Even language. The meaning of the Evenk language (Tungus language) in the linguistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Tungus language

Evenk language

The Evenk language belongs to the group of Tungus-Manchurian languages, which is divided by experts into two subgroups: northern (Tungusic proper) and southern (Manchurian). The northern subgroup includes languages: Evenk, Even, Negidal and Solonsky. The southern subgroup includes languages: Manchurian, Nanai, Ulchi, Udehei, Orochk and Ulta (Orok).

For long history Tungus, Evenk speech sounded in the vast territory of Siberia and the Far East. Today, the Evenk language has survived in Russia only in places of compact residence in Evenkia, in the south of Yakutia, in the north of Buryatia, the Chita and Amur regions and the Khabarovsk Territory. Evenk is spoken by the Evenks, Solons and Orochons in the north and inner Mongolia of the PRC, as well as a small group in the north of Mongolia. The Evenk language is surprisingly adapted to life in natural environment- accurate, but, at the same time, figurative and melodic. The functionality of the Evenk language is based on the specifics ancient culture nomads of taiga open spaces. In the Evenk language, one word can express the intention to set off in a certain direction relative to the river, mountain range and other landmarks. In the Evenk language, there are more than 20 names for snow, depending on its condition or meaning for hunting. Each of the biological species is assigned several names depending on the sex, age and other characteristics of the animal, as well as its place in the worldview of taiga hunters ...

The vocabulary of the Evenk language reflects traces of close ethnogenetic contacts with various tribes and peoples, mainly Turkic and Mongolian. In 1929 G.M. Vasilevich compiled the first Evenk primer Əwənkil dukuwuntin where the romanized alphabet was used:

In 1931, this alphabet was unified with other alphabets of the languages ​​of the peoples of the North and took the following form:

In 1937, like other alphabets of the peoples of the USSR, the Evenk alphabet was transferred to the Cyrillic base. At first it did not have additional letters, but in 1958 it was added Ӈӈ , and the alphabet took on a modern look. The modern Evenk alphabet is based on the Cyrillic basis and includes 34 letters:

In addition, diacritics are used to indicate long vowels in writing:

The Evenki language has a complex law of qualitative and quantitative vowel harmony. The language has a developed system of cases, specific and collateral forms of the verb and gerunds. In terms of grammatical structure, the Evenk language belongs to agglutinative languages, i.e. has no prepositions, prefixes and endings (for example, unlike the Russian language).

All linguistic structures in speech are added using suffixes that follow the root of the word. For example: du - house, dudu - in the house (the suffix "du" replaces the preposition "in"); dula - home; dyutki - to the house, etc. In the Evenk language, suffixes are numerous, varied and must be attached to the root in a certain order: first of all, when the word is declined, if necessary, the suffix plural, followed by others (case, etc.). For example: We went to the houses. - Bu duldula dagamarav ("Du"- root, "L"- plural suffix - Dula- case suffix); We went to their homes - Bu duldulatyn dagamarav ("Du"- root, "L" Dula- case suffix, "Tyn"- personal possessive suffix).

Suffixes are derivational (form new words) and inflectional (inflect nouns and conjugate verbs). First of all, derivational suffixes are attached to the root of the word, followed by inflectional suffixes. For example: I saw their wild deer skins - Backselvatyn icham. (Bayun- wild deer, backse- the skin of a wild deer, where "Kse"- derivational suffix. - l-ve-tyn- inflectional suffixes; The Evenks went to their homes - Evenkil duldulawar ngenere. ("Du"- root, "L"- plural suffix, Dula- case suffix, "Var"- possessive plural suffix numbers).

The Evenk language has 13 cases and each has its own suffixes (except for the nominative case). In the modern Evenk language, in the conditions of a city and a village, 8-9 cases can be dispensed with, close to the cases of the Russian language. Not all case names in the Evenk language coincide with the case names in Russian.

In the Evenk language, there is a strict order in the sentence - the subject (noun, pronoun) is in the first place, the verb is in the last, all other words in the sentence are located between the subject and the predicate. Example: I quickly went home - Bi dulawi himakandi ngenem(I - bi, himakandi- fast, dyulavi- home, went - ngenem); I quickly went home from my sister Lena - Bi Lena ekindukiv dyulavi himakandi enem(I - bi, Lena ekindukiv- from his sister Lena, himakandi- fast, dyulavi- home, went - enam). The Evenk language is a true treasury of knowledge reflected in human speech and carried through many millennia of harmonious coexistence of man and nature.

Sources:

1. Evengus.ru
2. Konstantinova O.A., Evenk language, M.-L., 1964;
3. Vasilevich G.M., The Evenk-Russian Dictionary (with a grammar sketch), M., 1958.

