His own imperial majesty office. Reforming central controls
- The Cabinet of His Imperial Majesty is the Cabinet of His Imperial Majesty - the State Institution of the Russian Empire in 1704-27, 1741-1917. The initial personal office of the emperor, then control the imperial treasury and property (see the Cabinet lands). From 1826 subordinates to the Ministry of Imperial Court. Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
- The Cabinet of His Imperial Majesty is an institution made by the personal property of the royal family and occupied by some other issues in 1704-1917. Established in 1704 Peter I, he was actually the King Office, conducted it from a treasury and property, he kept correspondence. Great Soviet Encyclopedia
- the Cabinet of His Imperial Majesty is the state institution of the Russian Empire in 1704-1727, 1741-1917. Initially, the personal office of the emperor, then the management of the imperial treasury and property (see the Cabinet lands). Since 1826, subordinates to the Ministry of Imperial Court. Big Law Dictionary
- The Cabinet of His Imperial Majesty - I The establishment under this title appeared in Russia under Petra I, with the same character, which had the royal K. in the West. It was its own head supersension, which did not have a certain competence. In Catherine I ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Ephron
The Cabinet was subordinated to his own primary office, established by Catherine I for the institution of the imperial property and existed until 1765, as a result of which the predominance of the Cabinet was the predominance of the work on the imperial identity and especially mountain plants.
In the reign of Catherine II, these cases become the only subject in the conduct of the Cabinet; The latter circumstance has caused education separate from the Cabinet Own office. Under Pavel I, the Office of the Sovereign was greatly influenced: she received cases that deserved special highest attention, the Governing Senate Memorial and Complaints to Supreme Government Places and Persons. According to Trochinsky, "the state-owned chancelter who managed SEU Office, was the real minister of its imperial majesty in all states administration." This office was closed in 1802 with the establishment of ministries.
The new development of his own office received in the reign of Nicholas I, when special tasks were assigned to it, for which six offices of the office, who had an independent position, were gradually formed, and in their significance equal to ministries. In 1826, the former own office received the name first branch Own E. I. V. Office; In the same year, the second and third branches of their own office were established, in 1828 - the fourth, in 1836 - the fifth and in 1842 - the sixth (the last two branches are temporary).
Four offices of their own office have existed to the beginning of the 1880s, when a gradual reduction of the offices of his own office began.
First branch
Second branch
The second branch of his own E. I. V. The Office was formed on April 4, 1826. In return, which consisted in the State Council "Commission of Compiling Laws". This department was its goal, as opposed to the previous commission, not an essay of new laws, but to attach the order. The task of the codification occurred not for the first time since the times of Cathedral deposit 1649, but for the first time the emperor himself took the case under personal control. The emperor has seriously achieved solutions to the most complicated task - the codification of the entire accumulated legislative material from 1649. Only 1 million gold was spent on the creation of a special printing house, the staff were from 30 to 50 people - also money to the target direction. Managing II Department was appointed Professor at the University of St. Petersburg, the first decan of the Law Faculty, at one time the rector of the University of M. A. Balufiansky, but his soul was his assistant M. M. Speransky, thanks to the energy of which all the laws accumulated for three years were collected For the previous 180 years and scattered at different places and institutions (see "Complete Assembly of the Laws of the Russian Empire"). It is believed that Balfiansky himself was old and as a lawyer is already bad, but Nikolai was afraid of the shock of people from returning to the High Place of Speransky, although he was already returned from Opal. The II branch began to create a second collection, in which all current legislation selected and outlined it in an objective historical, and not in chronological order (see "Code of Laws of the Russian Empire").
Later, the duty of the II branch was charged with the preparation of continuations to the draft law, as well as the further publication of the full meeting of the laws. In addition, the II branch took part in the consideration of all bills, both in essentially and in form, that is, in the ratio of them to the draft law. The mandatory sending of legislative projects for preliminary consideration of the II branch was canceled in 1866. Regardless of this, the II branch was often instructed to draw up draft laws; He belongs to the compilation of "Claiming the punishments of criminal and correctional" (1845), deposits on punishments for the kingdom of Polish, the Local Council of the Ostsee Province and other codification works in the II department were entrusted with editors; They (or other experts on the appointment of the manager) constituted reviews on the bankruptcy proceedings. With the II department, a typography and a special legal library had a type of law, in the foundation of which the meeting of the Books of the former Commission for the compilation of laws was found.
