Essay Essay "Russian-Japanese War. Essay on the topic Russian-Japanese War Essay on the topic Russian Japanese War

Russian-Japanese War 1904-1905

In the war of 1904-1905, Russia and Japan were struggled for domination in Northeast China and Korea. War started Japan. In 1904, the Japanese fleet attacked Port Arthur. The defense of the city lasted until the beginning of 1905. During the war, Russia suffered defeats in battles on the Yalu River, under Liaoyan, on the Shahe River. In 1905, the Japanese defeated the Russian army in the general battle in Mukden, and the Russian Fleet - at CSUME. The war ended with the signing of the Portsmouth Peace Treaty in 1905. Under the terms of the contract, Russia recognized Korea to the sphere of influence of Japan, gave Japan South Sakhalin and the rights to the Liaodan Peninsula with the cities of Port Arthur and Far. The defeat of the Russian army in the war was one of the prerequisites of the revolution 1905 - 1907.

In the context of world politics:

At the end of the XIX - early XX century. The contradictions between the leading powers, which completed this time mainly the territorial section of the world. The presence in the international arena "new", the vigorous developing countries in the international arena, Japan, US, purposefully achieved colonies and spheres of influence was becoming more and more tangible. In the global rivalry of the great powers to the fore, the English-German antagonism was gradually advanced. In this complex, saturated with international crises, the Russian diplomacy operated at the turn of the centuries.

The foundation of the foreign policy of the autocracy was the Franco-Russian Union, which guaranteed the Western borders of the empire from the German threat and played the role of one of the most important elements of political equilibrium, neutralizing the influence and military power of the Tropery Union (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy) on the European Continent. Strengthening contacts with France - the main lender of the Tsarist Government - had for autocracy of essential importance and for reasons of a financial and economic nature.

Progressing with exacerbations of the contradictions between the great powers of the arms race overstragging the forces of Russia, which forced Russian diplomacy to seek a way out of the current situation. Russia initiated the convocation of the Hague "Conference of the World", held in 1899. True, wishes regarding the restriction of weapons adopted at the conference, in fact, did not affect her participants. They concluded a convention on the peaceful resolution of international disputes, signed a number of conventions and declarations that regulate the rules for warfare.

At the same time, autocracy took an active part in the struggle of the Great Powers for the colony and sphere of influence. In the Middle East, in Turkey, he was increasingly dealt with Germany, who choose this region with the zone of its economic expansion. In Persia, the interests of Russia faced the interests of England. The most important object of struggle for the final section of the world at the end of the XIX century. He was the backward economically and miley in militarily China. It was at the Far East from the mid-90s that the center of gravity of foreign policy activity autocracy, the close interest of the royal government to the affairs of this region was largely due to the "appearance" here by the end of the XIX century. The strong and very aggressive neighbor in the face of Japan's expansion entered on the path.

After the victory in the war with China in 1894-1895. Japan in a peace treaty acquired the Liaodan Peninsula, Russia, performing a united front with France and Germany, forced Japan to abandon this part of the Chinese territory. In 1896, the Russian-Chinese Treaty on the Defense Union against Japan was concluded. China provided a concession concession to the construction of the railway from Chita to Vladivostok through Manchuria (Northeast China). The Russian-Chinese Bank received the right to build and operate the road. The course for the "peaceful" economic conquest of Manchuria was carried out in accordance with the line S.Yu.vitte (it was he who was largely determined by the policy of autocracy in the Far East) to seize foreign markets for the developing domestic industry. Large success reached Russian diplomacy and in Korea. Japan, who approved his influence in this country after the war with China, was forced in 1896 to agree with the establishment of a joint Russian-Japanese protectorate over Korea in the actual predominance of Russia. The victories of Russian diplomacy in the Far East caused the growing irritation of Japan, England and the United States.

Soon, however, the situation in this region began to change. Pushed by Germany and following her example, Russia seized Port Arthur and in 1898 received it from China for rent along with some parts of the Lyodunsky Peninsula for the Naval Base Device. Attempts by S.Yu.vitte to prevent this action, which was considered by him as a contrary to the spirit of the Russian-Chinese Treaty of 1896, were not crowned with success. The capture of Port Arthur has undermined the influence of Russian diplomacy in Beijing and weakened the position of Russia in the Far East, forced, in particular, the royal government to make concessions of Japan in the Korean issue. The Russian-Japanese agreement of 1898 actually authorized the seizure of Korea by Japanese capital.

In 1899, a powerful popular uprising began in China ("Boxing uprising"), directed against the foreigners who hurt in the state, Russia, together with other powers, took part in the suppression of this movement and occupied Manchuria during military actions. Russian-Japanese contradictions aggravated again. Supported by England and the United States, Japan sought to displace Russia from Manchuria. In 1902, the Anglo-Japanese Union was concluded. Under these conditions, Russia went to an agreement with China and pledged to bring troops from Manchuria for one and a half years.

Meanwhile, the well-tuned very militant Japan has led to the exacerbation of the conflict with Russia. In the ruling circles of Russia there was no unity on the issues of Far Eastern Policy. S.Yu.Vitte with his program of economic expansion (which, however, still faced Russia with Japan) confronted the "disgrade" headed by A.M. Beswork, who spent on direct military seizures. The views of this group separated and Nicholas II, who dismissed S.Yu.vitte from the post of Minister of Finance. "Correspondence" underestimated the forces of Japan. Part of the ruling circles was considered success in the war with the Far Eastern neighbor as the most important means of overcoming the internal political crisis.

Japan, for his part, was actively preparing for an armed clash with Russia. True, in the summer of 1903, the Russian-Japanese negotiations on Manchuria and Korea began, but the Military Military Machine of Japan, which watched the direct support of the United States and England was already launched. On January 24, 1904, the Japanese ambassador presented the Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs V.N.L.L.L. V.L. Lyudorph, and on the evening of January 26, the Japanese Fleet without declaring war attacked the Port Arthur Squadron. So the Russian-Japanese war began.

