The people are an inexhaustible source of energy, the only one capable of turning everything possible into necessary, all dreams into reality.

M. Gorky

The population has sex, age, ethnic and social structures.

Sex and age structure usually presented in the form of a demographic pyramid. The demographic pyramid, as already noted, shows the quantitative distribution of the country's population (according to the results of the census or statistical calculations) by sex and age composition at a certain point in time.

Demographic crises influenced the appearance of the modern demographic pyramid in Russia. As a result, it has sections corresponding to periods of sharp population decline: 1918–1919, 1935–1936, 1943–1946, 1968–1972, 1993–1996. In addition, the demographic pyramid of Russia shows a gender imbalance: under the age of 29 there are more men, between the ages of 30 and 44 the number of men and women is approximately the same, over the age of 44 women predominate over men, reaching an excess of three times or more in over 70 years of age.

The sex and age structure of the Russian population is constantly under the influence of demographic upheavals. In general, due to the significant difference in male and female life expectancy, a slight preponderance of women is observed in the structure of the population.

Ethnic structure of the population characterized by national composition. People- this is a historically established community of people, differing in language, way of life, customs, historical traditions, culture, as well as labor skills and territorial community.

By linguistic affiliation, the peoples of Russia belong to the following language families, consisting of separate language groups: Indo-European (89%) - Slavic, Germanic, Iranian, Romanov groups; Altai (6.8%) - Turkic, Mongolian groups; Caucasian (2.4%) - Abkhaz-Adyghe, Nakh-Dagestan groups; Ural (1.8%) - Finno-Ugric, Samoyedic groups; small isolated Chukchi-Kamchatka - Chukchi, Koryaks, Itelmens.

In the Indo-European family, the largest group is Slavic. Some small peoples (Kets, Nivkhs) do not belong to any of the existing language families and stand out as isolated. The rapid pace of urbanization, migration processes and an increase in the number of interethnic marriages contributed to assimilation and integration processes.

Originally Russian regions are territories stretching from the European North and North-West to the central regions of Russia. The Russian population also predominates in the regions of the Urals, in the south of Siberia and the Far East. The multinational composition of the population is especially characteristic of the following regions:

• - regions along the Volga and Kama (Republics of Chuvash, Mordovia, Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, Udmurt, Mari El, Kalmykia);
• - North Caucasus (Republics of Karachay-Cherkess, Kabardino-Balkaria, North Ossetia (Alania), Ingush, Adygea, Chechen, Dagestan);
• - individual regions of the East and North (Republics of the Eastern macroregion: Altai, Khakassia, Buryatia, Sakha (Yakutia) Tuva; peoples of the North inhabiting the Republics of Karelia, Komi; autonomous regions of Russia).

In the Russian Federation, according to the Constitution of the Russian Federation (1993), 32 subjects (21 republics, 10 autonomous districts and 1 autonomous region) were identified on the basis of the national principle. Their total area was 53% of the territory of Russia. In connection with the unification of autonomous okrugs with the corresponding territories and regions (see paragraph 4.1), the number of such subjects of the Federation has decreased, but the boundaries of national territorial formations have been preserved within the boundaries of municipal districts.

All national entities have a complex composition of the population. However, the proportion of the titular nation is in some cases relatively small. Only in nine subjects of the Federation does it exceed 50%: in Ingushetia - 74.5%; Chuvashia - 67.8; Chechnya - 66.0; Tuva - 64.3; Komi-Perm Autonomous Okrug - 60.2; Kabardino-Balkaria - 57.6; Aginsky Buryat Autonomous Okrug - 54.9; North Ossetia (Alania) - 53.0; in multi-ethnic Dagestan, 10 local peoples (Avars, Dargins, Kumyks, Lezgins, Laks, Tabarasans, Nogais, Rutuls, Aguls, Tsakhurs) form 80% of the total population. The lowest proportion of the titular nation: in the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - 1.6%; Jewish Autonomous Region - 4.2%; Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug - 6.1%; Chukotka Autonomous Okrug - 7.3%; Karelia - 10.0%.

Socio-economic structure of the population- the ratio of social groups, different types of communities of people, as well as a network of stable and orderly connections between them, which determines the integrity of the population of a country or region. The socio-economic structure of the population includes the sectoral structure of employment, professional structure, educational structure, etc.

The socially oriented modernization of the economy and all spheres of life support is the main strategic benchmark, which is defined by the Constitution of the Russian Federation. According to Art. 7 of the Basic Law: "The Russian Federation is a social state whose policy is aimed at creating conditions that ensure a decent life and free development of a person."

A comprehensive study of meaningful changes in society makes it possible to identify the causes and predict changes in the spatial and functional behavior of the population. The totality of all causes can be reduced to one complex characteristic - the quality of life of the population.

The main criteria for the quality of life include well-being, security, freedom, self-realization of the individual, health, life expectancy.

Welfare indicators are the level of economic growth, gross national product (GNP) per capita, unemployment rate, employment probability, subsistence level, the proportion of families that are at the subsistence level, average housing provision (1 m2 per person).

Safety performance the level of crime, road traffic injuries, the number of fires, natural disasters, the level of pollution and negative environmental factors, man-made and environmental accidents and disasters, political and social instability act.

Indicators of freedom - these are guaranteed inviolability and dignity of the individual, freedom of speech, press and information, freedom of conscience and religion, minority rights, political pluralism, private property, judicial property, judicial protection, election and other forms of public control over management organizations.

Self-realization indicators are the availability of education, freedom of creative, entrepreneurial activity, the absence of public or state censorship, a variety of places of application of labor, freedom of movement.

TO health indicators include the provision of clean drinking water and food, the amount of time free from work and housework, the possibility of active recreation (accessibility of sports facilities, parks, recreation areas), general and specific morbidity, the number

suicides, availability of healthcare infrastructure (number of doctors, hospital beds, medicines and medical equipment), spread of epidemics of incurable diseases.

Life expectancy indicators - these are infant and child mortality rates, adult mortality, life expectancy, retirement age and the development of the social security system.

Life expectancy of the population in the late 1980s. was 70 years, and in the mid-1990s. it dropped to 64-65 years, while life expectancy for men was reduced to 58 years. At the beginning of the XXI century. there has been an increase in life expectancy. Thus, in 2004 life expectancy was 65.1 years: for women - 72.0 years, for men - 58.8 years; in 2007 - 67.5 years: women - 73.9 years, men - 61.4 years; in 2011, there is an increase in the total life expectancy to 69.83 years, while for women - up to 75.61 years, for men - up to 64.04 years.

As a result of changes in the age, sex, ethnic and social structure of the population, its natural and mechanical movement, the spatial structure of the population or settlement is formed.

resettlement- the relationship and mutual position of settlements within a particular territory. The forms of settlement depend on the natural features of the territory, the level of its economic development, and the forms of settlements.

There are four types of settlement:

• temporary settlement (dacha settlements, rotational settlements of oilmen, hunting settlements, etc.);
• rural - corresponds to the level of an agrarian society;
• cities and urban settlements - corresponds to the level of an industrial society;
• urbanized spaces and suburban areas - corresponds to the level of post-industrial (service and information) society.

There are three trends in modern settlement: urbanization, suburbanization, ruralization.