• Portal dedicated to the Evenk language: http://evengus.ru
• Educational program "Evenk for beginners": https://yadi.sk/d/MzN9boZVJNVV2
• Evenk-Russian Dictionary by A.N. Myreeva: https://yadi.sk/d/HGXMGbkMJYzd5
• Mobile application "Russian-Evenk Dictionary": https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.rusdelphi.evdiclite.free
• Mobile application "Russian-Evenk Phrasebook": https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.rusdelphi.evphrasebook.free

EVENKIAN LANGUAGE (TUNGUSIAN LANGUAGE)

- one of the Tungus-Manchu languages. Distributed in a vast, but sparsely populated territory. taiga zone of Siberia from the left bank of the river. Yenisei to Fr. Sakhalin, small groups of Evenks are in the North of the PRC and in the Mongolian People's Republic. The number of speakers in the USSR is 11.7 thousand. (1979, census), in the PRC approx. 20 thousand people, in the Mongolian People's Republic approx. 3 thousand people In E. i. 3 dialects are distinguished: northern, southern and eastern, with a large number of dialects and dialects. Despite the significant diversity, these dialects are united by a complex common features, which, however, are in one way or another characteristic of other Tungus-Manchzh. languages, of which Solon and Negidal are considered by some scientists as dialects of E. I. Lit. the language was based on Nep, from 1953 - on the Polygus dialect of the South. adverbs. Writing from 1931 on the basis of Latin, and from 1937 - Russian. graphics. ... Poppe N.N .. Materials for the study of the Tungus, language. L. 1927; Vasilyevich G. M .. Essays on dialects of the Evenk (Tungus.) Language. L., 1948; Konstantinova OA, Evenk language, M. - L., 1964; Castren M. A., Grundziige einer tungusischen Sprachlehre nebst kurzem Wor-terverzeichniss, St. Petersburg, 1856. Vasnlevich G. M .. Evenk-rus, dictionary, M .. 1958; Kolesnikova V.D., Konstantinova O.A., Russian-Evenk Dictionary, L., 1960; S h i-rokogoroff S. M., A Tungus dictionary. Tokyo. 1944. E. A. Khelimsky.

Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary. 2012

See also the interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what is the EVENKIAN LANGUAGE (TUNGUSIAN LANGUAGE) in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:

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• LANGUAGE in the Sex Lexicon:
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• LANGUAGE in Medical terms:
  (lingua, pna, bna, jna) a muscular organ, covered with a mucous membrane, located in the oral cavity; participates in chewing, articulation, contains taste buds; ...
• LANGUAGE in the Big encyclopedic dictionary:
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• LANGUAGE in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  LANGUAGE (anat.), In terrestrial vertebrates and humans, muscular outgrowth (in fish, a fold of the mucous membrane) at the bottom of the oral cavity. Participates in …
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  - the main object of the study of linguistics. By I., first of all, they mean natures. human I. (in opposition to artificial languages ​​and ...
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  Weapon …
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  dialect, adverb, dialect; syllable, style; people. See people || talk of the town See spy || speak the language, abstain in the language, ...
• LANGUAGE in the Ozhegov Russian Language Dictionary:
  1 movable muscular organ in the oral cavity that perceives gustatory sensations, in humans it also participates in articulation Lick with the tongue. Try on ...
• LANGUAGE in Dahl's Dictionary:
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• TUNGUS in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
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• EVENKY in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  , th, oe. 1.see the Evenks. 2. Relating to the Evenks, their language, national character, way of life, culture, and also ...
• EVENKY in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
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• EVENKY in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
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• EVENKY in the Complete Accentuated Paradigm by Zaliznyak:
  Evenki "Yisky, Evenki" Yskiy, Evenki "Yskoye, Evenki" Yskiy, Evenki "Ysky, Evenki" Yskiy, Evenki "Yskiy, Evenki" Yiski, Evenki "Yskiy, Evenki" Yskoy, Evenki "Yskiy, Evenki" Yskiy, Evenki " Yskiy, Evenki "Yskuy, Evenki" Yskoe, Evenki "Yski, Evenki" Yskuy, Evenki "Yskuy, Evenki" Yskoe, Evenki "Yiski, ...
• TUNGUS in the Complete Accentuated Paradigm by Zaliznyak:
  tangu "sski, tangu" sski, tungu "sskoe, tangu" sski, tungu "sski, tungu" sski, tungu "sski, tangu" sski, tungu "sski, tungu" sski, tungu "sski, tungu" sski, tungu " sski, tangu "sskuy, tungu" sskoe, tungu "sski, tangu" nski, tungu "sskuy, tungu" sskoe, tungu "sskih, ...
• EVENKY in the dictionary of Synonyms of the Russian language.
• TUNGUS in the dictionary of Synonyms of the Russian language:
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• EVENKY
  adj. 1) Related to the Evenks. 2) Inherent to the Evenks, characteristic of them. 3) Belonging to ...
• TUNGUS in the New explanatory and derivational dictionary of the Russian language by Efremova:
  adj. 1) Related to the Tungus, associated with them. 2) Peculiar to the Tungus, characteristic of them. 3) Belonging to ...
• EVENKY
  Evenk (from ...
• TUNGUS full spelling dictionary Russian language:
  Tunguska (to the Tungus and Tunguska, ...
• EVENKY in the Spelling Dictionary:
  Evenk`ian (from ...