The ratio of forces on the theater of hostilities was not in favor of Russia, which was due to the difficulties of focusing the troops on the remote outskirts of the Empire and the nervousness of the military and naval departments, rude miscalculations in the assessment of the opponel's capabilities. From the very beginning of war, the Russian Pacific squadron suffered serious losses. Savory to ships in Port Arthur, the Japanese attacked the Varyag Cruiser and Korean Korean's Korean port on the Korean port. After an unequal battle with the 6 cruisers and 8 of the Ministry of Entry, the Russian sailors destroyed their vessels so that they do not get the enemy. The death of the commander of the Pacific Squador of the Outstanding Flotodca S.O. Makarov became a heavy blow to Russia. The Japanese managed to conquer the domination of the sea and, disembarking large forces on the continent, deploy an offensive on Russian troops in Manchuria and Port Arthur. The commanded by the Manchurian army, General A.N. Kuropakin acted extremely indecisive. The bloody battle under Liaoyan, during which the Japanese suffered huge losses, was not used to go to the offensive (which the enemy was extremely afraid) and ended with the tap of Russian troops. In July 1904, the Japanese were besieged Port Arthur. The defense of the fortress last five months became one of the bright pages of Russian military history. The hero of Port Arthur Epopea was General R.I. Kontdrenko, who died at the end of the siege. Mastering Port Arthur expensive was worth the Japanese, which under its walls lost more than 100 thousand people. At the same time, taking the fortress, the enemy was able to strengthen his troops that operated on Manyzhuria. The squadron stood in Port Arthur was actually destroyed in the summer of 1904. During unsuccessful attempts to break through in Vladivostok.

In February 1905, Mukden Waglin occurred, which was playing on a more than 100-kilometer front and the last three weeks. On both sides, more than 550 thousand people participated in 2500 guns. In the battles under Mukden, the Russian army suffered severe defeat. After that, the war on land began to sink. The number of Russian troops in Manchuria constantly increased, but the army's martial spirit was undermined, which the revolution began to be in a large extent. The Japanese, who suffered huge losses, also did not show activity.

May 14-15, 1905 in the Tsushim battle, the Japanese fleet destroyed the Russian squadron, which was converted to the Far East from the Baltic. Commanded this squadron ZP Ohvetynsky. The Tsushim battle decided the outcome of the war. The autocracy, engaged in the suppression of the revolutionary movement, could no longer continue to fight. Japan was extremely exhausted. On July 27, 1905, in Portsmouth (USA), peaceful negotiations began with the mediation of Americans. The Russian delegation, which was headed by S.Yu.vitte, managed to achieve a relatively "decent" conditions of the peace treaty. Russia lost Japan southern part of Sakhalin, his rental rights to the Liaodan Peninsula and South Manchu Railway, connecting Port Arthur with the Sino-Eastern Railway. The Russian-Japanese war ended with an autocracy lesion. Undermining the authority of power within the country, it at the same time weakened the position of Russia and in the international arena.

Materials are used: Russian history from ancient times before the beginning of the XX century. Under. ed. I.I.Froyanova.

Notes

"Unregular" (Russian-Japanese War, 1904-1905). Ministry of Eating the 1st Pacific Squader. Calculated in the Russian-Japanese War (1904-1905). On February 26, 1904, he returned with the destination police officer in Port Arthur from sea intelligence. On this day, both ships were found and attacked by the Japanese Mission. "Decisive" could break away from persecution. "The deregule" had a slower move and was surrounded by 6 Japanese destroyers. More than two hours of the crew of the "deigner" led by a seriously wounded lieutenant A.S. Sergeyev heroic reflected their attacks. From direct hits, the ship lost its move, but continued to fight off, causing severe damage to the Ministry of Family. When almost all crew members were killed and failed artillery, the Japanese tried to take a semi-roll vessel on a tug. Russian sailors I. Bukhayev and V. Novikov, not wanting to donate the "deregule", opened Kingstons and flooded the ship (see Port Arthur).

Treurenchen (Russian-Japanese War, 1904-1905). Chinese settlement at the border with Korea. On April 18, 1904, the battle between the Russian Eastern Council and the 1st Japanese army occurred in his area.

Bibliography

1. Bulls P.D. Battle of O. Tsushima // Russian naval art. Sat Art. / Answer ed. R.N. Morderovin. - M., 1951. P. 348-367.

2. The history of naval art / d. ed. ON THE. St. Petersburg. - M., 1953. - TZ - P. 66-67.

3. The history of the Russian-Japanese war 1904-1905. / Ed. I.I. Rostunova. - M., 1977. P. 324-348.

4. Kilichenkov A. The mistake of Togo and the last chance of the Admiral of Rodial. [On the tactics of the sea battle under CSUME, 1905]. // Sea Collection. - 1990. -№ 3.-s. 80-84.

5. Marine Atlas. Descriptions to the cards. - M., 1959. - T.Z, part 1. - P. 698-704.

6. Marine Atlas / Ot. ed. G.I. Levchenko. - M., 1958. - T.Z, part 1. - L. 34.

7. Russian-Japanese War 1904-1905. The work of the Military Historical Commission on the description of the Russian-Japanese war. -T.i-9. -Spb., 1910.

8. Russian-Japanese War 1904-1905. The work of the Military Historical Commission on the description of the actions of the fleet in the war of 1904-1905 under the sea gene. Headquarters. - KN.1-4, 6, 7. - SPb.-PG, 1912-1917.

9. Smirnov M.I. Tsushima. (Battle in the Korean Strait 14-15 / V 1905.) - St. Petersburg., 1913.

10. Soviet military encyclopedia: in the 8th tons / ch. ed. Comm. N.V. Ogrovka (pre.) And others - M., 1980. - T.8. - P. 437-438.

11. Strokes A.A. History of military art. - St. Petersburg., 1995. - T.5. - P. 138-140.

To prepare this work, materials from the site http://hrono.rspu.ryazan.ru/

Russian-Japanese War 1904-1905

In search of a direct reason to start war, the Japanese government, by agreement with England, suggested Russia to begin negotiations on the state of affairs in the Far East. The royal government agreed without realizing that Japan goes to the unleashing of war. Military feudal and capitalist elements interested in new concessions and enterprises in the northeastern provinces of China and Korea did not want to make concessions of Japan.

January 24, 1904 ᴦ. Japan ruined diplomatic relations with Russia and in fact on the same day began military operations: the Japanese fleet came out in the yellow sea with a combat task. The Japanese command, taking into account the experience of the Japanese War, provided for the active development of operations to the sea to achieve the transfer of power and thereby ensure the unhindered transformation of its land for mainland. Of great importance was attacked by the suddenness of the attack, although the Japanese fleet for strength, the number and artillery armament was already superior to the Russian Pacific Squadron.

