Alexander's Board Time 2. King Liberator

April 29, 1818, 190 years ago born Alexander Nikolaevich Romanovwhich in the history of Russia remained the emperor Alexander II. Liberator. During his board, significant reforms were held: the peasant, Zemskaya, judicial, urban and military. The name of Alexander II, the descendants will always be associated from February 19, 1861 - the day of the abolition of serfdom. It is not known how the further fate of the Russian Empire has developed if he managed to make public the draft constitution. But the day before this event, the emperor was killed by the terrorist Grinevitsky.

Personal data

Alexander Nikolaevich Romanov was born on 29 (17) of April 1818, in a bright Wednesday, at 11 am in the Bishi House of the Municipal Monastery of the Moscow Kremlin, where the whole imperial surname arrived at the beginning of April to show and meet Easter. In honor of the birth of the heir to the throne, Moscow was given Salute in 201, the mystery of the baptism and world conjunction were made on May 5 in the temple of the miracle of the monastery by Archbishop Moscow Augustine, after which the solemn dinner was given by Empress Maria Fedorovna.

The future emperor received a home education. His mentor (with the responsibility of the oversight of the whole process of upbringing and education) was Vasily Andreevich Zhukovsky, the teacher of the Law of God and the Holy History - Archpriest Gerasim Pavsky (until 1835), the military instructor - Karl Karlovich Merder, and also: Mikhail Mikhailovich Speransky (legislation ), Konstantin Ivanovich Arsenyev (Statistics and History), Egor Frantseich Kankin (Finance), Academician Collins (Arithmetic), Karl-Bernard Antonovich Trinius (Natural History).

According to numerous testimonies, the future emperor in the youthful age was very impressionable and in love. So, during a trip to London in 1839, he had a fleeting, but strong love in the young Queen Victoria, which will later become the most hentimate ruler in Europe. Upon reaching the age of April 22, 1834 (the day of the oath), the heir-Cesarevich was introduced by his father to the main state institutes of the empire: in 1834 - to the Senate, in 1835 - to the Holy Governing Synod; Since 1841 - Member of the State Council, since 1842 - the Committee of Ministers. In 1837, Alexander made a big travel around the country and visited 29 provinces of European part of Russia, Transcaucasia and Western Siberia, and in 1838-39 visited Europe. Military service at the future emperor passed quite successfully. In 1836, he already became a Major General, in 1844 - a full general, commanded the Guards Infantry. Since 1849, Alexander - Head of military schools, Chairman of the Secret Committees in the Peasantius case of 1846-1848. During the Crimean War of 1853-56, with the announcement of the St. Petersburg province in the military commanded by all the troops of the capital.

Labor biography

Emperor Alexander II joined the throne on February 19, 1855, in one of the most difficult minutes, which only had to worry about Russia. "I give you my team, but unfortunately, not in the order, as I wished, leaving you a lot of works and worries," said him, dying, Nicholas I. Indeed, the political and military situation of Russia at this time was close to catastrophic .

After the lost Crimean War 1853-1856. All layers of society demanded change. It was then that the terms "thaw" and "publicity" appeared. The highest censorship committee was closed, and the discussion of public affairs has become open. An declared by the Polluts of the Decembrists, Petrashevs, participants in the Polish uprising of 1830-1831. But the main issue remained peasant. In 1856, the Secret Committee was organized "to discuss measures on the device of life of landlord peasants." Alexander II turned with a speech to representatives of the nobles of Moscow province: "The existing order of ownership of the souls cannot remain unchanged. It is better to start destroying the serfdom from above, rather than waiting for the time when it starts to be destroyed from below. " Overcoming opponents of reform, Alexander II was controversial, inconsistent, and yet the editorial commissions managed to develop the foundation of the "Regulations on February 19, 1861". This reform was not able to solve the issues of land ownership, nor personal rights of the peasants. During the reign of Alexander II, the following reforms were also held: University (1863), judicial (1864), press (1865), military (1874); Self-government introduced in Zemstvo (1864) and cities (1870). "The revolution from above", having a bourgeois character, not only was not consistent, but could not come to his logical conclusion - the Constitution. As a result, Alexander II becomes a target for revolutionary terrorists (he experienced six attempts), which, in turn, contributed to the transition to protective principles in government policies, in particular, to strengthen the role of the III department headed by P.A. Shuvalov. The changes in the sentiments of Alexander II influenced the events of personal life. In April 1865, Alexander suffered a cruel blow and as a person, and as an emperor. In Nice from the spinal meningitis, his eldest son Nicholas died - a young man who had just fulfilled 21 years old, who had successfully completed the education who had a bride who had intended to start state activities as an assistant and the future successor to his father. The second son of the Emperor, the Grand Duke Alexander Alexandrovich, was announced the new heir to the throne. And according to abilities, and by education, it frankly did not correspond to his high purpose. Alexander II became apatic and lost interest in state affairs. In the field of foreign policy, Alexander II sought to expand the empire and strengthening Russia's influence. He promoted the liberation of Bulgaria from the Ottoman Iega (1877-1878), went to the operating army and left it only after the fall of the spine, which preceded the outcome of the war. Having won a military victory, Russia suffered a diplomatic defeat at the Berlin Congress in 1878. This war, which played a benefactor for the Southern Slavs and raised military prestige of Russia, threw the necessary monetary reform and thus strengthened confrontation in society. Conquered successfully, and then the peaceful development of extensive territories of Central Asia. According to concluded agreements with China, the Ussuri region was recognized as the territory of Russia.

On March 1, 1881, the king was mortally wounded by the terrorist Grinevitsky. Alexander was killed on the very day when a draft wide program of administrative and economic reforms developed by MT was supposed to sign Loris Melikov.

Information about relatives

Father - Nicholas I (1796-1855), emperor from 1825, the third son emperor Paul I. , Honorary Member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1826). Entered the throne after the sudden death of the brother - emperor Alexander I. . Supported the Decembrist uprising. Under Nicholas I, the centralization of the bureaucratic apparatus was strengthened, the III branch was created, a full meeting of laws was published and the Code of Laws of the Russian Empire was drawn up, new censorship are introduced (1826, 1828). Secret committees have repeatedly convened to discuss the issue of the abolition of serfdom, but their work did not have consequences. In 1837, the Tsarskoyel Railway in Russia was opened in Russia. Polish uprising was suppressed 1830-1831, revolution in Hungary 1848-1849. An important side of foreign policy was a refund to the principles of the Holy Union. During the reign of Nikolai I, Russia participated in wars: Caucasian (1817-1864), Russian-Persian (1826-1828), Russian-Turkish (1828-1829), Crimean (1853-1856). The defeat in the last war was a reason for reforms of the 1860-70s, implemented by Alexander II.