An important merit of the II branch is to promote the development of legal sciences in Russia. In 1828, at the proposal of the Speransky, the Branch, three students of St. Petersburg and Moscow spiritual academies were primed to prepare for the professorship. Next year, another 6 students of the Academies were caused for the same purpose, to which three more students of St. Petersburg University joined: these persons listened to the University of Roman law and Latin Literature and, moreover, they were engaged in the II branch practically.
Having spent about a year and a half at the II branch, the students were examined in the II branch; Then they were sent (in 1829 and 1831) to Berlin, where, under the leadership of Savigni, she listened to lectures on legal sciences; Upon returning to St. Petersburg, they again were examined and received a doctoral degree. All of them (except for the three early died) occupied the Department of Laws in various universities and made a coup in teaching jurisprudence in Russia, bringing with them to familiarity with European science and a thorough knowledge of domestic law. Of these, K. A. Nolovin, N. Krylov, Ja. I. and S. I. Barres, P. Kalmykov and P. Rarkin, were most prompted by their scientific merits.
In 1882, with the aim of rapprochement of the publication of the "Code of Laws" with the activities of the State Council II, the branch of his own E. I. V. The Office was transformed into a codification department under the state council.
At Chapter II of the Department of Own E. I. V. The Office was stood: M. A. Balufiansky, Count D. N. Bludov, Count M. A. Korf, Count V. N. Panin, Prince S. N. Urusov.
Third branch
The most famous III branch of own E. I. V. Office. 3 (15) June 1826 was created, at the chapter stood by A. H. Benkendorf.
Structure of the III compartment:
- I expedition Has every political affairs - "Items of the highest police and information about persons under police supervision."
Through the I expedition took place, which had "particularly important," regardless of their affiliation to the activities of other expeditions. The expedition was observed by public opinion ("the state of the minds") and the compilation of general and private reviews of the most important events in the country ("all-known" reports), the observation of public and revolutionary movement, the activities of individual revolutionaries, public figures, cultural figures, literature, science; Organization of political cheek and investigation, the implementation of repressive measures (conclusion in the fortress, reference to the settlement, expulsion under the supervision of the police), supervision of the state of places of detention. The expedition was engaged in collecting information about the abuse of higher and local government officials, the procurement of the noble elections, recruit sets, information about the attitude of Russia for foreign countries (until mid-1866). Later in the I expedition, only cases about "insulting members of the royal family name" remained.
- Expedition II She was engaged in splitters, sectarians, fake, criminal killings, places of detention and the "peasant question" (the search and further business of criminal cases remained for the ministries of internal affairs; related to counterfeiters - for the Ministry of Finance).
I supervised the activities in Russia of various religious denominations, the spread of religious cults and sects, as well as an administrative and economic institution of national political prisons: Alekseevsky Rodelin, Petropavlovsk Freight, Shlisselburg Fortress, Suzdal Savior-Evfimiyev Monastery and Schwarzgolm house. Organized the struggle with official and especially dangerous criminal offenses. Collected information about the activities of public organizations, cultural, educational, economic, insurance companies, about the various inventions, improvements, discoveries, as well as the appearance of false money, documents, etc. It was engaged in consideration of complaints, stations, denunciations and preparation of reports on them. I supervised the decision of civil cases about the sections of land and property, cases of marital infidelity, etc. He was engaged in the recruitment of the states of the III department and the distribution of responsibilities between the structural divisions.
- III expedition She was engaged in specially foreigners living in Russia and the expulsion of unrealized and suspicious people.
- V Expedition (Created on October 23, 1842) was engaged in specially censored.
V Expedition made a dramatic (theatrical) censorship, supervision of books for books, printing houses, withdrawing forbidden books, supervision for the publication and appeal of public news (posted), drawing up catalogs of books missing from abroad, resolving the publication of new essays, transfers, observation of periodic publications .
- Archive III branches (Organized in 1847).
The archives kept the affairs of all expeditions, reports and reports to the emperor, physical evidence and affairs applications.
In the instructions of Benkendorf, the branch of the branch of the branch is proclaimed "approval of the welfare and peace of mind of all in Russia classes, rehabilitation of justice." The official III branch should have followed potentially possible unrest and abuses in all parts of the management and in all states and places; Watch that the peace of mind and the right of citizens cannot be violated with someone's personal power or the predominance of the strong or destructive direction of people of malicious; The official had the right to interfere in litigation to their end; had supervision of the morality of young people; I had to learn "about the poor and siery officials who serve as faithful and the truth and needing benefits," and so on. Count Benkendorf did not even find "the possibilities of identifying all cases and objects" to which the official III branch should pay attention to His duties, and provided them with "inspireness and diligence". All departments have been prescribed to immediately satisfy all the requirements of officials commaed by the III branch. At the same time, officials were prescribed to act gently and carefully; Note illegal actions, they had to "first prevail the primary persons and those most people and consulting the efforts to turn the truth to the path and then detect their thin actions before the government."