War was lost. Capturing in the first period of the war, the Liaodan Peninsula, Korea and part of Manchuria, Japan began to take measures to consolidate their military success in the treaty, who cost her the colossal voltage of strength and huge losses. Even before the beginning of peace negotiations, Portsmouth, Japan took a number of diplomatic shares in order to enlist the support of England and the United States in matters related to its requirements for Tsarist Russia, especially since, providing Japan, loans and, providing her political support, England and USA. They acquired the right of a decisive voice as well as issues of war and peace.

On the eve of peace negotiations, the Japanese American Agreement Katsura-Taffeta was signed. Taft assured the Japanese side that the United States could not go to the Union, but also of such an agreement the American people are so unanimous with the peoples of Japan and the UK in the affairs of peace in the Far East and that, under any circumstances, England and Japan can count on agreed action The parties to the US government, as if the United States had to take these actions under the Treaty''' '. One of the main objects of Japanese claims was Korea. The official consent of the United States for the seizure of Korea Japan had a secret agreement. Anglo-Japanese deal took place on Korea. Japan pledged to guarantee the borders of India.

Long before the peace conference between England and the United States, the question of the transfer of Japan of the Liaodong Peninsula with Port Arthur was also agreed. In August 1904 ᴦ. The Government of Japan has developed a program of peaceful conditions: Russia recognizes the right of Japan to freedom of action in Korea, Russian troops are derived from Manchuria, Japan gets a dry road of Harbin - Port Arthur and the Liaodan Peninsula. Depending "from the situation", it was decided to insist on the coating of military expenses, the concession of Sakhalin Island and the provision of rights of Japan on fishing in the waters of Primorye. This maximum program with minor changes has been preserved up to a peaceful conference.

Actively prepared for the opening of Russian-Japanese negotiations American diplomacy. T. Roosevelt sought to secure a leadership role in the settlement of the Far Eastern conflict, so that the peace treaty to most relevant the interests of the American monopoly. After Russia's defeat, under Mukden, Japanese financial difficulties forced her to ask for the United States to provide her intermediary services and achieve the opening of peace negotiations. In other positions were Russia.

In the conditions of the incustration of the aggressiveness of German politics, the French government considered the Further Russia's future participation in the Far East, dangerous for France and was interested in the immediate termination of the Russian-Japanese war. In January 1905 ᴦ. She made a proposal of the convening of an international conference, trying to play the role of an intermediary in resolving military conflict. But the French offer was not supported by other powers. The actual insulation of Russia in the international arena aggravated the difficulties that stood in front of the Russian affairs, and could not but affect the results of peace negotiations.

The conference opened on July 27, 1905 ᴦ. in Portsmouth. At the first business meeting, the Japanese side presented the Russian authorized condition of the world. These conditions included the requirement to provide Japan's hands' in Korea, evacuation from Manchuria, the transfer of Japan rights to rent a Liaodong Peninsula with Port Arthur and Far Fallen, the transmission of Sakhalin, the South Manchu region, the compensation of Japan's real costs for war, issuing Japanese Sun œEh Russian military vessels that were in neutral ports, restriction of naval forces in the Far East, providing Japanese-subjects of full fishery rights along the coast, in the bays, harbors, bays, the rivers of their possessions and in Japanese, Okhotsk and the Bering Seas.

July 30, 1905 ᴦ. RUSSIAN ACCOUNTAGE presented their response to Japanese requirements. He rejected 4 Japanese requirements, namely, about the concession of Sakhalin, the payment of military costs, on the transfer of Russian military vessels in neutral ports, on the restriction of naval forces in the Far East. The adoption of the remaining items also caused a number of reservations. In the course of acute and long negotiations, the Japanese business agreed to conclude the world without confering and leave the northern part of Sakhalin Island in the possession of Russia.

At the conference meeting in Portsmouth on August 23, 1905 ᴦ. The contract was signed. It was ratified at the same time as Russian and Japanese emperors on October 1, 1905. This ended the war started by Japanese militarists. Previously established by the Kuril Islands, this time, they were rejected by the South Half Sakhalin from Russia - an invalid Russian territory, an important argument of Russia's defense in the Pacific Ocean. Attaching Russia, Japan broke out contracts 1855 ᴦ. and 1875 ᴦ. We envisaged the maintenance of good-neighborly and friendly relations between the two countries, thereby she lost and any right to refer to them.

The transfer of Japan to the southern part of Sakhalin, an important strategic line of Russia in the Pacific, meant a serious defeat of the royal government. Along with this, Japan secured his position in Korea. The Japanese Korean Convention 1905 ᴦ. On the control of Japan over the external relations of Korea, the Japanese protectorate over it was designed. Later in 1910. The Japanese Korean Agreement on Annexia Korea was signed.

The defeat of Tsarist Russia in the Russian-Japanese war and the Portsmouth Mirny Agreement led to significant changes in international relations and the international situation was predetermined in the Far East. Japanese militarism has created a base for its expansionist policies in the Far East.

Russian-Japanese War 1904-1905 - Concept and species. Classification and features of the category "Russian-Japanese War 1904-1905" " 2017, 2018.

Causes of defeat of Russia
Numerous reasons for Russia's defeat in the Russian-Japanese war of 1904-1905. You can minimize the main groups:
 The following from the situation within the country

Even after defeats in Port Arthur, in the battles in Mukden and Tsushim, Russia had enough forces and means to win the war. If the war continued another year or two, then Russia would have to have a war at least a draw. But because of the peasant unrest, the speeches of the proletariat, armed uprisings, the government was interested in the imminent conclusion of the world. In the fall, in the fall of 1905, the whole society came into motion. At this time, various flows of revolutionary and liberal movement were merged. The first Russian revolution of 1905-07 began.

Widely known by the Minister of Internal Affairs of Russia V.K. Plevue: "To keep the revolution, we need a little victorious war." In these words, it was its truth: the revolution in Russia has long been brewing and only a victorious war could restrain the revolution. But the situation developed otherwise, the failures in the Russian-Japanese war pushed the beginning of the revolution. The defeats in the war were struck by the prestige of Russia, which led to the growth of growth in the various segments of the population and the army.

