Extraordinary Environmental Situations - These are extreme situations associated with changing the state of sushi, crisis situations associated with the change in the properties of the atmosphere, an aqueous medium.

On the scale of distribution, taking into account the severity of the consequences of emergencies can be classified on: Local - have consequences that do not go beyond the workplace, workstation, manor, apartments; Objects - consequences are limited to the limits of the object of the economy and can be eliminated by its forces and means; Local - have a scale of distribution within the settlement, incl. major city, administrative district, multiple areas and can be eliminated at the expense of the forces and means of the region; Regional - consequences cover several areas and can be liquidated at the expense of the forces and means of the region; National - consequences covering several economic regions (regions), but not outside the country are eliminated by the forces and means of the state; Global - go beyond the country and apply to other states are eliminated by the forces of each state on their territory and by the forces and means of the international community.

17. Forces and means of ensuring the NB RF. Who participate in the formation and implementation of policies in the field of the NB RF
The NB system solves five main tasks:

Diagnostic associated with accumulation and analysis of new knowledge, information and potential threats;
- Design related to planning the activities of bodies in the direction of achieving the objectives of the system;
- constructive, related to the selection and compositional construction of the system impact with the help of forces and means at each stage of achieving the goal, the definition of potential security activities in each sphere at a particular stage;
- Communicatives associated with the establishment of interaction between organs, by the forces and means of the system in the process of its operation;
- organizational, including actions to implement a specific impact on the object of threats to the interests of the individual, society and the state in order to eliminate them (parry, localization).
Basic principles of providing NB:
- legality;
- observance of the balance of the vital interests of the person, society and the state;
- mutual responsibility of the personality, society and the state to provide NB;
- integration with international security systems;
- unity, interconnection and balance of all types of security, change their priority depending on the situation;
- a combination of centralized and decentralized management by forces and means.
The provisions of the CNB into life should, first of all, the system of ensuring the national security of Russia, which includes six main elements:
1) President, his apparatus, Security Council, State Council.
2) the government and the subordinates of the ministries and departments.
3) Federal Assembly (Federation Council and State Duma).
4) organs of the judiciary.
5) Forces and means of ensuring national security.
6) Public, non-state organizations and citizens.
The main functions of the state authorities to ensure the national security of Russia.
President of the Russian Federation:
- manages national security forces;
- authorizes actions to ensure national security;
- forms, reorganizes and abolishes the forces of ensuring national security;
- In the annual messages, the Federal Assembly clarifies individual provisions National Security Concepts;
- stands with messages on national security issues;
- performs operational management and determines the directions of the current internal foreign policy on national security issues. Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation:
- Based on the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the concept of national security forms a legislative base of the country's national security.
Government of the Russian Federation:
- coordinates the activities of the federal executive bodies, as well as the executive bodies of the subjects of the authorities in the field of national security;
- Forms in the prescribed manner a federal budget to implement specific targeted programs related to the provision of national security.
Security Council of the Russian Federation:
- reveals and evaluates the threats of national security of the Russian Federation;
- prepares draft decisions of the President of the Russian Federation on issues of national security;
- makes proposals to clarify the provisions of the KNB;
- Provides coordination and control of the implementation of the provisions of the KNB by federal executive authorities and the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
Federal executive bodies Provide fulfillment of the legislation of the Russian Federation, decisions of the President of the Russian Federation and the Government in the field of national security.
The executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation interact with federal executive bodies on the implementation of legislation and decision-making decisions of the Russian Federation

18.Sili and means of observation and control of HSS
Forces and means of territorial and functional subsystems of RSCS, intended for observation and control of potentially dangerous objects and conditions of the environment, forecasting and assessing the risk of emergency situations, carrying out prevention and control over compliance with the requirements of environmental, radiation, chemical, biological, sanitary-epidemiological , industrial and fire safety in order to prevent emergency situations, or reduce damage from them.

In accordance with the Federal Law "On the Protection of the Population and Territories from Emergency Situations of Natural and Technogenic Character" - an emergency (hereinafter referred to as emergency) - an environment in a certain territory, which has developed as a result of an accident, a dangerous natural phenomenon, a disaster, a natural or other disaster, which May or entailed human sacrifices, damage to the health of people or the environment, significant material losses and violations of the living conditions of people.

Emergencies are classified on various features. In accordance with the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 304 dated 21.05.2007 "On the classification of natural and man-made emergencies" on the scale of dissemination and severity of the consequences of natural and technogenic education, it is divided into a Local Emergency School, an emergency emergency, an inter-municipal emergency. regional character, inter-regional emergency, federal EFS.

