggle. In the same year, the city of Lima, which became the center of the conquered territory. A straight maritime path between Lima and Panama was installed. The conquest of the territory of Peru was stretched for more than 40 years. The country was shaken by powerful folk uprisings against the conquerors. In the hard-to-reach mountainous areas, a new Indian state occurred, conquered by the Spaniards only in 1572.

At the same time, with a campaign of Pisarro in Peru in 1535-1537. Adelantado Diego Almagro began a campaign to Chile, but soon it was to return to Cusco, who precipitated the rebeling Indians. In the ranks of the conquistadors, the civil struggle began, F. Pisarro, his brothers Hernando and Gonzalo and Diego D "Almagro were killed. The conquest of Chile was continued by Pedro Waldivia. The Araucan tribes who lived in this country were abstant End of the XVII century. From 1515, the colonization of La fees began, the lands were conquered for the flow of La Plata and Paraguay. The detachments of conquistadors, moving from the southeast, entered the territory of Peru. In 1542, two colonization fluxes were connected here.

If at the first stage of the conquists, the conquerors captured the drago valuable metals accumulated in previous times, from 1530 in Mexico and in the territory of Peru and modern Bolivia (top Peru) began the systematic operation of the richest mines. In the area of \u200b\u200bPotosi, the richest deposits of precious metals were found. In the middle of the XVI century. Power mines gave 1/2 world silver mining.

Since that time, the nature of colonization is changing. Conquerors refuse to the economic development of conquered land. Everything you need for Spanish immigrants began to bring from Europe in exchange for gold and silver new light.

The American colonies were sent exclusively nobles, the purpose of which was enrichment. The noble, the feudal nature of the colonization predetermined the fatal circumstance for Spain that gold in America's silver fell mainly in the hands of the nobility, accumulated in the form of a treasure or spent on supporting Catholic conspiracy in Europe, on the military adventures of the Spanish kings. This new direction of colonial exploitation has enforced influence on the formation of the Spanish colonial system.

By virtue of the features of the historical development of the country (see Ch. 8), the Spanish feudalism was characterized by some specific features: the Supreme Power of the King over the disheveled lands, the preservation of peasant free communities, the labor service of the population in favor of the state. An important role in the economy along with the difficulty of feudal dependent peasants played the slave labor of captive-Muslims. At the time of the conquest of America, the socio-economic and administrative system of Spain turned out to be compatible with the form of the organization of the Company, which existed in the early-grade states of the new world.

The Spaniards retained the Indian community in Mexico, Peru and in a number of other areas where there was a dense agricultural population and they used various forms of the labor service of communities in favor of the state to attract the Indians to work on the mines. Spaniards retained the internal construction of communities, crop rotations, tax system. Harvests with the "Inci Fields" now went to the payment of taxes by the Spanish king, and with the "Sun fields" - on the church tith.

At the head of the communities, the former elders (Casiki, Kuraki) remained, their families were released from taxes and duties, but they should have to ensure timely payment of taxes and labor for mines. The local call was attracted to the Spanish King service, which merged with Spanish conquerors. The descendants of many of them were then sent to Spain.

All newly conquered lands became the property of the crown. Since 1512, laws were published, prohibiting the Indians to turn into slavery. Formally, they were considered submitted by the Spanish king, they should have paid a special tax "Tributut" and serving a labor service. From the first years of colonization, the struggle between the king and noble-konkistadors for power over the Indians, for the right to land ownership. During this struggle in the late 20s of the XVI century. There was a special form of exploitation of Indians - Encomed. For the first time it was introduced in Mexico E. Cortes. Encomotend did not give the rights to the ownership of land. Her owner - Encomeddero - received the right to operate Indians-communists who lived in the territory of Encomlenda.

Encomtender was charged with the responsibility of the population of the population, follow the timely "Tributo" and the execution of labor service on mines, on construction, in agricultural work. With the creation of Encomeda, the Indian community was included in the Spanish colonial system. The land of the community was announced by her inalienable property. The formation of colonial operation forms was accompanied by the creation of a strong bureaucratic apparatus of the colonial administration. For the Spanish monarchy, it was a means of struggle against the separatist trends of conquistadors.

In the first half of the XVI century. In general, the management system of Spanish colonies in America has developed. Two Vice-Kingdoms were created: New Spain (Mexico, Central America, Venezuela and the Islands of the Caribbean Sea) and the Vice-Kingdom of Peru, which covered almost the rest of South America, with the exception of Brazil. Vice-kings were appointed from the Higher Spanish nobility, they went to colonies for three years, did not have the right to take a family with them, buy land and real estate there, to engage in entrepreneurship. The activities of the Vice-Kings controlled the "Council of Indies", whose decisions had the power of the law.