The war aggravated many problems of Russian society and the army: bureaucracy, irresponsible waste of funds, an outdated system of management of society and the army (the manifestation of the initiative in the army is not that was not encouraged, but even on the contrary, prevented). We needed change in all spheres of state life. V.I. Lenin's widespread that was characterized by this war, as the collapse of Russian autocracy, and that the tsarist government was defeated, but not the heroism of Russian soldiers and sailors.
 The following from foreign policy

The most important object of the struggle for the territorial section of the world at the beginning of the twentieth century was the backward and weak China. Many wanted to carry out peaceful conquest of this country to capture its markets, raw materials and territories. Including a close fellow interest in this area showed Russia and aggressively tuned Japan. Increased attention of Russia to China could not please England and the United States (they did not benefit Russia in the Far East), as a result, they supported Japan in this undertak.

In 1902, the Military Political Union of England and Japan was concluded, finalized by Japan's hands in conciliatory aspirations. England and the United States helped Japan in preparing for war: issued loans, supplied raw materials, supplied and taught the army and fleet. It was advantageous to keep Japan and Russia for mutual weakening each other. In the interests of Germany and France, it was not possible to increase England and Japan in the East and at the same time distract Russia from other regions in which the interests could happen, so Germany and France, if so to speak, were on the side of Russia.

The essence of the foreign policy of the leading powers was to appear to be among themselves Russia and Japan, so that in the war they as much as possible each other, while other powers could take advantage of the fruits of the conflict. To this end, England and the United States began to provide a weaker side of the eponyus all of the assistance and assistance, lending, training of military personnel, the supply of army and fleet, supply of strategic raw materials, comprehensive political support.
 Military reasons

The entire course of the Russian-Japanese war distinguished himself with the talentless senior command of the Russian army. The highest command staff went to war completely incapable of military action. At the highest office posts, the "high" origin or ability to please the bosses.

The Russian army included a large number of officers who did not show initiative and who did not have any practitioners of military affairs, nor modern knowledge of the necessary in military affairs, and theoretically weakly prepared generals. And even such officers often lacked. Ordinary soldiers often ...

The answer was left the guest

The Russian-Japanese war I became interested in childhood when my grandfather painted me about my service at the port of Arthur, showed photos of this city of and fortifications. Subsequently, I read a lot of literature dedicated to this topic, which examined different points of view of the events, but the Yabolche tends to the fact that Russia was not ready for this war. In the armyprocetal, corruption and humiliation of lower chains, and there was no longer a fleet of affairs. In this paper, the events occurring on land and at sea on time of the Russian-Japanese war 1904-1905, an analysis of the reasons for the defeat of the Russian phlory and losing the war as a whole. Many provisions have been confirmed by official documents. The past makes it possible to understand the process of becoming aggressive politician-free imperialism, allows you to more effectively expose military hazards, makes it possible to more actively fight the curd and security of peoples. Concrete XIX - the beginning of the XX centuries. Between the acute wrestling of great power The world or for the redistribution of pieces already dedicated ".to in one, then in another area of \u200b\u200bthe planet there were everd conflicts. As a result of the collision of the gripful aspirations of Tsarist Russia, the Russian-Japanese war of 1904-1905gg. The Emerialists of the United States and England played in its unleashing, which played politics in relation to Japan and Russia, trying to all elbow their competitors in the Far East so that Ukrainian economy. In the conflict of Russia with Japan, the playful imperialists were interested, which began to exercise wide expansion of the swirls of the globe. History of the Russian-Japanese war 1904-1905. Received the attention of many examiners. Created extensive literature, requiring analysis and critical work. The greatest number of different works was released in Russia. Specific Russian-Japanese war 1904-1905. It has been studied and foreign historics. The interest in this topic was primarily explained in the first place that Western countries who took part in the exacerbation of resistance between Russia and Japan were forced to follow the course of war by the consequences. The fact is that since the Franco-Prussian War, 1870-1871. and the Russian-Turkish war 1877-1878. Until the beginning of the twentieth century, a large scale was not a large scale that would require the participation of the significant forces of the IFLOT armies. Hence the study and summarization of the first wars of the era of imperialism, the internal number, Russian-Japanese, should be aware of the promotion of the military circles of Western European countries of those new phenomena and the development of the development of methods and forms of armed struggle, which manifested themselves in the inthies of conflicts. The Soviet historiography of the Russian-Japanese war took place a big way in his own development. It is important to note, first of all, fruitful archaeological activity of Soviet historians. Valuable collections of documents of immigal works were published. From among the main scientific problems of the history of the Russian-Japanese war, the greatest attention was paid to the study of the origin of the Harakter of this war. Soviet historians showed the complex characteristics of the international relationship of the time: the most acute struggle of the great powers of helping in the Far East, which led to the military collision of two-periemelist rivals - Japan and Tsarist Russia. The achievements of the Soviet people are summarized in capital labor covering the history of international relations in the Far East from the XIV century to 1945. The issues of the development of military art were studied from the problem of the war (Monogram.A. Litovsky). Actions at the Sea Theater were considered in the workshop. D. Bykova IV. E.Egoreva. Soviet historians paid a lot of attention to the study of individuals. The defense of Port Arthur, Primorye, Sakhalin and Kamchatka was covered.

Federal Agency for Education

St. Petersburg State Architectural and Construction University

Department of Story

Discipline: Domestic Story

Russian-Japanese War 1904-1905.

Student Group 4-A-1

M.A. Gappoev

Leader:

A.V Kutuzov

St. Petersburg

Introduction ..................................................................... ... 3

1. Conditioners of the war ...................................................... .4

2. Home battles ...................................................... ..7

3. Camels of war ..............................................................................17

Conclusion .................................................................. ..19.

List of sources used and literature ..................... 20

Introduction

There are many literature dedicated to the Russian-Japanese war, in which different points of view of the events occurred are considered, so I decided to find out what was the true causes of Russia's defeat in this war.

In this paper, events occurring during the Russian-Japanese War of 1904-1905 are briefly described, the prerequisites for war, the analysis of the causes of the loss of the war as a whole. Many provisions are confirmed by official documents.