One of the most important and global processes of the modern world is urbanization, i.e. the growth of cities and the increase in the proportion of the urban population, as well as the emergence of more complex networks and systems of cities. Most countries of the world, including Russia, are characterized by the following features of urbanization:

• – rapid growth of the urban population; concentration of population and economy in big cities;
• - the transition from a compact (point city) to urban agglomerations - territorial groupings of urban and rural settlements.

suburbanization- Departure of the population to suburban areas.

Ruralization- migration of the population to rural settlements.

In accordance with the forms of settlement, settlements are distinguished.

Cities- these are settlements with a population of up to 12 thousand people and which perform mainly non-agricultural functions. By population, cities are divided into small (up to 20 thousand inhabitants), medium (up to 100 thousand), large (more than 100 thousand), large (more than 250 thousand), largest (more than 500 thousand) and millionaire cities (over 1 million inhabitants). According to the purpose, or the function performed, cities are divided into industrial, transport, scientific centers, resort cities. The capitals of the republics, the centers of territories and regions are multifunctional cities. The total number of large cities has increased 10 times compared to the pre-war period, 40% of the population of Russia lives in them.

In Russia, according to the results of the 2010 GDPR, there were 12 millionaire cities with the following population, thousand people: Moscow - 11,503; St. Petersburg - 4880; Novosibirsk - 1474; Yekaterinburg - 1350; Nizhny Novgorod - 1251; Samara - 1165; Omsk - 1154; Kazan - 1143; Chelyabinsk - 1130; Rostov-on-Don - 1089; Ufa - 1062; Volgograd - 1021. By January 1, 2012, Perm joined these cities, and during 2012, according to regional administrations, a millionth resident was born in Krasnoyarsk (April 10) and Voronezh (December 17).

Urban-type settlements - these are settlements with a population of more than 3 thousand people, of which 85% are not employed in agriculture.

Rural settlements - these are settlements with a population of less than 3 thousand people, mainly employed in agriculture. In Russia, about 40 million people make up the rural population.

The population of Russia is distributed unevenly. Its average density is 8.4 people per 1 km2 (this is 6.19 times less than the average world population density, which in 2012 was

52 people per 1 km2). At the same time, in the European part of Russia it is 1.79 times less than the world average (29 people per 1 km2), and in Siberia - 20.8 times (2.5 people per 1 km2). In some areas, the population density reaches 367 people per 1 km2 (Moscow and the Moscow region), and in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug it is only 0.07 people per 1 km2.

According to the peculiarities of the settlement of people, population density, the prevailing types of settlements, the degree of economic development in Russia, two main zones are distinguished, stretching from west to east. They have developed historically under the influence of natural and socio-economic factors.

Main settlement area(and economic development), characterized by old development, high population density (an average of 50 people per 1 km2), a large number of large cities and urban agglomerations, occupies almost the entire European part of the country, with the exception of the North. In Asian regions, it narrows and stretches in a strip along the south of Siberia and the Far East. This latitudinal zone covers 36% of the country's territory. Almost 137 million people live within its borders.

North Zone covers almost 64% of the territory of Russia. The most important resources of the country are concentrated here, and about 10 million people live at an average density of 0.9 people per 1 km2. Settlement in this zone is selective (focal): near large resource bases, along river valleys and along transport routes near ports.

Data on the distribution of the population by federal districts in 2011 are presented in Table. 5.1.

Table 5.1

Distribution of the population by federal districts in 2011

CENTRAL FEDERAL DISTRICT V DEMOGRAPHIC COORDINATES OF RUSSIA

1.1. The role of the central regions in the demographic development of Russia in the pre-reform period

The Central Federal District is one of the seven administrative-territorial entities of Russia, which includes 18 subjects of the Federation. Despite the small territory of Russia (650.7 thousand sq. km.), accounting for only 3.8% of the country's area, in the CFD at the beginning of 37.4 million people or 26.2% of its population lived. The remaining six federal districts accounted for less than ¾ of Russia's population. This is the most populated part of the country. With an average population density in Russia of 8.3 people per sq. km, this figure in the Central Federal District is 57.5 people, which is much higher than in the most populated Southern and Volga federal districts, not to mention the rest of Russia. Nevertheless, the population density in the Central Federal District is 4-5 times lower than in the UK and Germany, twice as low as in France and Spain, etc. According to the last census, the Okrug accounted for 25.5% of all urban and 38.2% of rural settlements in the country and 28.6% of urban and 19.6% of rural residents lived in them.

The Central Federal District is the core of the Russian state. The district includes most of the country's territory, representing native Russia, its geographical and ethno-demographic core, around which the centuries-old formation of the Moscow principality, and then the unified Russian state, took place. The resettlement of part of the East Slavic tribes from the regions of Kievan Rus and their settlement along the banks of the Oka and Volga became the starting point in the development of this plain, favorable for population growth, where Finno-Ugric tribes had previously lived. They occupied the spaces of Vladimir, Yaroslavl, Kostroma, parts of the Moscow and Tver regions. Slavs from time immemorial, according to the Russian historian N.I. Kostomarov, penetrated into the habitats of these Finno-Ugric peoples and settled there. According to another historian - V.O. Klyuchevsky, there have never been conflicts between the Russian and Finno-Ugric peoples. For many centuries the Russians assimilated them and to a lesser extent assimilated into them. Despite the ups and downs of the centuries, the Russians both constituted and still constitute the overwhelming majority of the population of this territory. Now the share of Russians in the population of the Central Federal District is 91.3% (without Moscow and the Moscow Region - 94.6%), which is much more than in Russia as a whole (79.8%). In the county, according to the 2002 census. lived 29.9% of all Russians living in Russia.

Thus, the Central Federal District is the largest federal district in terms of the number of inhabitants (it accounts for over a quarter of the total population of the country). Moreover, almost a third of the entire state-forming ethnic group lives in its constituent entities of the Russian Federation, i.e. - Russian population.

For many decades and even centuries, a number of unfavorable factors have influenced the development of the Okrug's population and its infrastructure. Firstly, the roots of demographic and economic troubles are related to the fact that a significant part of the economy of the district and its population were destroyed as a result of hostilities taking place on the territory of the European regions of the country.

The last drama falls on the middle of the twentieth century. During the Great Patriotic War, for about two years (1941-1943), bloody battles (retreats and advances of the Red Army) were fought twice in most of the district, and in a number of places four times. As a result, millions of civilians were killed and maimed, cities and villages, and the infrastructure of the region were destroyed. In 1959, when the first post-war census was carried out, the population of the district turned out to be less than in the pre-war 1939. by 2.3 million people, excluding Moscow and the Moscow region, by almost 4.5 million. During this time, the population of Russia increased by 9.2 million people. The population of Smolensk (57.6% against the level of 1939), Oryol (72.2%), Tver (72.6%), Ryazan (75.1%) and Kaluga (79.3%) regions decreased the most.