Colonial trade was delivered under the control of the "Seville Chamber of Commerce" (1503): she carried out customs inspection of all goods, collected duties, held under the supervision of emigration processes. All other cities of Spain were deprived of the right to trade with America bypassing Seville. The main branch of the economy in the Spanish colonies was the mining industry. In this regard, the responsibility of the Vice-Kings was charged with the provision of royal mines, the timely receipt of income in the treasury, including the pitchpieces of the Indians. Vice-kings also possessed a complete military and judicial authority.

One-sided development of the economy in the Spanish colonies had a detrimental consequence for the fate of the indigenous population and the future development of the continent. Until the middle of the XVII century. There was a catastrophic reduction in the number of indigenous population. In many areas by 1650, it decreased by 10-15 times compared with the end of the XVI century., First of all, due to the distraction of the able-bodied male population into mines for 9-10 months a year. This led to a decline of traditional forms of agriculture, a decrease in fertility. An important reason was frequent hunger and epidemics that mowed whole areas. Starting from the middle of the XVI century. The Spaniards began to pay the Indians into new villages closer to the mines, introducing a community device into them. Residents of these villages besides public works were to handle land, supply their families to feed and pay "tributo". The most severe exploitation was the main reason for the extinction of the indigenous population. The influx of immigrants from the metropolis was insignificant. In the middle and second half of the XVI century. In the colony, predominantly Spanish nobles moved, peasant emigration in Peru and Mexico was actually prohibited. So, in Potosi in 1572 there were 120 thousand inhabitants, of which only 10 thousand were Spaniards. Gradually, in America there was a special group of Spanish immigrants who were born in the colony, constantly lived there, almost without having ties with the metropolis. They were not mixed with the local population and accounted for a special group called Creoles.

Under the conditions of colonization, there was a rapid erosion of the Indian ethnic groups and tribal communities, the displacement of their Spanish languages. This largely contributed to the lining of the Indians from different regions in the villages in the mines. Representatives of various tribes spoke in different languages, and gradually the Spanish became their main communication language. At the same time there was an intense process of mixing Spanish settlers with the Indian population - mohethisation, quickly increased the number of methots. Already by the middle of the XVII century. In many areas there is a numerous Mulatto population from the marriages of Europeans with black women. It was characteristic of the Caribbean coast, Cuba, Haiti, where the plantational economy dominated and where African slaves were constantly imported. Europeans, Indians, Metisians, Mulati, Negro existed as closed racial-ethnic groups that are strongly distinguished by their social and legal status. The formated custom building was fixed by Spanish legislation. The position of a person in society was primarily determined by ethnic and racial signs. Only Creoles were relatively full. Metisama was forbidden to live in communities, own land, wearing weapons, engage in some kinds of crafts. At the same time, they were exempted from labor service, from paying "tributo" and were in a better legal situation than the Indians. This largely explains the fact that in the cities of Spanish America, metis and mooleli constituted the majority of the population.

On the coast of the Caribbean and on the islands, where the indigenous people were exterminated at the very beginning of the conquest of America, the Negro and Mulatto population prevailed.

Portuguese colonies.

The colonial system, which pretended in Portuguese possessions, was distinguished by a significant originality. In 1500, the Portuguese navigator Pedro Alvalls Kabral landed on the coast of Brazil and announced this territory of the possession of the Portuguese king. In Brazil, with the exception of certain areas on the coast, there was no sedentary agricultural population, the little-numerical native tribes, which were at the stage of a tribal system, were pushed into the depths of the country. The absence of precious metals and significant human resources determined the originality of the colonization of Brazil. The second important factor was the significant development of commercial capital. The beginning of the organized colonization of Brazil was made in 1530, and she passed in the form of economic development of coastal areas. An attempt was made to put the feudal forms of land tenure. The coast was divided into 13 captains whose owners had all the completeness of power. However, there were no significant excessive population in Portugal, so the colony population went slowly. The absence of peasants-immigrants and the small number of indigenous population made it impossible to develop feudal forms of farm. The most successfully developed areas where a plantation system arose, based on the operation of non-slaves from Africa. Starting from the second half of the XVI century. The importation of African slaves is growing rapidly. In 1583, 25 thousand white settlers and millions of slaves lived in the entire colony. White settlers lived advantage, but in the coastal strip rather closed groups. It did not receive a big sweep of mohethisation; The influence of Portuguese culture on the local population was very limited. The Portuguese language did not become the dominant, there was a kind of communication of the Indians and Portuguese - Langua Geraal, which was based on one of the local laws and the main grammatical and lexical forms of Portuguese. On Langua Geraal, the entire population of Brazil has spoken over the next two centuries.

Colonization and Catholic Church.