The experience of the Russian-Japanese war is 1904-1905. Carefully studied and overseas historiography. Interest in this topic was explained primarily to the fact that Western countries who took part in the exacerbation of contradictions between Russia and Japan were forced to follow the course of war and its consequences. The fact is that since the Franco-Prussian War, 1870-1871. and the Russian-Turkish war 1877-1878. Until the beginning of the 20th century, a large scale wars were conducted, which would require the participation of the considerable forces of armies and fleets. Hence the study and summary of the experience of the first wars of the Epoch of Imperialism, including Russian-Japanese, should know to a certain extent contribute to the development of the military circles of the countries of Western Europe of those new phenomena and trends in the development of methods and forms of armed struggle that manifested themselves during these conflicts.

Soviet historians showed the complex nature of the international relations of the time: the acute struggle of the great powers for domination in the Far East, which led to the military clash of two imperialist rivals: Japan and Tsarist Russia.

Backgrounds of war

Having victory over China in 1895, the ruling circles of Japan sought to strengthen their presence in Korea. Therefore, the end of the Japanese-Chinese war smoothly turned into preparation for the new war this time with Russia. The Japanese expected to displace Russia from Korea and Manchuria to finally consolidate the Liaodian peninsula for themselves and if lucky, seize Russian territories in the Far East and return to himself, escaping literally from under the nose, Sakhalin.

Russia continued its territorial acquisitions. North China and Korea were part of the zone of Russian interests. In 1895, using China that China required the payment of the Contribution of Japan, Russian diplomats and the Minister of Finance S.u Witte agreed on a French loan for China and the creation of the Russian-Chinese Bank, the Russian Ministry of Finance played a decisive role. At the same time, it was decided to begin the construction in the Chinese territory of the section of the Siberian Railway.

Huge diplomatic work has been done. The first step was the creation of a special Fund of the Russian-Chinese Bank serving the bribery of the highest Chinese officials. The second step was the signing in Moscow in June 1896 of the agreement on the defensive union against Japan. In 1896, Russia has achieved the right to construction in Northern China - Manchuria - the Chinese-Eastern Railway KJ. 1 At the insistence of the Chinese side, the concession was formally transmitted not to the Russian government, while the Russian-Chinese bank, which in order to implement it created the "Society of the Sino-Oriental Railway". The business of this contract made it possible to prevent foreign presence in Manchuria and bind the economy of Eastern China to Siberian Highway.

Simultaneously with Promotion in Manchuria, Russia has achieved success and in Korea. On May 14, 1896, by agreement, signed in Seoul, Japan and Russia received the right to keep their troops to Korea, and the agreement signed in Moscow on June 9 of the same year, recognized for both powers mutually equal rights in this country. Based on the Russian-Korean Bank and sending military instructors and financial advisor to Seoul, the Russian government at first actually acquired more political importance in Korea. However, Japan, having received the support of England, began to oust Russia. The Russian government was forced to recognize the preemptive economic interests of Japan in Korea, close the Russian-Korean bank and withdraw its financial advisor in the Korean king. It was the first serious concession of Japan from Russia.

"We obviously gave Korea to the dominant influence of Japan," so appreciated Witte created atmosphere "1.

I use the complete inability of the Chinese government to protect your territories, on November 14, 1897, the Germans captured Jiaozhou (Qingdao). Russia enjoyed in Jiangzhou the advantage of anchor parking. And Kaiser Wilhelm II proposed a compromise to Russia. Germany will not object to the capture of Russia Port Arthur, if Russia does not mind the capture of Jiaozhou .

Soon (in December 1897), Russian ships were anchored in Port Arthur, and in March 1898 Russia leased the southern part of the Liaodong Peninsula with an unimportant naval base Port Artur. 1 In turn, the ruling circles of Japan have forced preparations for a new, broader, expansion, calculating this preparation earlier than Russia will complete the construction of the Sino-Eastern Railway. "The war has become inevitable," General Kuropatkin, he later, was not aware of this, they did not prepare for her. "2.

By 1904, Japan was ready for action. Without having to dominate the sea, the Japanese could not successfully strengthen the mainland, so first of all it needed to destroy the Russian Pacific Fleet and seize his port-Arthur base, located on the tip of the Liaodong Peninsula in Manchuria. The first part of the Japanese war plan was the blockade of Port Arthur from Sushi and from the sea, the capture of his and the destruction of the Port Arthur squadron. The second part of the Japanese plan was to destroy Russian land forces in Manchuria, thereby force Russia to abandon the further continuation of hostilities. The Japanese knew well that the Russians had the only line of supply-Trans-Siberian railway, which was a single-core highway, with a length of 8 thousand 850 km, connecting Moscow with Port Arthur, and a 160-kilometer break of this route in the area of \u200b\u200bLake Baikal. Crossing wagons were made by two icebreakers. Despite the enormous number of people (the world's largest Russian army, along with 3 million trained reserves, consisted of 4.5 million people), in the east of Lake Baikal, Russians could simultaneously place only two buildings with a total number of 98 thousand people, and these forces were scattered by The huge territory of Manchuria, Primorye and Transbaikalia. The number of security guards of the Trans-Siberian Highway reached 24 thousand people. Having gained superiority to the sea, the Japanese got the opportunity to quickly land on the mainland and oppose these forces to all their army, consisting of 283 thousand people.). In general, the Japanese army and the fleet, without having a large material advantage, noticeably exceeded the forces of Russians in tactics and preparation, and also had the best command.

Main battles

Russian slowness with the answer to the ultimatum was called the Japanese to the Japanese with a postponement of response to the easiest questions, vital for the welfare and existence of Japan. " And not finding a better reason the Japanese began the war.

On February 6, 1904, the combined Japanese squadron under the team of Vice Admiral Togo left Sazebo and advanced to Korean waters. On the way, the Russian trade ship was captured under the promising name "Russia" (an amazing omen). 7 The number of the squadron was divided. The main part under the command that went to Port Arthur. The other part, under the command of the counter-admiral Uriu, headed in Chetlpo for the blockade of "Varyag" and "Korean" and landing the landing in this port.

February 8, 1904 Attack on Port Arthur. At night, the Japanese destroyers took an attack on the Port Arthur squadron without prior announcement of war. The sudden attack of the squadrock destroyers was the most important link of the entire Japanese strategic plan. The essence of the idea of \u200b\u200ba sudden attack was to disable as much as many Russian ships as possible and, tied by the Squadron "Tail" from the mutated ships, to force him to stay in Port Arthur for a long time. The geographical features of this base - a long winding outlet, accessible only in large water, the presence of nearby opportunities to create observation posts and advanced provisions, contributed to the implementation of blockade actions.