By the Decree on February 12, 1880, the Supreme Regulatory Commission on the Security of State Order and Public Tranquers under the main authorities of Count M. T. Loris-Melikova, and it is temporarily subordinated by the III branch together with the Gendarm Corps, and by Decree August 6 of the same year, the Supreme Regulatory Commission The III branch of his own E. I. V. The Office was abolished with the transfer of cases in
Wikipedia material - free encyclopedia
His own imperial majesty office (abbreviated - Own E. I. V. Office) - Personal Office of Russian emperors, with time modified to one of the central authorities. Was created under Peter I, reformed under Catherine II, abolished by Alexander I when creating ministries; However, in 1812, again was established to work with affairs demanding the personal participation of the sovereign. The functions of their own E. I. V. The Office of the Emperor Nikolai I were significantly expanded. She existed to the crash of the Russian Empire in 1917. From 1826 and until 1881, his own office was divided into several independent offices, the significance of each was equal to the ministerial.
Imperial Cabinet
Alexander I. Office
Office of Nicholas I and Alexander II
The new development of his own office received in the reign of Nicholas I, when special tasks were assigned to it, for which six offices of the office, who had an independent position, were gradually formed, and in their significance equal to ministries. In 1826, the former own office received the name first branch Own E. I. V. Office; In the same year, the second and third branches of their own office were established, in 1828 - the fourth, in 1836 - the fifth and in 1842 - the sixth (the last two branches are temporary).
Four branches of their own offices existed before the early 1880s, when all branches, except the first, were transferred to the relevant ministries.
First branch
Second branch
Third branch
Fourth office
The sixth branch was established in 1842 temporarily. Engaged in the arrangement of peaceful life in the Transcaucasian region.
Office of Alexander III and Nicholas II
The first branch in 1882 again got the name Own E. I. V. Officewhich performed the function of the personal office of the emperor. To her maintenance belonged:
- the execution of commands and orders received from the sovereign,
- manufacture in some cases of the highest decrees, rescripts, orders, diploma;
- presentation by the Sovereign to the Office for the highest papers on some of the highest state institutions, as well as the reports of the provinces;
- announcement (at certain cases) of the monarch of will according to the ideaments;
- consideration of statements about the unfulfilled highest decrees and commands;
- consideration and presentation at the discretion of the emperor of the petitions of charitable institutions who were not in direct conduct of ministries or major departments (first of all - those under the auspices of the highest Persons);
- initial consideration and further sending issues related to the general, mainly formal conditions of civil service, as well as awards;
- other issues related to the internal work of their own office.
In 1892, under his own office, the Committee was established to consider submissions to award-winning (since 1894 - the Committee on the Service of Civil Agencies and Awards). Production on cases contributed to this committee was entrusted to the inspection department of his own office, restored in 1894.
Own E. I. V. The Office at the end of the XIX century consisted under the superiors of the manager of the State Secretary. Position of this was occupied by K. K. Rennenkampf (1889-96) and A. S. Taneyev (from 1896).
Sources
- // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 tons. (82 t. And 4 extra). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
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Excerpt that characterizes his own imperial majesty office
"Hooray A A A!" A long cry was separated by our line and, overtaking the prince of Bagration and each other, nestroyny, but the fun and busy crowd ran our mountain behind the upset French.Attack of the 6th Henger secured the retreat of the right flank. In the center, the action of the forgotten battery Tuska, who has managed to light Shenagraben, stopped the movement of the French. The French extended the fire, the wind, and gave the time to retreat. The retreat of the center through the ravine was performed hastily and noisy; However, the troops, retreating, were not confused by teams. But the left flank, which was at the same time attacked and bypass the excellent forces of the French under the authorities of Lanna and who consisted of the Azov and Podolsky infantry and Pavlograd Gusar regiments, was upset. Bagration sent Zherkova to General of the left flank with the ordination immediately retreat.
Gorkov Boyko, not torn hand from a cap, touched a horse and crushed. But barely only he drove away from Bagration, as the strength changed him. He found an insurmountable fear, and he could not go there, where it was dangerous.
Having arrived at the troops of the left flank, he went not forward, where she was shooting, and began to find out the general and bosses where they could not be, and therefore did not give orders.
