Concepts of modern natural science. Karpenkov S.Kh.

6th ed., Pererab. and add. - M.: Higher. Shk., 2003. - 488 p.

The textbook is written in accordance with state educational standards (state 2000). It sets out the issues of naturally scientific knowledge of the surrounding world, the fundamental concepts, principles and laws of nature are presented, the actual problems of modern natural science, related to the study of natural processes and properties of the substance at the molecular level, are reflected natural-scientific aspects of energy, ecology and highlights of the most important achievements of natural science underlying modern high-tech technologies.

Designed for students of higher educational institutions. It can be interesting and useful to a wide circle of readers.

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Preface to the sixth edition

The first edition of the proposed book was published in 1997. It was one of the first textbooks dedicated to the discipline "Concept of Modern Natural Science", studied by students of higher educational institutions of socio-economic and humanitarian directions.

As new materials accumulated and the following editions are substantially refined, supplemented and corrected fixes and clarifications. When improving, many years of experience reading lectures and practical training at the State University of Management was taken into account. As a result, the textbook was improved and changed: the number of chapters from nineteen (in the first edition) to eleven (in later publications) was reduced, the outdated information was replaced with new ones, some sections were written again, etc. The sixth edition was significantly recycled and corrected.

In the proposed textbook in a compressed and accessible form, fundamental natural-scientific knowledge are presented, i.e. Knowledge of nature, which is needed by every educated person to not only tell the mystery, the power and beauty of nature, but also to understand what needs to be done to preserve the environment and live in harmony with nature.

When studying the concepts of modern natural science, it is useful to remember the instruction of the Russian publicist D.I. Pisareva (1840-1868): "We need to study at school, but much more needs to learn from school."

The book is designed for students of higher educational institutions of day, evening and correspondence forms of training in the specialties of the economy, jurisprudence, management, philosophy, sociology, ecology, management, marketing, merchant, tourism, business, finance, entrepreneurship, etc.

Preface ................................................... .................................................. .................. eight

Introduction ................................................... .................................................. ........... nine

Part I.. Natural science and modern world............................ 11

1. Natural science and the world ............................................ .....................13

1.1. Naturally scientific knowledge and modern education ................................ 13

1.2. The role of natural science in the formation of professional knowledge. . eighteen

1.3. Naturally scientific knowledge and management sphere ........................................... 23.

1.4. Fundamental and applied problems of natural science ................... 27

1.5. Natural science and mathematics ............................................... .................. 31

1.6. The development of natural science and pseudo-scientific trends ........................... 35

1.7. Natural science and morality ............................................... ........... 42.

1.8. Rational and irrational principles of knowledge ................................ 46

56

2. Naturally scientific knowledge of the surrounding world ..................................... 57

2.1. The process of natural scientific knowledge ............................................. . 57.

2.2. Forms of natural scientific knowledge ............................................. ... 62.

2.3. Methods and techniques of natural scientific research ......................... 70

2.4. Scientific discovery and proof .............................................. .................... 77.

2.5. Experiment - the basis of natural science .............................................. ... 82.

2.6. Modern funds of natural-scientific research ............. 85

2.7. The most important achievements of modern natural science ..................................... 90

Control questions................................................ .................................. 93

PART II. Fundamental laws and concepts of natural science

3. Fundamental principles and laws ............................................ ...................... 97

3.1. Physics - the fundamental industry of natural science ........................................ 97

3.2. Matter and movement, time and space ...................................... 104

3.3. The concept of an atomism. Discreteness and continuity of matter. . . 108.

3.4. Fundamental interactions ........................., ........................ ......... BY

3.5. The principle of relativity ................................. ................................... 116

3.6. Properties of space - time and laws of preservation .............................. 118

3.7. Fundamental laws of Newton ............................................... ......... 122.

3.8. Statistical and thermodynamic properties of macrosystem .... 125

3.9. Thermodynamic laws ................................................ ............................ 129.

3.10. Electromagnetic concept ................................................ ............................ 134.

3.11. Corpuscular wave properties of light ......................................................... ... 138.

Control questions................................................ ............................................ 143

4. Atomic in the nucleon levels of the structure of the mother.......................... 144

4.1. Atom structure ................................................ ................................... 144.

4.2. The corpuscular wave properties of microparticles ......................................................... 147

4.3. Probabilistic nature of microprocessions ............................................... ...... 150.

4.4. Modern atomic systems ............................................... ............... 153.

4.5. Nuclear processes ................................................ ........................................... 156.

4.6. Elementary particles................................................ ........................... 164.

4.7. Prospects for the development of microme physics .............................................. ........ 166.

169

Part III . Naturally scientific concepts of development. . . 171.