Thanks to the mistakes of the Russian Naval Command (Vice-Admiral O. Stark), the Japanese managed to fully use the surprise effect. The Russian fleet suffered significant losses. The best Russian cornights "Retvosan" and "Cesarevich" were damaged and for a long time, as well as the pallad cruiser. "Poltava", "Diana", "Askold" and "Novik" received holes below the Waterline, but remain afloat. Got and the flagship ship "Petropavlovsk" 1 .

The next morning, the Japanese fleet under the command of Vice-Admiral Heihatiro, appearing in the Port Arthur area, began the shelling of the Russian squadron and coastal fortifications. With these actions, the admiral of Togo assessed the results of the attack and demonstrated confidence in his abilities. Since the Russian fleet did not dare to go out into the open sea and acted only in the coverage zone of his coastal batteries, it became clear that he was tied to the fortress. From this point on, Japan captured the domination of the sea and got the opportunity to start landing operations.

Then, the admiral of Togo put efforts to create a temporary advanced database of the fleet on the islands of Eliot and the organization of the close blockade of Port Arthur.

The port of Chelpo on February 8, 1904 was blocked by the Japanese squadron under the command of the counter-admiral Uriu as part of 2 armor and 5 armored cruisers and 8 destroyers. On February 9, Admiral Uriu presented Captain Rudnev ultimatum, in which, threatening with the use of force, demanded that Russian ships left the nervos. Without the opportunity to maneuver on Farvater, Captain Rudnev nevertheless brought the ships from Chelpo and took the battle, trying to break through in Port Arthur. Within 45 minutes, 1 thousand 105 shells were released on the enemy, which caused a Japanese squadron of significant damage. However, "Varyag" received severe damage. Almost all artillery was disabled, water was received through underwater sores, the commander was wounded in battle, and from wounds, after a combat, 33 people died, about 120 people were injured (due to the lack of armor shields, the gun servant was most affected). Russian ships came out of the battle and returned to Chetlpo, where "Korean" was then blown up at the external raid, and Varyag was flooded in the inner harbor (in order for a powerful explosion to damage foreign ships nearby). Crews were taken aboard neutral powers: 28 people rose to the French cruiser Pascal, 30 to the British warship "Telebrot", the rest of the Italian "Elba" took the rest. Required Russian sailors returned to their homeland (the requirement of the Japanese about the issuance of Russian sailors as The prisoners of war were decisively rejected) Monuments in Vladivostok at the Marine Cemetery were established in memory of the Cemetery (where in 1911 were transported from Korea the remains of the dead) and at the Motherland Captain Rudneva-in Tula (1956) .

February 13-14, 1904, the second attack Port Arthur. On the night of February 14, the Japanese flotilla again approached Port Artur. By bad weather and the starting storm prevented active combat actions. On the attack in such difficult conditions, only two Missayts "Haiatori" and "Asagiri" were solved. Torpedoes, released from these ships caused damage to the ill-fated "Petropavlovsk" and the supar armal "Sevastopol".

February 24, 1904 attempt to block Port Arthur. Feeling that the sudden attacks on Port Arthur had no expected, stunning success and the Russian squadron was still a fighting force, the Japanese had an unsuccessful attempt to block the entrance to the Port Arthur Harbor. For this, old transport steamers "Teanima-Maru" were selected (with displacement of 2.943 tons), "Hococu-Maru" (2.766 tons), "Esen-Maru" (2.331 tons), "buoy-maru" (1,163 tons), and " Bush-Maru "(1.249 tons) to flood them at the entrance to the harbor. The team for these vessels was chosen from among volunteers. The operation was headed by Captain Arim with Mikasa. Under the cover of the Fleotilla of the Mortar Rights at 2 hours and 30 minutes, transports approached the external raid of the Port Arthur Harbor. Coastal batteries opened a strong fire. Because of this, the flooding of the transport passed not quite successfully. Of the five vessels, only one thing - "Hockey-Maru" sank in the neck of the entrance, one was bent on the coastal artillery, and the "Tea Maru", devastating from the course of the village. Transport teams managed to escape .

In the following days, small shootouts took place between Russian and Japanese squadron, which did not cause any particular harm to the other side. The Russian fleet still did not dare to go out into the open sea, and the Japanese did not go closer, fearing the fire of coastal batteries and mine barrage.

March 8 - April 13, 1904 Naval Actions in the Port Arthur area. To accept the command of the fleet to the Far East, an energetic and capable Admiral Stepan Osipovich Makarov (March 8) arrived. He began to persistently prepare a squadron to the general battle to "try to take the sea into his hands." On March 1, another attempt was repelled by the Japanese to block the entrance to the Port Arthur Harbor. This time the Japanese shrugged four transports, under the maintenance of two flotillas from the 17th Mortgies. At the entrance to the harbor, the Japanese met the Russian police officers, the battle was started during which one of the transports was torpedoed, others deviated from the course and sank in unsuccessful places. The blockade has not succeeded again.

April 26 - May 7, 1904, the battle on the Yalu River. Going to the Yalu River in the Treurenen region, the 34-thousand Japanese 1st Army under the command of Field Marshal Tamiada Kurski was greeted by the eastern detachment of the Russian army under the command of General M.I. Zazulich (about 19 thousand people) On May 1, a hot fog of Treurenen was broken. Russian artillery was suppressed. The Japanese bypassed the Russian troops on the left flank. According to the fault of Zasulich, the detachment did not retreat. This first failure of Russian troops on land opened the opponent's road to Manchuria. 1 The strategic consequences of the battle, as the first battle of the war, were very significant: the moral state of the Russian troops was undermined, the coast of the Liaodo Peninsula was opened for the unimpeded landing of Japanese armies.

The defeat on Yala made a serious impression on the Russian army, Kuropatkin again demands from the troops "all measures to avoid decisive battle" before the departure "on the main forces of our army". The king of Kuropkatkin reported that "the fight in Yalu was random, both for chiefs and for troops." With the defeat of the stuff of stuffing the situation at the war theater improves for the enemy. In fact, the Japanese seized a strategic initiative.