The command of the left flank belonged to the head of the regimental commander of the very regiment, which was presented to Brownau Kutuzov and in which he served as a soldier of Doolokh. The command of the extreme left flank was intended to be the commander of the Pavlograd Regiment, where Rostov served, as a result, a misunderstanding occurs. Both bosses were very annoyed against each other, and at the time, as the right flank had long been the case and the French had already started the offensive, both bosses were engaged in negotiations that were intended to offend each other. Shelves, both cavalry and infantry, were very little prepared for the upcoming cause. People of regiments, from the soldier to the general, did not expect battles and calmly engaged in peaceful things: feeding horses in Connection, collecting firewood - in infantry.
"There is he, however, older than mine in the rank," said the German, the hussar colonel, blinning and turning to the adjutant who arrived, then leave him to do as he wants. I can't sacrifice my hussar. Trumpeter! Play a retreat!
But it became to the rush. Cannonade and shooting, merging, threatened to the right and in the center, and the French hoods of Lann arrows have already passed the mill's dam and lined up on this side in two rifle shots. The infantry colonel shuddered by the gait approached the horse and, hacking at her and having done very straight and high, went to the Pavlograd commander. The regimental commanders gathered with tricky bows and with hidden angry in the heart.
- Again, Colonel, - said General, - I can not, however, leave half of the people in the forest. I ask you, I ask you, "he repeated, - to take a position and prepare for the attack.
- And I ask you not to be interhesive not your work, - answered, hot, colonel. - if you were a cavalryman ...
- I'm not a cavalryman, Colonel, but I am a Russian general, and if it is unknown to you ...
"It's very well known, your excellency," suddenly cried out, the touching horse, the colonel, and putting red bugs. - Will you please come to the chains, and you will see that this position is not anywhere. I do not want to exterminate my shelf for your pleasure.
- You forget the colonel. I do not even pleasure myself and saying it will not let it.
General, taking the invitation of the colonel to the courtyard tournament, straightening the chest and frowning, went with him together towards the chain, as if all of their disagreement had to decide there, in the chain, under bullets. They arrived in the chain, several bullets flew over them, and they stopped silently. There was nothing to look in the chain, since it was clear from the place where they were before, it was clear that the bushes and ravine cavalry could not act, and that the French bypass the left wing. The general and colonel strictly looked significantly as two roosters preparing for battle, each other, in vain waiting for signs of cowardice. Both withstood the exam. Since there was nothing to say, and neither the other did not want to submit a reason to another to say that he would have left under the bullets, they would have exercised there, mutually experiencing courage, if at this time in the forest, almost from behind them, not They heard the crackle rifles and a deaf merging cry. The French attacked the soldiers who were in the woods with firewood. Husar was already impossible to retreat with the infantry. They were cut off from the path of retreat to the left french chain. Now, no matter how uncomfortable was the terrain, it was necessary to attack to lay the way.
A squadron, where Rostov served, just managed to sit on the horses, was stopped by the face to the enemy. Again, as on the Ensky Bridge, there was no one between the squadron and the enemy, and between them, separating them, was the same terrible feature of the unknown and fear, as if the trait separating alive from the dead. All people felt this feature, and the question of whether or not and how they would drive, worried them.
A colonel drove up to the front, angrily replied something to the questions of officers and, as a person, desperately insisting on his own, gave some kind of orders. No one has said anything definite, but the Squadron swept on the attack on the squadron. There was a team of construction, then the sabers were snered from the sheath. But no one was moving. The troops of the left flank, and the infantry and hussars, felt that the bosses did not know itself what to do, and the worship of the bosses was reported to the troops.
"Quick, as soon as possible," thinking Rostov, feeling that she finally had time to make the pleasure of attack, about which he heard so much from comrades Gusarov.
- With God, G "Fuck," Denisova's voice sounded, - G "Yotso, Mag" Sh!
In the front row, cereals of horses swam. The grike pulled the reins and moved himself.
On the right, Rostov saw the first rows of their hussar, and further ahead of him a dark strip, which he could not consider, but he considered the enemy. The shots were heard, but in the distance.
- Add lyry! - the team was heard, and Rostov felt like arms back, interrupting in a gallop, his grike.
He guessed his movement forward, and he gotting more fun and more fun. He noticed a lonely tree ahead. This tree was first ahead, in the middle of the feature that seemed so terrible. But they switched to this feature, and not only nothing terrible was, but everything became more fun and was becoming lively. "Oh, as I am a Rubana," thought Rostov, squeezing in the hand of Ephes Sabli.
