What does the word raguli mean. Rogul ordinary

The question is complex and controversial. First, one should distinguish between the monkeys themselves and the three prohibitions symbolized by them (not to see, not to hear and not to speak). Denial-prohibitions are older than monkeys and their traces can be found in various religious and philosophical teachings of the world, in the most ancient literary works, in the culture of many peoples, see for an example the category with parallels to the symbolism of the three monkeys in our Dictionary. It is impossible to define a single center; it seems that three negations exist everywhere and always. Three monkeys are a different matter. There are several hypotheses for the origin of the symbolism of the three monkeys. It seems to us the most probable and confirmed theory about the Japanese homeland of the symbol. Culturally in the environment of the Ko-shin folk cult, "supervised" by the Tendai Buddhist school, and geographically - in the area of Mount Hiei near the then Japanese capital of Kyoto. Japanese researchers believe that three monkeys in the form of an already established symbol were taken from the mainland - from China, but they can come from other places: from India or from Ancient egypt... There is no reliable evidence for such theories.

2. When did the three monkeys appear?

3. What are the three monkeys called?

Most likely, you are interested in the name of the composition of three monkeys "in the original". If "original" comes from Japan, should the name be Japanese? It may upset you, but three monkeys are called "three monkeys" in Japanese, 三猿, which reads [san'en] or [sanzaru], and more literally 三匹の猿 [sambiki-no-saru]. Each of the monkeys has its own name: does not see 見ざる [mizaru], does not hear 聞かざる [kikazaru], and does not speak 言わざる [ivazaru]. V English language names are more varied: "no evil monkeys", "three wise monkeys", etc. Wisdom sounds both in French - singes de la sagesse ("wise monkeys"), and -Spanish - tres monos sabios ("three wise monkeys"). Only the Dutch distinguished themselves: the traditional name of such a composition is horen, zien en zwijgen (to hear, see and be silent). Apparently, in Dutch, three monkeys have combined with an independently existing close expression (cf. Audi, vide, tace). In India, three monkeys are called "Gandhi's monkeys" (it was Mahatma Gandhi who introduced the Hindus to monkeys). There are no stable names in the Russian language: just “three monkeys”, borrowing from Japanese “sambiki-saru”, tracing paper from English “three wise monkeys” and more often just words from the song “I see nothing, I hear nothing, nothing to anyone I will not say".

4. Why is everyone crazy about these monkeys? What do monkeys mean anyway?

It's probably easier to start answering with the second part of the question. Monkeys have many meanings and everyone sees them in their own way. It can be an ethical symbol, remember Confucius: a noble husband is obliged to set limits before himself. The American understanding of symbolism is close to this: three monkeys do not see, hear and do not utter evil, obviously guarding the good. Three monkeys can serve as a semblance of a talisman, a protective amulet, protecting the owner from severe punishment for misdemeanors. Some interpretations of symbolism are summarized in our section "Philosophy". It can be added that we have repeatedly had to deal with everyday interpretation that monkeys symbolize an ideal wife, and a figurine in the house protects family peace. Moreover, one should not forget about aesthetics. The image of three monkeys is a funny and exotic interior decoration. And here is the time to answer the first part of the question. Monkeys are popular because they are funny. A monkey in almost all cultures is considered as a parody of a person, in it, as in a distorting mirror, are reflected human traits... Monkeys are understandable without words in any culture and at the same time allegorically carry a certain message, and the mystery always arouses interest.

5. What is the correct order of the three monkeys?

It is enough to look at any collection of images with three monkeys to understand that there is no exemplary order. Take at least the most famous monkeys in the world from the Japanese Nikko, there from left to right: hear-speak-see, and this order is rarely found. It is possible to name only the most popular order for English-speaking and Western European countries: hear-see-speak, but in the post-Soviet space monkeys often follow the Soviet song: see-hear-speak.

It is believed that this proverb came to Japan from China in the 8th century, as part of the Tendai Buddhist philosophy. It represents three dogmas that symbolize worldly wisdom. The monkey carved panel is just one small piece of a large series of panels at the Tosho-gu shrine.

There are 8 panels in total, which represent the "Code of Conduct" developed by the famous Chinese philosopher Confucius. In the collection of sayings of the philosopher "Lunyu" ("Analects of Confucius") there is a similar phrase. Only in the edition, dating from about the 2nd-4th centuries AD, did it sound a little different: “Do not look at what is contrary to decency; do not listen to what is contrary to decency; do not say what is contrary to decency; do not do what is contrary to decency. " It is possible that this is the original phrase that was shortened after it appeared in Japan.

The monkeys on the carved panel are Japanese macaques, which are very common in the Land of the Rising Sun. On the panel, monkeys sit in a row, the first of them covers its ears with its paws, the second closes its mouth, and the third is cut out with closed eyes.

Monkeys are widely known as "I don't see, I don't hear, I don't speak," but in fact, they have their own names. The monkey that covers its ears is called Kikazaru, who closed its mouth - Iwazaru, and Mizaru closes its eyes.

The names are probably a play on words as they all end in "zaru", which means monkey in Japanese. The second meaning of this word is “to leave”, that is, each word can be interpreted as a phrase aimed at evil.

Together, this composition in Japanese is called "Sambiki-Saru", that is, "Three mystical monkeys." Sometimes a fourth monkey named Shizaru is added to the famous trio, which represents the principle of "not committing any evil." It is worth noting that the conventional wisdom is that Shizaru was added much later in the souvenir industry, for commercial purposes only.

Monkeys represent the approach to life in the Shinto and Kosin religions. Historians believe that the symbol of the three monkeys is approximately 500 years old, however, some argue that similar symbolism was spread in Asia by Buddhist monks, originating in the ancient Hindu tradition. Photos of monkeys can be seen on the ancient Kosin scrolls, while the Tosho-gu shrine, where the famous panel is located, was erected as a sacred building for Shinto believers.

Contrary to the popular belief that the three monkeys originated in China, sculptures and paintings "I see no evil, I do not hear evil, I do not speak evil" are unlikely to be found in any other country except Japan. The oldest Kosin monument that featured monkeys was built in 1559, but it only features one monkey, not three.

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