In the post-war years, the population of the regions that were under occupation experienced not only the results of military devastation, the collapse of the economy and infrastructure of cities, towns and villages, but also the corresponding attitude of the state towards people who survived a terrible time. Entries in the personnel records about whether or not citizens were in the occupied territories during the war years, and even worse at work in Germany, put these people in the position of outcasts. The health and financial situation of those who found themselves under occupation were worse back in the 1990s than those of the population that escaped this fate. Thus, the materials of sociological surveys conducted in 1994-1995 showed that among people of the corresponding age who were not in occupation, the proportion of those who assessed their health as poor was 34.8%, those who were in occupation were 44.4%, and among those driven to work - 54.3%. Those who had enough cash income to meet all needs, among those who were not in the occupation, were 17%, among those who lived during the war years in the occupied territories - 9.1% and among Ostarbeiters - 6.5%.

Another factor, and it is largely related to the first, is that the Central Federal District has always been a demographic donor, from which flows of migrants to the eastern and outlying regions of the country were scooped. In the pre-revolutionary period, hundreds of thousands of small-land peasants from the regions of European Russia proceeded to Siberia and the Far East. Only from the two provinces included in the Central Federal District, Kursk and Voronezh in 1896-1913. Almost 0.5 million people or 11-12% of the population as of 1926 moved to the Siberian and Central Asian regions.

The most detailed statistics on migration is available for the post-war years. It testifies that in the first post-war decade (1951-1960), more than 2.5 million people migrated from the regions of the Central Federal District (excluding Moscow and the Moscow region) to other parts of the country, including the Moscow region. Places of settlement during this period were areas of virgin lands of Kazakhstan and construction sites in Central Asia. Later, the BAM districts joined them. In total for the period 1951-1990. The Central Federal District (without Moscow and the Moscow region) lost 4.6 million people in the migration exchange, i.e. about 1/5 of its population. Almost all regions of the Okrug, with the exception of Moscow and the Moscow Region, had a migration decline, although Russia as a whole received 2.5 million migrants over these 40 years, and not only those who migrated to other union republics in the 1950s and the first half of the 1970s. The greatest absolute losses in migration exchange with other regions of the country in 1951-1990. fall on the Bryansk, Tambov, Kursk, Tver, Ryazan and Kostroma regions: losses ranged from 300 to 600 thousand in each.

Only due to the significant size of natural increase, the general population growth of the Central Federal District was preserved in the post-war years. However, this was not the case for all regions. In 1970 compared with the previous census (1959), the number of inhabitants decreased in 6 regions of the district, and most of all in the Kostroma region, in 1979. the decrease in population compared to 1970 was already in 11 regions. The worst performance was in the Tambov region. Finally, in 1989 relative to 1979 the population decreased in 7 regions, most of all in the Kursk region. In 1990 population compared to 1950 was less in the Bryansk, Kostroma, Orel, Ryazan, Smolensk, Tver, Kursk and Tambov regions.

The influence of unfavorable factors on demographic dynamics is manifested, firstly, in a decrease in the level of population in many regions. Against the background of a general increase in the population density of the Central Federal District from 51.5 people per sq. km. in 1959 up to 58.4 people in 1989 in half of the regions included in the district, this indicator has decreased, and in such the most poorly populated regions as Kostroma and Tver. At the same time, the proportion of residents living in urban areas has increased significantly. With a general increase in the share of the urban population in the country over 30 years by 1.4 times, in the Central Federal District it increased by 1.5 times, and in the Bryansk, Lipetsk, Ryazan, Smolensk and Tambov regions - more than 2 times, and in the Oryol, Kursk and Belgorod regions in 2.7-3.2 times. At the same time, the rural population of the Central Federal District from 1979 to 1989. decreased by 16.2%, while the overall reduction in Russia was by 7.6%. Particularly noticeable was the decline in the number of rural residents in Belgorod (17.5%), Bryansk (by 22%) and Kursk (23.1%) regions, by the way, in areas that were under occupation for the longest time.

Secondly, in the inter-census period preceding the collapse of the USSR, since 1979. to 1989 the population of the Central Federal District has aged significantly. Already in 1979. the proportion of people over the working age in the Central Federal District was noticeably higher than the national average (19.8% and 16.3%, respectively). At the same time, in the Belgorod, Ivanovo, Kostroma, Kursk, Ryazan and Smolensk regions, as well as in Moscow, the proportion of people older than working age exceeded 20%; moreover, it was 22-22.5% in the Voronezh, Tambov and Tver regions. By 1989 the share of people over working age in the population of Russia increased by 2.2 percentage points (reached 18.5%), while in the population of the Central Federal District the increase was 2.8 points (22.6%). The population of the Lipetsk, Kursk, Ivanovo and Vladimir regions aged most significantly. In their population, the proportion of people older than working age increased by 3-3.7 percentage points, and in the population of the Bryansk and Tula regions by 4.0 and 5.6 points, respectively. Today, among the residents of the Voronezh, Ivanovo, Ryazan, Tver and Tula regions, the proportion of people older than working age exceeds ¼ (in the Tula region - 26.8%).

The situation in the countryside became even worse. The proportion of people older than working age in the rural population of the country was 22.1%, while in the regions included in the Central Federal District - 32.7%, i.e. 1.5 times higher. In Lipetsk and Tambov regions, this share exceeded 30%, in Oryol and Tula - 31%, Smolensk and Voronezh - 32%, Bryansk, Tver and Kursk - 33-34%, and in Belgorod and Ryazan regions even 35%. Almost a third or more of the rural population of the Central Federal District was older than working age. The female population was especially old. In the country, in the rural population, the proportion of women over the working age was 31.4%, while in the Bryansk, Kaluga, Oryol, Smolensk, Tula, Yaroslavl, Lipetsk, Tambov and Voronezh regions this proportion was above 40-45%, and in Tver and Belgorod it reached 47-47.5%. This was due not so much to the fact that the retirement age for women came five years earlier than for men, but also because more men than women died in the territories occupied during the war years, as well as the death rate of men of working age was much taller than women.

In addition, young men tried to leave the villages by hook or by crook. In the postwar years, right up to the large-scale mechanization of agriculture, which gave men prestigious jobs (tractor operators, machine operators, combine operators, etc.), and the certification of rural areas, it was mainly men who migrated from villages and villages: leaving to study, they then strove to remain in the army. cities. There was a shortage of suitors in the village. Only much later did the situation change - more women began to leave the village.

Two more features are inherent in the CFD. One of them is that the district, unlike all other federal districts, has a special status. It includes the capital of the country - Moscow. Transferred to 1918 capital began a rapid increase in the population of Moscow. Already in the 1926 census. in Moscow, 2.1 million people were recorded, and in Leningrad, which hundreds of thousands of people left during the years of civil war and devastation, - 1.7 million. In 1939. 4.5 million people live in Moscow. In 1959 the population of the capital exceeded 6 million people (within the boundaries of 1961). The last population census was 2002. registered 10.1 million permanent residents in Moscow. In less than 90 years, the population of Moscow has increased by 8.4 million people, or almost 6 times. Now Moscow accounts for 7% of the population of Russia (in 1926 - 2.3%, in 1959 - 5.1% and in 1989 - 6.1%). Moscow is a huge metropolis, organically connected with the Moscow region, which is closer to Moscow in many respects than to other regions of the district, and in some respects it is significantly inferior.