- O O O O A A A !! - Topped voices. "Well, now, who will now be," thought Rostov, pressing the spurs with a gross, and, distilling others, released him into the entire quarry. Ahead was already visible was the enemy. Suddenly, as a wide broom, it was settled something along the squadron. Rostov raised a saber, getting ready to chop, but at this time ahead of the surrounding soldier Nikitenko separated from him, and Rostov felt in a dream, which continues to ride with the unnatural speed forward and at the same time it remains in place. From behind, the familiar Gusar Bandandarchuk roused on him and looked angrily. Bandandarchuk's horse stragped, and he got drowned by.
"What is this? I do not hit? "I fell, I killed ..." Asked and replied Rostov in an instant. He was already alone in the middle of the field. Instead of moving horses and the hussar spin, he saw a fixed land around him and stuffier. Warm blood was under it. "No, I'm wounded, and the horse is killed." The grief rose to the front legs, but fell, giving the sidoka to his leg. Blood flowed from the horse's head. The horse begged and could not get up. Rostov wanted to rise and fell too: Tashka clinched behind the saddle. Where were our, where were the French - he did not know. No one was circle.
Losting my leg, he rose. "Where, from which side was this trait, which so sharply separated two troops?" - He asked himself and could not answer. "Is no bad thing that happened to me?" Are there such cases, and what should be done in such cases? " - he asked himself getting up; And at that time felt that something more superfluous was hanging on his left-handed hand. Her brush was like someone else's. He looked around his hand, in vain looking for blood on it. "Well, here are people," he thought he gladly, seeing several people who fled to him. - They will help me! " Ahead of these people ran one in a strange cyer and in blue overcoats, black, tanned, with a humpback nose. Two more and a lot more from behind. One of them spoke something strange, non-Russian. Between the rear of the same people, in the same cisiver, stood one Russian hussar. He was kept behind his hands; Behind him kept his horse.
Own of his imperial majesty Office and temporary committees.
In the reign of Nicholas I acquired a special meaning "Own of its imperial Majesty of the Office", He who pushed the State Council and Senate to the Council. In it, since 1812, cases were focused on the "highest discretion": all reports almost all departments were held to the king through this authority. Until 1825, she managed Arakcheev.
Under Nicolae I, she became an organ that carried out the immediate instructions of the emperor on all the most important issues of government.
In the reign of Nicholas I, bills began to be developed in His own imperial majesty of the office, ministries and special committees. The discussion of them in the state council has gained a formal character. There were often cases when bills were made to the State Council with the resolution of the king: "It is desirable for me to be taken," or generally accepted without discussion.
The Office of the Office has grown, branches appeared in its structure: the first, second and third in 1826, the fourth in 1828, the fifth in 1836 and the sixth in 1842
First branch The ministries carried out control over the ministries, prepared bills, led the appointment and dismissal of the highest officials (from the approval and approval of the king).
Before the second branch The task of codification of laws was set. In it under the guidance MM Speransky (returned from the reference in 1821), were prepared " Complete meeting of the laws of the Russian Empire "(1830) and "Code of Laws of the Russian Empire "(1835).
Gloomy fame received Third branch which headed the adjutant general graph A.H. Benkendorf.
He also became the chief of a separate building of the gendarme, created in 1827. The third branch performed the functions of the secret political police, especially in the fight against the revolutionary movement, and the separate building of the gendarme served as the main power tool of the autocratic power within the country.
Fourth compartment He won charitable institutions and women's educational institutions.
Fifth branch It was created to develop a draft reform reform of state peasants.
Sixth branch From 1842 to 1845 Preparing the proposals for the management of the Caucasus.
Own E.I.V. The Office with her branches gradually acquired the features of the supreme authority.
3. Local administrative and judicial authorities
Reform 1810-1811. Approved the system of departmental management across the country. The provincial institutions have become simultaneously obeyed by various ministries, which led to a big confusion.
In 1837, a new " Against governors "In which their legal status has been determined, functional responsibilities.
In 1837-1838, in order to streamline the management of state peasants, the governments were established by the chambers of state property; In the counties district administration of state property.
They were subordinate to the volost board chosen by the peasant gatherings. Members of the volost rule were subject to approval by the provincial chamber of state property.
Some changes occur in the judicial system. Compared to the judicial system for the "institution for the management of the provincial", one link of the judicial system is eliminated: in the first half of the XIX century. Upper Zemsky Court were abolished, the provincial magistrate, the upper disgrace.
Heads the judicial system Senate which loses the bulk of administrative powers. Decree on September 8, 1802 declares the Senate of the "repository of laws". It was assumed that he should follow the compliance of the newly accepted decrees to the current legislation. However, already in 1803, this right was seized. Only the first Department of the Senate maintained administrative functions, in particular, he appointed audit of individual provinces. The remaining departments performed the appellate instance features.
