Members of the war of 1914 from the Chechens. Chechens in World War II

You need to write about it. Not in order to proudly walk, that's what we are, they say. The fateful deeds of our Chechens are an excellent example for us to strive for. This is a pledge of determination. They need to be equal, strive, achieve success.
Many times our Chechens have represented and represent themselves in the most decisive way on the world stage. When the fate of life and death of the entire Soviet people was being decided, when the survival of representatives of Europe, North Africa and other parts of the world was at stake, it was the Chechens who began to show themselves selflessly for the benefit of mankind. As in many epochal events, the Chechens show the world the wonders of heroism! Yes! It's miracles! Because only this can explain the unanimous decision of the leadership of the Soviet Union to set the exploits of the Chechen Khampashi Nuradilov as an example for all Soviet wars. And indeed, about a thousand single-handedly destroyed enemy and dozens of prisoners - this is an action that has never happened.
Much has been said about the heroic deeds of the defenders of the Brest Fortress. A significant number of documentaries and feature films dedicated to this significant event have been shot in cinema and television. Each of them "in its own way" reflects the events that took place. However, there were not so many people who had the determination to tell the truth. Of this number, Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin: Not many people know that approximately one third of the defenders of the Brest Fortress consisted of Chechens. - This recognition was a revelation not only for domestic journalists, but also for foreign guests who took part in the forum. (// Novye Izvestia. 01.07.05. Forum "Russia at the turn of the century: hopes and realities." President of the country Vladimir Putin.)
In relation to the Chechen people, ingratitude is often manifested. During the Soviet period, a whole nation was deported. They were considered accomplices of the German fascists, they did not talk about the Chechens in a different way. And among them were 146 Heroes of the Soviet Union. (I.P. Rybkin. To security - through consent and trust. 1997 Moscow, Staraya Ploshchad. December 11, 1996)
However, in a difficult moment, all arrogance goes away. Outcasts and their undercover games become too obvious and unnecessary at such a time. The time has come for the people of action.
Examples of Chechen service for the common good abound in courage and selflessness. Significant were the deeds of the sons of the Chechen people in the Second World War. Chechen Heroes fought against fascism of the 20th century ON THE EARTH, IN THE SKY AND ON THE SEA.
Elba, Wittenberg Schwedt, Hammelyppring, Reinsberg (Germany) Kirdanami (Ukraine). Movladi Visaitov.
On the Elbe, the first Soviet soldier turned out to be Hero of the Soviet Union regiment commander Movladi Visaitov, for which he was awarded the American Order of the Legion of Honor. 1st Chechen Guards Cavalry Regiment of the 6th Guards Cavalry Division of the Guards Lieutenant Colonel of the Red Army, Hero of the Soviet Union, Movladi Visaitov, was a brave son of the Chechen people. He fought with his regiment in the hottest spots of hostilities, both in Soviet Ukraine and on the fields of Europe. The "Wild Division" of Movladi Visaitov consisted of 80% Chechens and 20% Ingush.
Movladi Visaitov is the only representative of the Soviet Union to be awarded the highest US award, the Order of the Legion of Honor of the United States - the Purple Heart. Soviet officer Chechen Movladi Visaitov was awarded the highest American order - the "Legion of Honor" by US President Harry Truman.
M. Visaitov was the first with his regiment to meet with the Anglo-American Allied forces on the Elbe on April 25, 1945. Movladi Visaitov was the first to shake hands with the famous Eisenhower. In May 45, Marshal Konstantin Rokossovsky signed the submission of officer M. Visaitov to the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. However, the introduction of the colonel to the Golden Star did not take place, as in the cases with hundreds of other Heroes - Chechens. Lavrenty Beria imposed his ban. The title of Hero was awarded only on May 5, 1990 posthumously.
Among Movladi Visaitov's awards: the Order of Lenin, the Red Banner, the Order of Suvorov 3rd class, the Red Star, medals: "For Military Merit", "For the Defense of Stalingrad", "For the Victory over Germany", as well as the Order of the Legion of Honor (the highest award of the United States) in 1945.
Italy. Mohammed Yusupov.
In the Italian resistance movement, in the ranks of the 5th shock brigade named after Arturo Capettini from May 1, 1944 until the end of the war, the Chechen Magomet Yusupov fought against the German invaders.
French Alps. France. Italy. Alavdi Ustarkhanov.
A Chechen, Alavdi Ustarkhanov, a Soviet officer, fought in the ranks of the French resistance, the first from the Soviet Union to be awarded the Order of the Legion of Honor - France's highest award. He was acquainted with the famous French general, French President Charles de Gaulle. He received the award personally from General de Gaulle. Alavdi Ustarkhanov also fought in the ranks of the Italian partisans, then in the French Resistance in 1943-1945. In the French resistance, he was given the name Andre - Commander Andre. He knew both German and French perfectly.
A good help to Alavdi Ustarkhanov is his experience of serving in the SMERSH special unit (deciphering the abbreviation: Death to Spies), which was personally subordinate to Stalin. According to the stories of those in the know, in addition to other special skills, the fighters of the unit mastered the art of "shooting in Macedonian", i.e. shooting at targets with both hands at the same time.
Having received such great honors, Alavdi Ustarkhanov did not stay in Europe, but returned home. However, the envious and ungrateful representatives of the Soviet state turned the illustrious hero into an "enemy of the people." The international exploits of Alavdi Ustarkhanov were assessed in their own way, sentenced to ten years as a traitor to the Motherland, and exiled to Magadan. However, even there, in difficult conditions, Alavdi showed himself in high esteem, rising to the rank of brigade chief. At the end of his term, Alavdi returned to his homeland in Chechnya.
Charles de Gaulle helped to shed light on another suppression of the exploits of the Chechens, who asked Nikita Khrushchev at a meeting with the Soviet leader: How is our commander Andre. And then it spun. As in a fairy tale, the dilapidated dwelling began to turn into a worthy mansion. The French associates of Alavdi Ustarkhanov came to the Republic and brought him a motorcycle as a gift, the same one on which Commander Andre broke into small settlements captured by the Nazis.
The surname of Alavdi Ustarkhanov was one of the first recorded on the monument to veterans of the French resistance.
Reichstag, Berlin (Germany). Abdul-Hakim Ismailov
In 2006, celebrations were held in Khasavyurt to mark the 90th anniversary of veteran Abdulkhakim Ismailov. During the Great Patriotic War, a Chechen, along with his compatriots, fought as part of the 83rd separate reconnaissance company. It was he who hoisted the Banner of Victory. This fact became known thanks to a photograph by front-line correspondent Yevgeny Khaldei, where the hero of the day, along with his comrades-in-arms - from Kyivian Alexei Kovalev and from Minsk Leonid Gorychev - is captured on the roof of the Reichstag. Moreover, in 1996, by decree of the President of the Russian Federation, the cavalier of the Order of Military Glory of the III degree was awarded the title of Hero of Russia.
For many years, Soviet propaganda concealed the name of the Chechen Abdul-Khakim Ismailov, who was the first to hoist the world-famous banner of victory on the Reichstag. The command was afraid to report this to Stalin. Chechens by that time were considered enemies of the people. Instead, to please the great Stalin, Kantaria and Yegorov were recorded, who hung the banner after the end of hostilities and who were filmed on a movie camera. On the filming, it is clearly seen that no hostilities are taking place.
As Abdul-Khakim Ismailov recalls:
On April 28, our 83rd Guards Reconnaissance Company of the 82nd Guards Rifle Division goes to the Reichstag. The density of troops is huge, the shelling is merciless, but the Reichstag for the Germans is a shrine and a symbol, and they resist a thousand times more stubbornly than usual. Four times that day troops storm the Reichstag. With huge losses and unsuccessfully. Being in the immediate vicinity of the palace of the German Parliament, we cannot move even a meter. The commander of our reconnaissance company, Shevchenko, receives an order to send reconnaissance and, in turn, entrusts this task to three scouts - me and two of my friends: Ukrainian Alexei Kovalev and Belarusian Alexei Goryachev. They approached the palace. They rushed through the first floor of the building, full of Germans, distraught and drunk. We went up to the second one. I almost died there. Saved by chance. Having lingered on the threshold of a huge hall, in which the Nazis who were shooting back lay down, I saw in a large palace mirror two German machine gunners lurking behind the door. Killed them. He ran on, doing his reconnaissance work. In the end, the three of us with our comrades ended up on the roof. There was a fight below. Shootout. The roar of artillery. Such a task - to hoist the flag - was not given to us. But everyone who stormed the Reichstag had a flag with them just in case. We also had. So we installed it."
In order for the Pravda newspaper to capture the triumph of the victors, the division commander first summoned the commander of the reconnaissance company, after which the three scouts, now accompanied by the photographer Khaldei, who had flown in from Moscow, had to repeat the ascent to the Reichstag.
Photo of Khaldei, depicting the installation of the Soviet flag of victory over the Reichstag by Abdul-Khakim Ismailov in 1945. was not published in Pravda. Abdul-Khakim Ismailov in his circle told the truth of the epoch-making event to many. But not many accepted what was being said, despite the fact that all the facts, as you know, are recorded in wartime, especially the details of an event of this magnitude. In addition, there were a large number of witnesses to this. Abdul-Hakim Ismailov himself did not have that very evidence - a photograph of Khaldei.
However, justice has prevailed. Thanks to the professionalism and accuracy of Yevgeny Khaldei, who carefully preserved not only the photographs, but also the names of the soldiers depicted on it. Television also helped. In 1995, Alexei Kovalev, who took part in the program in connection with the 50th anniversary of the Victory and went up to the tower of the Reichstag with Ismailov in May 1945, not only told the whole story, not forgetting the photographer Khaldei, but also directly named from the screen those with who is in the photograph. And then everyone realized the historical feat of Ismailov. In 1996, Abdul-Khakim Ismailov became the Hero of Russia.
Poland. Brothers V. T. and A. T. Akhtaev.
The brothers V. T. and A. T. Akhtaev also showed heroism at the fronts. Commanding the regiment, Lieutenant Colonel A.T. Akhtaev in the summer of 1944 participated in the breakthrough of enemy defenses near the city of Krasno (Poland). When the combat mission, on which the success of the advance of the Soviet troops depended, was completed, Abdul Tokazovich was seriously wounded. Dying in the arms of his fighting friend, the illustrious war hero General Kh. Mamsurov, he said: - "I honestly fulfilled my duty to the Motherland!"
Abdul's younger brother V. T. Akhtaev was the commander of a separate reconnaissance cavalry squadron of the formation. He was also noted for his courage, bravery and resourcefulness in battle. He died a heroic death in the summer of 1944 near the Polish city of Brody. There, in Poland, two brave commanders were buried almost simultaneously, the glorious sons of the Chechen people, the Akhtaev brothers, who honestly and to the end fulfilled their military and filial duty to the country, to its people. (V. Solovyov. Vainakhs in the Great Patriotic War. www .vsoloviev.ru)
Leningrad. Akhmat Magomadov, N. Khanbekov, Yu. Samkhadov, A. Shaipov, A. Magomadov, M. Ochaev and hundreds of others.
The name of the legendary defender of Leningrad, 19-year-old sniper Akhmat Magomadov, is significant. Together with the defenders of Leningrad, N. Khanbekov, Yu. Samkhanov, A. Shaipov, A. Magomadov, M. Ochaev and hundreds of others bravely fought against the enemy.
The heroic defenders of Leningrad wrote to Grozny about the sniper Akhmat Magomadov: “We met Akhmat Magomadov while defending the city of Lenin, falling in love with him for his courage, heroism and fearlessness. He is only 19 years old, but in part he is called a veteran. With his sniper rifle, he killed 87 Nazis. He trained and trained eleven fighters in sniper business, who accounted for 165 destroyed fascists. (V. Solovyov. Vainakhs in the Great Patriotic War. www.vsoloviev.ru)
Battles for Melitopol (Ukraine). Yahya Alisultanov, Irbaikhan Beibulatov, Magomed Beibulatov, Mahmud Beibulatov, Beysolt Beibulatov and many other Chechens who fought desperately together.
“The faithful son of the Chechen people, Yahya Alisultanov, bravely and selflessly fights against the fascist invaders ... More than once he was in hot battles in Ukraine. For exemplary performance of combat missions, Alisultanov was awarded the Order of the Red Banner. The glorious warrior Alisultanov enjoys universal respect in the unit. His heroism and courage serve as an example for the fighters ... ”, the party organizer of the military unit wrote to the Groznensky Rabochiy newspaper. (V. Solovyov. Vainakhs in the Great Patriotic War. www.vsoloviev.ru)
Vivid examples of courage in the battles for the city of Melitopol were shown by Irbaykhan Beybulatov and his brothers Mohammed, Mahmud and Beisalt. On June 22, 1941, a teacher in the village of Osman-Yurt, Irbaykhan Beybulatov, and his brothers Magomed, Mahmud and Beisalt were drafted into the army. Saying goodbye to his mother, Irbaykhan said: - “Mother, there will be no man left in our house, we all go to war ... But do I have the right to stay with you? Look into my eyes, mother, and tell me: will you love a son who, in an hour of such danger, will put the hearth above the happiness of the people? I know you, mother, I know that you would rather see me dead on the battlefield than alive, hiding from the battle ... "
And the mother, whose heart was breaking from separation from her beloved sons, said: - “You are leaving for the war, leaving me pride, but not tears ...”.
Irbaikhan Beybulatov from the very beginning showed himself to be a brave and determined warrior. Commanding a rifle battalion, in the battles for the city of Melitopol, I. Beibulatov showed an outstanding ability as a tactician in difficult conditions of street combat. Fearlessly led his soldiers to storm enemy positions. The battalion under his command repelled 19 enemy counterattacks and destroyed 7 tanks and more than 1,000 Nazis. Irbaykhan Beybulatov himself destroyed one tank and 18 enemy soldiers. In these battles, the glorious son of the Chechen people died.
By decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of November 1, 1943, Irbaikhan Beibulatov was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union (V. Solovyov. Vainakhs in the Great Patriotic War. www.vsoloviev.ru). One of the streets is named after the Chechen commander of the regiment Irbaykhan Beybulatov, who died a hero's death in the battle for Melitopol. (//Rossiyskaya gazeta. - Central issue No. 4062 dated May 10, 2006 Timofey Borisov. Memory is more important than a parade.)
