What to do to protect clean air. Eco Inform - News Agency

Sections: Primary School

Objectives lesson:

• Expand and summarize students' knowledge of air.
• To introduce students with the main sources of air pollution and air protection measures.
• Monitor fatigue and proper landing of children, and on time to warn them.

Equipment:

• multimedia,
• exhibition of drawings of students "Take care of nature!",
• exhibition of homemade books about nature.

Lesson plan

I. Organization for a lesson.

Rings a sliding bell,
He calls children to a lesson.
And here they are already standing
Forming a slender series.

Guys, today at the lesson, we will fasten the properties of the air, get acquainted with the main sources of air pollution and air protection measures.

The epigraph to the lesson will be the words L. Leonov.

Attachment 1. Slide 1, 2.

II. Actualization of knowledge.

What is the atmosphere? (The atmosphere is a layer of air that surrounds our planet.)

What is air? ( Air is a mixture of gases.)

What properties do you know? (The air is transparent, colorless, does not smell, when heated expands, it is compressed when cooled, it does not heat the heat.)

What is the air? (Air consists of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, water vapor and impurities: soot, smoke, dust.)

What gas is the most in the air? (Nitrogen.)

What gas is needed for breathing and burning? (Oxygen.)

Can living organisms live without air? (Can not.)

III. Detection of the main sources of air pollution. Staging a learning problem.

All living beings and a person for breathing are needed. Sometimes it seems that the atmosphere is inexhaustible and it is unlikely to fear that it will become unsuitable for breathing. But it is not so!

The rapid growth of the industry, transport especially in large cities, the disintegration of huge earthly spaces, the destruction of forests led to strong contamination of the atmosphere.

The transparency of the air is reduced, it becomes saturated harmful spent gases dusty. It threatens the health of people and all life on Earth.

Suppose that is the main sources of air pollution?

Many factories and plants throw thousands of tons of soot, ashes and harmful substances from their pipes every day.

Gray clouds of harmful waste of enterprises and transport are hanging over large industrial cities. From time to time, these cities are lowered by a shine of a mixture of smoke and vapor water. It could. It can cause a suffocation, headache, reduce the stability of a living organism to various diseases.

Singing on the leaves of plants, soot and dust violate their life processes, lead to premature death.

Slide 5, 6.

From many cities, alarming lead "Lack of air! Nothing to breathe!". Cars filled the streets, prospectuses and wrapped exhaust gases into citizens in which there are a lot of harmful substances.

How many harmful exhaust gases can throw 10 cars per day? 100 cars?

Guys, so what is the main sources of air pollution?

IV. Measures to protect air purity. Search solutions.

Pollution of the atmosphere last years is very concerned about humanity. Special services have been created that follow the purity of air.

On the streets of the city of Saratov, you can often see the car "Environmental Laboratory". This is a unique laboratory capable of performing air and water analysis.

The law on the protection of nature says that each plant, each factory must have special installations, capturing dust, coal particles, various gases - dust collecting and gas-friendly equipment.

From the detained by these installations of soot and gases produce useful materials. For example: South is used to obtain cement and paints, and from gases make many chemicals necessary in the national economy.

Controls are underway. Successful attempts are made to use gas-hydrogen as fuel for cars. With its combustion, harmful gases are not distinguished, and water is formed. Scientists are developing new cars that will not pollute the atmosphere. Perhaps soon we will have sun and electric vehicles.

Does the driver come correctly if during the parking lot, leaves the motor included the motor?

Motor transport is most of all poisoning the air at the intersections, that is, where it works on variable modes (overclocking, braking). Therefore, it is necessary to create underground tunnels and transitions on the revolved intersections. These measures contribute to a decrease in air pollution by exhaust gases.

The tunnel under the Mayakovsky Square in Moscow made it possible to reduce the content of carbon oxide 8 times.

Scientists are looking for ways to replace coal, oil, wood to others, as they say "environmentally friendly" sources of energy that would not pollute the atmosphere.

Guys, so what should be done to protect the air purity?

V. Fizminutka.

Blowing the wind to us in the face
The village was hardened.
Breeze quieter, quieter,
The tree is higher above.
Once, two! Above the head!
Three four! Hands wider!
Five six! Sit sick!

What is the wind? ( The wind is the movement of the air along the surface of the Earth).

V. The role of plants in air purification. Search solutions.

You know that oxygen supports burning. Many oxygen is burned in engines of cars and aircraft, in the furnaces of thermal stations and furnaces of factories.

Slide 8, 9.

And how many aircraft fly! How many moving on the roads of cars! How to restore these oxygen losses in the air?