Mean link The judicial system is the provincial chambers of the Civil and Criminal Court, as well as the Senate, were inconsolable agencies. They examined the cases of lower vessels and at first instances - the most difficult affairs (for example, murder cases).
Lower link Systems were a county court - for nobles; City magistrate - for citizens; The Speed \u200b\u200bCourt - for officials in the capitals; The conscious court - at that time he considered minors mainly.
The victim, military, spiritual justice continued to be preserved. Executive courts operated: military, sea, mountainous, forest, communication paths, as well as spiritual and volost peasant courts. The legal guidance was in the hands of the Ministry of Justice established in 1802.
The Chamber of the Civil Court also assumed the performance of some notarial functions.
FROM 1808 The commercial courts began to be created, which were considered billions of trading insolvency, etc. In 1932, the charter of the proceedings of the trade, which established a uniform system of commercial vessels. The main advantage of commercial vessels was that in them long before the judicial reform of 1864, a competing process was implemented.
Reforming central controls.
In 1811, under the leadership of M. M. Speransky, a document was published "General institution of ministries",who determined legal statusthese organs. The power of ministers was referred to as the highest executivedirectly subordinate to the emperor. The ministries apparatus shared on departments(presence) in directions of activity and officein which the office work was conducted. In 1812, based Committee of Ministers(Cabinet), which in addition to ministers entered the chairmen of the Department of the State Council, the Secretary of State (Head of the State Council) and the King appointed by the King of the Empire. Under Nicolae I, the Committee of Ministers included the heir to the throne.
The Committee reviewed the bills, reports of ministries, solved personnel problems. All of his decisions were approved by the emperor, except for all sorts of small cases (prescribing pensions, benefits, etc.). The Committee of Ministers replaced the emperor in his absence, and with it supervised the highest governments. Thus, in the face Committee ministersRussia received at the beginning of the XIX century. supreme Administrative Law,which was abolished only in April 1906 in connection with the establishment of the State Duma.
Under Alexandra I, attempts to reform legislative power.At first, the legislative rights of the reformed reformed Senate,but in 1810 after bringing to the development of projects of state reforms M. M. Speransky, as an analogue of Western parliaments was created State Council(existed until 1917) with the number of members from 40 to 90 (in different years). But it was not an elected body. Members of the State Council were appointed by the emperor from the Higher Empire officials, and the emperor himself presided over his meetings and argued the laws adopted by him.
The main work on the preparation of bills was carried out in the first department of Laws,completed professional lawyers. The remaining four departments led military affairs, civil and spiritual affairs, economics. The fifth department ruled the affairs of the kingdom of Polish. Under Alexander 1, the State Council was dominated by the ministries system.
Under Nicolae I, the entire system of central industry bodies of state administration was headed His own imperial majesty office.The State Council and the Committee of Ministers were forced to go to the shadow. S.E.I.V. The office consisted of six branches whose activities covered all areas of public life. Firsthe controlled the ministries, led the appointment and dismissal of senior officials. It has a legislative initiative and developed draft laws. Second branchcarried out codification worksummarized legal practice. The third department was led by a struggle with state crimes,with the "revolution," carried out control over the activities of religious sects, the supervision of some categories of citizens, including the unrealistic person, was observed outside the places of imprisonment. The third department was subject to the police and created in 1827. Gendarmerie. Operational work was carried out in the seven gendarmes, which was divided by the Russian Empire. In the provincial and port cities, the teams of gendarmes operated, whose task was to "doubt the richness and restoration of disturbed obedience", as well as "scattering the law of prohibited copies".
Fourth compartmentS.E.I.V. The office was engaged organization of charitable activitiesand female education. Fifth branchprepared and conducted a reform of the management of state peasants. IN Six stationfocused caucasian business.In general, S.E.I.V. The Office actually stood over the entire management apparatus, and the rights of her branches did not differ from the rights of ministries.
Under Alexandra I, at the initiative of the Speransky, an attempt was made to reform the process of promoting government officials on the service staircase. Until 1909, this Promotion to the rank of Stat Counselor (Grade 5 - Lower General Cain) was carried out on the principle silews.The official of the next number of years, the official received the next rank, regardless of the place that occupied, and from his real merit. Up moved everything: and negligent, and ignorant. Especially trying to fulfill the debt was not incentive, for the service that came to the service earlier, even if it was not so capable and unclean on his hand, was inadequate for those who went after him.
By decree 1909, for civilian ranks was introduced educational qualifications.Starting from the College Assistra (Grade 8 - the lowest headquarters officer), it was necessary to have a higher university education or to pass the appropriate exam. For the production of Stat advisors, another 10 years of service was required, including 2 years in responsible positions.