Fighting near Moscow. Abuhaji Idrisov, Lechi Bisultanov, Duki Mezhidov, Khasan Shaipov and many others.
In the battles near Moscow in the autumn of 1941 - early 1942, hundreds of soldiers from Checheno-Ingushetia distinguished themselves. Among them, Lechi Bisultanov. Duki Mezhidov, Khasan Shaipov and others. Heroic deeds in the battles for Moscow were performed by the Chechen sniper Abukhadzhi Idrisov (V. Solovyov. Vainakhs in the Great Patriotic War. www.vsoloviev.ru), who served in the 1232nd regiment of the 125th rifle division. The newspaper Vechernyaya Moskva wrote about him on April 22, 1943: "309 fascists were killed by the son of a free Chechnya, Kommunist Idrisov. He beats them both in defense and on the offensive, day and night. Does not give respite to the enemy."
The defender of Moscow - sniper Abuhadzhi Idrisov is the only one who has more than 350 fascists on his account. To destroy the legend of the Red Army, on the orders of Hitler, the best sniper, German instructor Horvald, arrived in Stalingrad.
Stalingrad. Khanpashi Nuradilov.
In the battles for Stalingrad, more than a thousand soldiers from Checheno-Ingushetia performed immortal feats. The name of the Hero of the Soviet Union, the commander of the machine-gun platoon of the 5th Guards Cavalry Division, Khanpashi Nuradilov, became known throughout the country. From his machine gun, he destroyed 920 fascist soldiers, captured 7 enemy machine guns, captured 12 Nazis. One of the first Chechens, Red Army soldier Nuradilov was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. About the national hero of the Chechen people, who died a heroic death in the battle for the Volga, the newspaper Izvestia wrote on October 31, 1942: “and years will pass. Our life will shine with new bright colors .... And the happy youth of Chechen-Ingushetia, the girls of the Don, the guys of Ukraine, will sing songs about the senior sergeant of the guard Khanpash Nuradilov. He was awarded the title of Hero of the USSR posthumously.
Khanpasha was a simple fighter, like everyone else. Modest, he did not like to talk about his exploits, but he was very fond of his machine gun. And meeting with the enemy dozens of times, he always emerged victorious from the battle.
Only in the last battle Khanpasha destroyed over 200 fascists. The bogatyr was wounded twice, bled to death, his strength was undermined, but he stood and defended his line. The hero died as a valiant knight of his native land. But his deeds are immortal. The Order of the "Red Banner", the Order of the "Red Star" marked the government military merits of the Hero.
On the occasion of the unprecedented heroism of Khampasha Nuradilov, the Appeal of the Political Directorate of the Don Front to the soldiers of the Soviet Army, issued on the eve of the Battle of Stalingrad (1943), became widely known.
"Look, soldier, at the heroic image of the hero, mountain eagle, machine gunner Khanpasha Nuradilov. Let the feats of arms of the hero of the Caucasus, the son of the Chechen people, become an example of valor in battle for you and your comrades. Hold the rifle firmly in your hands, red warrior. Make sure that and fame thundered about you all over the front, as about Nuradilov, a Komsomol guardsman. courage. Look, do not let us down! Be brave, like the immortal hero Khanpasha Nuradilov. Know no fear in battle, boldly conquer death, as the valiant son of the Chechen people defeated her.
The German killed the hero-machine gunner. Kill the German you, fighter. Kill faster and more, kill everyone, and you will win. The motherland will glorify you. Mother and wife through tears of joy will tell you: “Thank you. Victory is in your hands. Look, don’t miss it - kill the enemy ... ”(Appeal of the Political Directorate of the Don Front to the soldiers of the Soviet Army, issued on the eve of the Battle of Stalingrad (1943)
Brest Fortress (Belarus). Aindi Lalaev, Adam Malaev, Akhmed Khasiev, M. Isaev, Sh. Zakriev, A.-Kh. Elmurzaev, A. Saadaev and the rest of the four hundred immortal heroes of Checheno-Ingushetia.
A battalion of more than 400 Chechens and Ingush of Checheno-Ingushetia under the command of Lieutenant Aindi Lalaev defended the Brest Fortress to the last, covering the retreat of the Soviet army. 99% of them died and 149 of them were awarded the hero of the Soviet Union, but this fact was hidden until 1997, which was announced to the whole world by Ivan Rybkin, the former secretary of the Russian Security Council. Ivan Petrovich Rybkin notes: Of the Chechens and Ingush, more than 400 people were among the defenders of the Brest Fortress, which was the first to take the blow, and for 28 days instead of the 12 hours prescribed for the border guards held the blow of the Nazis. (I.P. Rybkin. To security - through consent and trust. 1997 Moscow, Staraya Ploshchad. December 11, 1996). The dashing horsemen of the Chechen-Ingush cavalry regiment fought bravely. Eyewitnesses of the events of the heroic defense of the Brest Fortress still live in the republic today. Last year, two participants in the legendary defense of Brest traveled to the places of their military glory, participated in events dedicated to the 65th anniversary of the defense of the fortress. Today, 84-year-old Adam Malaev and 87-year-old recall the front-line events at home - age is taking its toll and no longer conducive to such long journeys. They bravely fought against the Nazi aggressors. Chechen brave defenders of the Brest Fortress died a heroic death on the battlefield. Among them are M. Isaev, Sh. Zakriev, A.-Kh. Elmurzaev, A. Saadaev, Lalaev and many others.
City on the Volga. Mahmud Amaev.
In the city on the Volga, 177 German soldiers and officers were exterminated by sniper Makhmud Amaev. Tula gunsmiths made a personalized sniper rifle for him, and the command of the unit presented him with a dagger with the inscription: "The sun cannot be extinguished by the enemy, but we cannot be defeated." (State Internet channel "Russia". In the memory of generations. 05/8/2007. www.strana.ru)
Murmansk and Karelia. Gaidabaev, Aidulaev, Daurov, Madagov, Okunchaev, Lalaev.
In the regions of Murmansk and Karelia, Gaidabaev, Aidulaev, Daurov, Madagov, Okunchaev, Lalaev bravely fought the enemy.
Air battles. DI. Akaev, A.G. Akhmadov, A. Imadiev.
Among the heroes of the Soviet Union were Chechens - pilots. On March 1, 1945, the commander of the attack aviation regiment, Konstantin Abukhov, repeated the heroic feat of pilot captain Nikolai Gastello. (//Rossiyskaya gazeta. - Central issue No. 4062 dated May 10, 2006 Timofey Borisov. Memory is more important than a parade.) He made 64 sorties, destroyed 13 tanks, 27 vehicles, a tank and a large amount of enemy manpower. On March 1, 1945, during an attack near the city of Lübben (Germany), he sent a burning Il-2 to a cluster of enemy equipment. Hero of the Soviet Union in 1945 posthumously.
High examples of heroism were shown in battles with the Nazi aces by Soviet pilots - Chechens Akaev, Akhmadov, Imadiyev. Major D. Akaev even rose to the rank of commander of an assault aviation regiment. The illustrious pilot, commander of the 35th Assault Aviation Regiment, Major D.I. Akaev bravely fought the enemies on the Leningrad front.
As Admiral V.F. Tributs, who commanded the Baltic Fleet during the war years, notes in his book “The Baltics are advancing”, “The commander of the 35th assault aviation regiment, Major D.I. Akaev, showed an excellent example in fulfilling his duty. He was the first to inflict a sensitive blow on the enemy operating in these areas (Gostlitsy - Dyatlitsy - Zaostrovye). Admiral Tributs writes that D. I. Akaev, together with the commander of the aviation division, Colonel Manzhoev, Chelnokov, Lieutenant Colonel Mironenko, Captain Pysin, was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. However, he did not receive the deserved award. During the performance of a combat mission, Major D. I. Akaev on February 26, 1944, three days after the deportation of his people, along with his seven comrades-in-arms, died a hero's death. In doing so, they completely destroyed 11 enemy bombers and destroyed the airfield.
Battles at sea. P.S. Kuzmin
Residents of post-war Leningrad were well aware of the feat of Grozny P.S. Kuzmin, who commanded the Shch-408 submarine in the Baltic. In May 1943, after a fierce battle with an enemy destroyer, the crew of the submarine, led by their commander, died unconquered, repeating the legendary feat of the Varyag cruiser. (// Polit.ru. May 6, 2006. Valery Yaremenko. "They embodied the best features of the Chechen people...")
Tank battles. Matash Mazaev
There were also many heroes-tankers from among the soldiers of the Chechen-Ingushetia: M.A. Mazaev, Kh.D. Aliroev, A. Mankiev, M. Malsagov, A. Malsagov and others. So, in the newspaper "Pravda" dated July 1, 1941, it was reported about the feat of the border guard tanker captain Matash Mazaev, committed together with his unit on the western border near Sadovaya Cherry, not far from the city of Przemysl. This was the first news received by Checheno-Ingushetia about the military affairs of fellow countrymen at the front. The article said: "... M. Mazaev's battalion, as part of the regiment, came out to meet the enemy, who sought to press our units to the Western Bug, and suddenly hit the right flank of the Nazis. The Nazis directed furious fire from a camouflaged gun at him. Nu, the other - in the caterpillar of his tank, and the third disabled the machine gun. The tower shooter was killed, Mazaev himself was wounded in the leg and stomach. The mechanic, following the order of the captain, went for reinforcements.
The Germans considered that the crew of the tank was destroyed, and began to drag their wrecked gun with the help of a tractor. Mazaev threw grenades at them and opened fire with a pistol. Enraged Nazis began to shoot at the tank from a cannon and a machine gun at close range. The fight went on for over an hour. From loss of blood, Mazaev began to lose consciousness. But a Soviet tank rushed to the rescue at full speed. The Nazis have retreated.
After treatment, Matash Mazaev returned to the front. In the battles near Stalingrad, he commanded a separate cavalry unit, which was part of the infantry school. In one of the battles, M. Mazaev died a heroic death.
Forcing the Dnieper. X. Magomed-Mirzaev and Dachiev X. Ch.
Sergeant Magomed Mirzoev, who worked as the director of the Alkhakzurovskaya school before being drafted into the Red Army, showed himself to be a fearless warrior on the battlefields. In September 1943, he was among the first to cross to the right bank of the Dnieper, cleared the bank of enemy soldiers with machine gun fire, and thereby ensured the successful crossing of the river by units of his regiment. This was his last fight. Three times wounded, bleeding, he continued to smash the enemy from a machine gun. 144 fascists were destroyed by H. Magomed Mirzoev in his last battle, in which, without letting go of the weapon, he died a heroic death. For courage and heroism, by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of January 15, 1944, he was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
For the courage and heroism shown during the crossing of the Dnieper, the title of Hero of the Soviet Union was also awarded to Kh. Ch. Dachiev, who now lives in Gudermes.
partisan resistance. 3. A. Akhmatkhanov.
In the partisan detachment Suvorov since November 1941. bravely fought against the Nazi aggressors 3. A. Akhmatkhanov. In November 1943 in one of the battles in the Pskov region he died a heroic death.
Junior Lieutenant Salman Midaev at the beginning of 1942 escaped from Nazi captivity and fearlessly fought in a partisan detachment in Belarus under the nickname "Kazbek". On May 1, 1944, S. A. Midaev died and was buried in the village cemetery in Yasenoviki.
Interesting facts of the heroism of the Chechens are presented by a well-known journalist, a worthy son of Russia - Vladimir Solovyov. They are set out in his truly landmark article, entitled: "Vainakhs in the Great Patriotic War." The fair narrative of the respected Vladimir Solovyov begins with the words:
"It is hard to imagine a more unthinkable lie that surrounds the participation of Chechens and Ingush in the Great Patriotic War. Here is the general cooperation with the Nazis, uprisings in the rear of the Red Army and a white horse, presented personally to the Fuhrer. Nonsense…"
Solovyov reveals little-known facts to us.
In December 1942, volunteer soldiers of the 299th Guards Mortar Regiment, formed in Perm, picked up a goner boy near the Black Sea village of Yakornaya Shchel. Dirty, hungry, he was on the verge of dystrophy and bribed the mortarmen with sad olive eyes and his shyness. He is unadapted, the soldiers decided, without help he will not survive. So the Chechen Zelimkhan Maksutov became the son of the regiment. The boy soon showed his talent - to compose short poems in prose, and he also amazed everyone with his fearlessness. Those. complete lack of fear of any danger. Death did not frighten him; he seemed to frighten death. In November 1943, near Kharkov, he shot dead two fascists who had captured the wounded platoon commander, Lieutenant E. Rusakov. On the same day, the regiment commander presented him with the medal "For Courage" before the formation. In 1944, the regiment fought in Poland, when, after the deportation of Chechens and Ingush, an order was issued to demobilize representatives of these peoples from the army. Nobody wanted to part with Zelik, as his fellow soldiers called him, and the command issued a document to the boy in the name of Alexander Alladinov, Kazakh, born in 1929. The regimental special officer did not particularly roam - everyone wants to live, but no one is safe from a "stray" bullet on the front line ...
At the end of May 1945, the regiment, together with parts of its corps, left the liberated Czechoslovakia, having passed the eastern part of Austria, it stopped at the Hungarian city of Sopron. Here it was necessary to dismiss older soldiers and sergeants - a good quarter of the regiment.
Before the formation of the unit, the banner of the Guards Ternopil, orders of Suvorov, Kutuzov, Alexander Nevsky, Bogdan Khmelnitsky and the Red Star regiment was carried out. The photograph literally captured a battle banner riddled with fragments and bullets, a standard bearer and two assistants. One of the assistants is Zelimkhan Maksutov. Volunteer veterans Dyuzhenkov, Gavrilov, Hoffman, Polyakov, Terentiev and many others marched in front of the banner for the last time. The chest of each is decorated with military orders and medals. With whom did they say goodbye with their eyes - with a battle banner or with their favorite Aladdin? Who knows... But we can understand what was going on in the boy's soul. Once he had already lost his family, and now he was forever parting with the second. During the farewell parade of the regiment, he died of a broken heart.
There are still a huge number of examples of the heroism of the Chechen-Ingush people. It is precisely that part of "society" that has historically deliberately slandered the Chechen people, which behaved passively during a nationwide threat, especially during times of massive ordeals. These outcasts and their descendants are doing tricks today, inventing new approaches to slander heroes. The cowardly are always uncomfortable in front of the brave. Why are they doing that? In all likelihood, in order not to be grateful to this selfless people, their worthy representatives.
Fortunately, there are many decent personalities of the peoples of the world in our world. After all, only the worthy recognize the truth. It was these worthy ones who always illuminated the eternal deeds of the Chechen people. After all, like the Chechens, they know the price of such deeds.