Mother - Alexander Fedorovna (nee Princess Friedrick Charlotte Wilhelmina, also known as Charlotte Prussian). Fritrik Charlotte Wilhelmin was born on July 13, 1798 and was the third child of the Prussian King Friedrich Wilhelm III and his spouse, Queen Louise. She was the sister of Prussian Kings Friedrich Wilhelm IV and Wilhelm I, subsequently - the first German emperor. On July 13, 1817, he married the brother of the Russian emperor Alexander I, the Grand Duke Nikolai Pavlovich. Marriage suggested the transition of the bride to the Orthodox confession and the adoption of the new name existing in Orthodox sacraticles. The marriage was pursued primarily political goals: strengthening the political union of Russia and Prussia, but turned out to be happy and more familiar. After the advent of the spouse at the throne in 1825, Alexander Fedorovna becomes Russian Empress.

Personal life

Alexander II's personal life has always been full of bright novels and unforgettable hobbies. This handsome man broke not one hundred female hearts. There were two women in the real sign in the life of the emperor.

The first wife of Alexander was the daughter of the Great Duke of Hessian Louis II, in Maja-Maximilian-Wilhelmina-August-Sofia-Maria. The future emperor, traveling to besisarevich in Western Europe (1838-1839), he chose Maria's girlfriend's girlfriend. In the summer of 1840, she arrived in Russia; On April 16, 1841, marriage took place. Maria Alexandrovna gave birth to Alexander two daughters, Alexander and Maria, and six sons: Nikolai, Alexander (who became the emperor of Russia), Vladimir, Alexey, Sergey and Paul after the Father.

My second spouse, Katya Dolgorukov, Alexander first saw in the summer of 1859, visiting Prince Dolgorukova in the estate. Soon, the father of Catherine ruined and died, the mother with four sons and two daughters was without funds. The emperor took children to care: Having assisted the introduction of the Dolgoruky brothers to St. Petersburg military institutions, and the sisters to the Smolny Institute. On March 28, 1865, on Palm Sunday, Alexander II visited the Smolny Institute, where he was represented by 18-year-old Ekaterina Dolgorukova. They began to secretly meet in the summer garden near the Winter Palace. On July 13, 1866, they first met in the Belvederey Castle near Peterhof, where they spent the night, after which they continued to date there.

At that time, Empress Maria Alexandrovna was already sick with a stupid and did not get out of bed. The adulterial relationship caused the acute displeasure of many novels and primarily Cesarevich, the future of Alexander III. By the end of the year, the emperor was forced to send his mistress, accompanied by her brother in Naples, followed by a visit to Paris, where they met in June 1867 in the hotel under the checkered supervision of the French police.

During their relationship, Dolgorukova gave birth to Alexander three children: Son George and two daughters - Olga and Catherine. By the death of the spouse on May 22, 1880, before the expiration of the term of the protocol mourning, on July 6, 1880, a wedding was held in the military chapel of the Tsarskoshel Palace, performed by the protopsychiatrist Xenophon Nikolsky.

Hobbies

Alexander II loved the hunt. According to the classification of that time, the hunters were divided into delometric, true, field and stupid. Being a delometon meant: to take care of your dogs, to be more stripped, dexterous and in no case by the liar. Never assign someone else's beast, not to greed and do not run into the forest. Alexander II was considered the most valuable hunter from Romanov. Despite the fact that Alexander II's imperial hunt had reference specimens of hunting dogs of various breeds, Alexander Nikolaevich loved Milorda. A detailed characteristic of Milorda as a representative of the breed of hunting dogs gives a well-known writer L. Sabaneyev: "Imperial black dog I saw in Ilyinsky after lunch, for which the sovereign invited members of the Board of the Moscow Society of Hunting. It was a very large and very beautiful bedroom dog, with a wonderful head, well dressed, but a network type in it was not enough, and the legs were too long, and one of the legs is completely white. They say this setter this was donated to the late emperor with some Polish poan, and the rumor went that the dog was not completely blood. "

Enemies

To the question, Alexander II of the enemies were with confidence: yes. Only attempts on his life were at least six.

The first attempt took place on April 4, 1866. Alexander II went for a walk with his nephews in the summer garden. During the fresh air, the king was already in the carriage, when a young man came out of a crowd of Zewak, who watched the sovereign's walk, came out and shot him, but missed. Dmitry Karazozov arrived at the shooter. The motive of the attempt he called the deceit of the king of his people by reform of 1861, in which, according to him, the rights of the peasants were only declared, but not realized in reality.

But not only in Russia the sovereign launched a danger. In June 1867, Alexander II arrived on an official visit to France. June 6, after a military review on the leschamp hippodrome, he returned in an open carriage along with his children and French emperor Napoleon III . In the area of \u200b\u200bthe Boulogo forest among the uniform crowd, the appearance of the official procession has already been waited for a low black-haired man - Anton Berezovsky, Pole by origin. When the royal stroller appeared next to, he twice shot from the gun in Alexander II. Thanks to the bold actions of one of Napoleon III security officers, in time of a man who has noticed in the crowd of a man with a weapon and who pushed his hand, the bullets flew past the Russian king, taped only a horse. This time the reason for the attempt was the desire to take revenge on the king for the suppression of the Polish uprising of 1863.

The third attempt took place on April 4, 1879: the sovereign walked around his palace. Suddenly, he noticed a young man, a rapid step of he guided in his direction. The stranger managed to shoot five times before the guard was captured. In place they found out that the attacker was the teacher Alexander Solovyev. As a result, he, without hiding pride, said: "The idea of \u200b\u200bthe attempt on His Majesty arose with me after acquaintance with the teachings of the Socialist revolutionaries. I belong to the Russian section of this party, which believes that the majority suffers for the minority to enjoy folk learning and all the benefits of civilization inaccessible to the majority. "

If the three first attempts on Alexander II were carried out by unprepared single, then since 1879 the purpose of destroying the king is given a whole terrorist organization - "People's Volia". After analyzing the previous attempts to kill the king, the conspirators came to the conclusion that the most faithful tool will be the organization of the explosion of the royal train, when the emperor will return from rest from Crimea to St. Petersburg. But this time the conspirators were defeated. Again in the fate of Alexander II, heavenly forces intervened. People knew that the imperial consignment consists of two compositions: in one, Alexander II itself with a retinue itself, in the second - the royal baggage. Moreover, the composition with the luggage half an hour is ahead of the royal train. However, in Kharkov, one of the steam locomotives of the luggage composition broke - and the royal train went first. Not knowing about this circumstance, terrorists missed the first composition by blowing up Ma under the fourth second car. Having learned that once again I escaped death, Alexander II, according to eyewitnesses, pronouncedly said: "What do they have against me, these unfortunate? Why do they pursue me like a wild beast? After all, I always sought to do everything in my power, for the benefit of the people! ".