February 21 - March 10, 1905 Musden battle. Both military groups, about 310 thousand people, each, swallowed, met with each other on the line, 65 km long. Trying to surround the Russians, Marshal Oyama ordered the 3rd army of General Maresuke's legs to try to bypass them on the right. By the end of the first day of battles, the right flank of the Russians - Army A.V. Kaulbars - was thrown back and moved to the West from the south. Attacks and counterattacks quickly replaced one another; Adjutant General A.N. Kuropatkin tied reserves to patch the rolling right flank. And although in two weeks of fierce battles, Japanese soldiers entered Mukden, the attempt of Marquise IVAO Oyama surrounded Russian success. Having tightening the reserves, the Japanese Feldmarshal strengthened the 3rd army of the general leg, giving him the opportunity to once again try to surround the army of General A.V. Caulbars. After 3 days of fighting, the right flank of the Russians was dropped back so far that General Kuropatkin began to be afraid of his communications lines. He skillfully left the battle and moved to Telin (175 km north of Mukden) and Harbin, defeated, but not faithful. During the battle, almost 100 thousand Russians have been thrown and a lot of equipment was thrown. The Japanese lost 70 thousand (or more) man. After the Mukden battle of active actions on land, no longer undertaken.

May 27, 1905 Tsushimsky battle. The fleet of Vice Admiral Zinovia Petrovich Rozvenensky entered the shed by the expanded system. From the North-West, a Japanese fleet under the command of Vice-Admiral Heihatiro approached. Both Admirals headed the cores of their forces - Rodrali on the squadron of the Prince Suvorov, and on the squadron of the Magaza's squadron.

Movance - Lowned for water in November 1900, this squadron armored room was the last built in the framework of the Japanese shipbuilding program of 1896. Being the flagship ship of Admiral Togo, participated in all major sea battles of the Russian-Japanese war, but at the end of 1905 because of the explosion of ammunition in the cellar sank in Harbor Sazebo. Raised and renovated in 1907, he returned to the system, and in 1921 he was reacted into the coastal defense battleship, in which quality was heard until 1923, when it was stranded and due to damage gained from the Navy

Hoping to take advantage of superiority in speed and dissect the T-shaped system of Russians, the Japanese turned to the northeast. In order not to get under the shelling by longitudinal fire, Admiral Rodially replaced the course to the northeast, and then to the eastern one. The battle began shortly after noon, when the fleets defended apart 6 km from each other. At the speed of 15 nodes of the fleet of the admiral of Togo, overtaken on 9 nodes of Russians and less than 2 hours disabled the cruiser and two armadors. He brilliantly maneuvered his significantly more high-speed forces around the unfortunate Russians, whose losses were rapidly grew. To the onset of the night, Admiral Rodistrensky was wounded, 3 armadors (including his flagship) were swaming, and the surviving Russian ships - now, led by Admiral Nekhivaty, fled in confusion. In the night chase for the depleted Russian forces, Admiral was sent to the armor cruisers Admiral Kamimura, as well as a detachment of the Distancestorms. The next day the defeat ended. One cruiser and two destroyers managed to break through and reach Vladivostok; 3 destroyers got to Manila and were interned. The remaining part of the Russian fleet came pronounced or was sweeping. The Japanese lost 3 destroyers. The victims of the Russians reached 10 thousand people (cumulatively killed and wounded); Japanese losses have not reached 1 thousand people 1 .

Since by this time the 1st Pacific squadron, blocked by the Japanese in Port Arthur, has already ceased to exist. Therefore, before the vice-admiral Z.P. Rodially rose one task - to break into Vladivostok. For breakthrough, the shortest path was chosen through the Korean Strait, i.e. In the immediate vicinity of the main base of the enemy. In 120 (222 km) miles south of the Korean port, Mozampo, a chain of Japanese sentigious cruisers was deployed. The Vice-Admiral Vice-Admiral Distribution Fleet on May 14 at 4 h. 25 min. It was first discovered by the Japanese auxiliary cruiser "Sinano Maru". At 6 h. 30 min. The Japanese cruiser "Idzumo" took a place to observe 40-50 cable on the right traverse of the Russian fleet. At 7 pm. 00 min. Vice-Admiral Rodistrensky rebuilt his main forces into one kilvater column.

At the beginning of the 9th hour, Nahbates turned on the fatal course NO 23 (on Vladivostok) and for not quite clear reasons rebuilt the Russian fleet in two columns. 1 The main forces of the Japanese, who kept the north of the island by Okinosimi, approached at 13 h. 30 min. from the southwest. Russian ships rebuilt into one column. Applying still during the war with China, the head of the head of the head of the opponent's head and focusing the entire fire on his head ship, the main forces of the Japanese fleet crossed the course of the Russians and went to the left side of them, Look at the ones of the Russian fleet first, and then left to the left Right rate. The vice-admiral of that raised the signal: "The fate of the empire depends on this fight." Japanese cruising detachments went either south with the aim of attacking Russian cruisers and transports. Squaded battleship "Prince Suvorov" (commander-captain I rank V.V. Izvitius) at 13 h. 49 min. From the distance to 38 cable opened fire on Mikaze. Reducing a distance of up to 35 cable, at 13 h. 52 min. Movance, and then the rest of the Japanese ships began to respond, focusing on the fire at the "Prince Suvorov" and "Oslay" (commander-captain I rank V.I. BER). At 14 h. 30 min. "Prince Suvorov" with a cracking wheel under strong fire opponents failed, and at 14 h 50 minutes. "Oslaya" sank, having received several slots in the nose near Waterlinia in an unlarited board. The line was led by a squadron armadiole "Emperor Alexander III" (commander-captain I rank N.M. Bucket, leaning towards the east. In fact, losing the first phase of the battle, the Russian fleet completely lost the initiative and, driven alternately by the Emperor Alexander III and the squadron Borodino's squadron (commander-captain I rank P.I. Serbrennikov), maneuvered, trying to get out of the scope of the fire of Japanese artillery . The Russian fleet actually remained without command: wounded by the vice-admiral of the villagers together with the headquarters was removed from the blazing "Prince Suvorov" at 17 h. 30 min. Municipal Mission "Buyny" (commander-captain II rank N.N. Kolomomites). Counter Admiral N.I. Not really could carry out the commands with the fragmented parts of the fleet. At 18 h. 50 min. The emperor Alexander III was killed, at 1900 minutes. - "Prince Suvorov", at 19 h. 10 min. - Borodino, from which only one sailor escaped. With the onset of darkness, Vice Admiral Hayihatiro, the major forces to the island helps and threw the Ministry of Allow. In the night battle, the Russian fleet lost the squader battleship "Navarin" (Commander-captain I rank B.A. Fitingoof): In turn, the Russian ships were drowned 2 and damaged 12 Japanese destroyers .