A catholic church was played a large role in the colonization of America, which both in the Spanish and Portuguese possessions became the most important link of the colonial apparatus, the expander of the indigenous population. The opening and conquest of America was considered by the papacy as a new crusade of a hike, the purpose of which was to be a Christianization of the indigenous population. In this regard, Spanish kings have received the right to dispose of the Church's affairs in the colony, lead missionary activities, base churches and monasteries. The church quickly turned into the largest land owner. Conquistadors understood well that in the consolidation of their domination over the indigenous population, the Christianization is designed to play a big role. In the first quarter of the XVI century. Representatives of various monastic orders began to arrive in America: Franciscans, Dominicans, Augustines, later - Jesuits who have gained great influence on La Plata and in Brazil, groups of monks followed the detachments of conquistadors, creating their settlements - Mission; The centers of missions were churches and houses serving residents for monks. Subsequently, schools for Indian children were created in the missions, at the same time a small fortified fortress was built, where the Spanish garrison was located. Thus, the missions were both prepositions of Christianization, and border points of Spanish possessions.

In the first decades, Konkista Catholic priests, conducting a Christianization, sought to destroy not only local religious beliefs, but also to eradicate the culture of the indigenous population. An example is the Franciscan bishop of Diego de Landa, who ordered the destruction of all the ancient books of the Maya people, cultural monuments, the very historical memory of the people. However, soon Catholic priests began to act in other ways. Conducting a Christianization, spreading Spanish culture and Spanish, they began to use elements of the local ancient religion and culture of conquered Indian peoples. Despite the cruelty and destruction of the conquists, Indian culture did not die, she survived and changed under the influence of Spanish culture. The new culture was gradually based on the synthesis of Spanish and Indian elements.

Catholic missionaries were forced to contribute to this synthesis. They often erected the Christian temples on the site of the former Indian shrines, used some images and symbols of previous beliefs of the indigenous population, including them in Catholic rites and religious symbolism. So, near the city of Mexico City on the site of the destroyed Indian temple, the Church of the Virgin Mary Guadeloopskaya was built, which became the place of pilgrimage of the Indians. The church argued that the wonderful phenomenon of Our Lady occurred at this place. A lot of icons, special rituals were devoted to this event. On these icons, Virgo Maria was depicted with the face of Indiana - "Small Madonna", and in her cult was felt the echoes of previous Indian beliefs.

Geographical discoveries in the Pacific Pool.

In the second half of the XVI - early XVII century. Spanish navigators committed a number of Pacific expeditions from the territory of Peru during which Solomon Islands (1567), South Polynesia (1595) and Melanesia (1605) were opened. Even during the journey, Magellan had an idea about the existence of the "southern mainland", part of which were new Open Islands of Southeast Asia. These assumptions were expressed in geographical writings of the beginning of the XVII century, the mythical mainland was applied to the maps called "Terra incognita Australia" (unknown South Earth). In 1605, the Spanish Expedition went from Peru, there were three ships in its composition. During the sailing to the coast of Southeast Asia, the islands were opened, one of which A. Kyros, who stood at the head of the squadron, took over the coast of the southern mainland. Throwing on the mercy of the fate of his companions, Kyros hurried to return to Peru, and then went to Spain to report his opening and consolidate the rights to managing new lands and receiving income. The captain of one of two abandoned kiros ships - Portuguese Torres - continued swimming and soon found out that Kyros was mistaken and opened not a new mainland, but a group of islands (new hebrides). South of them stretched unknown land - genuine Australia. Floating further to the West, Torres passed through the shed between the shore of New Guinea and Australia, subsequently named after him. Having reached the Philippine Islands, which were the ownership of Spain, Torres told the Spanish governor about his opening, this news was transferred to Madrid. However, Spain did not have strength and means at this time for the development of new lands. Therefore, the Spanish government for a whole century held in secret all the information about the opening of Torres, fearing the rivalry of other powers.

In the middle of the XVII century. The study of the coast of Australia began the Dutch. In 1642, A. Tasman, floating from the shores of Indonesia to the east, reinforced Australia from the south and passed along the coast of the island called Tasmania.

Only 150 years after the trip Torres, during the seven-year war (1756-1763), when the British who fought against Spain were captured by Manila, documents on the opening of Torres were discovered in the archives. In 1768, the English navigator D. Cook examined the Islands of Oceania, reserved Torres Strait and the East Coast of Australia; Subsequently, the priority of this discovery was recognized as Torres.

The consequences of great geographical discoveries.

Great geographical discoveries of the XV-XVII centuries. Has a huge impact on world development. It is known that a lot of Europeans visited the coast of America, they traveled to the shores of Africa, but only the discovery of Columbus laid the beginning of the permanent and diverse relations of Europe and America, opened a new stage in world history. The geographical discovery is not only a visit to the representatives of any civilized people of the previously unknown part of the Earth. The concept of "geographical discovery" includes the establishment of a direct connection between the newly opened lands and the foci of the culture of the old world.