The presence in the Central Federal District of the capital, the political, historical, economic and cultural center of the country, with a rapidly growing population, due not only to the status of Moscow, but also due to the concentration of powerful economic potential in it, made it the most attractive place to live. Moscow, like a magnet, began to attract migrants from other regions. Administrative restrictions could not stop this flow. In the 1950s and 1960s, the migration increase in the population of Moscow exceeded 1.2 million people, i.e. 60-65 thousand per year. In the 1970s, the migration increase reached 850,000 and only in the 1980s decreased to 650,000. In just 40 post-war years, Moscow received 2.7 million migrants who became its inhabitants. A significant part of them were people from the regions of the Central Federal District, who were losing their population in the migration exchange. The same happened with the Moscow region, which received 1.4 million people in the migration exchange for the entire period. Thus, Moscow and the Moscow region, in a certain sense, act as a factor that destroys the demographic potential of almost all regions of the Central Federal District, especially those that form a ring around it.

In world practice, there are few examples when urbanization is accompanied by a concentration of the urban population in capitals: in Mexico, 1/5 of the population lives in the capital, in Japan - more than a quarter. A few more examples can be given. In those countries with large territories, the proportion of capitals in the population, as a rule, is not large. Only 0.2% of the population lives in the capital of sparsely populated Canada (its territory is 10 million sq. km), in the more populated USA (the territory is 9.4 million sq. km), less than 1% is concentrated in the capital, etc. For Russia excessive concentration of the population in the capital (7.3% live in it, and together with the Moscow region - 12% compared to 6% and 10.5% in 1990) is detrimental, since the country as a whole is extremely sparsely populated. The average population density is 8.3 people per square kilometer. km., and in the North-West Federal District - 8.1, Ural Federal District - 6.7, Siberian Federal District -3.8 and Far East Federal District - 1.1 people per sq. km. km. The population of the capital should not grow at the expense of migrants, especially from sparsely populated regions. And the regions of the Central Federal District will not be able to restore their demographic potential if migrants leave them to replenish the population of the capital region.

Another feature, but more related to the acquisition than to the loss of population, is the change in the status of 5 regions of the Central Federal District. Initially, with the reunification of Ukraine with Russia in the middle of the 17th century, the western regions of the Central Federal District ceased to be border regions. In a unified country, a migration exchange of population began with increasing intensity in the regions adjacent to the administrative border on both sides. This explains the high share of Ukrainians in the population, for example, of the Belgorod and Voronezh regions. In 1970 the share of Ukrainians in their population was 4.3 and 5.8%, respectively. By 1989 it grew in the first to 5.5% and in the second - decreased to 5%, despite the fact that in Russia as a whole the share of Ukrainians in the population was 3%. In turn, in the population of the Kharkiv region of Ukraine, the share of Russians in 1970. was 29.3% and in Sumy - 11.7%. In 1989 the shares respectively reached 33.2% and 13.3%.

In the early 90s, as a result of the collapse of the USSR, five regions of the Central Federal District again became border areas and a reverse migration-ethnic process began. By 2002 the share of Ukrainians in the Belgorod and Voronezh regions decreased to 3.8 and 3.1%, still remaining higher than in Russia as a whole (2%). The same thing happened in the border regions of Ukraine. By 2001 (the year of the census) the share of Russians in the population of the Kharkiv region decreased to 25.7%. In another border region of Sumy, the share of Russians decreased to 9.4%. In both cases, it became smaller than it was in 1970, but large enough to participate in migration exchange with the population of neighboring Russian territories. Linguistic, cultural, territorial, and in many cases family affinity will preserve for many years close migration ties between the border regions of the two countries. Moreover, while better socio-economic conditions remain in Russia than in Ukraine, an influx of the population from Ukraine to Russia is more possible than a reverse outflow. So far, all regions of the Central Federal District bordering Ukraine have a positive balance of migration, which only in 2005. exceeded 2.2. thousand people.

In terms of population, the Central Federal District is the largest in Russia (more than 39 million), it includes 18 subjects of the Federation, but its population is 50% concentrated within Moscow (12.26 million) and the Moscow Region (7.27 million).

In 2016, the population growth of the Central Federal District was about 0.27 per 1,000, and the natural population growth in the macroregion is at the lowest level among the federal districts - 1.8 per 1,000, while in Moscow in 2015 there was a natural increase - 1, 7 per 1,000.

TFR in all regions of the Central Federal District is below the level required for simple reproduction (2.06), in the leading Kostroma region it is 1.88, the average Russian level is also exceeded in the Kaluga region - 1.785. The outsider is Moscow with a TFR of 1.46, which is not surprising for a metropolis, and the Voronezh region - about 1.48. The TFR indicator barely exceeds the value of 1.5 in the Tambov and Smolensk regions.

It should be noted that the reduction in the birth rate in January-December 2016, which occurred in Russia as a whole, practically did not affect the district: the total birth rate in the Central Federal District fell only by 0.8%, while the TFR increased by 1.27%. In Moscow and the Ryazan region, the TFR increased by almost 3.9%, in the Moscow region - by 3.1%, in the Yaroslavl region - by 0.9%, while in the Kursk region it fell by 4.2% (more in no region of the CFD, a decrease of more than 4% was observed).

The overall life expectancy in the Central Federal District in 2015 was 72.8 years (67.5 for men and 77.7 for women), the gap with the Russian indicator is about 1.3 years, while the district consistently exceeds Russian data by a year or more. Life expectancy varies from 69.1 in the Tver region (an indicator below 70 years is also observed in the Smolensk region) to 76.8 in Moscow (other regions are very far behind the capital). Thus, the relatively successful position of the district is explained by the favorable situation in the metropolitan agglomeration. In 2016, the situation did not fundamentally change. It should be noted that the gap with Russia narrowed somewhat - to 1.2 years, in Moscow life expectancy exceeded 77 years (77.09), Tambov and Voronezh regions were added to the regions with life expectancy above 72. In 2016, the mortality rate (overall rate) in the macroregion did not change, although in Russia there was a decrease of 1.5%. The decrease did not affect the Kaluga, Ryazan regions and Moscow (stagnation), in the Moscow region the indicator increased by 0.8%, in the Yaroslavl region - by 0.6%. The most significant decrease (by 2.5%) occurred in the Kostroma region.

If we consider six main classes of causes of death (data for 2014), then in the Central Federal District there is an excess of all-Russian mortality rates only for men - by 0.3% for neoplasms, for other causes, mortality is significantly lower. In particular, for infectious diseases, the indicator is lower than the national one by 45% for men and women, for respiratory diseases by 17% for men, and 21% for women, for external reasons by 15.8% for men, and 21% for women. among women. Moscow strongly influences the statistics for men, improving it for all six major diseases, and for women - for everything except neoplasms.

The mortality rate of the working-age population in the Central Federal District is lower than the Russian indicator for men by about 5.7%, and for women - by 10.5% from all causes without exception.

Among the causes of high mortality of the population, for which the Central Federal District stands out among other districts, there are such as: cerebrovascular diseases (third place), malignant neoplasms (third place), neoplasms (third place), coronary heart disease (third place), diseases of the circulatory system ( fourth place).

Mortality in the district is relatively low, although this is primarily due to the high life expectancy in Moscow, other regions do not reach the average Russian indicators, even the relatively prosperous Moscow and Belgorod regions.