Literature

1. // New news. 07/01/05. Forum "Russia at the turn of the century: hopes and realities". President of the country Vladimir Putin.
2. State Internet channel "Russia". In the memory of generations. May 8, 2007. www.strana.ru
3. Museum for war veterans. May 6, 2005. Information server of the President and Government of the Czech Republic
4. V. Solovyov. Vainakhs in the Great Patriotic War. www.vsoloviev.ru
5. Official No. 1-4 "07 (47-50) Information and analytical publication of the Ural Academy of Public Administration and the Coordinating Council for State and Municipal Service.
6. M. Geshaev. Famous Chechens.
7. // Russian newspaper. - Central issue No. 4062 dated May 10, 2006 Timofey Borisov. Memory is more important than a parade.
8. Rybkin I.P. Consent in Chechnya - Consent in Russia. London.
9. //Moskovsky Komsomolets. www.mk.ru
10. // Express K. No. 96 (16244) dated 06/01/2007 Vyacheslav SHEVCHENKO, Almaty. Who owns the victory?
11. I.P. Rybkin. To safety - through consent and trust. 1997 Moscow, Old Square. December 11, 1996
12. // Polit.ru. May 06, 2006. Valery Yaremenko. "They embodied the best features of the Chechen people..."

Why is this happening? The General Staff and the Russian Ministry of Defense have not yet given a clear explanation of their position on this issue. Although the position itself is not new. It is enshrined, in particular, in the proclamation, with which, after the suppression of the national liberation movement of the highlanders under the leadership of Imam Shamil, the Commander-in-Chief of the Caucasian Army, Viceroy of the Caucasus, Field Marshal A.I. Baryatinsky addressed the Chechen people.

The document lists the “mercies” that “His Imperial Majesty bestows” on the Chechens. One of these favors constitutes the second paragraph of the proclamation: "You will never be required to recruit and will never turn you into Cossacks."
And in paragraph six it says: “In the same way, for five years we release you from the obligation to put up the police”.

The roll call of the epochs

In this context, it is appropriate to note that the 150-year-old address of the governor of the Caucasus contains other "gifts" that echo the present. Thus, speaking in Kislovodsk at the forum of the peoples of the South of Russia, Vladimir Putin emphasized that "Russia is experiencing a renaissance of traditional religions." The indisputable fact of the Islamic revival in the North Caucasus - after decades of communist obscurantism - is recognized today even by skeptics.

At the same time, the full freedom of conscience to the Chechens on behalf of the Russian autocrat was guaranteed by Prince Baryatinsky in his proclamation:

“1. Each of you can freely practice your faith, and no one will prevent you from fulfilling its rites”;
"4. The rulers placed over you will govern you according to adat and sharia, and the court and punishment will be carried out in the people's courts ... "

Here we can also recall the proposals that the leadership of Chechnya made for another 6-7 years, insisting on exempting the population of the region from taxes for the period of overcoming the most difficult consequences of the two wars. Moscow did not support these proposals, while in the 19th century, according to paragraph 5 of the proclamation, “condescending to the poor condition of the people who suffered from the devastation of the war, the Government exempts you from paying taxes for five years ...”

But that's another topic. Therefore - a step back, to the question of "recruits" from among the Chechens.

"Free people"

Since ancient times, the Chechens have called a person who has no blood on him "marsha stag" - "a free person." Society consists of "marsha nakh" - "free people". No princes, estates, privileges, except for one - to be free, to enjoy equal rights with all.

In the spread of Russian influence to the Caucasus, where serfdom dominated, the Chechens saw two threats for themselves: the Christianization of the region and recruitment, which they define as "salt bahar" - "turning into a soldier." This, in the understanding of the Chechens, was tantamount to becoming powerless serfs.

This is one of the reasons for the stubbornness and desperation with which they resisted Russia's colonial policy in the Caucasus for decades. And this is also the main reason for the promise of autocracy "you will never be required to recruit ...".

Amanats - generals

The war in the Caucasus was waged by barbaric methods. Entire villages were burned to the ground, the population was massacred without exception…

The autocracy has turned into a rule, the law and the taking of hostages - amanats. The children of many famous highlanders of that period, including Imam Shamil, visited the amanats.

It was also not uncommon for Russian generals to adopt children who had survived the destruction of Chechen settlements. So a Chechen boy from the village of Dady-Yurt burned down by the tsarist troops, brought up in the family of the brother of the "conqueror of the Caucasus" - General Yermolov, became an outstanding Russian portrait painter Pyotr Zakharov.