That's right, plants help us in this. Therefore, in the cities and around them they create belts of gardens, parks, alleys. Leaves of trees absorb carbon dioxide, and oxygen isolated, as well as delay dust and soot.

For example: Elm leaves and lilac are delayed dust. The cities usually plant plants that are easier to carry a smoke: a poplar, a sharp, oak, a lamp, yellow acacia, Kishtan Konsky, Tulip, chamomile. (Herbarium Show)

Guys, what is the role of plants in the purification of air?

What plants are better to plant in industrial cities and villages?

What role does forests play in the cleaning of the atmosphere?

Vi. Summing up the Operations of "Posadi Tree".

All disciples of our class took an active part in the operation of "put wood". In total, 18 trees and 3 shrubs were planted.

Guys, what trees and shrubs did you plan?

VII. Solving the environmental task.

One tree per day allocates so much oxygen as it is necessary for breathing three people. How many trees can provide the need for oxygen of all students of our class during the day?

A lot of trees are planted near our school, which enrich air oxygen and purify from harmful exhaust vehicles of cars, as two car roads pass around the school. The environmentalists of our school made counting the number of cars that have passed around the school for 1 hour. It turned out: in summer - 85-90, in winter - 62 cars.

VIII. The benefits of houseplants. Search solutions.

Why in close closed room, where many people accumulated, after some time it becomes difficult to breathe? ( People inhale oxygen, and exhale - carbon dioxide.)

How to restore oxygen losses indoors? (Road Roads.)

And the houseplants help us in this. They enrich air oxygen. And chlorophytum cleans the air from gases. Some indoor plants are therapeutic: Kalanchoe, Aloe.

Houseplants - this is your closest "green friend." Each plant is a living organism, which as a child grows, develops, brings joy and chagrins, glad us with their beautiful and juicy leaves, flowers.

Guys, who of you have a green friend's houses?

How do you care for indoor plants?

Why is it so easy to breathe where a lot of greenery?

IX. Environmental situation in the Tatischevsky district.

What area do we live in?

Environmental situation in the Tatischevsky district is good. The protection of nature is engaged in the Nature Protection Committee, the district administration, all farms of the district. Tatischevsky district is famous for its forests. The work is headed by Vyazovsky educational and experimental leshoz. Each resident of the district accounts for 1 to covered with forest areas. 1 ha \u003d 10,000 m 2. For comparison, we take the area of \u200b\u200bour class. It is 50 m 2. So you need to take 200 of such classes.

Residents of P. Tatishchevo should take an active part in environmental protection events, follow the purity of their yards. You, schoolchildren, must also take an active part in this.

If you were the mayor of P. Tatishchevo, what measures to protect the air would you take first?

X. Check knowledge. Test.

Guys, and now you need to answer questions by choosing the right answer and write to the table. (Tables in students on desks.) (See appendix 2. Table 1.)

Slide 11, 12.

Let's check what you did? (Word, friend.)

What does it mean? ( A person must be a real friend of all living on the planet.)

I believe that you will be real friends of nature, you will guard, protect and love nature! Remember! Nature - sick. Nature needs your help.

Xi. Reading a poem about nature.

We love the forest at any time of the year.
We hear River Slow Speech:
All this is called nature,
Let us always take care of her!

In the rays of chamomile sunlight
Such that light in the world live:

Let's be friends with nature!

Fly, links, rains from the sky,
Clubs at the dawn of fog smoke:
All this is called nature,
Let's give her hearts!

Farewell waltz dancing with wind summer,
Tremble in the Evening Star window:
Nature is called all this,
Let's always love her!

XII. Estimates for commenting lesson.

XIII. Homework.

XIV. The outcome of the lesson.

Guys, I am very pleased with your work at the lesson. At the exhibition of books - homemade about nature, on the stand - drawings on the topic "Take care of nature!". I hope you will carry in the heart after our lesson a particle of good, love. You live in the XXI century. You are the future owners of the planet. And the owner should not only take, but also give.

Creation date: 2013/11/27

People have long understood that clean air is needed by a person, clean air - a guarantee of health. A person can live without food for about five weeks, without water - five days, without air - only five minutes.

A man in a day eats 1.5 kg of food, drinks about two liters of water and inhales several thousand liters of air. It can abandon poor-quality food or water of dubious purity, but inhaling he has that air in which it is at the moment, even if it is polluted or dangerous to health.

The air and human health are in close relationships and interdependence. Specialists have long established that among the various factors of the external environment affecting the health of the population, the pollution of atmospheric air plays a special role.

The problem of air pollution

Until recently, the question of the pollution of atmospheric air was not attached much importance. But over the past decades, due to the rapid growth of industry and transport, the situation has changed dramatically. Currently, the problem of pollution and air poisoning concerns literally everyone.