5. Development concept and evolution of the universe ........................................... ............. 173

5.1. Essence of the Development Concept ................................................. .......................... 173.

5.2. Evolution of the Universe .................................................. .............................. 176.

5.3. The structure of the universe ................................................ ...................................... 182.

5.4. Means of observation of objects of the universe ............................................ 185

5.5. The problem of searching for extraterrestrial civilizations .............................................. ........ 188.

5.6. Solar system - part of the universe ............................................. ............. 190.

5.7. Earth - Planet of the Solar System ............................................. ....... 195.

Control questions................................................ ........................................... 202

6. Naturally scientific knowledge about substance .................................................... 203

6.1. Development of chemical knowledge ............................................... .................. 203.

6.2. Synthesis of chemicals ............................................... ................... 207.

6.3. Modern catalysis ................................................ ............................. 212.

6.4. The formation of earth and extraterrestrial substances ........................................... 218

6.5. Natural stocks of raw materials ................................................. ........................ 220.

6.6. Organic raw materials ................................................ .............................. 227.

6.7. New chemical elements ............................................... .................. 234.

6.8. Perspective chemical processes ............................................... ... 238.

6.9. Modern materials ................................................ ........................ 243.

6.10. Perspective materials ................................................ ..................... 252.

Control questions................................................ .................................. 261

7. Biosphere levelorganizations Matters ............................................262

7.1. The birth of living matter ..................................................... ................... 262.

7.2. Carrier of genetic information ............................................... ............. 264.

7.3. Structure and function of proteins .............................................. .................. 269.

7.4. Building and varieties of cells .............................................. ................... 271.

7.5. The origin of life ................................................ .......................... 275

7.6. Background of evolutionary idea ..................................................... ......... 279.

7.7. Evolution of life ................................................ ............ .............................. 283.

7.8. Flora and fauna.............................................. ............... 294.

7.9. Man is a phenomenon of nature ................................................ .......................... 302.

7.10. Life support of a person ................................................ .......................... 310

7.11. Extending the life of the body ............................................... ........................... 321.

7.12. Formation of the noosphere ................................................ ..................... 327.

Control questions................................................ ........................................... 328

Part IV. . Naturally scientific foundations of modern technical
Nologii, Energy and Ecology ................................ 329

8. Naturally scientific aspects of technologies ........................................... ..... 331

8.1. Development of information technology products ............................................. 331

8.2. Modern means of accumulation of information .................................... 337

8.3. Multimedia systems and virtual world ...................................... 342

8.4. Micro and nanoelectronic technologies ............................................. . 344.

8.5. Laser technology .................................................. ...................................... 352.

8.6. Modern biotechnologies .................................................. ................. 359.

8.7. Gene technologies ................................................ .......................................... 361.

8.8. The problem of cloning ................................................ .................................. 364.

366

9. Naturally scientific problems of modern energy .........................367

9.1. Energy - Source of Welfare .............................................. ............. 367.

9.2. Energy conversion .................................................. ...................... 369.

9.3. Efficiency of production and energy consumption .................................. 373

9.4. Thermal power plants .................................................. ............................. 375

9.5. Improving the efficiency of power systems ............................................ 376

9.6. Hydroistrices and geothermal energy sources ........................ 382

9.7. Helioenergy ................................................. ................................... 387.

9.8. Wind energy................................................ ........................................ 389.

9.9. Nuclear power................................................ ....................................... 392.

9.10. Features of the domestic energy ................................................. ....... 396.

Control questions................................................ ................................... 398