The Central Federal District has the highest natural population decline in the Russian Federation, which is offset by migration inflows, as well as a relatively favorable situation in the Moscow agglomeration, but on the periphery of the macroregion, everything is far from being so favorable. The birth rate in the district is low, and not only due to Moscow and the Moscow region.

The migration increase in the population in the district in 2016 amounted to more than 175 thousand people. As a result, compared to 2015, the overall migration growth rate per 1,000 people decreased from 5.7 to 4.5, but mainly due to Moscow (decrease in the capital from 9.2 to 2.4 per 1,000) , since in other regions the migration growth mainly increased, and in the Bryansk, Smolensk and Tver regions, the decrease was replaced by an increase.

In the Central Federal District, the highest natural population decline in the Russian Federation is observed, which is compensated exclusively by migration inflow.

The Moscow agglomeration is the center for attracting migrants from all over the country and neighboring states. At the same time, small towns of the Central Federal District are rapidly losing their population, mostly young and skilled, who are leaving for regional centers or the capital, but, unlike the North Caucasus or southern Siberia, the population of these territories is not restored due to high natural growth.

The population has a gender, age, ethnic and social structure.

Sex and age structure characterized by a "demographic pyramid". The demographic pyramid shows the quantitative distribution of the country's population (according to census results or statistical calculations) by sex and age composition at a certain point in time.

Demographic crises influenced the modern demographic pyramid of Russia. As a result, the demographic pyramid has periods of sharp population decline: 1918-1919, 1935-1936, 1943-1946, 1968-1972, 1993-1996. In addition, the demographic pyramid of Russia shows a gender imbalance: under the age of 29, men predominate; between the ages of 30 and 44, the number of men and women is approximately equal; over the age of 44, women predominate over men, reaching an excess of 3 or more times per over 70 years of age.

Features of the sex composition make it possible to subdivide all countries of the world into three groups:

the first group includes those countries where the number of men and women is the same (these include the countries of Africa, Latin America);

the second group includes countries with a predominance of the female population (they include half of all countries in the world, and such an excess is especially typical for European countries, where a significant violation of the sex balance occurred during the world wars);

the third group includes countries with a predominance of the male population (especially typical for Asian countries, and primarily for India and China).

The sex and age structure of the population of Russia is constantly under the influence of demographic upheavals; in general, due to a significant difference in male and female life expectancy, a slight preponderance of women is observed in the population structure.

The main problems of the demographic development of Russia can be considered a reduction in the total population and its irrational structure.

Russia is in the process of population aging, when the proportion of the middle-aged population practically does not change (or even increases), aging occurs due to a decrease in the proportion of children.

Table 2.5

Age structure of the population

According to the forecasts of the Russian Academy of Sciences, by 2016, older people over 65 years old will already make up 20% of the total number of Russians, and children under 15 years old - 17% (this group may grow due to an increase in the birth rate). As a result, the proportion of the population of working age will decrease in the structure of the population. The consequences of this crisis can be catastrophic - from an economic point of view, this is a reduction in per capita income (in 2016, there will be one dependent per worker).

Ethnic structure of the population- characterized by national composition. People - it is a historically established community of people, differing in language, way of life, customs, historical traditions, culture, as well as in labor skills and territorial community.

By linguistic affiliation, the peoples of Russia belong to four language families: Indo-European (89%) - Slavic, Germanic, Iranian, Romanov groups; Altai (6.8%) - Turkic, Mongolian groups; Caucasian (2.4%) - Abkhaz-Adyghe, Nakh-Dagestan groups; Ural (1.8%) - Finno-Ugric, Samoyedic group.

The structure of language families includes language groups. In the Indo-European family, the largest group is the Slavic. The Chukchi-Kamchatka language family is extremely small, it includes the Chukchi, Koryaks, Itelmens. Even fewer Eskimos and Aleuts. Some small peoples (Kets, Nivkhs) do not belong to any of the existing language families and stand out as isolated. The rapid pace of urbanization, migration processes and an increase in the number of interethnic marriages contributed to assimilation and integration processes.

The primordially Russian regions in Russia are territories stretching from the European north, the North-West to the central regions of Russia. The Russian population also predominates in the regions of the Urals, in the south of Siberia and the Far East. Russia as a whole is characterized by the diversity of the national composition in several regions. Multinational regions:

areas along the Volga and Kama (Chuvash, Mordovian, Tatar, Bashkir, Udmurt Republics, the Republic of Mari El, Kalmykia);

North Caucasus - seven republics: Karachay-Cherkess, Kabardino-Balkaria, North Ossetia - Alania, Ingush, Adygea, Chechen, Dagestan;

separate regions of the East and North (Gorny Altai, Khakassia, Buryatia, Tyva, Yakutia - the republics of the Eastern macroregion: the peoples of the North, inhabiting the republics of Karelia, Komi; autonomous regions of Russia).

According to the Constitution of 1993 in the Russian Federation, 32 subjects of the Federation were allocated according to the national principle (21 republics, 10 autonomous districts and 1 autonomous region). The total area of ​​32 national formations was 53% of the territory of Russia. However, it should be remembered that in modern conditions there is a gradual transformation of the political map of Russia. The need for a transition from a national-territorial administrative system to an economic one is obvious. As a result of the merger of the subjects of the Federation, the number of autonomous regions was reduced to four, that is, in 2010 the number of subjects of the Federation allocated according to the national principle is 25.

All national entities have a complex composition of the population. However, the proportion of the titular nation is in some cases relatively small. Only in 9 subjects of the federation the share of the titular nation exceeds 50%: in Ingushetia - 74.5; in Kabardino-Balkaria - 57.6%; in North Ossetia-Alania - 53.0%; in Chechnya - 66.0%; in Chuvashia - 67.8%; in Tyva - 64.3%; in the Aginsky Buryat Autonomous Okrug - 54.9%; in polyethnic Dagestan, ten local peoples (Avars, Dargins, Kumyks, Lezgins, Laks, Tabarasans, Nogais, Rutuls, Aguls, Tsakhurs) form 80% of the total population. The lowest share of the titular nation is in the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - 1.6%; in the Jewish Autonomous Region - 4.2%; in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug - 6.1%; in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug - 7.3%; in Karelia - 10.0%.

Social structure of the population- this is the functioning of such structures of society as the family, the production team and the social group, ensuring the reproduction of the population, the reproduction of the means of subsistence and the protection of vital interests.

social group Any group of people who share a common characteristic or relationship.

According to the block diagram proposed by A.V. Dmitriev, five large social groups are distinguished in the composition of the population:

the administrative elite (consisting of the old party elite fused with the new political elite);

the working class, which is subdivided into social groups according to sectoral, classification and other characteristics;

intelligentsia, among which a number of social groups are also distinguished - doctors, teachers, military men, writers, etc.

"bourgeoisie", entrepreneurs;

peasantry.

You can complement this diagram by highlighting subgroups, such as declassed elements. For comparison: the composition of the labor force in 1989 - workers - 58.8%, employees - 29.3%, collective farmers - 11.7%, self-employed - 0.2%.