The exam suggested "the grammatical knowledge of the Russian language and the work on it", "Knowledge of at least one language of foreign and the convenience of transferring from it to Russian," "Considering knowledge of the rights of natural Roman and private civilian with the application of the latter to Russian legislation", "Information In state savings and laws of criminal, "" thorough knowledge of domestic history, "the history of universal with geography and chronology," initial basis of statistics "and" Knowledge of at least the initial foundations of mathematics and general information about the main parts of physics ". All of these knowledge should have contributed not only to the improvement of mental and business qualities of officials, but also morality. And although the law hated by oblique officials was canceled in 1834, he played his role in developing criteria, which was supposed to respond to the defendant government and fulfilled a sense of duty. According to the authoritative opinion of contemporaries, he contributed to an increase in the cultural level of officials.
At the end of the lesson, the teacher answers questions on the material of the lecture and announces a task for self-preparation:
1. Learn independently following questions:His own imperial Majesty of the Office in the system of government bodies of the Russian Empire. Peasant question in the reign of Nicholas I.
2. Modify the abstract.
3. Repeat the material.
Developed
Deputy Head of the Department
candidate of Legal Science
major internal service T.V. Zhukov
Lecturer of the Department
Candidate of Historical Sciences A.A. Smirnova
"______" _______________ 2012
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RUSSIAN EMERGENCY SITUATIONS MINISTRY |
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St. Petersburg University of State |
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Fire service |
III branch of his own imperial majesty offices
The beginning of the formation of the special services of the Russian Empire was made on June 3, 1826. On this day, the Emperor Nicholas I signed a decree on the formation of the III branch as part of his own imperial majesty of the Office (Sev). It was this structure that became a prototype of special services in the field of state security of the Russian Empire.
The formation of the III branch is directly related to the events of December 14, 1825, when part of the Guards regiments came to the Senate Square of St. Petersburg, trying to change the direction of political development of the Russian Empire to the usual methods of palace coup.
A. Ladyurner. Sketch of the figure of Emperor Nicholas I. The end of the 1840s.
Events December 14, 1825 created a real danger to the life of the young monarch Nikolai I. It was on this day that the question of the personal security of Nikolai Pavlovich and his family marked with all the prisons. Myself Nicholas I chladkoblyno estimated my chances when I decided to "take the throne" on December 11-12, 1825. On the morning of December 14, 1825 Nikolai Pavlovich, dressed, said A.H. Benkendorf: "Tonight, maybe we will not be more in the world, but at least we will die, fulfilling our debt" 223. Indeed, under the control of the Decembrists there were significant forces. As one of the variants of the development of events, there was a queue. Opportunities for this they had. From 11 to 12 December 1825, the Karaul in the Winter Palace was carried by the Moscow Regiment under the command of the Decembrist Chair-captain Mikhail Alexandrovich Bestumev. On the night of December 14, K.F. Ryleev was looking for the plan of the Winter Palace, to which Alexander Bestuzhev, grinning, said: "The royal surname is not a needle, and if you manage to captivate troops, then she, of course, will not hide ..."
Therefore, after suppressing the performances of the rebellion (later they will be called the Decembrists), the appeal to Nicholas I at the end of January 1826, the Adjutant General A.H. Benkendorf with a note "On the Foreign Police Device", in which it was about creating a special political police. After its consideration, on June 25, 1826, Nicholas I signed a decree on the organization of a separate building of gendarmes. On July 3, 1826, another decree was followed - on the transformation of the special office of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in the III branch of his own imperial majesty of the Office. The chief of the Gentarkrum Corps and the main boss of the III branch of Sevk was appointed A.H. Benkendorf. The creation of these structures meant the transition from political search to the system political control in the Russian Empire.
J. Dow. Portrait ah. Benkendorf. 1822
It should be emphasized that the creator and many years of the head of the III branch of Count Akh. Benkendorf was a combat general and did a career not on the palace parquets. In 1803, he participated in the hostilities in Georgia (the Order of St. Anne and St. Vladimir IV degree), participated in wars with France in 1805 and 1806-1807.
M.Ya. Fock background. Lithograph from the original Friedrian. 1820s.
For the difference in the battle at Precisch-Eilau, A.H. Benkendorf was awarded the Order of St. Anna II degree. In the Russian-Turkish war 1806-1812 Districted in the battle under the guilty (June 1811, the Order of St. George IV degree).
Reception A.H. Benkendorf. The end of the 1820s and.