Great geographic discoveries have significantly expanded the knowledge of Europeans about the world, destroyed many prejudices and false ideas about other continiers and inhabiting their nations.

The expansion of scientific knowledge gave an impetus to the rapid development of industry and trade in Europe, the emergence of new forms of financial system, banking and loan. The main trading routes moved from the Mediterranean Sea to the Atlantic Ocean. The most important consequence of the discovery and colonization of new land was the "price revolution", which gave a new impetus to the initial accumulation of capital in Europe, accelerated the formation of capitalist defendant in the economy.

However, the consequences of colonization and conquest of new lands were ambiguous for the peoples of metropolis and colonies. The result of the colonization was not only the development of new lands, it was accompanied by the monstrous exploitation of the conquered peoples, doomed to slavery and extinction. During the conquest, many foci of ancient civilizations were destroyed, the natural course of the historical development of entire continents was disturbed, the peoples of colonized countries were forcibly drawn into the emerging capitalist market and their work accelerated the process of the formation and development of capitalism in Europe.

The text is printed by publication: History of the Middle Ages: in 2 tons. T. 2: Early New Time: I90 Textbook / Ed. Sp. Karpova. - M: Publishing House of Moscow State University: Infra-M, 2000. - 432 p.

The main geographical discoveries in the history of mankind were made in the XV - XVII centuries. At this period, there are a number of major travels committed by Europeans who led to the discovery of new trade routes, lands, as well as to the seizure of territories.

As historians call these events, they became possible largely due to the achievements of science and technology. It is for this historical cut that it is necessary to create reliable sailing vessels, the improvement of navigation and coastal maps and compass, the substantiation of the ideas of the shag-formation of the Earth, etc. In many ways, the lack of precious metals has contributed to the lack of precious metals with a very developed commercial economy, as well as the domination of the Ottoman Empire in Africa, Malaya Asia and the Mediterranean Sea, which made it difficult to trade with the world of the East.

The opening and conquest of America is associated with the name H. Columbus, which opened the Antilles and Bahamas, and in 1492 - and America itself. Amerigo Vespucci went to the coast of Brazil as a result of expeditions 1499-1501.

1497-1499 - Time when Vasco da Gama was able to find a continuous seaway to India from Western Europe along the coast of South Africa. By 1488, the Portuguese navigator, as well as a number of other travelers made geographic discoveries on the southern and west coast of Africa. Portuguese visited the Malakki Peninsula, and in Japan.

Between 1498 and 1502, A. Othed, A. Vespucci and other Portuguese and Spanish navigators investigated the Northern Coast of South America, including its oriental (territory of modern Brazil) Coast and part of the Caribbean coast of Central America.

In the period from 1513 to 1525, the Spaniards (V. Nunies de Balboa) managed to cross Panaman's experiencing and achieve the Pacific Ocean. In 1519-1522, Fernan Magellan made the first swimming around the Earth: came out in the Pacific Ocean, conceding South America, and proved in such a way that the Earth has a spherical shape. Secondly, in 1577-1580, it made Francis Drake.

Aztec owners were conquered by Ernan Cortez in 1519-1521, Incov - Francis Cartarro in 1532-1535, Maya - in 1517-1697, etc.

The geographical discoveries of the British were associated with the search for the North-Western way to Asia, as a result of which they opened the Newfoundland Island and the Coast of North America (1497-1498, J. Cabot), Greenland Island, etc. (from 1576 to 1616 Swam, G. Hudson, W. Buffin, etc.). The French travelers mastered the coast of Canada (J. Cartier, 1534-1543), Great Lakes and the Mountains of Appalachi (1609-1648, S. Shaped, etc.).

Great Travelers of the world began their swims not only from European ports. Among the landowners there were quite a few Russians. This is V. Poyarkov, E. Khabarov, S. Dezhnev and others who explored Siberia and the Far East. V. Barenza, G. Goodzon, J. Davis, U. Baphife and others can be called among the Arctic and Outstanders. Dutch A. Tasman and V. Janzzon became famous for their travels to Australia, Tasmania and New Zealand. In the XVIII century (1768), this region re-examined James Cook.

The geographical discoveries of the XV - XVII centuries, as a result of which the essential part of the earth's surface was investigated, helped to establish modern contours of the mainland, with the exception of the part of the shores of America and Australia. A new era was opened in the geographical study of the Earth, which led to serious geopolitical and socio-economic consequences and was essential for the further development of a number of natural sciences.

The opening of new lands, countries, trade routes contributed to the further development of trade, industry and relations between states. This led to the beginning of the formation of the global market and the era of colonialism. The development of Indian civilizations of new light was artificially interrupted.