"Unfortunate", not particularly discouraged by the failure of the railway epic, after a while they began to prepare a new attempt. The Executive Committee decided to blow up the rest of the emperor in the Winter Palace. The explosion was scheduled for six hours twenty-minutes of an evening, when, as expected, Alexander II should be in the dining room. And again the case has configured to conspirators all the cards. The train of one of the members of the Imperial Family - Prince Hessian - was late for half an hour, shifting the time of the solemn dinner. The explosion found Alexander II near the guard room, located near the dining room.

After the explosion in the winter, Alexander II began to leave the palace, regularly leaving only for the shift of the guard in Mikhailovsky Manege. This punctuality of the emperor and decided to take advantage of the conspirators. About the preparing attempt by the king has repeatedly prevented a security department. He was recommended to refuse travel to Manege and not to leave the walls of the Winter Palace. All warnings Alexander II answered that he had nothing to be afraid because he firmly knows that his life is in the hands of God, thanks to the help of which he survived the previous five attempts.

On March 1, 1881, Alexander II left the Winter Palace in Manege. Having been present at the divorce of the guard and having fallen into the tea with his cousin, the king went back to the winter through ... Catherine Canal. The royal tuple went to the embankment. Next, the events developed almost instantly. Terrorist Rysakov threw his bomb toward the royal carriage. There was a deafening explosion. Having traveled some distance, the royal carriage stopped. The emperor did not suffer. However, instead of leaving the place of the attempt, Alexander II wished to see the criminal. He approached the captured Rysakov .... At that moment, not seen by the guard Grinevitsky throws the second bomb to the collar. The explosive wave dropped Alexander II to the ground, blood was whipped from crushed feet. From the last strength, he whispered: "Take me to the palace ... there I want to die ..."

On March 1, 1881, at 15 o'clock 35 minutes on the flagpole of the Winter Palace, the Imperial Standard was launched, otoving the population of St. Petersburg on the death of Emperor Alexander II.

Comraders

The true companion of Alexander the second can be called Loris Melikov. They together prepared a draft constitution, wanting to radically change the future of Russia. They saw Russia in the Great Power, going up with the times. Loris-Melikov's plans included a broad program of modernization of the state and public life of Russia. In the 70s, the king decided that the peace had come, and was appointed Mikhail Tarielovich by Minister of Internal Affairs. It was then that Loris Melikov began to prepare a draft document, which from tactical considerations did not call the word "constitution" in order not to exacerbate relationships with reaction circles in the government and at the court. Mikhail Tarielovich considered it fundamentally important to take the first step in the restriction of autocracy. This document was ready for publication. But per day, this rock bomb interrupted the life of the emperor, forever crossed the plans of Loris-Melikov. Perhaps the 1917 revolution would never happen if Russia became a constitutional monarchy at the end of the 19th century.

Weakness

"The main weakness of Alexander as a political figure was that human problems all their lives were more important for him. This was his weakness, but his superiority: he was primarily a good and noble man, and often his heart took the top over the mind. Unfortunately, for a person designed by fate to be the ruler of Russia, it was rather a lack of disadvantage, "the historian believes Vsevolod Nikolaev, and it is difficult to disagree with him.

Strengths

Emperor Alexander II in fairness was awarded the "title" of the Tsar liberator: he freed not only the peasants, but in general, the personality of the Russian man, put it in the conditions of independent existence and development. Previously, the personality was suppressed and absorbed: in the most distant times - the generic life, later - the state that was supposed to serve for which it was supposed to exist. Now the state ceases to be a goal, it itself turns into a service authority, to a means for the free development of the person and satisfying its material and spiritual requests.

Merits and failures

Alexander II, the Great Merit of Alexander II can be called the five reforms held by him: the peasant, Zemskaya, judicial, urban and military; Together with the abolition of corporal punishments, they constitute an integral fame and pride of the reign of the emperor. "The peasant reform, despite all its imperfections, was a colossal step forward; She was the biggest merit of Alexander himself, during the years of its development withstanding with honor of the ones of serfish and reactionary aspirations and who found such a hardness at which the persons that surrounded, apparently did not expect "(Kornilov). "With a wise decisiveness, following the instructions of time, Emperor Alexander II left the traditional way of discussing reform in secret committees and called on the Society itself to develop a planned transformation, and then vyrako following the progress of reformation, with emergency clutch chose time and external forms for the application of their personal views on the other side of the peasant business. If the art edit is the ability to correctly determine the urgent needs of this epoch, to open a free exit in society viable and fruitful aspirations, from the height of the wise impartiality to pacify mutually hostile batches of the power of intelligent agreements, cannot be not recognized that Alexander Nikolaevich faithfully understood the essence of his vocation Emerible (1855-1861) of his reign. He firmly endured his post on the "stern of his native ship" in these difficult years of his swimming, rightfully deserving the acquisition for his name of the enviable epithet of the liberator "(Kizewter).

Sustal zemstvo and a nonsense city, attracting different classes of the population to general work for general benefits, significantly contributed to the bonding of individual groups and public classes into a single state body, where "one for all, and all for one". In this regard, the Zemskaya and urban reforms were the same great national affair as the reform of the peasant. They put an end to the predominance of the nobility, democratized Russian society, attracted new and more diverse layers of society to the general work.

The judicial reform, in turn, had a huge cultural significance in Russian life. Supplied independently of the external and random influences, using public confidence, providing a population in fair use of his rights, fencing these rights or restoring them in case of violation, the new court brought up Russian society in respect of the law to the personality and interests of the neighbor, elevated a person in his own Eyes, served as a restraining principle equally for both the owners and subordinates.

Military reform, inseparably associated with the name of Milyutin, all imbued with the spirit of liberation and humanity. She supplemented other great reforms and together with them created from the reign of Alexander II a new era in Russian history. The same can be said about the abolition of corporal punishment. Decree on April 17, 1863 was a huge educational value, since the old screech and Spreads were taught people to cruelty, made them indifferent to someone else's suffering; The fistfulness and punishment of the rods, often arbitrary, the person of man was driven: some angry, and others, on the contrary, deprived of self-esteem.

The failures of Alexander II can be attributed to the fact that none of the above reforms has been communicated to the end. But it is worth mentioning that in the entire history of Russia, therefore, no one to its ruler managed to completely implement his reforms.

Completely successfully Alexander II led and its foreign policy. In 1872, he joined the Union of Three Emperors, who became the cornerstone of Russia's foreign policy before the conclusion of the Franco-Russian Union in 1893. In 1877, Turkish policy led to the Russian-Turkish war ending in Russia's victory in 1878. Under Alexandra II, the accession of the Caucasus was completed. Russia has expanded its influence in the East; It includes Turkestan, the Amur region, the Ussuri region, the Kuril Islands in exchange for the southern part of Sakhalin.