The socially oriented modernization of the economy and all spheres of life support is the main strategic benchmark, which is defined by the Constitution of the country. According to Article 7 of the Basic Law: "The Russian Federation is a social state whose policy is aimed at creating conditions that ensure a decent life and free development of a person."

A comprehensive study of meaningful changes in society makes it possible to identify the causes and predict changes in the spatial and functional behavior of the population. The totality of all causes can be reduced to one complex characteristic - the quality of life of the population.

The quality of life- a complex characteristic of the external conditions of the existence of the population, affecting the spatial behavior and functional behavior.

The main criteria for the quality of life include well-being, security, freedom, self-realization of the individual, health, life expectancy.

Welfare indicators are the level of economic growth, GNP per capita, the unemployment rate, the probability of employment, the subsistence minimum, the proportion of families that are at the subsistence level, the average housing supply (m 2 per person).

Safety performance the level of crime, road traffic injuries, the number of fires, natural disasters, the level of environmental pollution, negative environmental factors, man-made and environmental accidents and disasters, political and social instability act.

As indicators of freedom guaranteed inviolability and dignity of the individual, freedom of speech, press and information, freedom of conscience and religion, minority rights, political pluralism, private property, judicial property, judicial protection, election and other forms of public control over management organizations.

Self-realization indicators are the availability of education, freedom of creative, entrepreneurial activity, the absence of public or state censorship, a variety of places of application of labor, freedom of movement.

To health indicators include: availability of clean drinking water and food, the amount of time free from work and housework, the possibility of active recreation (accessibility of sports facilities, parks, recreation areas), general and specific morbidity, the number of suicides, the provision of healthcare infrastructure (number of doctors, hospital beds, medicines and medical equipment), the spread of epidemics of incurable diseases.

Life expectancy indicators– infant and child mortality rates, adult mortality, life expectancy, retirement age and the development of the social security system.

The life expectancy of the population at the end of the 80s was 70 years, and in the mid-90s it decreased to 64-65 years, while the life expectancy of men was reduced to 58 years. At the beginning of the 21st century, there is a slight increase in life expectancy: in 2008, the average life expectancy was almost 68 years, while women's life expectancy is about 74 years, and men's - 61.8 years.

As a result of changes in the age, sex, ethnic and social structure of the population, its natural and mechanical movement, the spatial structure of the population or settlement is formed.

Resettlement- the relationship and mutual position of settlements within a particular territory. The forms of settlement depend on the natural features of the territory, the level of its economic development, and the forms of settlements.

There are four types of settlement:

temporary settlement (dacha settlements, rotational settlements of oilmen, hunting settlements, etc.);

rural - corresponds to the level of an agrarian society;

cities and urban settlements - corresponds to the level of an industrial society;

urbanized spaces and suburban areas - corresponds to the level of post-industrial (service and information) society.

There are 3 trends in modern settlement: urbanization, suburbanization, ruralization.

One of the most important and global processes of the modern world is urbanization, that is, the growth of cities and the increase in the proportion of the urban population, as well as the emergence of more complex networks and systems of cities. Most countries of the world, including Russia, are characterized by the following features of urbanization:

rapid urban population growth;

concentration of population and economy in big cities;

transition from a compact (point city) to urban agglomerations - territorial groupings of urban and rural settlements.

suburbanization- departure of the population to suburban areas.

Ruralization- migration of the population to rural settlements.

In accordance with the forms of settlement, settlements are distinguished.

Cities. These are settlements, the population of which reaches 12 thousand people. and which perform predominantly non-agricultural functions. In terms of population, cities are divided into: small (up to 20 thousand inhabitants); medium (up to 100 thousand); large (more than 100 thousand); large (more than 250 thousand); the largest (more than 500 thousand); cities are millionaires. According to the purpose or function performed, the cities are divided into: industrial; transport; scientific centers; resort towns. The capitals of the republics, the centers of the territories and regions perform several functions. These are multifunctional cities. The total number of large cities in comparison with the pre-war period has increased 10 times, 40% of the population of Russia lives in them. In total in Russia in 2009 there were 1099 cities.

According to the results of the 2002 census, there were 13 “millionaire” cities in Russia:

1. Moscow - 10357.8 thousand people

2. St. Petersburg - 4669.4 thousand people

3. Novosibirsk - 1425.6 thousand people

4. Nizhny Novgorod - 1311.2 thousand people

5. Yekaterinburg - 1293.0 thousand people

6. Samara - 1158.1 thousand people.

7. Omsk - 1133.9 thousand people

8. Kazan - 1105.3 thousand people

9. Chelyabinsk - 1078.3 thousand people

10. Rostov-on-Don - 1070.2 thousand people

11. Ufa - 1042.4 thousand people

12. Volgograd - 1012.8 thousand people

13. Perm - 1000.1 thousand people

According to the statistical collection “Regions of Russia. The main socio-economic indicators of cities. 2009." The rating of millionaire cities has changed significantly:

1. Moscow - 10509.0 thousand people

2. St. Petersburg - 4581.9 thousand people

3. Novosibirsk 1397.2 thousand people

4. Yekaterinburg - 1332.3 thousand people

5. Nizhny Novgorod - 1272.5 thousand people

6. Samara - 1134.7 thousand people.

7. Kazan - 1130.7 thousand people

8. Omsk - 1129.1 thousand people

9. Chelyabinsk - 1093.7 thousand people

10. Rostov-on-Don - 1049.0 thousand people

11. Ufa - 1024.8 thousand people

12. Perm - 985,8 thousand people

13. Volgograd - 981.9 thousand people

The population in the largest cities of the Russian Federation has increased only in Moscow, Yekaterinburg, Kazan and Chelyabinsk, the reduction in the number of other “millionaire” cities has led to the fact that the population of Volgograd and Perm no longer exceeds a million inhabitants. Thus, in the Russian Federation in 2009 there were already 11 millionaire cities.

Urban-type settlements- these are settlements with a population of more than 3 thousand people, of which 85% are not employed in agriculture. According to 2009 data, there are 1318 urban-type settlements in the Russian Federation.

Rural settlements- these are settlements with a population of less than 3 thousand people, mainly employed in agriculture. In Russia  40 million people rural population.

The population of Russia is distributed unevenly. Its average density is 8.3 people per 1 km 2 (this is six times less than the average world population density, which in 2009 was 50 people per 1 km 2). At the same time, in the European part of Russia it is 1.7 times less than the world average (29 people per 1 km2), and in Siberia it is 20 times lower (2.5 people per 1 km2). In some territories, the population density reaches 367 people per 1 km 2 (Moscow and the Moscow region), and in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug it is 0.07 people per 1 km 2.

According to the peculiarities of the settlement of people, population density, the prevailing types of settlements, the degree of economic development in Russia, two main zones are distinguished, stretching from west to east: the main zone of settlement and the zone of the north. They have developed historically under the influence of natural and socio-economic factors.

Statistical data for 2008 on the distribution of the population by federal districts in Figure 2.2.

Rice. 2.2. Population resettlement by federal districts, %

During the reform period, the population grew only in the Southern and Central federal districts, by 11.6% and 0.2%, respectively. At the same time, if in the Southern Federal District the population increased in all subjects, except for the Republic of Kalmykia, then in the Central Federal District the population increased only at the expense of Moscow and the Belgorod Region. A factor in the increase in population in these districts was a significant influx of population, which compensated for the natural decline.