The era of great geographical discoveries continued from mid-15 to mid-17th century. The main participation in the expeditions was taken by Spanish and Portuguese Marithels.

The main causes of great geographical discoveries are the search for new trading paths and the development of navigation.

At that time, trading ties between East and Europe were destroyed as a result of expanded Turkish domination. Turks blocked the most important trading path through Syria and Malaya Asia. However, at the time, reliable vessels were built adapted for swimming in the open ocean, which contributed not only to the search for new paths, but also the discovery and seizure of lands, located

Prince Heinrich at that time was considered the main organizer of Portuguese travel and assisted in the development of the fleet of Portugal. So in his time the naval school was organized. In the Geographical Research Institute, the methods of navigation and instruments were improved. The first globe in 1490 was created here.

The epoch of the Great is marked by the opening of the sea route in India. In 1497, the expedition was organized by Manuel. It was connected with too high the cost of goods brought to Europe by land. Portuguese expedition consisting of three ships headed Vasco da Gama.

Going into a fairly far away, he turned to the east on the parallels of the needle cape. After that, the ships went north along the eastern African coast to Mozambique. In the city of Mambas, the Portuguese for the first time entered into contact with the Arab population. After that, the Expedition of Vasco da Gama crossed the Indian Ocean and reached the Southern Indian port of Calicut.

The era of great geographical discoveries is marked by the Spanish Expeditions. After opening in the 15th century, Spain, Spain begins to show interest in the eastern states. However, the Spanish king, assessing the situation, sees that the path to the African shores closes the Portuguese fleet, and the caravan way to the East is under the control of Arab and Turkish merchants. Invites the King of Spain, lay the Western way to India. Being an excellent cartographer and sharing the opinion of many of its contemporaries that the land of a ball-shaped form, it constitutes the project to the West through the Atlantic Ocean.

Thus, the era of geographical discoveries was marked by the discoveries of Columbus. The lands he found were populated by immigrants. Spanish colonies arose on the coast and islands of Central America.

Amerigo Vespucci made its contribution to the historical period called the "Epoch of Great Geographical Discoveries". Making several expeditions on trade affairs between 1499 and 1502, the navigator called the Outdoor Columbus "Asia" by an unknown earlier extensive land "new light". Subsequently, this territory was named after America. In turn, Amerigo Vespucci described the population and nature of open lands.

A very significant event in the history of discoveries is a round-the-world trip by going to the service to the Spanish king, the navigator suggested that it bypass America from the south and to achieve the shores of Asia.

His round-the-world expedition began in 1519. Five ships overwhelmed the Atlantic Ocean and along the southern shores of America headed in search of the Strait in the Pacific Ocean (South Sea). Strait, subsequently called Magellan, was discovered after long-term searches and serious losses.

After Magellan approached the Indonesian Islands, he concluded (which he recorded in the ship's journal) that he returned to the Old Light, wageing the Earth around.

It has a huge meaning in the history of mankind. Most of the usual products and food simply would simply exist in our market today without these two centuries.

Prehistory

The epoch of the great geographical discoveries call the period from the fifteenth to the seventeenth century of our era. This term has appeared due to active research and expansion, which happened over two hundred years. At this time, Western European countries and the Moscow kingdom significantly expanded their possessions through the inclusion of new territories.

Sometimes the lands were bought, less often - they simply hacked, more often they had to conquer.

Today, scientists believe that the main reason that caused a surge in such experts was rivalry in finding a short path to India. At the end of the era of the Middle Ages in Western European countries, the opinion was spread that this is a very rich state.

After the Portuguese began bringing spices from there, gold, fabrics and jewels, Castile, France and other countries have been looking for alternative paths. Crusades no longer brought proper financial satisfaction, so the need for the opening of new markets.

Portuguese expeditions

As we said earlier, the era of great geographical discoveries began from the first expeditions of Portuguese. They, exploring the Atlantic Coast of Africa, reached the Cape of Good Hope and hit the Indian Ocean. So the sea route was opened in India.

Prior to that, several important events occurred, which caused a similar expedition. In 1453, Pal Konstantinople. Muslims captured one of the most important Christian shrines. From now on, the path to the European merchants to the East was overporn - to China and India.

But without the ambitions of the Portuguese Crown, perhaps the era of great geographical discoveries would not begin. The king of Afons V took up the search for Christian states in southern Africa. At that time, it was the opinion that behind the lands of Muslims, the forgotten Christian peoples begin for Morocco.

So the islands of Cape Verde were opened in 1456, and in a decade - they began to master the coast of the Guinean Bay. Today there is an ivory coast.

1488 became the beginning of the opening era. Bartolomeu Diash hung Cape Storms (later the king renamed to the cape of good hope) and threw anchor on the coast of the Pacific Ocean.