To Local CF The emergency is as a result of which the territory on which an emergency situation has developed and the conditions of the life of people (hereinafter referred to as the emergency zone) is not beyond the territory of the object, with the number of people who died or harmonized health (hereinafter - the number of victims), It is no more than 10 people or the amount of damage to the environment and material losses (hereinafter referred to as the size of material damage) is no more than 100 thousand rubles.

HS Municipal - those emergency, as a result of which the emergency area does not go beyond the territory of one settlement or the internal territory of the city of federal significance, while the number of victims is no more than 50 people or the amount of material damage is no more than 5 million rubles, as well as this emergency may not be Reclied to Local EFF.

To intermunicipal emergency The emergency is as a result of which the emergency area affects the territory of two and more settlements, the internal territories of the city of federal significance or intertensive territory, while the number of victims is more than 50 people or the amount of material damage is no more than 5 million rubles.

CS of regional character - those emergency, as a result of which the emergency area does not go beyond one subject of the Russian Federation, while the number of victims is over 50 people, but not more than 500 people or the amount of material damage amounts to over 5 million rubles, but not more than 500 million rubles.

To federal The emergency is as a result of which the number of victims is over 500 people or the amount of material damage is over 500 million rubles.

By the nature of the emergence of emergencies, it can be divided into man-made, natural, environmental, anthropogenic, social and combined.

To technogenic Emergency situations, the origin of which is associated with technical objects: explosions, fires, accidents on chemically hazardous sites, emissions of radiation substances on radiation hazardous sites, accidents with ecologically hazardous substances, collapse of buildings, accidents on life support systems, transport catastrophes, etc.

To natural There are emergency related to the manifestation of the natural forces of nature: earthquakes, tsunami, floods, volcanic eruptions, landslides, villages, hurricanes, tornadoes, storms, natural fires, etc.

To environmental Disasters (emergencies) include abnormal changes in the state of the natural environment: contamination of the biosphere, the destruction of the ozone layer, desertification, acid rain, etc.

To biological Emergencies include epidemics, epizooty, epiphyotsis.

To social emergency - Events generated by society and occurring in society: interethnic conflicts with strength, terrorism, robbery, violence, contradiction between states (war), hunger, etc.

Anthropogenic emergencies - The consequences of erroneous actions of people.

Due to the emergence of emergencies, they are divided into random (unintentional) and intentional. The last group includes terrorist acts, extremist actions, other intentional actions. Most emergencies are random. However, this does not mean that the emergence and development of emergencies is not subject to any laws.

According to the Time mode, the emergency is divided into emergency situations of peacetime and wartime.

By speed of development, the emergency is divided into: sudden (earthquakes, explosions, transport accidents); swift(associated with fires, emissions by seeing, ahs); moderate (floods, floods, volcanic eruptions, etc.).

Emergencies are characterized by high-quality and quantitative criteria. Qualitative criteria include: temporal (suddenness and speed of development of events); socio-ecological (human sacrifices, excretion from the economic turnover of large areas); socio-psychological.

The main causes of the emergence of emergencies:

internal: complexity of technologies, insufficient personnel qualifications, design, design flaws, physical and moral wear of equipment, low labor and technological discipline;

external: Natural disasters, unexpected cessation of energy carriers, technological products, terrorism, war.

The nature of the development of emergencies.

The emergence of emergencies is due to the presence of residual risk. In accordance with the concept of residual risk, absolute security is impossible. Therefore, such safety is taken, which is acceptable and can provide society for a period of time.

The conditions for the emergence of emergencies: the presence of a risk source (pressure, explosive, poisonous, RV); risk factor action (gas emissions, explosion, fire); finding in the focus of the defeat of people, agricultural animals and land.

Sources of emergency situations

Sources of emergence of emergencies may be hazardous natural phenomena, man-made incidents, especially dangerous infectious diseases of people and animals, as well as modern means of defeat.

Due to the emergence, the sources of emergencies are divided into three groups: natural, anthropogenic and mixed.

Natural sources of emergency situations

There are as a result of various sorts of perturbations in a natural human habitat and are divided into geological and geophysical, hydrometeorological, aerometeorological, biological.

Geological and geophysical sources of emergencies occur as a result of perturbation inside and on the surface of the earth's crust. These include: earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides, villages, avalanche, dust storms, etc.