Comcross

Alexander II was so infinitely loved Ekaterina Dolgorukov, which settled it with children in the Winter Palace even during his first spouse, which even more aggravated the attitude towards many Romanovs. The courtyard was divided into two parties: supporters of Dolgorukova and supporters of the heir to Alexander Alexandrovich. A similar act Alexander II was unheard of audacity. To settle openly under the same roof, his wife and his mistress could afford only he.

Km.ru April 29, 2008

March 13 (March 1, in Article) - Memorial Day Tsar liberator Alexander II Nikolaevich who has become a victim of revolutionary terrorists on March 1, 1881.

He was born on April 17, 1818, in a bright Wednesday, in the bishop house of the miracle of the monastery in the Kremlin. His educator was the poet V.A. Zhukovsky, who instilled his romantic attitude towards life.

According to numerous testimonies, in the youthful age was very impressionable and in love. So, during a trip to London 1839, he had a mumbling in love with the young Queen Victoria (later, as the monarchs, mutual hostility and hostility were experiencing).

In 1837, Alexander made a great trip to Russia and visited 29 provinces of European part, Transcaucasia and Western Siberia, and in 1838-1839 visited Europe.

Alexander Never - nor in his youth, nor in mature years - did not adhere to any particular theory or concept in his views on the history of Russia and the tasks of public administration. For its general views, it was characterized by an idea of \u200b\u200bthe inviolability of the autocracy and the existing statehood of Russia as the whole of its unity, about the divine origin of the royal power. He confesses to his father, having familiarized himself with Russia in a trip: "I consider myself happy that God put all my life to dedicate to her". Having become a dealer, he identified himself with Russia, considering his role, his mission as serving the degree of dedication.

Personal life

Alexander II's personal life was unfortunately. In 1841, at the insistence of his father, he was married to the Princess of Hesse-Darmstadt Maximilian Wilhelmin August Sofia Mary (Maria Alexandrovna, († 1880). They had 7 children: Alexander, Nikolay, Alexander (future emperor Alexander III), Vladimir, Maria, Sergey, Paul (the first two died: Daughter in 1849, heir to the throne in 1865).

Spouse Tsar Maria Aleksandrovna

German by birth, Maria Alexandrovna was observed on his aristocratic. She did not love and did not respected Russia, she did not understand her husband and did not appreciate and engaged in the most embroidered or knit and knit and the gossip about the court romance, intrigues, weddings and funerals at the courtyards of Europe. Alexandra, such a wife did not satisfy. In 1866, he loved the princess to Catherine Dolgoruky († 1922), on which he married immediately after the death of the first spouse in 1880 by the Morganotic marriage (marriage between persons unequal, in which the spouse (or spouse) does not receive a lower position as a result of this marriage of the same high social status). He had 4 children from this marriage.

Beginning of reign

Alexander II entered the throne at the age of 36 years after the death of the father of Emperor Nikolai I 19 February 1855, the coronation took place in the Assumption Cathedral of the Kremlin on August 26, 1856 (Sacredness headed Metropolitan Moscow Filaret (Drozdov)). The full title of emperor sounded like emperor and autocrats All-Russian, King Polish and Grand Prince Finland. On the occasion of coronation, the sovereign declared the amnesty to the Decembrists, Petrashesssemi, participants of the Polish uprising of 1830-31.

The introduction of Alexander II for the throne occurred under very serious circumstances. Finance were extremely upset by the unsuccessful Crimean War, during which Russia was in full international isolation (Russia opposed the connected forces of almost all the main European powers). The first of the important steps was conclusion of the Paris World (1856) - on the conditions that in the current situation were not the bad(In England, there were strong moods to continue the war to the complete defeat and dismemberment of the Russian Empire). Thanks to some diplomatic steps,Alexander II managedbreak through the foreign policy blockade of Russia. Representatives of seven powers (Russia, France, Austria, England, Prussia, Sardinia and Turkey) gathered in Paris. Russia gave Sevastopol, but obliged the king not to start the fleet in the Black Sea. I had to take this condition, scary humiliating for Russia. The Paris World, although not profitable for Russia, was still honorable for her because of such numerous and strong opponents.

Alexander II reforms

Alexander II entered the story as a reformer and liberator (In connection with the abolition of serfdom on Manifesto on February 19, 1861). He canceled corporal punishment and forbade beat the soldiers with sticks. Before him, the soldiers served 25 years, soldier children from birth were credited to the soldiers. Alexander introduced a universal military service, spreading it to all nationalities, whereas only Russians served before.

State bank, loan cash registers, railways, telegraphs, government posts, plants, factories - everything appeared under Alexander II, as well as urban and rural folk schools.

In his reign was canceled serfdom (1861) . The liberation of the peasants served as the cause of the new Polish uprising in 1863. By converting Russia, Alexander put the cornerstone transformations to Russification of Okrain - Finland, Poland and the Baltic region.

Great reforms Alexander II

Estimates of some reforms of Alexander II contradictory. The liberal press called his reforms "Great." At the same time, a significant part of the population (part of the intelligentsia), as well as a number of state leaders of that era, adversely appreciated these reforms.

Foreign policy

In the reign of Alexander II, Russia returned to the policy of the All-time expansion of the Russian Empire, previously characteristic of the reign of Catherine II.

During this period, Central Asia, the North Caucasus, the Far East, Bessarabia, Batumi were joined in Russia. Victory in the Caucasian War was obsessed in the early years of his reign. Promotion in Central Asia has successfully over (in 1865-1881, most of Turkestan entered Russia).

On the eastern outskirts of Asia, Russia in the reign of Alexander II also made quite important acquisitions, besides in a peaceful way. According to Agreement with China (1857), the entire left bank of Amur was departed to Russia, and the Beijing Agreement (1860) provided us with part of the right bank between R. Ussuri, Korea and Sea. Since then, the rapid settlement of the Amur region began, one of the different settlements and even the city began to occur.

Under Alexandra II, the "Transaction of the Century" took place for the sale of Alaska. In 1867, the Government decided to abandon Russia's possessions in North America and sold Alaska (Russian America) to the United States for $ 7 million (By the way, the 3-storey building of the district court in New York was then more expensive than all Alaska).

In 1875, Japan had lost part of Sakhalin in return for the Kuril Islands that did not yet belong to Russia.

But his main achievement became the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878, which brought liberation to the Balkan peoples from Turkish yoke.