So the bypass path to India was opened. The only problem for the Portuguese remained in the fact that the journey took the year. For the rest of the monarchs, the discovery has become near, since Portugal has been monopolized by Papal Bulle.

Discovery of America

Many believe that the era of great geographical discoveries began with the discovery of America. However, it was the second stage.

The fifteenth century has become a sufficiently difficult stage for two parts of modern Spain. Then these were individual kingdoms - Castile and Aragon. The first, in particular, at that time was the most powerful Mediterranean monarchy. Its consisted of the territory of the south of France, the south of Italy, a few islands and part of the coast of North Africa.

However, the process of reconclockists and war with Arabs significantly removed the country from geographic research. The main reason that the Castillas began to finance Christopher Columbus, the opposition began with Portugal. This country, due to the opening of the path to India, received a monopoly on marine trade.

In addition, there was a shake for the Canary Islands.

By the time Columbus was tired of contacting the Portuguese to equip an expedition, Castile was ready for a similar adventure.

Three caravels reached the Caribbean Islands. San Salvador, part of Haiti and Cuba were opened in the first hike. Later, we crossed several ships workers and soldiers. Initial plans for the mountains of gold failed. Therefore, the planned colonization of the population began. But we will talk about it later when it comes to conquistadors.

Indian Ocean

After the return of the first expedition, Columbus begins diplomatic decision of the field of spheres of influence. In order to avoid the conflict, Pope publishes the document that determined the Portuguese and Spanish possessions. But Juan II was dissatisfied with a decree. According to Bulle, he lost the newly open lands of Brazil, which was then considered the island of Vera Cruz.

Therefore, in 1494, a Tordesilla Agreement was signed between the Castilian and Portuguese crowns. The border took place in two hundred and seventy leagues from Cape Verde. Everything that was east of Portugal, west of Spain.

The era of the great geographical discoveries of expeditions in the Indian Ocean continued. In May 1498, Vasco da Gama ships reached the south-west coast of India. Today is the state of Kerala.

At the beginning of the sixteenth century, Madagascar Islands, Mauritius, Sri Lanka were opened. Portuguese gradually mastered new markets.

Pacific Ocean

As we mentioned earlier, the era of great geographical discoveries began with the search for the sea route to India. However, after Vasco da Gama ships reached its coast, European expansion began to the countries of the Far East.

Here, at the beginning of the sixteenth century, the Portuguese open for themselves the Filippines, China and Japan markets.

At the other end of the Pacific Ocean at this time, Balboa crosses Panaman's experiencing and becomes the first Spaniard, who saw the "Other Sea".

The next inevitable step was the development of new expanses, which led to the first round-world swimming of the Magellan expedition in 1519-1522.

Conquistadors

The naval of the era of the great geographical discoveries not only engaged in the development of new lands. Often, waves of adventurers, entrepreneurs, immigrants in search of a better life went beyond the pioneers.

After Christopher Columbus first stepped as the shore of one of the Caribbean Islands, thousands of people crossed the new light. The main reason was the wrong idea that they had reached India. But after the treasure expectations were not justified, the Europeans began colonization of territories.

Huang de Leon, having left Costa Rica, opened the coast of Florida in 1508. Hernan Cortes on the orders of Velasquez came out of Santiago de Cuba, where he was the mayor, with flotilla in eleven ships and five hundred soldiers. He needed to conquer the Aboriginal Yucatan. There, as it turned out, there were two fairly powerful states - the empire of Aztecs and Maya.

In August 1521, Cortes captures tenochtitlan, the capital of Aztecs, and renames it to Mexico City. From now on, the empire has become part of Spain.

New trading paths

The century of great geographical discoveries presented with Western Europe unexpected economic possibilities. New sales markets were discovered, the territories appeared from where the treasures and slaves were called for a shipment.

The colonization of the Western and Eastern Coast of Africa, the Asian shore of the Indian Ocean and the Pacific territories has allowed once small states to become global empires.

Open for European merchants Japan, Philippines, China. The Portuguese even got their first colonies there - Macau.

But the most important thing was that during the expansion to the West and East, the expedition began to meet. Ships, sailing from modern Chile, reached the coasts of Indonesia and the Philippines.

Thus, it was finally proven that our planet has a shape of a ball.

Gradually, nautical departments mastered the movement of trade winds, golfstream. New models of ships appeared. Due to the colonization, plantational economies were formed, where slaves were used.

Australia

Not only the search for the path to India was marked by the era of great geographical discoveries. Briefly speaking, humanity began to get acquainted with the planet. When most coasts became known, only one question remained. What is so massive in the south, that the northern continents do not outweigh it?

According to Aristotle, there was some mainland - Incognita Terra Australis ("Unknown Southern Land").

After several erroneous messages, finally in 1603, Dutchman Janzzon landed in modern Queensland.