It is characterized by synharmonic phonetics, agglutination with elements of analyticism and inflectional morphology, nominative-possessive sentence structure in syntax. Typical word order is subject, object, predicate. Possessive relationships are expressed by the possessive phrase.

Evenk is spoken Evenki ... Until 1930, the Evenk language and the Even language were called Tungus. IN eastern regions Evenki call themselves Orochons. The outdated names of some groups of Evenks are “murchens” (that is, equestrian), “manegirs”. According to the 1989 census, 9097 Evenki considered the Evenk language as their mother tongue, but in reality many of them only declare their ethnic and cultural identity in this way. In fact, according to the 2001-02 survey, 35.5% of Western Evenks and 84% of Evenks in Yakutia do not speak their native language. Some of the Evenks live in China (19,938 in 1982) and Mongolia (over 2 thousand). According to the 2002 census, their number is 35,527 people, and 7,584 people speak the language.

In the Evenk language, there are 3 adverbs with 14 dialects, which combine over 50 dialects. The classification of dialects is based on phonetic signs. In the following decades, there was an intensive mixing of dialects, and often their loss.

Literature in the Evenk language began to be published in 1931. The basis of the literary language is the polygus dialect of the southern dialect, but it never became supra-dialectal, which the Evenki of different regions would have. The Evenk language has the status of the language of the indigenous small people of the Russian Federation.

The Evenk language is a means of communication mainly for the Evenki of the older generation. In areas of compact residence, the Evenk language is taught in preparatory classes, as a subject it is taught in elementary school and, in some cases, as an elective up to grade 8 inclusive, as well as in universities in St. Petersburg, Yakutsk, Khabarovsk, Ulan-Ude ) and in national pedagogical schools ( Igarka, Nikolaevsk-on-Amur ). In the Evenk language, textbooks were published for the 8th grade inclusive, bilingual dictionaries, teaching aids to help the teacher of the native language; samples of fiction (originals and translations). Local magazines and newspapers publish works of Evenk poets and prose writers V. Dokolev, V. Lorgaktoev, A. Nemtushkin, S. Pikunov, A. Platonov, A. Salatkin, K. Salatkina, N. Sakharov, V. Soloviev, G. Chinkov ... In some regions, radio broadcasts are conducted in the Evenk language, information sheets are published as an attachment to district and regional newspapers.

The first information about the Evenk language dates back to the 17th century. The beginning of it scientific description was laid by the labors of the Imperial Academy of Sciences and Arts ( A.F. Middendorf, M.A. Castrain , A. Shifner) and Russian Geographical Society (R.K. Maak, A. Chekanovsky and etc.). The systematic study of the Evenk language has been conducted since the 1930s. The result was numerous articles and monographs devoted to his phonetics, morphology, syntax, description of individual grammatical categories, dialects and dialects. Several Evenk-Russian and Russian-Evenk dictionaries have been compiled. The study of the Evenk language is carried out at the Institute of Linguistic Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian State Pedagogical University. A.I. Herzen (St. Petersburg), Institute for the Problems of Small Nations of the North ( Yakutsk ), Institute of Philology SB RAS ( Novosibirsk).

Lit .: Konstantinova O.A. Evenk language. M .; L., 1964; Kolesnikova V.D. Syntax of the Evenk language. M .; L., 1966; Lebedeva E.P., Konstantinova O.A., Monakhova I.V. Evenk language. L., 1985; Brodskaya L.M. A complex sentence in the Evenk language. Novosibirsk, 1988; Myreeva A.N. Evenk-Russian dictionary. Novosibirsk, 2004; Boldyrev B.V. Morphology of the Evenk language. Novosibirsk, 2007.

In the Even language

The main and most common self-name of the ethnos is even... Evens of Northern Priokhotye (Magadan Region) call themselves orach, pl. h oiled"Reindeer", the Evens of the Nizhnekolymsky ulus of Yakutia call themselves ilcan bay'real man'. The main name of the ethnos in the Russian-speaking environment is “Evens”, in the Magadan region the name “Orochi” was used, in Kamchatka and partly in Chukotka the name “Lamuts” is preserved, for the Eastern Evens up to the 30s of the 20th century. the name "Tungus" was used, which was used to a greater extent in relation to the Evenks. Evens of the Magadan region call themselves "Orochons" in Russian.