The Turks conquered the Balkan Peninsula, and all Christians were facing slavery. The Greeks, Serbs, Bulgarians, Croatians and Armenians were languid up 500 years old. They were all slaves. Their property and life belonged to the Turks. They were selected wives and daughters in the harem, sons in slavery. Finally, Bulgarians rebelled. Turks began to pacify them with fierce executions and torture. Alexander tried to achieve liberation peacefully, but in vain. Then Russia announced Turkey to war, and all Russians enthusiastically went to shed their blood for the Christian brothers. In 1877, the Balkan Slavs were released!

Growth of public discontent

Alexander II reign, despite liberal reforms, was not calm. The economic situation of the country has worsened: the industry struck the prolonged depression, there were several cases of mass hunger in the village.

Large sizes reached a shortage of foreign trade balance and state external debt (almost 6 billion rubles), which led to a disorder of monetary circulation and public finance.

The problem of corruption aggravated.

In Russian society, a split and acute social contradictions were formed, which reached their peak by the end of the reign.

Outcomes of the Berlin Congress of 1878 are usually attributed to other negative parties; (1863) and in the Caucasus (1877-1878).

Attempts

Under Alexandra II, a revolutionary movement has developed. Members of the revolutionary parties arranged several times at the king of the attempt.

Terrorists organized a real hunt for the sovereign. It was repeated for his life: Karakozov April 4, 1866 , Polish emigrant Berezovsky May 25, 1867 in Paris, Solovyov April 2, 1879 in St. Petersburg, an attempt to explode the imperial train near Moscow November 19, 1879 , explosion in the winter palace produced by Halturine February 5, 1880 .

According to rumors, in 1867, Paris Tsyganka rushed to the Russian Emperor Alexander II: "Your life will be in the balance of six times, but will not break, but in the seventh - death will overtake you."Prediction came true ...

Murder

March 1, 1881 - The last attempt on Alexander II, who led to his death.

On the eve, February 28 (Saturday of the first week of the Great Post), the emperor in the Small Church of the Winter Palace, along with some other family members, joined the Holy Taine.

Early in the morning of March 1, 1881, Alexander II left the Winter Palace in Manege, he was accompanied by a rather small security. He was present on the divorce of the guard and, having drove the tea from his cousin, the Great Princess of Catherine Mikhailovna, the emperor went back to the Winter Palace through the Catherine Canal. The attempted occurred when the Tsarskiywee went on the Ekaterini Canal embankment in St. Petersburg. The first bomb threw Nikolai Rysakov, but the king was not injured (it was the sixth unsuccessful attempt). He came out of the carriage and spoke with the pests, asking his name and title. At that moment, Ignatius Grinevitsky ran up to Alexander II and threw a bomb among himself and the king. Both were mortally wounded. The explosive wave dropped Alexander II to the ground, blood was very much bleeding from crushed feet. The fallen emperor whispered: "Take me to the palace ... there I want to die" .... Alexander II put in Sani, and sent to the palace. There, after a while, Alexander II, died.

In the hospital, before his death, Tsaryubita came to himself, but did not name his names. Rysakov was unharmed, immediately arrested and interrogated by investigators. Fearing the death sentence, a 19-year-old terrorist said everything that he knew, including giving out the whole core of the "People's Will". The arrests of the attempt organizers began. In the process of "First Armenian" Grinevitsky passed as a cat, Elnikov or Mikhail Ivanovich. The real surname of the kings of the king became known only in soviet time. Oddly enough, this young man in life was not "weighing hell." Ignatius Ioahimovich Grinevitsky was born in the Minsk province in 1856 in the family of impoverished Polish nobleman. He successfully graduated from Belostok real gymnasium and in 1875 he entered the Technological Institute of St. Petersburg. All his knew as a soft, modest, friendly man with a strong sense of justice. In the gymnasium Ignatius was one of the best disciples and there was a nickname cat, which then became his underground nickname. At the institute, he entered the revolutionary circle, was one of the organizers of the "Working Newspaper", the participant of "walking to the people". According to testimonies, Grinevitsky not only had a meek temper, but he was Catholic. With difficulty stacked in the head, as a believer Christian could go to murder. Obviously, he believed that autocracy in Russia is a great evil, for his destruction, all the means are good, and confessed conscious self-sacrifice with the willingness to give themselves "in the devil's hands." What was it? The greatest idea or just to remember the mind?

The death of the "liberator", killed by the pests on behalf of "liberated", seemed to many of the symbolic congestion of his reign, led from the point of view of the conservative part of society, to the ragleg of Nihilism. It is said that his death wanted half of Russia. The political figures of the right wing said that the emperor "in time" was killed: he would make a year or two, a catastrophe of Russia (autocracy wreck) would become inevitable.

Demons - So F.M. Dostoevsky called the revolutionaries-terrorists. In his last work, "Brothers Karamazov" Dostoevsky wanted to continue the topic "demons". Alesha Karamazova, almost saint, the writer planned to "make" a terrorist who ended with life on the scaffold! Dostoevsky is often referred to as a writer-prophet. Indeed, he not only predicted, but even described the future king's king: Alyosha Karamazov is very similar to Ignatia Grinevitsky. The writer did not survive before the murder of Alexander II - he died a month before the tragic event.

Despite the arrest and execution of all the leaders of the "People's Will", terrorist acts continued in the first 2-3 years of the reign of Alexander III.

The results of the reign of Alexander II

Alexander II left a deep mark in history, he managed to do what they were afraid to take another self-containers - the liberation of peasants from the serfs. We use his reforms to this day. During his reign, Russia firmly strengthened its relationship with European powers, allowed numerous conflicts with neighboring countries. The internal reforms of Alexander II are comparable on their scale except with the reforms of Peter I. The tragic end of the emperor has greatly changed the further course of history, and it was this event that led Russia in 35 years to death, and Nikolai II to a martyr's wreath.

The views of modern historians on the era of Alexander II were subjected to sharp changes under the influence of the dominant ideology, and are not established.

Material prepared Sergey Shalyak

The sovereign in history with the Epitic "Liberator", who carried out the centuries-old dream of the people about the abolition of serfdom, became the victim of the immigrants from the same people, to the arrangement of the life of which he attached so much strength. His death creates many questions from historians. The name of the terrorist who threw a bomb, and, nevertheless, the question "why Alexander 2 was killed?" To this day does not have a unambiguous answer.

Reforms and their consequences

Government activities can serve as an illustration of a well-known proverb "Good intentions are wounded by the road to hell." Having entered the throne at the age of thirty-six years, he produced a number of radical transformations. I managed to complete the Crimean War's disastrous for Russia, Nikolai I. I was abandoned by his father, I canceled the universal military duty, introduced local government and produced in addition, managed to mitigate censorship and facilitate the departure abroad.