And in the fortiehies of the seventeenth century, Abel Tasman opened Tasmania and New Zealand.

Conquest Siberia.

Not only the study of America, Africa and Australia marked the era of great geographical discoveries. Troopheev table and the neighborhood map of Baikal speaks of the important discoveries committed by Russian Cossacks.

So, in 1577, Ataman Yermak, who was financed by Stroganov, sent to East Siberia. During the campaign, he makes a serious defeat of Siberian Khan Kuchum, but in the end he dies in one of the battles.

However, his case was not forgotten. From the seventeenth century, after the end of the vague time, the planned colonization of these lands begins.

The Yenisei is investigated. Lena, hangar. In 1632, Yakutsk is based. Subsequently, he will become the most important transshipment point in the east.

In 1639, the expedition of Ivan Moskvitin reaches the shores of the Pacific Ocean. Kamchatka began to master only in the eighteenth century.

Results of the era of great geographical discoveries

The value of the era of great geographical discoveries is difficult to overestimate.

First, a revolution occurred in food. In Western Europe, such plants like corn, tomatoes, potatoes, beans, pineapples and others have fallen into Western Europe. The culture of drinking coffee and tea appears, people join tobacocco.

Precious metals from the new light quickly flooded the "old Europe" markets. Together with the advent of a large number of colonies, the era of imperialism comes.

In the countries of Western Europe, there are decline of some trading houses and the takeoff of others. It is the era of the geographical discoveries of the Netherlands is obliged to take off. Antwerp in the sixteenth century has become the main transshipment port on the path of goods from Asia and America to other European countries.

Thus, in this article, we figured out in the course of geographical discoveries for two hundred years. Talked about different directions of expeditions, learned the names of the famous navigators, as well as the opening time of some coast and islands.

Good luck and new discoveries to you, dear readers!

The era of great geographical discoveries is the most important stage in the history of mankind. This is the time when the outlines of the continents, the seas and oceans are becoming more accurate, the technical devices are improved, and the leading countries of that time send navigators to search for new rich lands. In this lesson, you will learn about the maritime expeditions of Vasco da Gama, Christopher Columbus and Fernana Magellan, as well as about the opening of new lands.

Prehistory

Among the causes of great geographical discoveries can be called:

Economic

After the era of crusades, the Europeans have developed durable trade relations with the East. In the east, Europeans bought spices, fabrics, jewels. In the XV century Land caravan paths for which Europeans traded with the eastern countries were captured by the Turks. The task of finding the sea route to India appeared.

Technological

Compass and astrolabia were improved (instrument for measuring latitude and longitude).

New types of shipping, Karak and Galeon appeared. They differed apartments and powerful sailing equipment.

Navigation cards were invented - Portulans.

Now Europeans could make not only traditional coastal swimming (that is, predominantly along the shores), but also go far to the open sea.

Events

1445 - The expedition organized by Heinrich Marithelter reached green cape (Western African Point). Madeira Island, Canary Islands, part of the Azores are open.

1453 - Constantinople captured by the Turks.

1471 - Portuguese first reached the equator.

1488 - Expedition Bartolomeu Diash reached the southernmost point of Africa - Cape of Good Hope.

1492 - Christopher Columbus opened the Islands of San Salvador, Haiti, Cuba in the Caribbean.

1497-1499. - Vasco da Gama reached the Indian port of Calicut, having encouraged Africa. For the first time, a way to east through the Indian Ocean was opened.

1519 - Fernan Magellan goes to the expedition, in which the Pacific Ocean opens. And in 1521 reaches the Mariana and Philippine Islands.

Participants

Fig. 2. Astrolabia ()

Fig. 3. Karavella ()

Successes were achieved in cartography. European cartographers began to make maps with more accurate outlines of the coast of Europe, Asia and North America. Portuguese invented navigation cards. On them, in addition to the outlines of the shores, the settlements were depicted on the way of obstacles, as well as the locations of the ports. These navigation maps were called portulans.

The discoverers were becoming spaniards and Portuguese. The idea of \u200b\u200bconquering Africa was born in Portugal. However, Knight's cavalry was helpless in the sands. Portuguese prince Heinrich Navigator (Fig. 4) I decided to try the sea route along the western coast of Africa. The expeditions organized by them opened the island of Madeira, part of the Azores, Canary Islands. In 1445, the Portuguese reached the Western point of Africa - Green Cape. Several later, the coast of the Guinean Gulf was opened. There was a large amount of gold, ivory. Hence it turned out and the name is the Golden Beach, the coast of ivory. At the same time, African slaves were discovered, which traded local leaders. Portugal became the first European country, which began to sell a living product.