Another "Chechen", taken prisoner at the age of five and brought up by General N. Raevsky, remained in history as General Alexander Chechensky. He is a participant in the Battle of Borodino, a hero of the Patriotic War of 1812, the commander of the elite regiments of the Russian army.

Major General Valerian Chechensky served in the Russian army for over 50 years. He "participated in campaigns and deeds against the Turks and mountaineers."

In the sovereign's own escort

There were a lot of those who got into the service, as they say today, as a volunteer.

So, Artsu Chermoev was in the army from the age of 17, rose to the rank of major general. He showed himself excellently in the Russian-Turkish war. He is a holder of 11 orders.

His son Abdul-Majid (Tapa) Chermoev served as an officer in the Emperor's Own convoy. During the First World War, he showed himself in the best way as an officer of the Chechen cavalry regiment of the Wild Division. The regiment was transferred to Petrograd in 1917, but the Chechen horsemen refused to fight the workers and peasants, and Tapa Chermoev, already the commander of the regiment, took him back to the Caucasus.

General Iriskhan Aliyev is a participant in two wars, Russian-Turkish and Russian-Japanese. In particular, General Anton Denikin, one of the leaders of the White Movement in Russia, spoke of him with admiration.

Fighting on the fronts of the First World War, the descendants of Naiba Duba, an associate of Imam Shamil, covered their names with unfading glory. One of them - Page Dubaev became a full cavalier of the Order of St. George (4 degrees). He was one of those who did not take the highest award of the empire because of its appearance - the shape of the cross, and Alexander II issued a decree - to award Caucasian Muslims at their request with the Order of St. George in the form of a round medal.

The sons of the famous Chechen sheikh Deni Arsanov, representatives of many other families respected by the people, successfully served in the "Wild Division".
The service allowed the Chechens to show their qualities of warriors and make good money on it. The Vainakhs are still proud of their ancestors - officers of the tsarist army.

Chechen regiments of the tsarist army

In January 1877, the formation of the Chechen irregular cavalry regiment began, consisting of six hundred. Another Russian-Turkish war was brewing, and the tsarist government decided, on the one hand, to “clear the Caucasus of the restless element”, pouring it into the ranks of the army, and on the other hand, to strengthen the army at the expense of mountain regiments, distinguished by high fighting qualities.

The commission, which was entrusted with the consideration of the issue, issued a conclusion: “A dagger strike is true and rarely fatal, shooting at night offhand, at the sound, at the light shows the clear superiority of the highlanders in this matter over the trained Cossacks, especially over the soldiers.”

The only drawback of the "native" cavalry was recognized as the lack of discipline and non-observance of the military hierarchy.
Major General Ortsu Chermoev became the commander of the Chechen regiment. The regiment, first of all, enrolled persons from 18 to 40 years old with good health and full combat equipment.

The rider's full equipment cost from 150 to 1000 rubles. Most of the “volunteers” did not have that kind of money, but the treasury helped out by allocating 40 rubles in salaries to each and 8 rubles 88 kopecks for food and fodder.

A month later, the formation of the regiment was completed. It consisted of 793 people.

The regiment, during the very first clashes with the enemy, stunned him with pressure, fearlessness and prowess. As the primary sources testify, “the Turks were numb, handed over their weapons, threw themselves on their knees. All this happened to the Turkish dismounted cavalry, which was not even given time to mount their horses.

On the fronts of the First World War, the highlanders of the Caucasus were represented, first of all, by the national units of the Native, or Wild Division. In its composition, the Chechen Cavalry Regiment ensured the Brusilovsky breakthrough, the defeat of the "Iron Division" of the enemy.

255th Chechen-Ingush ...

Last year, the "Book of Memory" was published in Chechnya. It contains the names and surnames of thousands of residents of the Chechen-Ingush ASSR - participants in the Great Patriotic War. According to the compilers of the book, the number of Chechen and Ingush Red Army soldiers who fought against the Nazis on the fronts of the Second World War exceeds 40 thousand people.

Even before the attack of fascist Germany on the USSR, there were thousands of Vainakhs in the ranks of the Red Army. Many of them were on the front line already in the first days of the war. According to various sources, from 350 to 600 Chechens and Ingush took part in the defense of the Brest Fortress alone.

Mobilization was in full swing in the republic itself. V. Filkin, in those years the secretary of the Chechen-Ingush regional committee of the VKB (b), in his book “The Party Organization of Chechen-Ingushetia during the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union” writes: “In March 1942, at the insistence of Beria, the conscription of Chechens liable for military service to the Red Army and the Ingush was discontinued. It was a big mistake…”

“In the spring of 1942, the 114th Chechen-Ingush Cavalry Division, mobilized on a voluntary basis, fully provided with cavalry, well-equipped, equipped with experienced combat command and political personnel, which had already received an army number, was disbanded at the insistence of Beria.”

Thanks to the perseverance of the leadership of the republic, the 255th Separate Chechen-Ingush Regiment and the Chechen-Ingush Separate Division were retained from the division.

“Until the end of 1942, the 255th regiment fought well on the southern approaches to Stalingrad. He suffered heavy losses in the battles at Kotelnikovo, Chilekovo, Sadovaya, near Lake Tsatsa ... "

In August 1942, when the Nazi troops invaded the North Caucasus, the leadership of the Chechen Republic of Ingushetia received permission to voluntarily mobilize Chechens and Ingush into the Red Army. After that, thousands more Chechens and Ingush volunteered for the front in three streams.

In May 1943, the regional committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks summed up the results of voluntary mobilization: “Carried out with the permission of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks in the period February-March 1943, the third conscription of Chechen and Ingush volunteers to the Red Army is accompanied by a manifestation of genuine Soviet patriotism.”

"Public Enemies"

The Nazis were unable to capture the oil Grozny, Chechen-Ingushetia. She has not been under occupation for a single day.

At the end of 1943, units of the Red Army, NKVD troops began to stay in the villages and cities of the republic. Soldiers and officers were placed in the homes of local residents, 5-6 people in each family. The population was told that these troops had been withdrawn for rest.

At dawn on February 23, 1944, this 100,000-strong group of troops launched Operation Lentil to deport Chechens and Ingush to Kazakhstan and Central Asia on charges of complicity with the Nazis. Hundreds of thousands of people who had never seen a living or dead German were loaded into calf wagons and sent into exile.

Chechens and Ingush, who were at the forefront on various fronts of the Second World War, were called to headquarters, where they were informed about the eviction of their families. They were disarmed, and already "enemies of the people" were sent to the places of settlement of their deported relatives.

However, there were many who were helped by their commanders to stay at the front.

The commander of the air unit, Major Dasha Akaev, flying out on the next combat mission at the head of the assault group on February 26, already knew that his mother, along with the entire Chechen people, had been sent into exile. He and his comrades completed the task - they bombed an enemy airfield, but his plane was also shot down. Dasha sent a burning combat vehicle to enemy firing points. But the proposal to award Akaev the title of Hero of the Soviet Union remained unsigned: he is a representative of the "enemy people."

The commander of the regiment, Movlid Visaitov, having passed with battles from the Terek, was the first to reach the Elba, where he met with the allies advancing towards the Soviet troops - the Americans. He was awarded the highest award of the United States, and the title of Hero of the Soviet Union was awarded decades later.

For Alavdi Ustarkhanov, the war ended in France. He, a Soviet soldier who escaped from Nazi captivity, joined the French Resistance, became a legendary figure in it - "Commander Andre", was awarded the Order of the Legion of Honor. And when he returned to his homeland, he became the same as all the surviving Chechen front-line soldiers, a “special migrant”.

My fellow villager Alexander Pariyev as a regimental scout walked the roads of the war from its first to its last day. Ibragim Zulkarniev, who lived on the same street with him, was one of the few Soviet soldiers who survived on the Nevsky Piglet, which was abundantly watered with blood. Three of his brothers, who went to the front as volunteers, did not return from the war ...

And there are many such examples.

"Red Caps"

Back in the 60s and 70s of the last century, Chechens called the police and policemen nothing more than “tsen furashkash ruff” - “red caps”. They looked askance at children and teenagers who appeared on the street in red ties or with Komsomol badges on their chests.

The people continued to hate everything that reminded them of the CPSU and the NKVD - the authors and executors of the "lentil" operation. The older generation of Chechens still has not forgiven these two "structures" for the emotional wounds inflicted on them, hunger, cold, humiliation and lack of rights of thirteen years of exile.

At the same time, this generation, once deprived of the right to study at universities, serve in the army, hold certain positions, tried to instill in young people a taste for learning, for law-abiding, including in the part that concerns military service.

Since the second half of the 50s of the last century, when the conscription of Chechens into the army was resumed, practically all healthy youth have been on active military service. During this period, a kind of unspoken rule began to operate, according to which Chechen girls refused to marry a young man who had not served in the army.

Conscripts from Checheno-Ingushetia became good soldiers and sergeants. With one caveat: in the words of Vladimir Zhirinovsky, "two Chechens could hold a regiment." Vladimir Volfovich himself, judging by his words, hemmed their collars and cleaned their boots.

In 1992, Moscow gave the go-ahead for Dzhokhar Dudayev to call up young men from Chechnya and Dagestan. The recruits were placed in several military camps in Grozny and Shali, abandoned by the Russian military. From May to August, parents had to supply these children with bedding and food. Then it became known that the "officers" were completely busy only persuading these young people to go as volunteers to Nagorno-Karabakh or go to the secretly formed "special units". The "army" settled down in their homes within two or three days.

There was never an organized draft for the next ten years. Dudayev's and Maskhadov's formations were recruited on a voluntary basis, without any checks, including on the subject of the mental health of the "recruits".

Battalions "West", "East", "North", "South", formed in the early 2000s, became a kind of analogue of the Chechen military formations of the tsarist time. Yes, and the motivation is similar: to prove themselves in military service, to receive good money for an unemployed republic in accordance with the contract, and, therefore, to be able to financially support their families.

All other "nuances" are covered in sufficient detail by "Caucasian Politics" in the publication of Saidi Khozhaliyev

One of the most formidable divisions of the Russian Imperial Army during the First World War was the Caucasian Native Cavalry Division, better known as the "Wild". Among others, it included Chechens and Ingush.

On a voluntary basis

According to imperial laws, natives of the Caucasus and representatives of other nationalities living in the outskirts were not subject to conscription into the army. However, the mountaineers themselves volunteered to fight. The "Wild Division" began to form in August 1914. It was decided to create three Caucasian brigades, each of which would include two native cavalry regiments.

The Chechens ended up in the 2nd brigade. Of these, the Chechen cavalry regiment was formed. The Ingush cavalry regiment became part of the 3rd brigade, which also included Circassians, Abkhazians and Karachays. Each regiment had 22 officers and 575 horsemen, and had its own mullah.

Chechen cavalry regiment

The Chechens arrived at the front in Western Ukraine in October. The regiment distinguished itself already in the first battle, which took place in early December. The highlanders suddenly attacked the Austrian units near the village of Verkhovyna-Bystra. In deep snow and complete impassability, they were able to go behind enemy lines and deliver a crushing blow, capturing more than 460 soldiers and officers, including a colonel and a major, and also capturing about 400 rifles.