However, the result of all his good undities entering the history of Russia as "great reforms", the impoverishment of peasants exempt from slavery, but devoid of its main source of existence - land; Deletion of their former owners - nobles; Corruption that has engulfed all spheres of state power; A series of annoying mistakes in foreign policy. Obviously, in the aggregate of all these factors and should look for an answer to the question of why Alexander 2 was killed.

Start a series of attemps

In Russian history there was no monarch whom would have been so consistently and inexorably to kill. At Alexander 2, six attempts were committed, the last of which turned out to be fatal. Even before "Folk Volya" - an organization that killed Alexander 2 - fully stated his existence, the list of attempts was opened by a single terrorist Dmitry Karakozov. On April 4, 1866 (all dates in the article are given on a new style), he shot a sovereign from the gate of the summer garden to the Naberezhnye Neva. The shot was unsuccessful that he saved the life of Alexander.

The next attempt was undertaken on May 25, 1867 in Paris by the Polish emigrant Anton Berezovsky. This happened during the visit of the sovereign to the World Exhibition. The shooter missed. He subsequently explained his own act by the desire to take revenge on the Russian monarch for the bloody suppression of the Polish uprising of 1863.

It was then followed by an attempt on April 14, 1879, committed by the retired college astronor Alexander Solovyov, which was part of the organization "Earth and Will". He managed to impair the sovereign on the Palace Square during his usual walk, which he committed alone and without security. The attacker produced five shots, but all to no avail.

The debut of the people

On December 1 of the same year, the first attempt was made by the people who killed Alexander 2 two years later. They tried to blow up the royal train during his following to Moscow. It was prevented by an intended mistake, thanks to which the wrong composition was blown up, and the sovereign remained unharmed.

And finally, a couple of failed attempts completes an explosion, thundered on February 17, 1880 on the first floor of the Winter Palace. He was produced by a member of the "People's Volia" organization, this was the last case when fate retained the life of the sovereign. This time Alexandra 2 saved late decendment to the outlined that day, and the hellish car worked in his absence. A week later, a special government commission was appointed to combat terrorism and maintain order in the country.

Blood on the Channel Embankment

The fatal for the sovereign was March 13, 1881. On this day, he, according to his usual, returned from the divorce of troops in Mikhailovsky Manege. Having at the road, the Great Princess Alexander, continuing the way, went to the Ekaterininsky Canal embankment, where the terrorists were waiting for him.

The name of the one who killed Alexander 2 is now well known to everyone. This is Pole, a student of the St. Petersburg Polytechnic Institute of Ignatius Grinevitsky. He threw a bomb after his comrade Nikolai Rysakov, also a rigid hellish car, but to no avail. When, after the first explosion, the sovereign got out of a damaged carriage, Grinevitsky threw him a bomb under his feet. A deadly wounded emperor was taken to the Winter Palace, where he died, not coming into consciousness.

Court opposition

In 1881, when Alexander 2 was killed, the work of the State Commission, although externally created the impression of cycling activities, however, it seemed very strange. Historians have reason to believe that the death of Alexander was the result of a conspiracy of the court elite, firstly, dissatisfied with liberal reforms conducted by the emperor, and secondly, the possible adoption of the Constitution.

In addition, the former landowners who lost their fortress peasants were included in the circle of higher dignitaries and thereby suffered significant losses. They had an obvious reason to hate the sovereign. If we consider the question at such an angle, it can be quite understandable why Alexander 2 was killed.

Strange idle branch

The actions of the gendarme governance cause legal bewilderment. It is known that during the period preceding the murder, several reports were received about the preparing terrorist attack, and even a possible place for its holding was indicated. However, no reaction was followed. Moreover, when the enjoyment of the law, information appeared that in a small garden - it is not far from the place where Alexander 2 was killed, the path of his possible passage, they were limited to a quick inspection of the room, from which the subcople was rigorous.

Not noticing anything (or not to find it necessary to notice), gendarmes allowed terrorists to continue the training of the terrorist attack. It seemed that someone was deliberately unleashing the hands of criminals, wanting to make their plans with their help. The suspicion causes the fact that when the tragedy was accomplished, and the emperor who had such a powerful opposition in the palace did not become, all participants in the assassination were arrested with amazing speed. There is no doubt that the gendarmes were exactly known which organization killed Alexander 2.

Problems of the Prestolaution

In addition, in the question of who killed Alexander 2 (more precisely, became a real murder organizer), and the dynastic crisis that broke out in the palace should be taken into account. His son and the heir to the throne, the future autocrat had every reason to fear for her future. The fact is that at the beginning of that year, when Alexander 2 was killed, the sovereign, barely withstood the forty days after the death of Maria Alexandrovna's legitimate wife, married his favorite princess Catherine Dolgorukova.

Considering that his father more than once again expressed a desire to remove him from the palace, Alexander Alexandrovich could fully assume that he had conceived to convey to him, but a child born from a new marriage. In this case, only an unexpected death could prevent this, and considering the former attempts, she would never have caused suspicion.

First in modern history Organization of terrorists

The one who killed Tsar Alexander 2 (Terrorist Ignatius Grinevitsky) was a member of the underground Union "Folk Free". It is believed that it was the first in modern history, she specialized solely on political murders, in which he saw the only possible way to change the existing system.

It included people who belonged to the most different layers of society. For example, Sophia Perovskaya, who directly led to the attempt on the Catherine Canal, was a nobleman and even the daughter of the St. Petersburg governor, and her associate in the struggle and heartfelt friend of Zhellyabs - a leaving from the family of serf peasants.

Verdict king.

By eliminating the terror by achieving political goals, they at their first meeting, held in 1879, unanimously sentenced Alexander 2 to death and in the following years they were engaged in implementing their decision. It was important for them to destroy the autocrat, regardless of where it would happen in which year. Alexander 2 fanatics, not sparing for utopian revolutionary ideas, neither their lives or certainly strangers were killed.

However, in that ill-fated spring they had the reasons to hurry. The terrorists knew that on March 14, the approval of the Constitution was appointed, and could not allow it, since, according to their calculations, the adoption of such an important historical document could reduce the level of social tension in the country and deprive them of the struggle of nationwide support. It was decided by anything to end with the king in the shortest possible time.

Revaluation of historical realities

The story included the name of the one who killed Alexander 2, leaving him under the feet of the hellish car, but hardly historians will be able to prove the validity or inconsistency of suspicion of involvement in the court of court circles and the hear of the throne. Documents that shed light on this question is not left. It is believed that young people were initiated by the initiators of the attempt and his performers, members of the underground union "People's Volia".