Fig. 4. Heinrich Navigator ()

Already after the death of Heinrich Marigolvator, Portuguese in 1471 reached the equator. In 1488, expedition Bartolome Diash reached the southern end of Africa - Cape of good hope. Cutting into Africa, this expedition reached the Indian Ocean. However, due to the sailor renom, Bartolome Diash was forced to return back. His way continued Vasco da Gama (Fig. 5)which B. 1497-1499. He came down in Africa and after 8-month swimming arrived in the Indian port of Calicate (Fig. 6).

Fig. 5. Vasco da Gama ()

Fig. 6. Opening of the sea route to India, route Vasco da Gama ()

Simultaneously with Portugal, finding a new sea route to India Spainin which at this time rules Isabella Castilskaya and Ferdinand Aragon. Christopher Columbus (Fig. 7) offered a new plan - reach India, moving to the West, through the Atlantic Ocean. Christopher Columbus shared the view that the Earth had a spherical shape. On August 3, 1492, Columbus on three Karavellah "Santa Maria", "Ninya" and "Pinta" went from Spain to search for India (Fig. 8). On October 12, 1492, the Karavel "Pint" came a shot. It was a signal: sailors reached the island that they called San Salvadorthat translated means "Holy Savior". Research, they went to the south and opened two more islands: Haiti (then Espanyol) and Cuba Island.

Fig. 7. Christopher Columbus ()

Fig. 8. Route Christopher Columbus ()

The first expedition of Columbus lasted 225 days and opened Caribbean Sea. During the next three expeditions, Columbus opened the coast of Central America and the Northern Coast of South America. However, the Spanish crown did not suit the amount of gold that came to the country. Soon from Columbus turned away. He died in 1506 in poverty, confident that he opened a new sea route to India. Mainland, open Columbus, originally called West India (Western India). Only later, the mainland gave a name America.

Rivalry of Spain and Portugal led to the first partition in the history of the world. IN 1494 year was concluded Tordesillas AgreementAccording to which, in the Atlantic Ocean, a conventional meridian was carried out somewhat west of the Azores. All newly open lands and the sea to the West had to belong to Spain, and to the East - Portugal. but the world's first world tour of Fernan Magellan Adjusted this document.

Back in 1513, the Spaniard Vasco de Balboa crossed Panaman's shelters and went to the shores of the Pacific Ocean. He called him then the southern sea. In the fall of 1519, Fernan Magellan (Fig. 9) went on his journey for five caravels with a team of 253 sailors (Fig. 10). His goal was to find a way through the Atlantic Ocean to Molukski Islands (Spice islands). A year later, Magellan's team entered a narrow strait, which was later named Magellan Strait.. Having passed through it, the team of Magellan managed to go into an early unknown ocean. This ocean got a name Quiet.

Fig. 9. Fernan Magellan ()

Fig. 10. First World Travel of Fernan Magellan ()

In March 1521, Magellan's team reached Mariana Islands, and then landed in the Philippines, where Magellan himself died in a skirmish with the locals. His team managed to reach Molokksky Islands. Three years later, only one ship with 17 sailors returned home. The first world journey of Magellan proved that the earth has a spherical shape.

The development of new light Europeans took the form conquists - conquest. Together with the conquer, the relocation begins to the new light of the colonists from Europe.

Great geographical discoveries changed the picture of the world. First, it was proved that the earth has a shape of a ball. A new mainland was also opened - America, as well as a new ocean - quiet. The outlines of many continents, seas and oceans were clarified. Great geographical discoveries became the first step towards creating a global market. They dismissed trading paths. So, shopping cities Venice and Genoa lost their key importance in European trade. The places occupied the ocean ports: Lisbon, London, Antwerp, Amsterdam, Seville. Due to the influx of precious metals to Europe from the new light, the price revolution occurred. Prices for precious metals fell, and at the same time prices for products and raw materials have grown.

Great geographical discoveries marked the beginning of the colonial redistribution of the world and the domination of Europeans in Asia, Africa and America. Operation of slave labor and trade with colonies allowed European shopping crugs to get rich, which became one of the prerequisites for the formation of capitalism. Also, the colonization of America led to the destruction of the oldest American cultures. The great geographical discoveries became one of the reasons for the food revolution in Europe. Previously unknown cultures were delivered: corn, tomatoes, cocoa beans, potatoes and tobacco.

Bibliography

1. Fighters, MA Magellan's path: Early new time. Book for reading history. - M., 2006.
2. Vadushkin V.A., Burin S.N. Tutorial on the history of the new time, grade 7. - M., 2013.
3. Verbinen Ch., Matis G. "Conquerors of America. Columbus, Cortes. Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 1997.
4. Lange P.V. Like the Sun ... Fernan Magellan's life and the first world swimming. - M.: Progress, 1988.
; Artist
5. What discovery is Fernan Magellan, and what kind of mainland did Christopher Columbus opened?
6. Do you know any other famous seafarers and territories, they open?