In mid-February 1915, the Chechen cavalry regiment in the Stanislavov region (now Ivanovo-Frankivsk) fought off attacks of the Austrians, who were much superior in strength, who had cavalry and artillery, for a day. The Chechens not only survived, but also launched a counterattack the next day, knocking out the enemy from the village of Poiko, which was then held together with the Kuban Cossacks.

The real triumph of the Chechen regiment was the famous Brusilovsky breakthrough, which began at the end of May 1916. Despite the fact that the command decided to use the cavalry as a reserve, the mountain horsemen were able to distinguish themselves. On the night of May 30, 60 Chechen cavalrymen, under heavy enemy fire, were the first to cross the Dniester, which served as the line of demarcation between the opposing sides, and captured the right bank with lightning speed.

Immediately, the equipment of the bridgehead began, which the highlanders bravely held until the main forces of the Russian army approached. The dashing courage of the Chechens ensured the success of the offensive operation. The feat of the highlanders did not go unnoticed by the emperor. Nikolai personally awarded each of the riders with St. George's crosses of various degrees.

Ingush cavalry regiment

The Ingush cavalry regiment fought no less bravely and selflessly. It also began to form in August 1914, and arrived at the front in early November. In the first battle, the Ingush went on December 3 near the village of Rybne, and defeated the enemy. In February, they, together with the Circassian regiment, were able to drive the Austrians out of the vicinity of Stanislavov, and on February 18, the cavalry broke into the streets of the city, which was taken the next day.

At the end of May 1915, the Ingush assigned to the rearguard of the Russian troops retreating to the Dniester. Despite the numerical superiority of the Austrians, the mountaineers were able not only to hold back all their attacks, but also defeated their infantry battalion at Yasenevo-Polnoe. The Ingush were among the last to cross the river, taking up defensive positions in the area from Zalishchiki to Usechka. There they fought off the Austro-Germans until May 1916, when the Brusilovsky breakthrough began.

On May 30, the Ingush Cavalry Regiment crossed the Dniester and launched an offensive against enemy positions. One of the brightest pages of his combat biography was the defeat of the units of the "invincible" Iron Division of the German army, from which Russia's allies in the Entente were horrified. On July 15, 500 highlanders with sabers rushed into a frontal attack on three thousand German bayonets, who were supported by machine guns and heavy artillery. A couple of hours later, Kaiser Wilhelm's pride was destroyed.

Pursuing the remnants of the German troops, the Ingush attacked an artillery battery. The resisting Germans were cut down by sabers and daggers. The cavalrymen captured five heavy guns and 20 boxes of shells.

Journalist Nikolai Breshko-Breshkovsky described the attacks of the Ingush with admiration, comparing them with a spontaneous, furious avalanche. The Germans and Austrians, he noted, had long called the dashing highlanders "devils in furry hats", sowing panic among the enemy at their very appearance.

"Dzhigit" instead of "bird"

After the Brusilov breakthrough, the "Wild Division" was engaged in reconnaissance, and after the February Revolution was transferred to the rear. This ended the war for the mountaineers. In just a few years, more than seven thousand highlanders passed through the unit. By March 1916, the division had lost 260 horsemen and over 1,400 were wounded.

In general, the Chechens and Ingush fought very bravely. This is evidenced by the fact that more than 3,500 highlanders received St. George's crosses and medals. Many have been awarded more than once. So, the second lieutenant of the Ingush regiment Aslambek Mamatiev was a full Knight of St. George, in addition, his award list included the orders of St. Stanislav, St. Vladimir and St. Anna.

By the way, at the first stage of the war, the highlanders (as well as other representatives of the national outskirts) were honored with a cross depicting not the defender of Christians George the Victorious, but a double-headed eagle - the state symbol. However, the riders expressed dissatisfaction about this and asked to give them a "jigit". The command went towards the highlanders and began to reward them with the St. George Cross with the image of a rider.

In the economic, social and political life of the peoples of Chechnya. At the beginning of the 20th century, the economic appearance changes, acquiring more and more commodity-money relations, which affects the social structure, way of life and lifestyle of the Chechens, Cossacks, etc. Capitalism inevitably levels out the local features of the “old patriarchal isolation” in the mountainous regions of the North Caucasus, turning them into a source of raw materials and a market for manufactured goods.

Capitalism is embarking on the path of state-monopoly development, monopolies are being formed and state intervention in economic life is expanding. By the beginning of the XX century. the world economy, permeated with means of communication, was fully formed, the process of the destruction of national isolation was completed.

The system of political, spiritual and national oppression of the tsarist autocracy gave particular sharpness to these contradictions between labor and capital, between the developing new production and social relations and the old obsolete feudal-serf survivals. In the conditions of the multinational North Caucasian region. The export of capital to the national outskirts rich in raw materials and cheap labor, which was Chechnya, the construction of industrial enterprises here was a very profitable business for the Russian bourgeoisie. Forms of capitalist organization began to take hold in the Grozny oil-industrial region and in the sphere of bank credit, trade, transport, etc.

Chechnya at the beginning of the 20th century remained an agrarian outskirts, where the overwhelming majority of the population were mountain peasants employed in agricultural production. Slowly but steadily the situation began to change. With the construction of the railway through Chechnya, the oil industry receives modern development, overcoming economic, national, administrative and police barriers. Grozny in less than two decades from a full-time district center in the first decades of the 20th century. turns it into a major industrial, commercial and proletarian center. Grozny oil is becoming an arena for capitalist competition.

The largest, modern enterprises in Chechnya were oil producing, oil refining and servicing them.

In the context of the transition to industrial oil production, entrepreneurs in the Grozny oil-industrial region faced the question: in which areas to extract oil. The conclusion of lease agreements directly with the village and village administrations for oil-bearing land plots was beneficial for both parties, but was soon suppressed by the tsarist authorities. In 1894, the government abolished the old system of renting out oil-bearing land plots and introduced new "Rules on oil fields on the lands of the Kuban and Terek Cossack troops."

However, the authorities retained the privileges of the Cossack troops and allowed the administration of the Terek troops to rent out oil-bearing areas in the Cossack territory, albeit for a limited period, for rent and share allocation of oil. The entrepreneurial activity of oil producers in Chechnya was complicated by the fact that tsarism here recognized two owners of the land - the state and the Terek Cossack army, whose interests did not always coincide. The army sought to obtain momentary benefits, and the government had to build its policy, taking into account strategic tasks. The rents paid by entrepreneurs for oil fields grew from year to year and reached enormous proportions in a short time. Thus, the income of the Terek Cossack army from oil, fish and salt fields in 1902 amounted to 777 thousand rubles against 28 thousand rubles in 1892.

On October 6, 1893, from a depth of 62 sazhens, near Grozny, on the Mamakaevskaya gully, the first fountain of oil hit at the site of the Akhverdov oil company. The growing demand for oil products from the growing factory industry and rail transport created a favorable market environment, which attracted new capital to Grozny. Wells are replaced by oil wells, modern steam engines and pumps, drilling tools, etc. are used.

Large deposits of high-quality oil, an abundance of cheap labor, and fabulous profits expected by oil firms caused a storm of bidding and exploration fever in Grozny at the beginning of the 20th century. Firms and joint-stock companies for oil production appeared: “T-vo Akhverdov and K 0”, “T-vo Moscow”, “T-vo Rusanovsky”, “Caspian-Black Sea Society”, “Maximov Society” and others. There was a concentration of capital in the oil industry in the hands of several firms. So, "T-in Akhverdov and Co. 0" at the beginning of the 20th century. owned the most productive land plots, produced up to 40-50% of the total oil production in the Grozny oil industrial region. Another major enterprise for the extraction and processing of Grozny oil was the Vladikavkaz Railway Company.

Along with Russian capital, English, French, Belgian and German are intensively penetrating into the Grozny oil region. Akhverdov's firm, founded by Russian capitalists, passed to the Belgians. The famous Rothschilds bought a number of already operating Grozny oil firms. And a group of English entrepreneurs formed firms: Spies, Kazbek Syndicate, and others. Foreign capital has been especially active since the beginning of the 20th century. So, from 1898 to 1903. foreign capitalists invested about 16 million rubles in the Grozny oil industry, and by 1905 this figure had increased to 40 million rubles. Of the 14 largest firms operating in the Grozny region, in 1905, 10 belonged to foreigners: 5 British, 3 French, etc.

Since the beginning of the XX century. the technical equipment of the Grozny oil industry is being activated: metal oil storage facilities are being built, oil pipelines are being laid from the fields to oil refineries, etc. Around Grozny at the beginning of the 20th century. 51 wells were in operation, 149 steam engines were in operation, 120 km of pipeline facilities, 57 iron tanks, pumping stations, overpasses, boiler houses, power plants, etc. wagons, purchased schooners, steamships, tanker barges for transporting oil and oil products across the seas and rivers, built warehouses and piers, opened agencies in cities, etc.

The technical re-equipment of the Grozny fields since the end of the 19th century contributed to a sharp increase in oil production. For 60 years, from 1833 to 1893, about 3.5 million poods of oil were extracted by the well method on the territory of Chechnya, after the start of drilling during the flowing, 6 million poods were produced in 1893 alone, and in 1904 - 40 million poods of oil. The share of Grozny oil in the total oil production in Russia increased from 5% in 1900 to 10% in 1905. Grozny overtook Baku in terms of growth in oil production.

The oil refining industry also developed. In the second half of the 90s. 3 oil refineries were built in Grozny, a 13-kilometer oil pipeline was brought to them from the fields, and the Grozny factory industrial region arose. The largest were the factories: “T-va Akhverdov and K 0”, “O-va Vladikavkaz railway”. The plant of the last company, created by the talented Russian engineer F.A. Inchik, was also the most technically perfect - with a heat exchange system, which at that time was not even abroad. Along with oil refineries in Grozny in the 90s. there are factories for their maintenance: the Itanov and Freu boiler plants, the Fa-niev, Khokhlov, Eskingor foundry and mechanical plants, the workshops of the Molot firm, the boiler-mechanical workshops of Stepanov, Chauf, Gazeev. Worked woodworking workshops "Worker", " A carpenter". There were a steam flour mill, a brewery and mineral water factories. As a result, Zavodskoy district appeared along the railroad from Grozny station to Staryye Promylov.

In the countryside of Chechnya, there were small handicraft and semi-handicraft enterprises for processing local raw materials and agricultural products that met the needs of the local population: brick and tile, lime, sawmills, canning factories, water mills, etc. There were up to several hundred such enterprises, each of them, up to a dozen workers worked, whose annual productivity reached only a few hundred rubles.

New branches of production and large enterprises created on the basis of the achievements of science and technology required new forms of capital organization. This form was corporatization. By the beginning of the XX century. joint-stock companies appeared and occupied a dominant position in the Russian economy, mobilizing significant material resources. This form of capital organization made it possible to concentrate significant individual capital and free cash in one hand.

One of the first documented agreements of a monopolistic type was the syndicate of Grozny's oil-producing firms, Akhverdov and Co., which arose in February 1902 in the conditions of the most severe world industrial crisis. Due to contradictions, the syndicate disintegrated already in October 1903. Despite the short-term nature, this association marked the beginning of the "unified policy" of large Grozny firms.