During the years of Soviet power, all organizations that fought with autocracy were extruded as expressivers of historical truth. Their actions were justified regardless of how much and whose blood was broken. But if you ask the question today: "Who are the people who killed Alexander 2 - criminals or not?" In most cases, the answer will be affirmative.

Monument to the Tsar liberator

History has proven that the goal does not always justify funds, and sometimes a fighter for the right thing turns out to be in a number of criminals. Therefore, the one who killed Alexander 2 was not proud of Russia. Its names are not named streets of cities, and the monuments are not erected on the squares. On the question of what year Alexander 2 was killed, many will answer, but to name the name of the killer makes it difficult.

At the same time, on the site of the death of the killed emperor-liberator, a magnificent temple was built, called spas-on-blood and became an eternal monument. During the years of atheistic obscurantism, he was repeatedly tried to demolish him, but each time the invisible force took the hand of vandals. It is possible to call it fate, you can finish God, but the memory of Alexandra 2, who broke the chain of the fortress slavery, and now shines the gold of the domes, and his killers went to the darkness of the story.

Publication or update date 01.11.2017

To the table of contents: rulers

Years of Life: 17 (29) April 1818, Moscow - 1 (13) March 1881, St. Petersburg.
Emperor All-Russian, King Polish and Grand Duke Finland 1855-1881.

From the Romanov dynasty.

Awarded a special epithet in Russian historiography - the liberator.

Alexander II Nikolaevich - The eldest son of the imperial couple Nikolai I and Alexandra Fedorovna, the daughter of the Prussian King Friedrich-Wilhelm III.

Unknown artist. Portrait emperor Alexander II.. Canvas, oil. 1880s.

Alexander Nikolaevich Romanov was born on 29 (17), 1818 in Moscow.

His father, Nikolai Pavlovich, at the time of his son was a great prince, and in 1825 he became an emperor. From the youngsters, his father began to prepare Alexander to the throne, and "reign" considered the duty. The mother of the great reformer, Alexander Fedorovna, was a German adopted by Orthodoxy.

Alexander Nikolaevich received an education corresponding to his origin. His main mentor was the Russian poet Vasily Zhukovsky. He managed to raise Alexander Rem Nikolayevich An enlightened person, a reformer, not deprived of artistic taste.

According to numerous testimonies, in the youth of the age Alexander the second was very impressionable and in love. During a trip to London in 1839, a young Queen Victoria fell in love, which later became for him the most hated ruler in Europe.

Emperor. Photo of the 1860s.

In 1834, 16-year-old Alexander became senator. And in 1835 a member of the Holy Synod.

In 1836, the heir to the throne received the military rank of Major General.

In 1837, Alexander Nikolaevich went to his 1st journey through Russia. I visited about 30 provinces, I drove to Western Siberia. And in the letter, Father wrote that he was ready to "face a matter of which God intended me."

1838 - 1839 was marked by journey in Europe.

April 28, 1841 was combined with a marriage with the princess of Hesse-Darmstadskaya Maximilian Wilhelmina Agland Sophia Maria, who received the name of Maria Alexandrovna in Orthodoxy.

In 1841, Alexander became a member of the State Council.

In 1842, the heir to the throne entered the Cabinet of Ministers.

In 1844, Alexander Nikolaevich received the title of full general. For some time even commanded the Guards Infantry.

In 1849, Alexander Second Nikolaevich received military schools and secret committees in the peasant business.

In 1853, at the beginning of the Crimean War, Alexander Nikolaevich commands all the troops of the city.

March 3 (February 19) 1855 Alexander Nikolayevich Romanov became the emperor. Having accepted the throne, Alexander accepted and left the problems of his father. In Russia, at that time, the peasant question was not resolved, the Crimean War was in full swing, in which Russia suffered constant failures. The new Emperor Alexander had to hold forced reforms.

On March 30, 1856, Emperor Alexander concluded the Paris World, thereby stopping the Crimean War. However, the conditions for Russia turned out to be disadvantageous, it became vulnerable from the sea, she was forbidden to have naval forces in the Black Sea.

In August 1856, on the day of coronation, the new emperor Alexander declared the amnesty to the Decembrists, and also suspended recruitment kits for 3 years.

Calls on Moscow nobles to begin the liberation of the peasantry. 1857 year.

In 1857, Alexander the second intends to free the peasants, "without waiting for them to be released by themselves." He was established by the Secret Committee dealing with this issue. The result was published on March 3 (February 19) of 1861, the manifesto on the release of the peasantry from serfdom and the provision on peasants emerging from the serfdom, according to which the peasants received personal freedom and the right to freely dispose of their property.

HELL. Kivchenko. On St. Petersburg Street. Watercolor. 1880.

In a number of other reforms conducted by Alexander II, there is a reorganization of educational and legal systems, the actual abolition of censorship, the abolition of corporal punishment, the creation of zemsti. With it carried out:

Zemskoy reform January 1, 1864, according to which the issues of local economy, primary education, medical and veterinary services were entrusted to elective institutions - county and provincial Zemskoy.

The urban reform of 1870 was replaced by the previously estate urban administrations of urban people who came up on the basis of the property qualification.

The judicial charter of 1864 introduced a unified system of judicial institutions, based on the formal equality of all social groups before the law.

During military reforms, a planned reorganization of the army was launched, new military districts were created, a relatively slender system was created, the reform of the Military Ministry itself was provided, the operational management of troops and their mobilization was carried out. By the beginning of the Russian-Turkish war 1877-1878. The entire Russian army was armed with the latest casnosnostable rifle rifles.

In the course of educational reforms of the 1860s. A network of folk schools was created. Together with classical gymnasiums, real gymnasiums (colleges) were created, in which the main emphasis was made to teach natural sciences and mathematics. Published Charter of 1863 for higher educational institutions introduced partial autonomy of universities. In 1869, the 1st in Russia in Russia was opened in Russia. Higher women's courses with a secondary program.

Alexander II Nikolaevich Confidently and successfully led traditional imperial politics. Victory in the Caucasian War was obsessed in the 1st years of his reign. Promotion in Central Asia has successfully completed (in 1865-1881. Russia entered most of Turkestan). After a long resistance, Alexander decided to war in Turkey 1877-1878, in which Russia won.

On April 4, 1866, the first attempt was held on the life of Emperor Alexander. The nobleman Dmitry Karakozov fired into it, but missed.

In 1866, 47-year-old Emperor Alexander Second entered into an extramarital connection with 17-year-old Freylin, prince Catherine Mikhailovoy. Their relationship lasted for many years, until the death of Alexander.

In 1867, Alexander, seeking to establish relations with France, held talks with Napoleon III.

On May 25, 1867, a second attempt occurred. In Paris, Pole Anton Berezovsky shoots a carriage where Alexander II, his children and Napoleon III were located. Savior rulers one of the French security officers.