10. Naturally scientific aspects of ecology .......................................... 399

10.1. Global catastrophes and evolution of life .......................................... 399

10.2. Preventing environmental disasters ..................................................... 403

10.3. Natural catastrophes and climate .............................................. ............ 405

10.4. Greenhouse effect and acid precipitation ............................................ 412.

10.5. Preservation of the ozone layer ............................................... ........................... 416.

10.6. Water resources and their preservation ............................................. .......... 420.

10.7. Energy consumption and wiring of our habitat ............................. 422

10.8. Radioactive effect on the biosphere ............................................. 425

10.9. Naturally scientific problems of environmental protection ....... 431
Control questions................................................ ...........................................434

11. Harmony of Nature and Man .................................................................... 435

11.1. Human and nature............................................... ................................... 435

11.2. Preservation of natural resources ............................................... ........ 436.

11.3. Upgrading power systems ................................................ .................. 438.

11.4. Effective energy consumption ............................................... ..... 439.

11.5. Saving material resources ............................................... ...... 444.

11.6. Saving resources on transport .............................................. ....... 446.

11.7. Cities and Nature ................................................. ............................ 451.

11.8. Solving the problems of disposal ............................................... .............. 454.

11.9. Perspective technologies and the environment .............................. 459

11.10. Globalization of biosphere processes ................................................. 460.

Control questions................................................ ................................... 462

Conclusion ............................................................... .................................................. ....... 464.

Literature................................................. .................................................. ................ 465

Dictionary of Special Terms ............................................... .............................. 466.

Name pointer ................................................ .................................................. .......... 479.

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Modern Natural science

Edition second,

corrected and supplemented

Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation

as a textbook

for university students

publishing house

"Academic Project" 2000

Reviewers:
department of Philosophy of the Financial Academy

under the Government of the Russian Federation

(Head. Department of Prof. M.V. Valoan.)

and laureate of the USSR State Prize

in the field of science and technology, Dr. Tehn. science

prof. V.A. Shakhov
Karpenkov S.Kh.

K26 Concept of modern natural science: Textbook for universities. - M.: Academic Project, 2000. Ed. 2nd, copy. and add. - 639 p.
ISBN 5-8291-0085-1
The textbook is written in accordance with the State Educational Standard. It contains fundamental principles, laws, concepts and the most important achievements of natural science, as well as the natural and scientific foundations of modern technologies, energy and ecology.

For university students. It can be interesting and useful to a wide circle of readers.
UDC50

BBK 20.

ISBN 5-8291-0085-1

© Karpenkov SK, 2000

© Academic project, originality

layout, clearance, 2000

Dedicated to all those who

i would like to tell the mysteries,

power and beauty

nature.

Preface

In modern society, much attention is paid not only to various industries, but also rapidly developing high-tech technologies, energy and ecology. Fundamental concepts of natural science and natural science basics of modern technologies, energy and ecology are dedicated to a real textbook.

The textbook consists of four parts. In Part I, the practical significance of natural science in modern society is substantiated and the main provisions of the natural science knowledge of the surrounding world are considered. Part II set out the fundamental laws and concepts of natural science. Part III is devoted to the natural and scientific concepts of development of processes in nature. Part IV, natural-scientific foundations of modern technologies, energy and ecology are considered.

The material of the textbook is set out at the level of concepts, i.e. Given the fundamental ideas and systems of views on the natural-scientific issues. With the presentation of the material, mathematical expressions, formulas and terms are used. Naturally, the scientific essence of the issues under consideration is presented in a visual and accessible high school form.

The textbook is written in accordance with the contents of the author's teaching manuals: "The main concepts of modern natural science" (UNITY, 1998) and "Concept of Modern Natural Science: Workshop" (UNITY, 1998), - and also taking into account corrections, changes and additions to the material set forth in previously published tutorial of the author "Concept of Modern Natural Science" (UNITY, 1997).

When studying the concepts of modern natural science, it is useful to remember the wise instruction of the Russian publicist Dmitry Pisareva (1840-1868): "We must learn at school, but much more needs to learn from school."

The book is intended for students of higher educational institutions of day, evening and correspondence forms of learning economic, legal, philosophical, as well as specialties and specializations of management, sociology, technology, management, marketing, merchant, tourism, business, finance, entrepreneurship, etc.