The Grozny oil industry went through a protracted depression in the following years; the importance of the growing role of oil in the world economy and the increasing rate of monopolization of the oil industry had a contradictory effect. All-European monopoly organizations like EP (Europishe Petroleum Union), which included the Grozny company Akhverdov and Co. represented by its owner Waterkeyn, the all-Russian cartel Nobel Mazut, which pursued a policy of fighting prices, and others are engaged in competitive struggle. A large company in Grozny, Spies Petroleum Company, in 1907 becomes a purely English firm. Among the major oil associations, the leading place belonged to the Nobels, who are firmly established on the Terek. The Rothschilds also achieved success, since 1907 the Grozny company Kazbek Syndicate (German-English capital) fell into their hands, etc.

The growing importance of oil was ensured by relatively stable oil production in the Grozny region: in 1904 - 40 million poods, in 1905 - 48 million poods, in 1907 - 39.4 million poods, etc. Demand for gasoline led to the organization of gasoline production in Grozny. By 1907, up to 2 million poods of gasoline were produced here per year. The Vladikavkaz Railway was not only a lever for the industrial and agricultural development of the North Caucasus, but was itself a large industrial organization of a monopoly type. It had repair shops, oil fields, power plants, elevators, oil storage facilities, and an oil refinery. Transportation by road grew from year to year: from 101.6 thousand poods in 1895 to 217.3 thousand poods (213.94%) in 1905. In 1907, the income of railway bigwigs reached 42.6 million rubles. rubles, of which net profit amounted to 16.3 million rubles.

Associated with the development of capitalist industry the formation of the working class of Grozny. In the formation of the first generation of workers in the Grozny industrial region, the colonial nature of the exploitation of natural resources is manifested. The working class of Chechnya, which was formed in the Grozny region, mainly consisted of Russian workers, although the working cadres were also replenished at the expense of the ruined (landless) mountain and Cossack peasants: Chechens, Ingush, Dagestanis, Terek and Sunzha Cossacks. They were mainly hired to perform physically heavy rough work.

In the oil industry of Grozny, starting from the drilling of the first well, a significant part of the workers were Chechens, who at one time built oil wells, scooped oil out of them with leather skins with the help of a gate. When the industrial development of oil began, Chechens and Cossacks from the Terek and Sunzhensky villages went to the drilling rigs and replenished the oil workers. In Grozny by 1905, there were more than 11 thousand workers, of which up to 6 thousand were oil workers, up to 3 thousand were railway workers; 650 - workers of oil refineries of the companies "Akhverdov and K 0", "Vladikavkaz Railway", "Kazbek Syndicate", "Success", etc., 1600 - workers of urban enterprises, etc.

The interests of large industrialists in the oil industry of Grozny, as well as in Russia as a whole, were intertwined with the interests of the landlord landowning class in the person of the Terek Cossack army and the highlanders. In a comparative analysis, Russia was referred to the most economically backward capitalist countries of the period of the monopoly stage, in which the newest capitalist imperialism was entangled in a "dense network of pre-capitalist relations".

Working conditions in capitalist enterprises were difficult. Low wages, long working hours (12-14 hours and more) were a common occurrence both in the Grozny industries and city enterprises. The law of 1897, which limited the working day to 11.5 hours, was not respected. Perhaps here they did not know about the existence of this law, in any case, the industrialists did not want to know this. The “Internal Rules” developed in 1899 by the Akhverdov and Co. 0 society stated that workers should come to work at 5 o’clock in the morning and leave at 6 o’clock in the evening “on whistle”.

As a result of a stubborn struggle, the proletariat of Grozny achieved the establishment of a minimum wage in the amount of 22-27 rubles. per month for skilled oilfield workers and day laborers - 80 kopecks per day. The real wages of workers were much lower than the established ones, they were reduced as a result of all kinds of fines and deductions. Thus, fines were collected at the enterprises of the “Akhverdov and Co. 0” society: for “breaking the silence” - 30 kopecks, for “disobedience” - 60 kopecks. and others. 20-30% of the salary was spent on renting housing, the workers were forced to buy food and industrial goods on credit in the master's shops at inflated prices.

Workers who daily came into contact with oil suffered from various diseases, after several years of such work they became disabled, grew old prematurely and died. Even the field doctor noted "the unattractive environment of the field worker, sometimes difficult for the healthy, not only for the sick." Only in March 1905, as the newspaper "Terskiye Vedomosti" reported (April 6, 1905), "the opening of the Grozny city hospital", officially a hospital, took place, since it has only 10 beds in the state. This event in the life of the city should be considered almost an era, if we remember that not so long ago there was no medical institution in the city.

The oil workers and their families lived in damp, cramped barracks, which even bourgeois newspapers called "pigsties". The old worker Kh. Khramov writes in his memoirs that the barracks for workers “very much resembled common prison cells. They were dark, with common bunk beds, on which dirty rags lay. 70-80 workers lived in such barracks. The crowding was incredible... The living conditions... were unbearable...”. Separate enterprises had barracks, where a family of 4-6 people huddled in each room. In the correspondence of the regional newspaper it was reported that "a commission to study the causes of strikes in the Grozny industrial region" revealed: "The barracks allocated to field workers for housing, in relation to cleanliness and general observance of sanitary conditions in them, leave much to be desired, that the cubic content of air in them far from meeting the elementary requirements of hygiene that the families of workers do not have separate apartments, but live in two or more families together.

There was no drinking water on the territory of the Old Fisheries, water was brought in barrels from the polluted Sunzha, and even then not regularly. The 3rd Congress of Terek oil owners, which discussed the issue of water supply in the fields in 1901, came to the conclusion that “the annual consumption of water in the fields is 115,000 buckets, the flow rate is not so large that it could incur a substantial investment in capital building" (we are talking about plumbing). Entrepreneurs were concerned only with the question of their benefits and income. The lack of normal working and living conditions led to a large number of accidents. The same congress stated that among the fishing population "due to the nature of the work, a considerable number of seriously ill patients", of which 53% were patients with traumatic injuries. These have been increasing year by year.

At the beginning of the XX century. the highlanders made up a significant part of the fishing proletariat, but more disenfranchised than the Russian workers. This was one of the manifestations of the policy of military-feudal imperialism associated with colonialism. Tsarism deliberately created artificial barriers between workers of different nationalities, trying to distract them from the struggle to improve their social position.

At the end of XIX - beginning of XX centuries. capitalist relations are also penetrating the agriculture of Chechnya. In lowland villages and Cossack stanitsa, in individual farms of landowners and rich peasants, machines are used, crop rotation is used, hired labor is used, and as a result, marketable agricultural products are produced. If in 1900 181 thousand dessiatins were plowed up for sowing grain in Chechnya. land, then in 1907 - 214 thousand, and by 1913 this figure had increased to 311 thousand. Grain harvests also increased. If in 1900 1,358,607 quarters of grain were harvested, then in 1913 this figure reached 2,528,396. During the half-century post-reform period, Russia continued to be one of the main suppliers of grain products on the world market. For 3-4 post-reform decades, the export of Russian bread increased by almost 3.5 times.

According to the first general population census in 1897, more than 90% of the population of Chechnya was engaged in agriculture, it is also noted that "the Chechen people mainly feed on agriculture." The agriculture of Chechnya, in connection with the general development of commodity-money relations in Russia, is gradually drawn into the economic mechanism of the country. The most successful penetration and development of capitalist relations at the beginning of the 20th century. went on the plain, which was facilitated by the presence of farms of relatively large landowners and kulaks. In these farms, although extremely slowly, improved plows, reaping machines were introduced, hired labor was used. Wealthy farms were approaching farming, moving on to the steam system, three-field and multi-field. A contemporary notes that "the soil in the mountains is cultivated exclusively with a plow, while on the plane this primitive tool began to be replaced by an iron plow."

The penetration of commodity-money relations stratified the mountain peasantry. More and more prosperous, wealthy peasant farms appeared, which concentrated land and livestock in their hands. The plain Chechen villages of Shali, Urus-Martan, Stary-Yurt and others at the beginning of the 20th century. become markets for agricultural products, especially corn. So, only along the Vladikavkaz railway from the stations Samashkinskaya, Grozny, Gudermes in 1898 2002 thousand poods of grain cargo were exported, in 1908 - 4232 thousand poods, and in 1913 - 6716 thousand poods.

If in 1897 87447 dess. were sown in Chechnya. grain crops and harvested about 640,000 poods of grain, by 1904 the sown area had more than doubled and reached 179,069 dess. (204.8%), and the grain harvest increased almost 3.5 times and exceeded 3 million poods . In connection with the growth of the marketability of agriculture, the structure of sown areas changed, agriculture adapted to the needs of the market. The sowing and production of corn, a commercial grain crop, which in the natural conditions of Chechnya gave large yields, 4-4.5 times higher than other grain crops, grew especially rapidly. In Chechnya, corn in 1876 accounted for 57% of the total grain harvest, by the beginning of the 20th century. its share was 78%. Large Chechen villages turned into centers for the production and marketing of corn. Sowings of such a "market" crop as sunflower are also expanding.

Agricultural economy in the North Caucasus is also becoming more and more actively involved in the development of capitalist relations. The sown areas grew, the grain harvest also grew, and its marketability increased. Chechen bread was sold both within the North Caucasus and Russia, and exported abroad - to Iran and Turkey. The following data also speaks of the growth from year to year of the export of grain outside Chechnya: through the railway stations in the territory of Chechnya and Ingushetia - Grozny, Gudermes, Samashki, Nazran - 4 million 232 thousand pounds were exported along the Vladikavkaz railway in 1908 of bread. Almost all social strata of the population of Chechnya were drawn into commodity-money relations. Most of the peasant farms sold the products of their farms, not always out of excess, but in connection with the need for money to pay taxes, purchase household and household items, etc.

At the beginning of the XX century. in flat Chechnya, rural communities with a sufficient minimum of land allotment were no more than 20%. The size of arable land in the Chechen villages on the plain ranged from 2 to 2.5 dessiatines, and in the mountains from 0.5 to 1.5 dessiatines. on the revision soul. At the same time, in the Cossack villages, it reached from 20 to 30 dess. for one farm. The process of stratification of the peasantry was intensified, accompanied by the impoverishment of some and the enrichment of other peasants. Even more difficult was the situation of nonresident Russian peasants. The mountain peasants who moved from the mountains at the end of the 19th century were in the same powerless position. and not included in the community lists. This category of peasants was constantly replenished and received the name "t1ebakhkina nah" - newcomers. At the end of XIX - beginning of XX centuries. in Chechnya, among the Cossacks and mountain peasants, farmsteads appear. They used the hired labor of the impoverished stanitsa and mountain community members, used more advanced tools, machinery and produced commercial products for the market.

At the beginning of the XX century. in Chechnya, the agrarian question was acute. The highlanders did not have enough land, many of them built their farms on patches of allotment, purchased or leased plots. At the end of the XIX century. well-known public figure G.N. Kazbek testified that the allotments of the Chechens of the Grozny district are not only the lowest in the Terek region, but "below the poorest peasants of European Russia, where the average minimum allotment for a revisionist soul is considered convenient land of 4.12 acres." And at the same time, the Terek Cossacks and private owners had more than enough land. Despite the outward similarity of the main features of the socio-economic structure of landowner farms in the center of Russia and on the outskirts, in the steppes and foothills of the North Caucasus, they survived either as a remnant of immature "mountain feudalism" or as a result of their "planting" from above. In Chechnya, there were mainly "plantations" of landowners among the highlanders and Cossacks.