In 1867, Alaska (Russian America) and the Aleutian Islands were sold to the United States for 7.2 million gold. The feasibility of acquiring Alaska by the United States of America was obvious 30 years later, when gold was opened on Klondike and the famous "Golden Fever" began. The declaration of the Soviet government from 1917 was announced that it does not recognize agreements concluded by Tsarist Russia, so Alaska should belong to Russia. The sale agreement was carried out with violations, so there are still disputes about the accessories of Alaska Russia.

In 1872, Alexander entered the Union of Three Emperors (Russia, Germany, Austria-Hungary).

During the reign of Alexander, the second in Russia develops a revolutionary movement. Students are combined into various alliances and circles, often radically radically, while for some reason the pledge of the liberation of Russia they saw only under the condition of the physical destruction of the king.

On August 26, 1879, the Executive Committee of the Movement "People's Volia" decided to murder Alexandra II Nikolayevich. Another 2 attempts followed this: November 19, 1879, the imperial train was blown up near Moscow, but again Alexander he saves an accident. On February 5, 1880, an explosion occurred in the Winter Palace.

In July 1880, after the death of his 1st spouse, Alexander second secretly wrecked with a long-term church of the Tsarist village. Marriage was a morganotic, that is, unequal in the human. Neither Catherine nor her children from the emperor received no lengthy privileges and the rights of the prestiplotia. Alexander helped them the title of the bright princes of Yuryevsky.

On March 1, 1881, Emperor Alexander Second was mortally wounded as a result of the next intelligence of the people of I.I. Grinevitsky, who threw a bomb. The emperor died on the same day from blood loss.

Alexander II Nikolaevich He entered the story as a reformer and liberator.

Was married twice:

First marriage (1841) with Maria Alexandrovna (07.07.1824 - 05.22.1880), in the princess of the Princess Maximilian-Wilhelmina-Tomb-Sophia-Maria Hesssen-Darmstadt.

Children from the first marriage:

Alexandra (1842-1849)

Nikolay (1843-1865), was brought up as the heir to the throne, died of inflammation of the lungs in Nice

(1845-1894) - Emperor of Russia in 1881-1894.

Vladimir (1847-1909)

Alexey (1850-1908)

Maria (1853-1920), Great Princess, Duchess of Great Britain and Germany

Sergey (1857-1905)

Paul (1860-1919)

Second, Morganatic, marriage at a long time (since 1866), Princess, Catherine Mikhailovna Dolgorukova (1847-1922), who received the title of the bright princess Yuryevskaya.

Children from this marriage:

Georgy Aleksandrovich Yuryevsky (1872-1913), married on Countess Background Tsarnekau

Olga Aleksandrovna Yuryevskaya (1873-1925), married to Georg-Nikolai von Merenberg (1871-1948), Son Natalia Pushkin.

Boris Aleksandrovich (1876-1876), posthumously legalized with the assignment of the Surname "Yuryevsky"

Ekaterina Aleksandrovna Yuryevskaya (1878-1959), married to Prince Alexander Vladimirovich Baryatinsky, and after - for Prince Sergey Platonovich Obolensky-Nelocesky-molec.

Alexander the second is open many monuments.

Egor Botman (? -1891). Portrait of Alexander II. 1856. (Fragment).
Reproduction from the site http://lj.rossia.org/users/john_petrov/

Alexander II Nikolaevich Romanov (liberator) (1818-1881) - Russian emperor from February 19, 1855

In domestic politics, he held the peasant reform of 1861 and a number of liberal reforms (see reforms of the 1860-1870s.), Contributing to the modernization of the country.

With it, the range of foreign policy directions was expanded: Central Asian and Far Eastern and Eastern were added to the European and eastern. Despite the defeat in the Crimean War of 1853-1856, tsarist diplomacy managed: to ensure peaceful conditions favorable for internal reforms; bring Russia from international isolation; To cancel the restrictive article of the Paris peaceful treatise in 1856 on the neutralization of the Black Sea, restore the international prestige of Russia and maintain balance in Europe.

In European politics, it was mainly focused on Germany and Austria-Hungary, with whom in 1873 he concluded a number of agreements (see the Union of Three Emperors).

Eastern direction spoke on the side of the Balkan peoples against the Turkish Sultan (see East Crisis 1875-1878, Russian-Turkish War 1877-1878, San Stefan Peace Treaty).

The activation of Central Asian and Far Eastern areas allowed to implement the Program of Accession of Central Asia; To conclude the Aiguna Treaty of 1858 and the Beijing Treaty of 1860 with China; Simo and St. Petersburg contracts with Japan (see Russian-Japanese contracts 1858 and 1875).

On March 1, 1881, he died as a result of a terrorist act committed by the members of the Folk Free organization.

Orlov A.S., Georgiev N.G., Georgiev V.A. Historical dictionary. 2nd ed. M., 2012, p. 12.

Other biographical materials:

Chekmarev V.V., Doctor of Economics (Kostroma), Yudina Tzn., Ph.D. (Kostroma). The peasant reform of Tsar Alexander II Alexandrovich Romanova. (Materials I Romanov's readings).

Literature:

"Wedding with Russia." Correspondence of the Grand Duke Alexander Nikolayevich with the emperor Nikolai I. 1837 // Publ. L. G. Zakharova and L. I. Tyutynik. M., 1999;

Notes Prince Dmitry Alexandrovich Obolensky / Ed. V. G. Chernukha. St. Petersburg, 2005;

Zakharova L. G. Alexander II // Russian self-containers 1801-1917. M., 1993;

Zakharova L. G. Alexander II and the place of Russia in the world // New and the newest story. 2005. № 2, 4;

Kuzmin Yu. A. Russian imperial surname. 1797-1917. Bibliographic directory. St. Petersburg, 2005; L.

yashenko L. M. Alexander II, or the story of three solitude. M., 2002;

CESAREVICH ALEXANDAN Nikolayevich's correspondence with the emperor Nikolai I. 1838-1839 / Ed. L. G. Zakharova and S. V. Mironenko. M., 2008;

Suvorov N. to the history of the city of Vologda: about staying in the Volologge of royal people and other wonderful persons of historical // Vei. 1867. N 11. P. 386-396.

Tatishchev S. S. Emperor Alexander II. His life and reign. T. 1-2. 2nd ed. Spb. 1911;

1857-1861. Correspondence by Emperor Alexander II Sbed. kn. Konstantin Nikolayevich / Sost. L. G. Zakharov and L. I. Tyutynik. M., 1994;

Wortman R. S. Power scenario: Myths and the ceremony of the Russian monarchy. T. 1-2. M., 2004.

Eidelman N.Ya. "Revolution from above" in Russia. M., 1989;