In 1991, the number of harmful substances emitted into the atmosphere of the Kirov region reached 413.7 thousand tons. In subsequent years, by the beginning of 1996, the amount of emissions decreased by 1.8 times. Therefore, an average of 1.8 tons of pollutants falls on each square kilometer, which is 1.2 times the indicator in Russia.

The main role in the anthropogenic pollution of the air basin area is played by industry and transport. The activities of industrial enterprises are a leading factor that has a negative impact on the quality of the natural environment. In the structure of their emissions, carbon monoxide, sulfurous anhydride, solids, nitrogen oxides prevail. Among the main industrial air pollutants, enterprises of the energy, forestry complex, the chemical and petrochemical industry, which account for about half of all emissions of harmful substances.

A significant contribution to the level of air pollution is making automotive transport, which accounts for 80% of all emissions. Machines for fuel combustion are excreted into the atmosphere together with spent gases about 300 types of pollutants. One car absorbs 4 tons of oxygen from the atmosphere, ejecting 800 kg of carbon oxide with exhaust gases, about 40 kg of nitrogen oxides and almost 200 kg of hydrocarbons. The exhaust gases also contain lead compounds, which relates to heavy metals, accumulates in the human body and can contribute to the formation of various tumors.

Air and human health

The wealth of any state is not only material and spiritual values, but also people inhabiting it and producing values, and not just people, but healthy people. The health of citizens is national heritage. According to some data, the health of the population depends on 50% of the lifestyle, by 20% of genetic factors, by 10% of the work of health authorities and 20% of the environment. The quality of the natural environment is noticeably reduced, especially the air pool, and this, in turn, is extremely negatively affecting the health of the population, increasing its incidence.

According to the study of oncological diseases, in highly polluted cities of Siberia and the Far East, the incidence of men by 25%, and women are 39% higher than in medium and weakly polluted cities. In general, the increase in the incidence of malignant neoplasms is celebrated in most countries of the world. In Russia from 1980 to 1990, the number of newly identified patients with cancer increased by 22%, and the number of dead - by 27.3%. According to reports, about 20% of the population lives in a constantly high level of atmospheric air pollution by several harmful substances, which is affected by people's health.

The total incidence of the population of the Kirov region on comparison since 1990 increased by 10%, which is the undoubted impact of a polluted medium. Due to the pollution of the air basin, the annual growth rate of oncological diseases by 2.3% increases. Most often there are tumors of lungs, breasts, skin and hematopoietic organs. In recent years, the high level of morbidity is registered in the North-Western and central regions of the region.

The main environmental pollutants and their action:

• sulfur dioxide is irritant, violation of metabolic processes in the body, enhances the effect of carcinogenic substances. Causes diseases of the respiratory organs, cardiovascular system, blood, endocrine system;
• carbon oxide - disrupts blood ability to deliver oxygen to tissues, causes vessels spasms, reduces the immunological reactivity of the body;
• nitrogen oxides - reducing the body resistance to diseases, reduction of hemoglobin in the blood, irritation of the respiratory tract, oxygen starvation of fabrics, especially in children. Enhances the action of carcinogenic substances. Causes diseases of the respiratory, blood circulation, malignant neoplasms;
• lead - affects many organs and systems. Causes the damage to the nervous system, the hematopoietic system, mutagenic effect.

Determination of air purity by limited

Three ways of assessing the environmental state of the environment are known: the sensations of a person who occur upon contact with the habitat; bioindication; Chemical analysis of samples of various components of the medium.

Perception of man (smell) allows you to estimate the condition of air purity. Do not be a big specialist to determine this. However, this perception is individual and allows you to make a qualitative assessment. But the most accurate information can be determined using bioindication by plants. Since in our area, one of the main pollutants is sulfur dioxide, formed during the combustion of sulfur-containing fuel - heating furnaces of the population, when operating boiler rooms, as well as transport, especially diesel.

The resistance of plants to the sulfur dioxide is different: the least resistant to the effects of sulfur dioxide lichens, annual, coniferous, wheat, barley and alfalfa. For a number of plants, the boundaries of their livelihoods are established and the maximum permissible concentrations of sulfur dioxide in the air. MP3 value (mg / cubic meters): for Timofeevka meadow and lilac ordinary - 0.2; Barbarisa - 0.5; Meadow and 1.0 oatmeal; Maple - 2.0.

Lichens are widespread organisms, with sufficiently high endurance to environmental pollution. The special sensitivity of lichens to toxic substances is explained by the fact that they cannot allocate the harmful elements into the environment. The most severe lichens react to sulfur dioxide, which quickly destroys the already small amount of their chlorophyll. The concentration of sulfur dioxide is 0.5 is destructive for all types of lichens.