The local mountain and Cossack “nobility” in Chechnya had their own property management in small areas. Most of the arable and hayfields were leased both for money and working off. The interweaving of the capitalist and serf systems in one and the same economy is a characteristic feature of almost all the estates of the mountain elite. Capitalism drew them into the whirlpool of economic ties, prompting them to adapt to the changing environment and develop the features of entrepreneurship.

As a result of the development of capitalist forms of exploitation, the exploitation of the rural poor increased, and the process of stratification of the peasantry was intensively going on, especially on the plains. Even worse was the situation with the provision of land to the peasants in the highlands. On average, the male soul in the mountains accounted for 5.5 dess. land, of which on average only 0.7 dess. it was arable. For a comfortable existence in the mountainous zone, where they were mainly engaged in cattle breeding, the norm of land per male soul was 50 dessiatins. This meant that about 90% of the population in mountainous Chechnya was "surplus".

Regarding the Cossacks, official sources say that "the military population is generally provided for their agricultural needs." And indeed, in the Kizlyar department, the male soul accounted for 27.5 dess. land, and in Sunzha - 10.7. Written sources confirm that “in many places, the land use procedures established by the stanitsa society were observed only by the poor part of the population, which the more prosperous class watches with vigilant jealousy. As for the wealthy Cossacks, they violate the established procedure for using the land wherever they find it profitable for themselves, while remaining completely unpunished.

The stratification of the Cossacks had its own specific features. The growth of property inequality among the Cossacks was hampered by the presence of the Cossack community and feudal land use according to the medieval principle "Land for Service", the preservation of significant Cossack privileges. The Cossack community was both a land and a military unit, and was supposed to ensure the replenishment of the Cossack army. In the context of the development of commodity-money relations at the end of the XIX - early. 20th century inside the Cossack communities there was a process of property stratification. Most of the ordinary Cossacks, when the time came to serve, could not provide themselves with riding horses, equipment, and this was done by the community. The Cossacks as a whole received large incomes from the lease of stanitsa lands. Short-term capitalist cash rent spread more and more, but sharecropping also survived. Cossack lands were leased to nonresident and mountain peasants, at the beginning of the 20th century. The Cossacks of the Terek River also leased pasture lands on a large scale to the Tauric settlers from the Crimea, who were engaged in fine-wool sheep breeding.

Rental prices at the beginning of the 20th century. rose significantly, if in the 60-70s. 19th century they were expressed in kopecks, but now they reached up to ten rubles per tithe. The planted payment for land inside the Cossack villages for non-residents remained high, which reached 100 rubles per tithe. Land outside the villages was usually rented out at auction in large arrays, which only rich people could rent. This gave rise to sublease and other land speculation. A contemporary, speaking of the lease of Cossack lands, noted that “intermediaries in the most unceremonious way rubbed themselves into the lease business ... not knowing mercy, land spiders in the face of various kinds of rich people, usurers, shopkeepers and other varieties of the all-powerful village kulaks.” The land-poor peasantry, especially the mountain poor, suffered primarily from the rise in rental prices, among whom there was an increasing number of those who did not have share plots and were forced to resort to renting land or to work as laborers. So, in 1903, in the flat Chechnya, only the Cossacks leased 357,369 dess. land and received 346,595 rubles of rent per year. These were mostly grazing lands. The peasants of mountainous Chechnya on the eve of the revolution paid annually up to 444 thousand rubles in rent. The entire burden of the rent burden mainly fell on the poor mountain peasant farms.

Luxurious steppe, foothill and mountain, alpine pastures, temperate climate favored the occupation of the population by all types of cattle breeding: cattle breeding, sheep breeding, horse breeding, goat breeding, etc. Cattle breeding for a significant part of the population of Chechnya was a vital and traditional activity. However, despite the growth in the total number of livestock, its marketability was low and rather uneven. This was due to the low breed of livestock, the transhumance system in mountainous areas. Cattle, especially those belonging to small-scale peasant farms, suffered more often from natural adversities: snowfall, ice, lack of fodder, disease, etc. The colonial policy of tsarism also had an effect, declaring all lands state-owned and oppressing the mountain population in land use, including pasture.

The absolute number of livestock increased slightly by the beginning of the 20th century; with the growth of property inequality, inequality in livestock ownership increased, and the number of non-livestock farms grew. The absence of cattle among a significant part of the population worsened the economic situation of a significant part of the mountain peasantry. With the existing shortage of land, animal husbandry provided the poor peasants with basic food, and wool, sheepskin, and leather were used to make cloth, cloaks, sheepskins, and other handicraft products. The mountainous regions of the Terek region, including Chechnya, inhabited by aborigines, in the late XIX - early XX centuries. become a supplier of livestock, wool, leather and other livestock products, a raw material base and a market for the products of Russian industry.

With the growth of commodity-money relations, cattle breeding, along with agriculture, increasingly acquired a commercial character. The total number of livestock increased. If in 1891 there were 1,019,689 heads of cattle in Chechnya, then in 1901 this figure increased to 1,278,559, and in 1913 to 1,361,130. in dairy products, meat, draft animals, the offspring were grown partly for marketing. In the mountains, more small livestock were kept: sheep and goats. As they went deeper into the mountains and less suitable for arable land, the number of livestock increased. At the same time, the number of both landless and livestockless peasant farms increased over the years. At the end of the XIX century. in Chechnya, they did not have cattle on their farms: among Chechens - 3.3%, among Terek Cossacks - 10.4% of households. There were 45.7% of farms without small livestock in the flat regions of Chechnya, and 8.8% in the mountains.

The capitalist restructuring of agriculture, the rapid growth of sown areas in the North Caucasus led to the beginning of the 20th century. to change the structure of cattle breeding. Thus, in the regions near the Terek, there is a rapid growth of fine-fleeced sheep breeding. They migrated here at the beginning of the 20th century. with their flocks of sheep, many sheep breeders - "industrialists" from the Crimea, Kuban and Stavropol, where rental prices for pasture land have risen sharply in connection with the active development of capitalist agriculture.

Worsened the situation and exacerbated the agrarian issue in Chechnya and resettlement policy. In carrying out the resettlement of the land-poor Russian peasantry to the North Caucasus, the authorities did not take into account the fact of land shortage and landlessness of the mountain peasantry. Often lands were allocated for the settlers, which had previously been used by the local population, and this gave rise to antagonism between the old-timers and the settlers. “During the formation of resettlement areas in the Caucasus,” Vorontsov-Dashkov, the governor of the Caucasus, admitted in his report, “for the most part, the legal and economic relations to the lands of the neighboring indigenous population included in them were not clarified at all. And in some places the old Russian population. Meanwhile, in many cases, the lands turn out to be necessary after settlement to support the economy of the former users.

By the end of 1906, up to 40,000 dess. were "revealed" for resettlement. land in the Terek region, meanwhile, there were still up to 1.5 million landless migrants. For three years, from 1903 to 1905, 3702 migrants were settled in the Terek region with the allocation of 9107 dess. earth. The settlers themselves bought land through the Peasants' Bank, the peasants rented the land. Part of the peasant migrants, finally ruined, was forced to return to the places of the former settlement. Through the Tikhoretsk station for 5 months, from February 1 to July 1, 1904, 792 settlers arrived in the Terek region, 179 people left for the same period, which is 22.6% of the arrivals.

The position of the peasant masses of Chechnya was also worsened by numerous payments and duties. The highlanders paid quitrent tax, zemstvo tax, land and military taxes, carried horse-drawn, road, apartment duties, etc. All kinds of fines were added to this. There were also high indirect taxes on consumer goods. Every year the amount of each type of tax increased, new ones were introduced. In 1887, a “tax on Muslims in return for serving military service” was introduced, then “a fine for bringing traces of stolen cattle to the public allotment,” etc. For 1890-95. more than 400,000 rubles were recovered from the Chechens and Ingush only for this “fine”. The press notes that “none of the questions of peasant life deserves such serious attention as the question of taxes and duties. Taxation, disproportionate to the population's ability to pay, leads to impoverishment and hinders development. As a result of unbearable taxation, we received an impoverished tribe in the center of the Terek region, rich in nature. With the growth of payments, arrears appeared and grew. If in 1900 the population of Chechnya had 45,140 rubles of arrears, then by 1904 this figure had reached 94,853 rubles.

Landlessness of the mountain peasants was one of the main reasons for the wide spread of otkhodnichestvo. In autumn, the highlanders went in masses to the provinces and regions of the Caucasus, as well as to the inner provinces of Russia to work. They returned home only at the end of the next spring. Among them were quite a few landless peasants who had finally gone bankrupt and remained in the cities. The departure of Chechens to industrial cities to earn money had its positive consequences. Getting into the environment of the multinational Russian working class or rural seasonal workers, the highlanders got acquainted with the life and way of life of other peoples, often joined them during certain protests, learned the basics of the revolutionary struggle against the autocracy, which brought them class solidarity.

Anti-government speeches . The development of oil production gave impetus to the emergence and development in Grozny of the oil refining industry, urban economy, etc. In Grozny, a cadre of permanent workers was formed, the source of replenishment of which were workers and ruined peasants who came from the central provinces of Russia, as well as landless mountain peasants and Cossacks. Accurate data on the number of Chechens and other highlanders in the Grozny workers at the beginning of the 20th century. V no historical literature. However, Chechens and Dagestan otkhodniks have been working in the Grozny fields since the beginning of their existence and performed the most difficult rough work. They performed the same physically difficult unskilled work at factories and construction sites. Contemporaries noted that "Chechens, who receive 8-9 rubles a month with their grubs, work almost all year round without any holidays and absenteeism." And on the eve of the revolution of 1905, the authorities noted that in Grozny "out of 6-7 thousand workers in the fishing area, about 1000 people consist of Chechens, Ingush and Dagestanis."

In Grozny, as in other cities of the Terek region, the Russian population predominated. The population of Grozny grew quite rapidly. If in 1893 16,074 people lived in Grozny, then in 1903 - 22,404 people, that is, in 10 years the city's population increased by 6,330 people (40%). The urban population of the Terek region, including Grozny, grew both due to immigrants from the inner cities of Russia and rural areas, including the mountain population. We note that "the growth of the industrial population at the expense of the agricultural population is a necessary phenomenon in any capitalist society... The most obvious expression of the process under consideration is the growth of cities."

The development of the Grozny oil-industrial region in the colonial outskirts of Russia - Chechnya - predetermined especially severe forms of exploitation of the labor of workers. The working day was relatively long, wages were low, working conditions were difficult, especially for workers of national minorities, in our case Chechens and other highlanders. The percentage of industrial injuries at Grozny enterprises, especially in oil production, was high. We must add difficult living conditions, lack of medical care, etc. Tsarism deliberately maintained artificial barriers between workers of different nationalities.