Variants of the name and self-name of the language

The main name of the language is Even (the outdated name is the Lamut language, which was introduced into practice in the 1930s, and was one of the few non-artificial, somewhat motivated names of languages ​​that the official authorities tried to replace the traditional names of ethnic groups and languages ​​in those years) ...

Genetic affiliation

The Even language belongs to the northern, or Siberian, subgroup of the Tungusic branch of the Tungus-Manchu languages: this group also includes the Evenk, Negidal and Solon languages. The Even language reveals the greatest degree of closeness to the Evenk language; according to glottochronology, the Even and Evenk languages ​​(the eastern dialects of the Even language and the western dialects of the Evenk language, now the most distant from each other geographically) separated from each other about 1500 years ago. For a long time, there was intense contact between some dialects of the Even and Evenk languages ​​in Yakutia and the Khabarovsk Territory, leading to grammatical interference and mutual lexical borrowings.

Geography of the spread of the language

At present, the Evens live in six administrative-territorial entities of the Russian Federation: in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) - in Abyisky, Allaikhovsky, Bulunsky, Verkhnekolymsky, Verkhoyansk, Kobyaysky, Momsky, Nizhnekolymsky, Srednekolymsky, Tomponsky, Ust-Yansky, Eveno-Bytsakh; in the Magadan region - in Olsky, Severo-Evensky, Srednekansky, Susumansky, Tenkinsky districts and the city of Magadan; in the Khabarovsk Territory - in the Okhotsk Region; in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug - in Anadyr, Bilibino districts and the city of Anadyr; in the Kamchatka region - in the Bystrinsky district (the district has a national status), in the Koryak Autonomous Okrug - in the Olyutorsky, Penzhinsky and Tigilsky districts, and the village. Palana.

Language contacts

The Even language in the northern and eastern areas has stable contacts with the Chukchi language in Chukotka and in the Nizhnekolymsky ulus of Yakutia (the former region of the Western tundra of the Chukotka national district). The interaction of these languages ​​is reduced to lexical borrowing from the Chukchi language and Chukchi calques in the Even language. On the Okhotsk coast and Kamchatka, the Even language has long-term contacts with the Koryak language, mainly with the northwestern dialects, which results in a noticeable number of Koryak borrowings in the Even language. In the west of the Magadan region and in the north of Yakutia, there are Even-Yukagir language contacts, also expressed in the presence of Yukaghir borrowings in the Even language, but the influence of the Even language on the Yukaghir, especially on the language of the Lower Kolym Yukaghirs, is quite significant. Evenk-Even contacts take place only on the territory of the Okhotsk region of the Khabarovsk Territory, in the past they were observed in some southeastern regions of Yakutia. The dialects and dialects of the Evens of Yakutia, with the exception of the Evens of the Srednekolymsky ulus, are strongly influenced by the Yakut language. For individual villages of the Evens of Chukotka, the Even-Chukchi bilingualism and the Even-Russian-Chuvan trilingualism are characteristic, including the knowledge of the language of the local old-time population, now officially called the Chuvans; the Evens of the Okhotsk coast and Kamchatka still have Even-Koryak bilingualism, the Evens of the Kolyma region and the interfluve of the Kolyma and Indigirka in the recent past owned the local dialects of the Yukaghir language (today knowledge of the Even language is preserved in both groups of Yukaghirs). A significant part of the Evens of Yakutia speaks the Yakut language. Russian influence on the Even language can be traced back to the 18th century. In the 20th century, it becomes quite noticeable, although along with borrowings in the vocabulary, neologisms and tracings are observed. The influence of the Russian language on the Even language can also be traced at the level of syntax.

Number of native speakers

According to the 1989 census, the number of Evens was 17,199 people. The dynamics of the population is as follows: in 1959 there were 9121 Evens, in 1970 - 12029 people, 1979 - 12529 people. These data may not include about 100 Evens of the Magadan region, who are listed as “Orochi”, and also not quite adequately reflect the size of the ethnic group due to the fact that the name of women “Evenki” unites representatives of both the Even and most of the Evenk ethnic groups. Earlier statistical data on the number of Evens do not allow us to reliably distinguish them from the Evenks, since both ethnic groups were designated the same "Tungus" and lived within the same administrative-territorial units.

According to the census data, in 1959, 77.5% of the Evens considered the Even language as their native language, in 1989 - 43.8% of the Evens. The decrease in the number of people who consider the language of their ethnic group their native language is associated with the spread of the Russian language as a language of interethnic communication throughout the regions where the Evens live, as well as the spread of the Yakut language as the language of the titular ethnic group of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), which has greater prestige and is also a means of interethnic communication. communications in Yakutia.