On the structure of layers of lichens, divide on three types:

• scale lichens (cortical) having a layered in the form of a thin crust and committed to the substrate so that separating the lichen without damaging the substrate, it is impossible; Cork can be smooth, grainy, tuberculous;
• leafers having a type of thin scraps or plates attached by mushroom rugs to the substrate from which they are easily separated;
• busty, having a kind of thin threads or branching bushes attached to the substrate with their base.

In order to determine the air pollution class on Lichhenyondication, you need to choose three points: the end of the street central, school district and turn to asphalt. For the study, 3-5 adult trees aged 30-35 years old and the trunk diameter of over 15 cm are selected. On the basis of the study, it can be concluded that, by the type of contamination, the air in the village refers to the I-II Class of Pollution. The air is stronger in the direction of turn on the asphalt. This is explained by the fact that on the territory of the village constantly in the area cars and tractors are passing. Analyzing the presence of equipment in the village we can conclude that the exhaust gases of cars and tractors are harmful to the condition of air purity. Air pollutes also with furnace furnaces, dust and burden burning.

Human health status

As a result of this air quality today, many people live in this village, whose health has worsened due to the quality of the air inhaled. In connection with environmental pollution over the past year, the number of diseases associated with air purity has increased over the past year. Among them are dominated by allergic and bronchitis diseases.

There is a big fight against air pollution. Adopted law on the protection of atmospheric air. In recent years, air pollution has decreased in cities. Measures have been developed to prevent air pollution by road. One of their important measures is to improve the quality of motor fuel, as well as the prohibition of use in the cities of gasoline containing lead. To reduce harmful emissions, a set of measures is used: the improvement of technologies of production processes; Development of low-waste and waste-free technologies; Improving the methods of gas cleaning and designs of dust and gas tariffs; Sealing equipment. However, the creation of the most perfect sewage facilities cannot solve the problem of precursor atmospheric air. The true struggle for his purity is the struggle against the need for such structures. Improve the quality of atmospheric air can only be created by waste-free productions. The essence lies in the fact that all the initial raw materials turns into one or another products. Independent production is a practically closed system organized by analogy with natural systems, which is based on the functioning of the biogeochemical circulation of substances.

Green plantations are played by a large role in protecting and maintaining the purity of atmospheric air: they absorb carbon dioxide and excrete oxygen, the leaves are delayed dust particles. For example, on trees, bushes and grass sets up to 70% of dust. 1 hectares of forests absorbs annually about 15 tons of carbon dioxide and excrete about 11 tons of oxygen.

In order to preserve the air purity in the area, the following activities must be carried out:

• plant green plantings, as most of pollutants and dust settles on their leaves. Especially many such substances settles on the leaves of lilac and poplar;
• in order to maintain the purity of the air in the village in the summer, water the streets so that after the passage of the car or tractor, the dust is not raised into the air;
• prohibit the burning of garbage, since, with burning in the air, many harmful substances fall into the air;
• use cars on gas fuel or use cars, in gasoline which contains little sulfur.
• administration of the rural settlement to control the execution of some recommendations.

What is done in your city to protect the air or how to protect the air from pollution? Such a serious topic is studied on the subject of the world around 2 - 3 grades of primary school.

On this page, let's try to deal with the answer to this question.

The air pollution process began in the XIX century, due to the rapid development of industry. All factories of that time used one type of fuel - stone coal. Despite the fact that they already knew about the harmfulness of this raw material for the environment, it still remained the most sought-after. It was associated with its low cost and excellent availability.

Approaching the major metallurgical plants, first of all you pay attention to the ranks of giant pipes that are thrown by the smoke high into the sky.

There are powerful winds at height. They picked up smoke clubs and tear them into shreds, dispel, mix with clean air, quickly reduce the danger of poisonous gases. The same high pipes are made on large power plants.

High pipes are discharged by trouble from people living nearby, but the poisonous gases do all the same in the air. There they accumulate, and then fall out with precipitation in other areas.

A man and other living creatures for breathing need clean air. But in many places, especially in big cities, it is polluted

Some factories and plants throw poisonous gases from their pipes, soot, dust. Cars secrete exhaust gases in which there are a lot of harmful substances.

Air pollution threatens people's health on earth!

What is done to protect the air in cities?

1. Now a lot is done to protect the purity of the air in the cities. Many enterprises work plants that capture dust, soot, poisonous gases. Gas-catching devices are installed on boilers.