On the morning of May 15, the teams were flooded with their ships: a seriously damaged squadron armadiole "Sisa Great" (commander-captain I rank M.V. Ozers), Creisers "Vladimir Monomakh" (commander-captain I rank V.A. Popov) and "Admiral Nakhimov "(Commander-captain I rank A.A. Rodionov). In 8 h. 00 min. Heroically killed the cruiser Dmitry Donskoy (commander-captain I rank I.N. Lebedev). At 11. 06 min. - Cruiser "Svetlana" (commander-captain I rank S. P. Shein), at 17 h. 00 min. - Battleship of the coastal defense "Admiral Ushakov" (commander-captain I rank V.N. Miklukha). Oleg cruisers (commander-captain I rank L.F. Dobrovolsky, flag of counter-admiral O.A. Enkvista), "Aurora" (commander-captain I rank E.R. Egoriev, fell in battle), "Pearls" (Commander-Captain II rank P.P. Levitsky) broke through in Manila. The Ministry of Education "Cheerful" (commander-captain II rank P.V. Ivanov) went to Shanghai. Only the Diamond cruiser (commander-captain II rank I.I. Chagin), the Municipality "Brave" (commander-lieutenant P.P. Durovovo) and "Grozny" (commander-captain II rank K.K. Andrhevsky ). At 10 h 15 min. On May 15, the remains of the Russian fleet under the command of the counter-admiral N.I. Naugatova (Esel's Squadors, "Emperor Nicholas I", ADMIRAL SENVINA ADMIRAL DRAWER, "EMPRIRAL APRIRIRAL", CRESER "Emerald") were surrounded by superior enemy forces. Despite the readiness of Russian ships to resistance, Admiral of Nekhovatov gave an order of delivery. The order was not obeyed only by the cruiser "Emerald" (commander-captain II rank V.N. Ferzen), who broke through the system of Japanese ships and left, but on May 17 he died on the stones in Vladimir Bay. Missionary "Zavtov" (commander-captain II rank N.V. Baranov), where the wounded vice-admiral Z.P. Horn Shatteri with the headquarters, was captured by the Japanese at 16 hours. 00 min. May 15 in the Islands area. This tragic defeat of the Russian fleet had a decisive effect on the outcome of war. Subsequently, Admirals Z.P. Rodial and N.I. Relatives appeared in front of the naval court. Rodialistansky, who was imposed in the guilt only the passing of the opponent of the Municipal Entrepreneur "Zavtny", was justified due to heroic behavior in battle, personal courage and severe injury. The universities that were incriminated to the passage of the remains of both squaders were convicted and sentenced to the death penalty replaced by ten years of imprisonment in the fortress. In 1909, Lieutenant General Lieutenant A.M. Stesell, counter-admiral N.I. Nahbates was released.

Results of war

September 6, 1905 Portsmouth World (New Hampshire State). Both sides were ready for the conclusion of the world. Japan's military claims were satisfied, while Russia, boiling discontent from the inside, was not able to continue the war. Thanks to the efforts of the US President Theodore Roosevelt as a result of peace negotiations, a peaceful agreement was reached, according to the terms of which Russia lost Port Arthur, half of Sakhalin Island and left Manchuria. Korea was attributed to the sphere of influence of Japan. Roosevelt stood at the position not recognizing the right of Japan to contribute, as a result of which the war was ruining for the Japanese economy. Japan received "without remuneration" the railway between Kuang-Chen Tzu and Port Arthur with all the property and coal cop. The Sino-Eastern Railway Railway has pledged to operate exclusively in commercial and industrial purposes. The Russian Pacific Fleet was eliminated. one

Russia could not lose half of Sakhalin. At the beginning of the position of the Russian representative office, headed by Witte was adamant: the contribution is not to pay, the Russian lands do not give. Japan, in turn, wanted to obtain and contributes and all Sakhalin. Gradually, negotiations came to a dead end. Further wire was not primarily not profitable for Japan, who wanted to take the restoration of the undervalued war in the shortest possible time. The Japanese emperor has already inclined to thoughts on the refusal of claims to Sakhalin. But here at one of the secular techniques, the emperor Nicholas II on the question about the position of Russia in the negotiations with Japan dropped the unexpected phrase: "Notify Witte that you can give half of Sakhalin." This phrase became known to the Japanese spy at the Russian yard and was reported to the emperor Mudvito. At the same time, the Japanese official reported to the emperor risked strongly, since in case of disinformation, he had to endorse the life of suicide. The next day, the Japanese side put forward a demand for the transfer of halves of Sakhalin. Witte agreed with this requirement. Upon arrival in the capital, Witte was granted to the royal honors and a folk nickname "Semi-Sakhalin".

Conclusion

It can be seen that one of the most important supports of defense - the fleet died from disorganization and the main maritime headquarters, led by the on the eve and in the first months of her Admiral Christmas, was fully guilty. The main reasons and facts can be formulated as follows:

1) The headquarters in his work did not associate a policy strategy, as a result of the fleet turned out to be unprepared for war; Possible attack of the Japanese destroyers of the Port-Atuksky squadron;

2) the ill-conceived combat deployment of the fleet and the concentration of its main forces in Port Arthur created the most favorable conditions for the squadron blockade;

3) also played that soldiers, and many officers did not understand the causes of the war, they did not know that they shed their blood that in connection with this often in the troops there were no inspired to achieve victory and glowing to decisive actions.

The defense of Port Arthur confirmed that the Primorsk fortress should be equally protected from an opponent's attack from both sushi and the sea. The strategic errors in the plan of war, the materialism and betrayal of the command, were essential for the fall of the fortress.

Between the army and the fleet did not have enough close interaction. In the relationship between the sea and land commandment reigned complete confusion. The Primorskaya fortress, instead of submitting to the commander of the Pacific Fleet, was subordinated to the commander of the Manchurian army, although there was no direct connection with her and only indirectly assisted it, distracted part of the enemy land forces.

List of sources used

And literature

1 Captane I. M. Military secrets of the XX century fleet in the Russian-Japanese war. M.: Veva, 2004. 421c.

Captured I. M Russian Essay \u003e\u003e History

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