The presence of dialects, dialects

In the Even language, up to 20 dialects and dialects are distinguished, combined into three dialects (eastern, middle and western; according to other terminology - eastern, western and extreme western dialects) or into two dialects (eastern and western). Since the dialects of the Evens of Verkhoyansk, Kobyaysk, Eveno-Bytantaysk and a number of other uluses of RS (Y), separated into a separate western or extreme western dialect, differ little from the dialects of the Evens of the Indigirka basin, it seems reasonable to distinguish two dialects in the Even language: eastern, which unites dialects Evens of Kamchatka (Bystrinsky and Olyutorsky dialects), dialects of the Evens of Chukotka, dialects of the Okhotsk coast (Oolsky, Tenkin, Innsky) and the dialect of the Evens of the Srednekolymsky ulus RS (Y), and the western dialect, including all dialects and dialects of the Evens RS (Y), - oymyakon Momsky, Tomponsky, Allaikhovsky, Bulunsky, Ust-Yan, Sakkyry dialects), including those dialects of the Evens of the RS (Y) and Khabarovsk Territory, which occupy a transitional position between the eastern and western dialects (Upper Kolymsky, Arka, Ust-May dialects) ... A special place in the classification of Even dialects is occupied by the Arman dialect, in which in the 40s of the 20th century. spoke about 10 residents of the villages of Ola and Arman and which by now has disappeared. The dialectal reading and even the dialectal composition of the Even language have not been studied in detail, despite the ambitiousness of those specialists who have been studying them since the 1940s, especially many problems are currently identified with the inventory and description of dialects and dialects of various territorial groups of the Evens of Yakutia.

Between the dialects of the eastern dialects common among the Evens of Kamchatka, Chukotka, Magadan Region and part of the Khabarovsk Territory with home side, and dialects of the Western dialects, including most of the Even dialects of Yakutia, on the other hand, there are significant phonetic and lexical differences that prevent the use of the ethnic language as a means of communication for representatives of different territorial groups of Evens. The same circumstances became a serious obstacle to the development of a single written language of the Evens. At the same time, interregional contacts between different groups of Evens are manifested to a minimum degree, since the existing transport schemes are focused on regional centers located at a considerable distance from each other, and even contacts of Evens from neighboring regions are sporadic.

Linguistic characteristics of the language

1. Phonological information... In the Even language there are 18 vowels and 18 consonants (in the dialects of Yakutia there are 17 consonants: the sibilant [c] is lost in them, which is a rare phenomenon, in the dialects of the Okhotsk region there are 17 vowels).
2. Morphology... According to its morphological structure, the Even language is suffixally agglutinative. In the sphere of the name, the category of number (singular and plural), case (in dialects from 11 to 15 case forms, in the written language 13 forms), and belonging are represented. Adjectives have concordant categories of number and case only in Eastern dialects. There are up to 10 categories of numeral names, while some categories (restrictive, multiple, dividing numbers) can have a categorical subclassification due to diminutive and augmentation suffixes. Among personal pronouns, there are 2 forms of 1 person pl. numbers expressing the meanings of exclusivity-inclusiveness. There are 4 forms of tense in the verb (present, past, future I and II), up to 8 mood forms (some moods have their own temporal paradigms) ..
3. Semantic and grammatical information... The Even verb has up to 27 indicators expressing the nature of the course of action, and special indicators of reflexive, passive, causative, as well as forms of reciprocity and compatibility of action. In the Even language, there are up to 11 participial forms, various participial forms differ in morphological characteristics into 4 categories: 1) unchangeable; 2) variable by number; 3) variable in persons and numbers and having only personal forms; 4) variable in persons and numbers and having both personal and impersonal forms
4. Syntactic information... The Even language, like all the languages ​​of the Altai family and all the Tungus-Manchu languages, belongs to the languages ​​of the nominative system. The word order in the SOV clause, the definition precedes the defined one. The system of service parts of speech is characterized by an extensive system of postpositions, mainly expressing spatial relationship, poorly developed conjunctions and allied words, as well as a large number of particles expressing various shades of modal meanings. The analogs of complex sentences are participial and adverbial phrases, compositional connection between sentences is poorly developed. A distinctive feature of the Even language syntax is the presence of a voluminous system of various constructions with predicate actants, which differ greatly in volume and design between different, often very close dialects and dialects.

Sociolinguistic characteristics of language

Legal status, current state of the language

The official status of the Even language is the language of the indigenous people of the Russian Federation. At present, the Even language does not belong to the titular languages ​​in any of the regions, since the Evens have not had autonomy in any of the subjects of the Russian Federation since the 1930s: Okhotsk-Even autonomous region in the Khabarovsk Territory was abolished back in the 1930s. The Even language has the status official language in Yakutia, but this status gives grounds for its support only in the spheres of culture and education.