Hydrometeorological sources of emergencies are formed in the hydrosphere. These are, above all, cyclones, tsunami, storms, floods, etc.

Aerometeorological sources emergence due to perturbations in the lower layers of the atmosphere. These include: hurricanes, storms, tornadoes, shower, snowfall, etc.

Biological sources of emergencies are particularly dangerous infectious diseases and mass poisoning of people, infectious diseases of farm animals and plants, mass distribution of pests, etc.

Anthropogenic sources of emergency situations

There are in an artificial habitat created by a person, and are divided into two groups: man-made and social.

Technogenic sources of emergencies include, first of all, fires, accidents on radiation and chemically hazardous sites, transport, engineering networks, hydraulic and other life support objects.

Social sources of emergencies include armed clashes on the ground of interstate, interethnic, interreligious conflicts; terrorism, crime, drug addiction, etc.

Mixed Emergency Sources

Defended by an active anthropogenic environmental impact, under the influence of which there are new or explicitly develop existing natural sources of emergencies. These include sources of emergencies associated with a change in the state of sushi, atmospheric, hydrosphere, due to the negative impact of a person on the biosphere, etc.

Introduction

Life on Earth develops according to the strict laws of nature. To exist and develop, the human society is forced to enter into certain relations with nature, due to its employment, that is, to engage in environmental management.

Violation of environmental laws may have dangerous and even tragic consequences for the living and future generations of people. So that this does not happen, you need to know how the human society interacts with nature. The ecological situation in many countries of the globe in recent years has sharply aggravated due to essential anthropogenic changes in nature.

Light, thermal, noise, electromagnetic, radioactive and other waste, heat power, industry, transport, the actions of the Armed Forces - all these irrational nature uses are the causes of environmental pollution, which lead to the emergence of environmental disasters and emergency situations of an environmental nature.

Therefore, I decided to choose this problem as the topic of my work, and to investigate such a concept as an emergency room, the causes of environmental disasters and ways to protect the population from environmental hazards.

The overall concept of an environmental emergency

Throughout his life, throughout his life, constantly have to face various emergencies. Almost daily in various parts of our planet there are so-called emergencies, these are reports in the media about catastrophes, natural disasters, the next accident, military conflict or the act of terrorism.

Emergency situation (emergency) is a situation on a certain territory, which will be as a result of accidents, catastrophic, natural or other disasters that may entail or entailed human victims, damage to people's health or environment, significant material losses. As well as significant material losses and violation of life conditions. This condition, in which, as a result of the emergence of the source of emergencies at the facility, a certain water area is disturbed by the normal living conditions and activities of people, the threat of their life and health arises, the damage to the property of the population, the national economy and the natural environment arises.

Emergency situations can be classified as follows:

CS of man-made origin;

ECOLOGICAL CHA;

Natural emergency;

CS of social origin.

One of the most relevant problems of today, on which special attention needs to be paid is to emergency situations of an environmental nature. Therefore, it is advisable to consider the overall concept and the main causes of environmental emergence.

Extreme environmental situations are extreme situations associated with changing the state of sushi, crisis situations related to the change in the properties of the atmosphere, the aquatic environment and so on. All environmental emergencies occur as a result of man-made and natural emergencies. Ecological information includes:

Changes in the state of soils, the bowels of the earth, landscapes;

Changes in the state of the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere.

Emergencies of an environmental nature are very diverse and practically covered by all directions of life and human activity. By the nature of the phenomena, they are divided into four main groups:

1. Changes to the status of sushi:

Soil degradation, erosion, desertification;

The presence of heavy metals in the soil (radionuclides) and other harmful substances in the soil over the maximum permissible concentrations (MPC);

Critical situations related to overflow of storage sites, landfills with industrial and household waste and environmental pollution;

Crisis situations related to the exhaustion of non-renewable natural fossils.

2. Changes in properties and composition of the atmosphere:

Sharp changes in weather or climate as a result of anthropogenic activities;

Acid rains and noises;

Destruction of the ozone layer of the atmosphere;

Significant changes in the transparency of the atmosphere.

Oxygen hunger in cities.

3. Changes in the state of the hydrosphere:

Lack of drinking water due to their depletion or pollution;

Violation of economic activity and environmental equilibrium due to pollution of the zones of the inland seas and oceans.

4. Changes in the state of the biosphere:

Mass death and disappearance of certain types of animals and plants that are sensitive to changing the conditions of habitat.