During the Patriotic War, 1812 and foreign trips have established itself as a dashing cavalry commander, distinguishing personal courage. For this campaign, Benkendorf received the Order of St. George III degree, St. Anna I degree, St. Vladimir II degree, a golden sword, decorated with diamonds, with the inscription "For courage". Nevertheless, he did not consider to submit a detailed note to Emperor in 1821 to submit a detailed note with information about the "alliance of prosperity." The emperor left a note of the general without movement, but the events of 1825 showed the dismissions of Benkendorf.
The new unit was formed not from scratch. Until 1826, in the structure of the Ministry of Internal Affairs operated a special office under the direction of M.Ya. Fock background. His experience was fully used. In a note dated July 14, 1826 M.Ya. Background Fock offered to divide the III compartment for four expeditions. The task of the first expedition von Fock saw in the prevention of "maliciousness against the Officent of the Emperor's sovereign". Under this it was understood that the III department primarily ensures the strategic security of the king and his environment, the protection of the "Abstrol". At the same time, it is necessary to emphasize that in fact III branch was the structure rather analytic, the main task of which was the collection and generalization of the information collected. The new structure used a agent network created by Fock background. Since the main danger to the throne then proceeded from the Opposition Nobility environment, then these were not ordinary agents. They included the Stat Advisor Nefedyev, Count Lev Sologub, College Counselor of the Blonds, Writer and Dramaturgome of Viscovatov 224. Special attention of the staff of the III branch was addressed to the army and the guard, since it was the military throughout the XVIII - early XIX centuries. were the main organizers of conspiracies and rearbines.
A.V. Tyrhanov. Portrait of Major General L.V. Dubelt. 1840s.
Over time, the III department gradually refused operational work, since it was not part of his tasks, and his staff was very small 225. The total number of employees of the III department at the time of its foundation was only 27 people. At the time of abolition of the III branch in 1880, the number of employees was not much more - 58 people 226.
III Department has repeatedly subjected to reorganizations. In 1839, after the establishment of the headquarters of the headquarters of the Gencarm Corps and the Governor of the III branch in the face of L.V. Dubelite, created a single structure that existed up to 1880
It should be noted that in addition to collecting information and its analytical understanding III, the separation of its few officials has solved many issues that have had no relation to state security and state protection. Therefore, when in the 1860s. The internal political situation in the Russian Empire sharply complicated, new challenges were supplied to the III branch. The main one is the fight against the revolutionary movement in Russia.
To the number of measures to protect the imperial family in the early 1860s. It can be attributed that the head of the III department and the chief of gendarmes V.A. Dolgorukov 227 and St. Petersburg Military General Governor A.L. Suvorov was entrusted with unrepreneurous observation of all those departed in the royal village on the railway. In turn, the police of the Tsarsky village was instructed to observe all the arrivals.
IN. Sherwood. Portrait of V.A. Dolgoruky in the Mundar of the Leb Guard Equestrian Shelf. 1882
But these were measures wearing a traditional character. Time required new solutions. After the attempt by D. Karakozov in April 1866 and the resignation of V.A. Dolgorukova transformations engaged in the new Minister of the Interior Peter Andreevich Shuvalov. On his initiative, the gendarm corps lost police officers. The main task of the hull was "observation of society", that is, the III department actually became a "clean special service." However, these reforms had their negative consequences. The fact is that the liberal intelligentsia that has formed public opinion in Russia, with great sympathy referred to the tyranoboric sentiments of revolutionaries, so the cases of the arrested revolutionaries were "collapsed" by the liberal courts.
P.A. Shuvalov
Therefore, in 1871, the III department returned police functions, which allowed to actively influence the investigative and legal processes.
It was important to increase the financing of all structures that fought with a revolutionary movement in Russia. The Budget of the Security Guard of the III branch, directly occupied by the guard of the king, amounted to 52,000 rubles. in year. In July 1866, additional allocations were allocated to "Strengthening a foreign agent" in the amount of 19,000 rubles. 29 000 rubles were allocated for the content of the "secret compartment" at the St. Petersburg Ober-Politzmeaster. in year. These measures gave certain results. Contemporaries P.A. Shuvalov was remembered as a person in which no attempt was made on the emperor.
Thus, in 1826 the structure was created, which was used in the 1820-1850s. Significant influence in society. In fact, the III branch of Sevk became the foundation for creating professional special services in Russia. At the same time, the III branch due to a number of objective reasons "did not have time" for the development of the revolutionary movement in Russia and at the end of the 1870s - early 1880s. In fact, he lost the initiative in opposition to the political terror of the People's Republic. This is exactly what has become the main reason for the liquidation of the III branch in 1880.
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