Writing and spelling

Writing for the Evens was created in the early 40s of the 19th century, when the Taui priest, and later the Okhotsk archpriest Stefan (Popov) translated the Gospel of Matthew into the Even language and compiled the first primer and dictionary. In 1932-36. the alphabet on the Latin graphic basis (a variant of the Unified Northern Alphabet) was officially adopted for the Even language, but the alphabet on the Russian graphic basis was used in local publications. In 1937, the Even alphabet in the Latin script was replaced by the Cyrillic alphabet, but the Latin alphabet was used in local printing until 1939. After the introduction of Cyrillic graphics, the Even graphics and alphabet were repeatedly reformed (1937, 1938, 1941, 1954, 1958), In the course of which the methods of designating individual forms in writing changed, in 1958 3 additional letters "n with a tail" were introduced into the Even alphabet, crossed out and crossed out with dots (the last letter is used in less than 20 root morphemes). Since the 60s of the 20th century. in Yakutia, their own version of the Even graphics is used (instead of the letter "n with a tail", the ligature ng is used in it), in the 70s the Even poet and linguist V.D. Lebedev came up with a project new graphics, in which it was proposed to use the alphabet and graphic rules of the Yakut language for the Even language. This proposal did not receive official support, although the Yakut alphabet is used by some Evens for personal recordings. The introduction of a new alphabet on a Yakut basis for the Evens is inappropriate due to the fact that this alphabet will be completely incomprehensible to Evens from other regions who are unfamiliar with the Yakut language and Yakut writing. The immoderate ambitions of the supporters of the introduction of the Yakut alphabet and the Yakut graphics of the Evens are covered by the desire to legitimize the consequences of the Even-Yakut linguistic interference in the sphere of the Even written language. for Currently, in Yakutia, Chukotka and Kamchatka, local publications use various variants of the Even graphics, partially retaining the features of the Even graphic systems used in the 50s of the 20th century, partially resulting from the Even-Yakut, Even-Chukchi and Even-Koryak graphic interference; until the end of the 80s of the twentieth century. local graphics were used for technical reasons.

The basis of the written language back in the 30s of the twentieth century. The so-called Oolsk dialect of the Even language was established (the language of the Evens of the environs of Magadan, which was also widespread throughout the Okhotsk coast, in the upper and middle reaches of the Kolyma River, in Chukotka and in the Srednekolymsky region (ulus) of Yakutia). On the basis of this dialect, by the mid-50s, a standardized written Even language was formed, which has signs of a processed literary language (dialect words and grammatical forms, even if they are in the reference dialect). This standardized written language is now the language of educational literature, the language of local media mass media(newspapers), translated fiction and printed traditional folklore; samples of original fiction are represented mainly by dialects. The written language of the Evens of Yakutia, which developed in the 60s-70s under the influence of the literary work of Even writers (P. Lamutsky, V.D. Lebedev, V.S. Even dialects and does not have uniform forms and norms. The written language of the Evens of Kamchatka was formed in the 80s independently on the basis of local dialects, for which the graphics of the Even language, used in 1940-1953, were adapted. Both regional versions of the written language based on the Even dialects are used only in fiction and local periodicals, they are not used in the school teaching of the Even language - textbooks for primary and high school are compiled using the accepted Even written language.

Fiction in the Even language has existed since the early 30s of the 20th century. The prose of V. Sleptsov, P. Gromov, K. Babtsev, P. Tylkanov, prose and poetry of A. Cherkanov belong to this period. the most famous were the poems and prose of N.S. Tarabukin (1910-1950), the author of two collections of poetry and the book "My Childhood" published at least five times in the Even language and in translations into Russian and Yakut languages. Later, Even poetry was presented in the poetry collections of P. Lamutsky (P.A.Stepanov), V.D. Lebedev, V.S. Keimetinova (Bargachan), A.V. Krivoshapkina, D.V. Krivoshapkina, V. Koetmatti (V.A. Side. The original prose in the Even language is presented by books by A.V. Krivoshapkina and E.N. Side. The stories of the Even writers M.N. Amamich "Do not see off with longing the birds flying away" (Magadan, 1977), M. Kerdeekene (UG Popova) "The Legend of Antiquity and a Steamer with a Red Flag" (Magadan, 1982) and M.P. Fedotova "Minx Nulgynet" ("Polar Star", 1997, No. 6) were written in Russian. Known examples of different genres of Even folklore in the self-recording of Even collectors and their own literary processing (KS Cherkanov, MD Dyachkov, EN Bokova, UV Kanyukova). In total, more than 120 books have been published in the Even language, representing both the original literature in the Even language and translations, among which literature for children and fairy tales in artistic processing prevail. Samples of socio-political literature in translations into the Even language are very few. In the 1930s, newspapers in the Even language were published in Magadan: Aidit Orochel (1935-36) and Orotty Pravda (1936-1941). Since 1990, a page in the Even language has been published in the newspapers of Chukotka; pages in the Even language have sporadically appeared in regional newspapers in various uluses of Yakutia; in the Bystrinsky district of the Kamchatka region, the newspaper "Aydit" is published with parallel texts in Russian and Even. From time to time, some materials in the Even language were published in magazines: "The Pink Seagull" (Yakutia, 1991-1992), "Aiverette" (Chukotka, 1989-1995). The radio station "Gyavan" (Yakutsk) broadcasts in the Even language, some programs in the Even language are periodically broadcast by the Chukotka regional radio and television (Anadyr).