Extreme environmental situations are unexpected natural disasters or anthropogenic incidents that cause damage to the ecology and death of people, and the destruction of property, and also lead to the mass death of animals and plants. Mankind is increasingly and more often suffers from emergency environmental situations. Extreme environmental situations, such as swept, droughts, cyclones, earthquakes, landslides and forest fires, occur worldwide more and more and become more severe in their consequences.

Emergency situations of an environmental nature are very diverse and covered by almost all parties to human life and activities. By the nature of the phenomena, they are divided into 4 main groups.

1. Emergencies associated with a change in the state of sushi (soil, subsoil, landscape):

Catastrophic drawdowns, landslides, earth surface collars due to the development of subsoil during mining, etc.;

The presence of heavy metals and other harmful substances in the soil are over maximum permissible concentrations;

Intensive soil degradation, desertification in extensive territories due to erosion, salinization, soil fever, etc.;

Crisis situations associated with the exhaustion of non-renewable natural fossils;

Critical situations caused by warehouse overflow by industrial and household waste, environmental pollution.

2. Emergencies associated with the change in the composition and properties of the atmosphere (air environment):

Sharp changes in weather or climate as a result of anthropogenic activities;

Exceeding maximum permissible concentrations of harm impurities in the atmosphere; Temperature inversion over cities; acute oxygen hunger in cities; significant excess of the maximum permissible level of urban noise;

Formation of acid precipitation zone; destruction of the ozone layer of the atmosphere; Significant change in the transparency of the atmosphere.

3. Emergencies associated with changing the state of the hydrosphere (water medium):

A sharp lack of drinking water due to the depletion of water sources or their pollution;

Exhaustion of water resources necessary for organizing household water supply and technological processes;

Violation of economic activity and environmental equilibrium due to pollution of the zones of the seas and the world's ocean.

4. Emergencies associated with changing the state of the biosphere:

Disappearance of animal species, plants that are sensitive to changes in habitat environment;

The death of vegetation on the extensive territory;

Sharp change in the ability of the biosphere to reproduce renewable resources;

Mass death of animals.

The change in the state of sushi leads to soil degradation, erosion and desertification. Intensive soil degradation leads to a deterioration in their properties under the influence of natural causes or human economic activities (incorrect agricultural engineering, pollution, exhaustion).

The world's evil became the erosion of the soil - the destruction and flushing of the fertile layer by wind and water. It is estimated that only over the last century as a result of water and wind erosion on the planet lost 2 billion hectares of fertile land of active agricultural use.

One of the consequences of strengthening human production activities is intensive soil pollution by metals and their compounds, radioactive elements, fertilizers and eradicates containing mercury and various compounds. Dangerous soil pollutants accumulate and turn on to environmental food chains, go from the soil and water to plants, then in animals, and ultimately fall into the human body.

The impact of a person on the climate began to manifest several thousand years ago in connection with the development of agriculture. The meteorological processes of a large scale affects the destruction of forest forests. The current impact of a person on the climate is divided into two groups: the first includes the directional impacts on the hydrometeorological regime, and the second - impact, which are by the on-time consequences of man's economic activity. Human activity has already achieved such a level of development, in which its influence on the environment and climate acquires a global nature.

Climate warming causes melting of permanent. Up to 40%. The coast of the European part of Russia can retreat in a 50-100 years to retreat at least 100m by increasing the level of the world's ocean by 0.5-1 m.

Climate change in the modern world is primarily due to the emission of carbon dioxide, nitrogen and methane dioxide, the content of which in the atmosphere has increased dramatically over the last century. Additionally, other gases that are not natural components of the global ecosystem have come to the atmosphere. An increase in the concentration of impurities, primarily carbon dioxide, leads to heat of the surface of the Earth and the lower atmosphere.

The ozone layer of the Earth protects live organisms from the destructive effects of the ultraviolet radiation of the Sun. Under the influence of ozone-depleting substances - freon, chlorine, carbon oxides, isolated by refrigerators and vehicles, there is a gradual destruction of this layer. It is known that in the northern regions of Europe over tight-populated areas, its thickness has decreased by 3%. Reducing the ozone layer by 1% leads to an increase in oncological diseases by 6%.

As a result of a decrease in the ozone layer in the stratosphere, an increase in the stream of ultraviolet solar radiation reaching the surface of the Earth. The impact of elevated doses of this radiation has adverse effects on human health, animal and growing. The likelihood of human incidence is increasing the skin cancer, the immune system of a person is weakened, the risk of cataract disease is increasing, full or partial loss of vision is possible.