The gender and age, ethnic, territorial and social structure of the country's population is the basis for the formation and use of labor resources.

Territorial organization of industries

The territory of the district has a large energy potential, including: nuclear power plants (Kaluga, Smolensk, Tver, Kursk and Voronezh regions), thermal power plants (23 thermal power plants in the Moscow region), state district power station (Ryazan region)

There are large reservoirs of long-term regulation: Vazuzskoe - Smolensk and Tver regions, Ivankovskoe - Tver region, Rybinsk - Yaroslavl region and Gorky - Yaroslavl and Kostroma regions. Subsoil has rich mineral resources. The territory has a unique group of iron ore deposits of the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly (KMA), which accounts for 60% of Russia's iron ore reserves. A significant amount of Russia's total reserves of non-metallic raw materials is concentrated: for metallurgy - refractory clays, fluxing limestones, molding sands; glass raw materials - sands, dolomites; mining and chemical raw materials - phosphorites, carbonate rocks, gypsum, rock salt; raw materials for the production of various building materials - sands, sand and gravel mixtures, gypsum, tripoli, etc., fresh groundwater for domestic and drinking and technical water supply, as well as mineral waters and brines for medicinal, drinking and technical purposes.

The main factors and features of the development and location of agriculture

Agricultural lands cover vast territories and are distinguished by a variegated composition, in which arable lands, meadows, hayfields are adjacent to livestock and poultry complexes. The most intensively developing branches of agriculture are characterized by suburban specialization, focused on providing large cities and, primarily Moscow, with food.

Features of the territorial organization of the transport system

The Central Federal District has a developed transport system, the main task of which is to increase the competitiveness and quality of service for the population and industry.

The directions of three transport corridors pass through the region: the transport corridor "Transsib" - from the border with Belarus through Smolensk - Moscow - Nizhny Novgorod to Vladivostok; North-South Corridor and Pan-European Corridor 9.

A priority direction in the development of transport communications is the creation of modern high-speed railways and highways in the directions Moscow-Minsk and Moscow-St. Petersburg.

One of the most important problems of the Central Federal District is the modernization of the Moscow transport hub (MTU), the largest in Russia.

The prospects for the development of railway transport here are related to solving the problems of maximum removal of freight work outside the Moscow Ring Railway, and using it for passenger traffic, switching freight transit to BMO, forming specialized cargo terminals at the junctions of BMO and radial railway and road routes to create a network of wholesale markets in Moscow and the region, renewal of rolling stock for suburban traffic, organization of the Moscow Passenger Railway Company.

Radial highways leaving Moscow are planned to be reconstructed at the approaches to the city with a 6-8-lane carriageway and further within the district with a 4-lane arrangement. In order to unload the radial highways of the Moscow road junction, chord and connecting roads will be built.

An important direction for improving inter-district relations for the Central Black Earth region, given the agro-industrial specialization of the region, is the creation of a transport and logistics system for receiving, storing, sorting and delivering goods from agricultural suppliers to the terminals of consumer regions.

27. Economic centers of the Northwestern Federal District.

St. Petersburg is an important economic and scientific center of the Russian Federation, a major transport hub. The city's economy is based on industry and tourism. Main industries: heavy industry; transport engineering; shipbuilding and ship repair; machine tool and instrument making; production of optics, electrical appliances and electronic equipment; arms production; ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, chemical, light, food and printing industries.

28. Specialization of the Northwestern Federal District.

In the North-Western Economic District, such branches of economic specialization are distinguished as:

· Mechanical engineering;

· Sea transport;

· Ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy;

· Chemical industry;

· Timber industry;

· Fishing and fishing industry;

mechanical engineering. The leading role in specialization belongs to the machine-building complex. The machine-building complex is multi-profile. Historically, heavy engineering develops without a metallurgical base. The peak of development of the machine-building complex fell on the 30s - 40% of machine-building is provided by the city of St. Petersburg industrial hub.

Sea transport. The seaports of the North-West process more than half of the cargoes exported and imported by sea. The role of the ports of the Baltic Sea is especially great in the maritime cargo turnover of Russia. The country's largest commercial sea port of St. Petersburg, with a cargo turnover of 30 million tons, and the ice-free port of Kaliningrad are located here. Significantly inferior to them is the port of Vyborg, together with its outport in Vysotsk. In the European north stand out: Murmansk and Arkhangelsk ports.

Ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy. The Northwestern Federal District is one of Russia's largest producers and exporters of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, primarily steel, copper, aluminum and nickel.

Ferrous metallurgy is represented by the largest Cherepovets metallurgical plant JSC "Severstal" (Cherepovets), Kostomuksha mining and processing plant (Republic of Karelia), metallurgical shops at the Kirov and Izhora machine-building plants in St. Petersburg.

Non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises produce a significant part of nickel, cobalt, rare metal concentrate. In the production of non-ferrous metals, the initial stages are developed: the extraction and enrichment of nephelines, bauxites, and titanium ores. The aluminum industry is represented by alumina production enterprises in the city of Boksitogorsk and the Pikalevsky plant (Leningrad region), working on the nephelines of the Kola Peninsula. Enterprises for the production of metallurgical aluminum are located in the cities of Kandalaksha (Murmansk region), Nadvoitsy (Republic of Karelia) and Volkhov (Leningrad region). Copper, nickel, cobalt are obtained at the Nickel (Monchegorsk) and Pechenganickel (Nikel) plants. For the production of copper, nickel, cobalt, own raw materials are not enough, so ore concentrates are imported by the Northern Sea Route from Norilsk.

Chemical industry. In the Northwestern Federal District, the chemical industry belongs to the branches of market specialization. Both the basic chemistry, in particular the production of mineral fertilizers, and the chemistry of organic synthesis were developed. The chemical industry is represented by various industries, the concentration of which stands out in St. Petersburg. The production of fertilizers, rubber products, synthetic resins, plastics, paint and varnish products, various acids and ammonia, pharmaceuticals, phosphate raw materials, and household chemical products has received especially great development.

Timber industry. In the Northwestern Federal District, the timber, woodworking, and pulp and paper industries are one of the most important branches of market specialization. The regions of the North-West are the largest producers of various forest products in Russia.

Fisheries and fishing industry. In terms of fish catch, the Northwestern Federal District ranks second in the country, after the Far East. A very large fishing fleet is concentrated in the district. The Barents and Baltic Seas are of commercial importance, where cod, herring, sea bass, flounder, halibut, as well as seafood are caught. Fish processing is carried out by fish processing plants located in Murmansk, St. Petersburg, Kaliningrad. Fish resources are available in Petrozavodsk. A smaller center of the fishing industry is Arkhangelsk. Kaliningrad is the leader in the Baltic basin both in terms of fish catch and processing.

29. Territorial organization of the economy of the Northwestern Federal District. (see 26)

1. The population of the Northwestern Federal District and the problem of the Kaliningrad region.

The population of the Northwestern Federal District is 13.5 million people. For 1992 - 2005 the number of inhabitants living in its territory decreased. The highest rates of natural population decline were noted in the Vologda Oblast, the Republic of Karelia, St. Petersburg. The decline in population is associated with an unfavorable demographic situation in all regions of the Okrug, which are characterized by both negative rates of natural growth and intensified migration processes.