Social functions of language

The Even language is widely used orally as a means of communication within production teams employed in traditional sectors of the economy (reindeer herding brigades), as well as in everyday communication of the older generation and, along with Russian, in communication of the middle generation. Knowledge of the Even language among children is observed mainly in large families living in ethnic villages or permanently staying in reindeer herding brigades. The Even language is used in writing in teaching the native language in preschool institutions, in primary school, in some areas - in secondary school; everywhere the Even language acts as a subject of instruction and is not the language of instruction even in preschool institutions. Original and translated fiction in the Even language, as well as printed editions folklore texts are distributed in a relatively narrow, socially and professionally limited circle of people - the creative intelligentsia, teachers, methodologists, authors of textbooks, researchers.

The Even language is studied as a subject of instruction in elementary school in all regions where Evens live, in secondary school as a compulsory subject up to grade 11 - in the Bilibinsky district of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, as an elective up to grade 9 in the Bystrinsky district of the Kamchatka region, the North Even district of the Magadan region and a number of regions of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). The Even language is taught in a number of secondary specialized educational institutions - the Anadyr Higher Pedagogical School, in the Yakut Pedagogical School, in the college of the village. Chersky Nizhnekolymsky ulus of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), as well as in the higher educational institutions- in the Yakutsk state. University named after M.K. Ammosov, at the Northern International University (Magadan), at the Khabarovsk Pedagogical Institute, at the Russian state. pedagogical university them. A.I. Herzen (Faculty of Peoples of the Far North). During the period from 1926 to 1995, more than 70 textbooks on the Even language were published for primary school, in 1991 a textbook of the Even language for pedagogical schools was published. Tutorials in the Even language for secondary school there are only 5-6 grades, for 7-9 grades textbooks on Even literature have recently been prepared.

Level of study and history of language learning

The first information about the Evens was obtained by Russian explorers in the late 30s and early 40s of the 17th century. on the way from Yakutsk to the east in the direction of the Pacific coast - during this period, the ethnonym "Lamutki" (from the Evenk lamutkan"Seaside resident"), "lamut people" and also big number the generic names of the Evens of Western Priokhotye. Linguistic materials on the Even language have been known since the end of the 17th century (Even numerals in the records of N. Vitzen), a large number of words of the language of the settled Evens were recorded in the 40s of the 18th century. ME AND. Lindenau, in "Comparative Dictionary of All Languages ​​and Adverbs" by P.S. Pallas (1787-1789) includes materials on two Even dialects. Ethnographic materials about the Evens dating back to the 18th century. contained in the "Description of the Irkutsk governorship" in 1792 (Novosibirsk, 1988), in the works of S.P. Krasheninnikov, Ya. I. Lindenau, G.A. Sarychev, in the 19th century. the ethnography of the Evens was described by G. Maydel, who recorded samples of language and folklore, N.V. Slyunin and V.G. Bogoraz, who wrote down a number of folklore texts and compiled the first scientific grammar of the Even language. Dictionary materials on the Even language, collected at the beginning of the 20th century. P.V. Olenin, were included in the well-known "Tunguska Dictionary" by S.M. Shirokogorova (Tokyo, 1944). In the 1930s, the Even language was studied by V.I. Levin, in the 1940s, studies by V.I. Tsintsius, K.A. Novikova, from the 1960s the Even language began to be studied and described by Even scientists V.D. Lebedev, V.A. Robbeck, H.I. Dutkin, since the 1990s - V.G. Belolyubskaya, S.I. Sharina, V.A. Petrova and others.