In the past 10-15 years, there was a detrimental environmental effects of acid precipitation, directly related to the level of contamination of the lower atmosphere of sulfur and nitrogen dioxides formed during the combustion of fossil fuels (coal, shale, fuel oil). Acid rains contribute to the drying of the forests and the death of living in soil and water. Acid destroys facilities from marble and limestone. Indirectly suffers from people's health: additional pollution of drinking waters occurs.

The change in the state of the hydrosphere occurs as a result of depletion and contamination of the aqueous medium. Due to the rapid growth of industrial and housing, the water began to be lacking, and its quality dropped sharply. Under the influence of human activity, water resources are exhausted (the cropping of water bodies, the disappearance of small rivers, the drying of the lakes). Huge harm causes such a phenomenon as drinking water consumption by enterprises for production needs. Pollution of water leads to the fact that living organisms and fish are dying in it.

The increased power of the economy has become a devastating force for the biosphere, and for humans. In the last hundred years, with an increase in the population of the Earth, 3.1 times the volume of water consumption increased 11 times, an arable land area 2 times. At the same time, the desert area amounted to 156 million hectares, and the area of \u200b\u200bpopulated areas decreased by 2.5 million km 2, the number of plant and animal species decreased by 20%.

The environmental problems of Russia are due to the two main factors: wasteful use of natural resources, which reduces the productivity of the biosphere, and environmental pollution, which threatens the life of the population and health of people in many regions and industrial cities. According to experts, our health is 20-25% depends on the state of the environment and 50-55% of socio-economic conditions. Chronic diseases caused by environmental pollution, 15-20% are the cause of premature old age.

A natural and technological disaster is called a destructive process that develops as a result of a violation of the normal interaction of technological objects with the components of the environment, leading to the death of people, destruction and damage to the objects of the economy and the components of the environment.

The concept of "environmental disaster" (ecological catastrophe) is often used - an emergency event of a particularly large scale caused by a change in the state of sushi, atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere and adversely affecting people's health, habitat, economy or gene pool.

In some cases, the ecological catastrophe becomes a consequence of hazardous natural phenomena. For example, in 1980, there was an eruption of the volcano of St. Helena (USA), which resulted in the destruction of the coniferous forest on the square of several tens of thousand hectares.

ECOLOGICAL CHA Group includes events related to a change in various environments:

1. Emergencies associated with a change in sushi state (soil, subsoil, landscape):

1. catastrophic drawdowns, landslides, earth surface collars due to the development of subsoil during mining and other human activities;
2. the presence of heavy metals (including radionuclides) and other harmful substances in the soil (soil) over maximum permissible concentrations;
3. intensive soil degradation, desertification in extensive territories due to erosion, salinization, soil fever, etc.;
4. crisis situations associated with the exhaustion of non-renewable natural fossils;
5. critical situations caused by overflow of storage (landfills) by industrial and household waste, environmental pollution.

2. Emergencies associated with the change in the composition and properties of the atmosphere (air):

1. sharp changes in weather or climate as a result of anthropogenic activities;
2. exceeding maximum permissible concentrations of harmful impurities in the atmosphere;
3. temperature inversion over cities;
4. "Oxygen" hunger in cities;
5. significant excess of the maximum permissible level of urban noise;
6. the formation of an extensive zone of acid precipitation; destruction of the ozone layer of the atmosphere;
7. changing the transparency of the atmosphere.

3. Emergencies associated with a change in the state of the hydrosphere (an aqueous medium):

1. a sharp shortage of drinking water due to the depletion of water sources or their pollution,
2. exhaustion of water resources necessary for organizing household water supply and technological processes;
3. violation of economic activity and environmental equilibrium due to contamination of the zones of the inland seas and the world ocean.

4. Emergencies associated with changing the state of the biosphere:

1. disappearance of animal species, plants that are sensitive to changes in habitat environment;
2. the death of vegetation on the extensive territory;
3. a sharp change in the ability of the biosphere to reproduction renewable resources.

Questions for self-test

1. Give the definition of an emergency. What are its sources?
2. Give classification of emergency. What signs underlie it?
3. What is a natural disaster? What types of natural nature do you know?
4. What are the socio-economic consequences of the emergency?
5. What is explained by the rapid increase in the number of man-made emergencies in recent decades?
6. Is there a connection between Natural and Technogenic emergency?