In Russia, the loyal action does not cease, who is the greatest patriot. In the forefront of the campaign - the top of Chechnya. Meanwhile, as history shows, with the weakening of Russia, the Chechens go over to the side of the enemy. In 1941-42, almost the entire republic sided with Hitler.

There were several such critical situations with the highlanders in the history of Russia - in the middle of the 19th century, when their environment was stuffed with English agents (the Interpreter's Blog wrote about this); during the Revolution and Civil War 1917-21; finally, during the formation of the statehood of the Russian Federation in the 1990s, when hundreds of thousands of people of other nationalities (primarily Russians) were expelled from Chechnya, and the republic itself turned into a terrorist enclave (thousands of Russian soldiers died during the liquidation of this bandit formation).

The Great Patriotic War is a special example of the betrayal of the representatives of Chechnya. We will touch only on its first period - 1941-42, and present only a small part of the collaborationism of the Chechens.

DESERTION

The first accusation that should be brought against the Chechens following the results of the Great Patriotic War is mass desertion. Here is what was said on this occasion in a memorandum addressed to People's Commissar of Internal Affairs Lavrenty Beria "On the situation in the regions of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic", compiled by Deputy People's Commissar of State Security, Commissar of State Security 2nd rank Bogdan Kobulov based on the results of his trip to Checheno-Ingushetia in October 1943 and dated November 9, 1943:

“The attitude of the Chechens and Ingush towards the Soviet government was clearly expressed in desertion and draft evasion in the Red Army.

During the first mobilization in August 1941, out of 8,000 people to be drafted, 719 deserted. In October 1941, out of 4,733 people, 362 evaded the draft. In January 1942, when completing the national division, only 50% of the personnel were called up.

In March 1942, out of 14,576 people, 13,560 deserted and evaded service (i.e. 93%), who went underground, went to the mountains and joined gangs.

In 1943, out of 3,000 volunteers, the number of deserters was 1,870.

In total, during the three years of the war, 49,362 Chechens and Ingush deserted from the ranks of the Red Army, another 13,389 people evaded the draft, which in total is 62,751 people.

And how many Chechens and Ingush fought at the front? Local historians compose various fables on this score. For example, Doctor of Historical Sciences Hadji-Murat Ibrahimbayli states:

“More than 30,000 Chechens and Ingush fought on the fronts. In the first weeks of the war, more than 12,000 communists and Komsomol members, Chechens and Ingush, left for the army, most of whom died in battle.”

The reality looks much more modest. While in the ranks of the Red Army, 2.3 thousand Chechens and Ingush died or went missing. Is it a lot or a little? The Buryat people, twice as small in number, who were not threatened by the German occupation, lost 13 thousand people at the front, one and a half times inferior to the Chechens and Ingush Ossetians - 10.7 thousand.

As of March 1949, among the special settlers there were 4248 Chechens and 946 Ingush who had previously served in the Red Army. Contrary to popular belief, a certain number of Chechens and Ingush for military merit were exempted from being sent to the settlement. As a result, we find that no more than 10 thousand Chechens and Ingush served in the ranks of the Red Army, while over 60 thousand of their relatives evaded mobilization or deserted.

Let's say a few words about the notorious 114th Chechen-Ingush cavalry division, about the exploits of which pro-Chechen authors love to talk about. Due to the stubborn reluctance of the indigenous inhabitants of the Chechen-Ingush ASSR to go to the front, its formation was never completed, and the personnel that managed to be called up were sent to spare and training units in March 1942.

Bandit Khasan Israilov

The next accusation is banditry. Starting from July 1941 to 1944, only in the territory of the Chi ASSR, which was later transformed into the Grozny region, 197 gangs were destroyed by state security agencies. At the same time, the total irretrievable losses of the bandits amounted to 4532 people: 657 were killed, 2762 were captured, 1113 turned themselves in. Thus, in the ranks of the gangs that fought against the Red Army, almost twice as many Chechens and Ingush died and were captured than at the front. And this is not counting the losses of the Vainakhs who fought on the side of the Wehrmacht in the so-called "Eastern battalions"!

By that time, the old "cadres" of abreks and local religious authorities, through the efforts of the OGPU, and then the NKVD, were basically knocked out. They were replaced by young gangster growth - Komsomol members and communists who were brought up by the Soviet government and studied in Soviet universities.

Its typical representative was Khasan Israilov, also known under the pseudonym "Terloev", taken by him from the name of his teip. He was born in 1910 in the village of Nachkhoi, Galanchozh region. In 1929 he joined the CPSU (b), in the same year he entered the Komvuz in Rostov-on-Don. In 1933, to continue his studies, Israilov was sent to Moscow, to the Communist University of the Workers of the East. I. V. Stalin. In 1935 he was sentenced to 5 years in labor camps, but already in 1937 he was released. Returning to his homeland, he worked as a lawyer in the Shatoevsky district.

1941 uprising

After the start of the Great Patriotic War, Khasan Israilov, together with his brother Hussein, went underground, developing activities to prepare a general uprising. To this end, he held 41 meetings in various villages, created combat groups in the Galanchozhsky and Itum-Kalinsky districts, as well as in Borzoi, Kharsinoy, Dagi-Borzoi, Achekhna and other settlements. Representatives were also sent to the neighboring Caucasian republics.

Initially, the uprising was scheduled for the autumn of 1941 in order to coincide with the approach of German troops. However, as the Blitzkrieg schedule fell apart, its deadline was moved to January 10, 1942. A single coordinated action did not take place, resulting in scattered premature actions of individual groups.

So, on October 21, 1941, residents of the Khilokhoy farm of the Nachkhoevsky village council of the Galanchozhsky district plundered the collective farm and offered armed resistance to the task force trying to restore order. An operational detachment of 40 people was sent to the area to arrest the instigators. Underestimating the seriousness of the situation, his commander divided his people into two groups, heading for the Khaibakhai and Khilokhoy farms. This turned out to be a fatal mistake. The first of the groups was surrounded by rebels. Having lost four people killed and six wounded in a skirmish, she, as a result of the cowardice of the head of the group, was disarmed and, with the exception of four operatives, was shot. The second, having heard the skirmish, began to retreat and, being surrounded in the village of Galanchozh, was also disarmed. As a result, the performance was suppressed only after the introduction of large forces.

A week later, on October 29, police officers detained Naizulu Dzhangireev in the village of Borzoi, Shatoevsky district, who evaded labor service and incited the population to do so. His brother, Guchik Dzhangireev, called on fellow villagers for help. After Guchik's statement: "There is no Soviet power, you can act" - the gathered crowd disarmed the policemen, defeated the village council and plundered the collective farm cattle. With the rebels from the surrounding villages who joined, the Borzoevites offered armed resistance to the NKVD task force, however, unable to withstand the retaliatory strike, they scattered through the forests and gorges, like the participants in a similar performance that took place a little later in the Bavloevsky village council of the Itum-Kalinsky district.

Here Israilov intervened in the case. He built his organization on the principle of armed detachments, covering with their activities a certain area or group of settlements. The main link was the village committees, or troika-five, which carried out anti-Soviet and insurgent work in the field.

Already on January 28, 1942, Israilov held an illegal meeting in Ordzhonikidze (now Vladikavkaz), at which the "Special Party of Caucasian Brothers" (OPKB) was established. As befits a self-respecting party, the OPKB had its own charter, a program providing for "creation in the Caucasus of a free fraternal Federal Republic of the states of the fraternal peoples of the Caucasus under the mandate of the German Empire".

Later, to better please the Germans, Israilov renamed his organization the National Socialist Party of Caucasian Brothers (NSPKB). Its number, according to the NKVD, soon reached 5,000 people.

Uprisings of 1942

Another large anti-Soviet group on the territory of Checheno-Ingushetia was the so-called Chechen-Mountain National Socialist Underground Organization, created in November 1941. Its leader Mairbek Sheripov, like Israilov, was a representative of a new generation. The son of a tsarist officer and younger brother of the famous commander of the so-called "Chechen Red Army" Aslanbek Sheripov, was born in 1905. Just like Israilov, he joined the CPSU (b), was also arrested for anti-Soviet propaganda - in 1938, and released in 1939. However, unlike Israilov, Sheripov had a higher social status, being the chairman of the Forestry Council of the ChI ASSR.

Having gone underground in the autumn of 1941, Mairbek Sheripov united gang leaders, deserters, fugitive criminals hiding in the territory of the Shatoevsky, Cheberloevsky and part of the Itum-Kalinsky districts around him, and also established ties with the religious and teip authorities of the villages, trying with their help to persuade the population to an armed uprising against the Soviet regime. Sheripov's main base, where he hid and recruited like-minded people, was in the Shatoevsky district. There he had extensive family ties.

Sheripov repeatedly changed the name of his organization: the Society for the Salvation of the Highlanders, the Union of Liberated Highlanders, the Chechen-Ingush Union of Mountain Nationalists, and, finally, the Chechen-Gorsk National Socialist Underground Organization. In the first half of 1942, he wrote the program of the organization, in which he outlined its ideological platform, goals and objectives.

After the front approached the borders of the republic, in August 1942, Sheripov managed to establish contact with the inspirer of several past uprisings, mullah and associate of Imam Gotsinsky, Javotkhan Murtazaliev, who since 1925 had been with his whole family in an illegal position. Taking advantage of his authority, he managed to raise a major uprising in the Itum-Kalinsky and Shatoevsky regions.

The uprising began in the village of Dzumskaya, Itum-Kalinsky District. Having defeated the village council and the board of the collective farm, Sheripov led the bandits rallied around him to the district center of the Shatoevsky district - the village of Khimoi. On August 17, 1942, Khimoy was taken, the rebels destroyed the party and Soviet institutions, and the local population looted and plundered the property stored there. The capture of the regional center was successful thanks to the betrayal of the head of the department for combating banditry of the NKVD of the Chi ASSR, the Ingush Idris Aliyev, who kept in touch with Sheripov. A day before the attack, he prudently withdrew from Himoy a task force and a military unit, which were specially intended to protect the regional center in case of a raid.

After that, about 150 participants in the rebellion, led by Sheripov, went to capture the Itum-Kale regional center of the eponymous district, joining the rebels and criminals along the way. One and a half thousand rebels surrounded Itum-Kale on August 20. However, they failed to take the village. The small garrison stationed there repelled all attacks, and two companies that approached put the rebels to flight. The defeated Sheripov tried to unite with Israilov, but the state security agencies were finally able to organize a special operation, as a result of which on November 7, 1942, the leader of the Shatoev bandits was killed.

The next uprising was organized in October of the same year by the German non-commissioned officer Reckert, who was abandoned in Chechnya in August at the head of a sabotage group. Having established contact with the gang of Rasul Sakhabov, with the assistance of religious authorities, he recruited up to 400 people and, having supplied them with German weapons dropped from aircraft, managed to raise a number of auls in the Vedensky and Cheberloevsky districts. However, thanks to the operational and military measures taken, this armed uprising was liquidated, Reckert was killed, and the commander of another sabotage group, Dzugaev, who joined him, was arrested. The asset of the rebel formation created by Reckert and Rasul Sakhabov in the amount of 32 people was also arrested, and Sakhabov himself was killed in October 1943 by his bloodline Ramazan Magomadov, who was promised forgiveness for this gangster activity