Literature in the Even language is available in the Magadan Regional Library named after A.S. Pushkin, the Magadan Regional Museum of Local Lore, as well as in the National Library of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)

Despite the large number of monographic studies on the Even language, this language remains insufficiently described. Modern level science answers only the description of the syntax (A.L. Malchukov). The most authoritative and Full description morphology is contained in the sketch of grammar by V.I. Tsintsius, written in the 1930s-1940s and published in 1947. The study of the phonology of the Even language for a long time lagged behind the process of changing the Even graphics and spelling. There are no experimental phonetic studies of the sound structure of the Even language and its dialects. Dialects and dialects of the Even language are not fully described. There are no authoritative and sufficiently complete bilingual dictionaries that would represent the material in the current Even graphics reflecting phonetic features.

Unpublished archival materials on the Even language are available in the St. Petersburg branch of the RAS Archive in the collections of V.I. Tsintsius, sound materials - in the Phonogram Archive of the Institute of Russian Literature (Pushkin House) of the Russian Academy of Sciences, as well as in private collections, including in the personal archive of the author.

Specialists and scientific centers involved in the study of this language

• Institute for Linguistic Research RAS

  St. Petersburg, 199053, St. Petersburg, Tuchkov per. d. 9.

  • Burykin Alexey Alekseevich, Ph.D. e-mail: [email protected], [email protected]
  • Malchukov Andrey Lvovich, Ph.D.
• Institute for the Problems of Indigenous Peoples of the North SB RAS

  677027, Yakutsk-27, st. Pine, 4.

  • Robbek Vasily Afanasevich, Ph.D.
• Yakutsk State University named after M.K. Ammosova

  Faculty of Philology, Department of Northern Philology. 677007. Yakutsk-7, st. Kulakovsky, 46.

  • Belolyubskaya Varvara Grigorievna, Ph.D.
  • Sharina Sardana Ivanovna, Ph.D.

The Evenk (old name - Tungus) language is included in the Tungus-Manchu family of languages, along with the Even, Negidal and Orochon languages. It is spoken by the Evenks living in Russia, Mongolia and China. The dialects of the Evenk language are very different from each other and are divided into three large groups: northern, eastern and central dialects.

The similarity between the Evenk and Manchu languages ​​was first noted at the end of the 18th century by the botanist P.S. Pallas, and then it was confirmed in the linguistic research of M.A. Castrena (mid-19th century), believed to be the first scientific work in the field of Tungusology. Internal structure of the Tungus-Manchu language family is still the subject of controversy. Some linguists distinguish two subfamilies: the first includes the Manchu language, and the second includes all other Tungus-Manchu languages, including Evenk. Other scholars divide the Tungus-Manchu languages ​​into northern (Evenk, Even and Negidal) and southern (Manchu, Nanai and others). Bulatova (1999) distinguishes 14 dialects and 50 dialects of the Evenk language on the territory of Russia, as well as 3 dialects on the territory of the PRC.

The typical structure of a syllable in the Evenk language is CV, but others are also possible. There is also no single point of view on the phonemic composition. Some linguists distinguish 11 vowel phonemes in the Evenk language, with a division into long and short ones, while others - 13 phonemes. The consonant inventory is rather modest: 18 phonemes, and there are no glides and semi-vowels. As in most Tungus-Manchu languages, the rule of vowel harmony (singharmonicity) applies in the Evenk language, i.e. the vowels of the suffix are similar in quality to the root vowel.

The Evenk language is agglutinated and suffixed. Each morpheme is easily recognized and conveys a well-defined meaning. Evenk pronouns have singular and plural forms, and 1-person pronouns are divided into inclusive and exclusive. The Evenk language is nominative-accusative, with a developed case system (13 cases).

Typical word order is Subject-Predictable-Complement. The subject is marked as a word in the nominative case, the object is marked as a word in the accusative. Indirect addition precedes direct addition.

The Evenk script was created in the Soviet Union in 1931 based on the Latin alphabet, and in 1937 the Evenks switched to the Cyrillic script. In China, the Evenks experimentally use the Mongolian script. In the 1980s, Evenk scholars tried to create standard written forms of the language based on Mongolian writing and Latin transliteration (similar to the official Chinese pinyin transliteration system), but their attempts were unsuccessful.

The literary language was initially based on the dialect of the Nepa River region, but in the 1950s the dialect of the Kamennaya Tunguska region became the basis of the literary language, which is spoken by only about 5 thousand people. In this regard, many scientists predicted the rapid disappearance of the literary Evenk language, but it survived and continues to develop.

The Evenk language is classified as endangered. Evenks have long been in active contact with Russians, Buryats, Yakuts, Mongols and representatives of other nationalities of the region, so many of them are fluent in two or three languages. The Evenk language has many borrowings from Russian, which has long been used in the region as a lingua franca. According to the results of the 2002 census, 35,527 citizens Russian Federation identified themselves as ethnic Evenks, but only 7,580 of them were native speakers. In China, the Evenk population is 30,500, but only 19,000 of them speak their native language fluently.