Currently, a steady decline in natural population growth takes place in all subjects of the Federation that are part of the district. Migration processes on the territory of the Okrug are multidirectional: in the southern regions there is an increase in migrants, in the northern regions, especially in the Murmansk and Arkhangelsk regions and the Komi Republic, there is a significant outflow of the population, which is associated with extremely unfavorable living conditions in a systemic crisis.

Steady population growth is observed only in the Kaliningrad and Leningrad regions of the district, which is explained by the high level of migration. The migration flow of the population to St. Petersburg is quite high, but it is covered by natural loss.

The population of the district is distributed unevenly; the average population density is 8.2 people. per 1 km 2. The main part of the inhabitants is in St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region (73.2 people per 1 km 2). The highest population density is typical for the Kaliningrad region (63.1 people per 1 km 2), Pskov and Novgorod regions (13.1 and 12.3 1 people per 1 km 2, respectively).

The northern part of the okrug is characterized by sparsely populated areas, and the most sparsely populated region is the Nenets Autonomous Okrug (2.4 people per 1 km 2), located in the Arctic.

The Okrug is characterized by a high level of urbanization - more than 80% of the population lives in urban areas, while a significant part of the population is concentrated in the country's largest agglomeration, St. Petersburg. The smallest part of the urban population is observed in the Kaliningrad, Pskov, Arkhangelsk, Vologda regions and the Komi Republic.

The national composition of the population is heterogeneous. Most of it is Russian. Among other nationalities, Komi, Karelians, Saami predominate, in the north-east of the Arkhangelsk region - Nenets. In the European North, there is an acute problem of the survival of indigenous peoples due to the reduction of their habitat.

During the years of reform in the district, employment in the economy has significantly decreased, while at the same time the level of the unemployed has increased. The problem of employment is especially acute in areas with traditionally established sectors of the economic complex - coal, timber, woodworking, pulp and paper, mechanical engineering - in the Arkhangelsk, Pskov, Novgorod regions, the Republics of Karelia and Komi.

31. Transport of the Northwestern Federal District, development prospects and its all-Russian significance.

The transport system of the district is represented by all types of transport: railway,

sea, road, air and pipeline. The main transportation of goods and passengers falls on rail, sea and river transport.

A major railway junction is St. Petersburg, from which 12 highways originate to Moscow, the Urals, Belarus and Ukraine. Of great importance is the highway St. Petersburg - Cherepovets - Vologda - Perm, which connected the industrial regions of the North and the Urals. The railway line St. Petersburg - Murmansk connected two large port cities. Of no small importance is the highway St. Petersburg - Tallinn - Riga - Kaliningrad, which provides economic ties with the Kaliningrad region and the countries of Western Europe. Foreign economic relations with the Scandinavian countries are carried out by the railway line St. Petersburg - Helsinki.

32. Scientific and technical potential of the Central Federal District.

1. Resettlement of the population of the Central Federal District.

A characteristic feature of the Central Federal District is the high proportion of the urban population. There are 248 cities and 400 urban-type settlements in the Okrug, where over 25 million people live. The share of the urban population is 83.1%. The Moscow agglomeration, the largest in Russia, has been formed in the district, where 1/2 of the urban population of the district lives.

1. Branches of economic specialization of the Central Federal District.

Agricultural and tractor engineering has received significant development. It is represented by the production of wheeled tractors in Lipetsk and Vladimir, a specialized plant for the production of tractor spare parts in Kursk, an aggregate plant in Chaplygin, and an autotractor parts plant in Tambov. Self-propelled harvesters and haymakers are produced in Lyubertsy, flax harvesters - in Bezhetsk (Tver region), potato harvesters - in Tula. The leading place in the country is occupied by the plant of grain cleaning machines "Voronezhselmash". A variety of agricultural engineering is represented in Ryazan, Tula, Orel.

The Central Federal District is one of the leading agricultural regions of the country. Favorable natural and climatic conditions contributed to the development of highly intensive agriculture. The federal district accounts for 68% of the country's gross flax harvest, 49.4 sugar beet harvest, 33 potato gross harvest, 19.4 grain gross harvest, 16.3 sunflower seed harvest, more than 30 vegetables, 33 potatoes, 28 milk production, over 20% of meat production.

The main crops of wheat fall on the chernozem Oryol, Tula, Ryazan, Lipetsk, Belgorod, Voronezh and Tambov regions. The Central Black Earth Region also accounts for the bulk of cereal crops. So, in the arid regions of the southeast, millet is grown, and in the western regions with a sufficient amount of incoming moisture - buckwheat.

Animal husbandry is represented by dairy and meat direction, pig breeding and poultry farming. Large livestock complexes and poultry farms have been developed in the district.

The main condition for the effective development of the second major branch of agriculture - animal husbandry - is the rational organization of the fodder base. Despite the fact that a significant amount of grain and industrial crops is produced in the district, there are waste products from the food industry and vitamin production, and the feed industry is underdeveloped. The district's agriculture is characterized by a discrepancy between the capacities processing agricultural raw materials and the volume of agricultural production, the low level of technical equipment of enterprises for the processing of agricultural raw materials, a high proportion of manual labor, and poor infrastructure development.

Population of the Southern Federal District

Population. In terms of population, the Southern Federal District ranks third in Russia, second only to the Central and Volga regions. Here, on the territory of 3.5% of the total area of ​​the country, 22.8 million people live (as of January 1, 2006), i.е. about 16% of its population. The urban population prevails (57%). But if in the Volgograd region the townspeople make up 75% of the population, in the Rostov region - 67%, then in Chechnya - only 34%, Ingushetia and Dagestan - 43%. The network of urban settlements is represented mainly by medium and small towns.

The average population density of the district is about 38.7 people per 1 km2, which is more than 4 times higher than in Russia as a whole. However, the population is distributed unevenly across the territory.

The Southern Federal District is characterized by rather multidirectional migration processes associated with military and interethnic conflicts, as well as with significant migration of residents here from other regions with an unfavorable climate.

SFD is the most multinational region of Russia. In Dagestan alone, there are 30 nationalities (Avars, Dargins, Kumyks, Lezgins, Laks, etc.). The most numerous are Russians and Ukrainians.

The Okrug is a district with a high labor supply, but in recent years, with the transition to market relations and the massive cessation of enterprises, there has been a release of labor and the transformation of the district into a labor surplus. Registered unemployment rate in 2000-2005 was 6.1%, which is almost 3 times higher than the national average.

36. APK SFD.(+34)

In terms of the share of the rural population, the Southern Federal District occupies a leading position in Russia. The Southern Federal District is the most important supplier of grain, mainly wheat. Crops of corn and rice are also widespread. The region is of great importance as a producer of industrial crops - sunflower, sugar beet, mustard, tobacco. On the territory of the south of Russia there is more than a third of all fruit and berry plantations and all the vineyards of the Russian Federation are located. Subtropical crops are also grown in the region: tea, citrus fruits, persimmons, figs (on the Black Sea coast of the Krasnodar Territory).