2. The withdrawal of harmful enterprises for the trait of the city is carried out.

3. There is a replacement of public transport to more environmental. New trolleybus and tram routes by city are created. Scientists have developed new cars - electric vehicles that will not pollute air.

4. In addition, all the heavy trucks, and the car exhaust gases are another harmful factor, go through bypass roads, they are forbidden to travel to the center of cities.

5. Impact bans on garbage burning within the city.

6. Green plantations play a big role in the protection of air, so in cities a lot of attention is paid to the landing of stems, alleys, parks.

7. Special stations have been created in different places, they constantly monitor the purity of air in large cities.

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Moscow atmospheric protection measures

Moscow takes measures to improve the quality of atmospheric air that meets the requirements of socio-hygienic monitoring, although this task is considerable difficulties.

Organized 50 stationary and mobile control posts for the state of the atmosphere. They are located at the intersections of large motorways, including on the site of the third transport ring and in industrial zones. The Government of Moscow acquired and established special equipment, neutralizing exhaust gases of automotive passenger transport. The use of new, environmentally less dangerous, types of automotive fuel has begun.

Sociological studies conducted in early 2003 showed that among the most relevant measures to improve the environmental situation in the city of the population calls:

1) gradual closure Promon with an output from Moscow harmful and dangerous enterprises;

2) the preemptive development of electric transport - tram, trolleybus, metro;

3) construction of the third car ring;

4) Installing exhaust gas neutralizers on motor vehicles.

According to scientific research and data of sociological surveys, in order to reduce the negative impact of transport on the state of atmospheric air, the Land Model provides for:

- construction of highways with a continuous movement of 600-650 km;

- construction of motorways with the predominant movement of freight transport
220 km and with a mixed movement of 130 km;

- construction and reconstruction of underground pedestrian crossings and transport intersections;

- improvement of the organization of road traffic and increase throughput at 20 intersections in one level of the street-road network;

- construction of multi-storey garages and parking for personal cars with a total capacity of 2040 thousand mash. / Places;

- the development of passenger electric transport - tram, trolleybus, metro - by reducing the park of buses by 15% with a simultaneous increase in the number of trolley buses by 2 times, trams 2.4 times;

- equipping the bus fleet and park of passenger car by neutralizers of exhaust gases;

- Establishing the particulate filters on buses with diesel engines;

- change in the structure of used motor fuels by increasing the number of cars on liquefied and compressed gas (7,500 cars);

- increase the environmental characteristics of motor fuels by production annually
200 thousand tons of high-net gasoline with washing additives, gasoline from gas condensate raw materials and diesel fuel with antidymnaya additives.

Now in Russia there is a standard of fuel "Euro-2". It is assumed that the Euro-3 fuel standard for all cars in Russia will be introduced from January 1, 2008.

At the same time, the Fuel Standard "Euro-4", which is already valid in all countries of Europe, will be introduced in Russia for newly certified cars not earlier than 2009, and for all cars - by January 1, 2010. In addition, it is planned to introduce the Euro-5 standard for newly certified cars from January 1, 2012, and for all cars - by the beginning of 2014.

What causes air pollution in Ulyanovsk.

Five years ago, Ulyanovsk was not on the list of cities, the air pool of which is polluted. Now in the Volga region Ulyanovsk ranks third after Samara and Tolyatti.
During the year, 250 tons of harmful substances are thrown into the territory of our region. The main components are dust, soot, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, hydrochloric and acetic acid, ammonia and others. In Ulyanovsk there are 12 thousand sources of emissions into the atmosphere. 75% of them are not equipped with cleansing structures.

Transport accounts for about half of all harmful substances in the city air. Transport emissions in separate areas exceeds the PDCs 60 times.
Due to the overload of the city by transport and insufficient remoteness from transport highways, car emissions are inhaled by residents of the city around the clock, even during sleep. On some streets, the houses are located a few meters from the road.
According to the standards, residential buildings must be at least 200 meters from the roadway.
The city has no bypass paths and all transport goes through the city. The exhaust gases are very dangerous for children, gases are at the level of the respiratory tract and they are inhaled immediately.

What is being done to improve the condition of air in Ulyanovsk

In 2007, the Law of the Ulyanovsk Region was adopted, aimed at protecting the environment in the city.
As part of this law, it is assumed to carry out the following measures to improve the condition of the atmosphere.

Installing filters for cleaning ventilation filters at large enterprises of the city (Iskra plant, mechanical plant, Ulyanovskcement);
-The installation of dust and gas-milateering devices on boiler rooms;
- Installation of equipment for the disposal of landfill gases;
- Transportation of municipal transport (buses, minibuses) for safe fuels;
- The performance of the city landscaping.