Briefly about India. India - Report Report

The report of India 3 class is summarized in this article. From it, you will learn about the country with an ancient culture that goes far away in the Millennium Pochin.

Report about India

India is one of the developed states of the Third World. India is located in the southern part of Eurasia on the Industan Peninsula. The country is washes by the Indian Ocean. It borders with such countries - Pakistan, China, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Myanmar.

Speaking of India as a richest country, mean not the standard of living of the population, namely, its wealth is a variety of natural resources. It is not by chance that in colonial times India was called "Pearl in the Crown of the British Empire".

Capital of India - New Delhi.

This unique population country occupies second place (1.326 million people), and on the area (3165.6 thousand km) - the seventh.

Climate of India Mostly subequatorial, monsoon. During the summer monsoon, 70-90% of precipitation falls, winter is dry and cool.

Nature India is amazing. For several hours, here you can move from the snow of the Himalayas to the tropics and the numerous beaches of the Indian Ocean.

Relief India It is quite diverse - from the plain territories in the south of the country, to glaciers in the north, from the desert land of the West, to the eastern rainforest.

India is rich in minerals, the main part of the origin of which is located in the north-east of the state. Among them, iron ore, manganese ore, stone coal, bauxite, brown coal, magnesite, chromites, graphite, diamonds, mica, gold, ferrous metals, monocyte sands, uranium ores.

Rivers and Lakes India

The largest rivers - Ganges, Brahmaputra, Cauchy, Yamuna, Mahanadi, Godavari, Kaveri, Krishna, Tapthi, Narmada. But the lakes in India are a bit, but still they are - Sambhar lake is the largest of them.

Population of India

The main part of the population of India lives in rural areas, and the urban population is only 26%. In 12 millionaire cities, 25% of city inhabitants live. Big citiesMillioneres of India - This is Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, Bangalore, Hyderabad. Mumbai lives 13 million people.

India industry

Industry India is concentrated in major cities and their suburbs. It is a weave of old traditional industries: metal production, fabrics, processing of precious metals and stones - and the manufacture of new products: electronics, aviation equipment

Most of the country's population is busy in agriculture. Here grown rice, wheat, cotton, vegetables, peanuts, pepper and jute - Fibrous culture used for the production of durable fabrics.

India is one of the world leaders of tea production, the main area of \u200b\u200bcultivation of which is wet areas in the west of the country. By virtue of religious traditions, animal husbandry did not receive a large development.

Flora and Fauna India

Peninsula Industan - This is a whole continent, the geographic-climatic originality of which contributes to the prosperity of animal and plant world. In India there are about 45 thousand species of plants, and 15 thousand are found only there. Forests in India occupy almost 20% of the country. Animal and vegetable world India is extremely different. There are 75 national parks in the country, more than 420 reserves.

In the forests of Arissa and Assam, you can still meet wild elephants and rhinos, and lions live in the forests of the gir. In the jungle you can find tigers, panther, monkeys. India is the only country where you can meet almost all kinds of snakes, and some of them live not only in reserves, but also next to people. The number of bird species in India, a huge, more than 1600 species. Veliko is also the wealth of river and sea fauna.

Attractions of India

A brief report about India can end in places that you should visit. This is the Taj Mahal, the village of Hampi, Waterfall Abralemba, Small Tibet, City of Delhi, Minaret Kutub-Minar, Mongolian Tomb - Humayun Tomb, Gandhi Museum, National Museum, Museum of Crafts, Museum Indira Gandhi, National Gallery of Contemporary Art.

We hope that you have helped a report on the topic "India" in preparing for classes, and you learned a lot of useful about this country. And you can leave your message about India through the comment form.

Plan:

1) Introduction ........................................................................ p.2

2) geographical position and state device ......... p.3

3) Nature and language .............................................................................

4) natural conditions and resources ......................................................................

5) Industry and Energy ......................................................................

6) Agriculture ............................................................ p.10

7) Foreign economic relations ....................................... p.11

8) Culture ....................................................................................................................

9) Conclusion ................................................................................... P.15

10) List of references ............................................................ p.16

Introduction

India is one of the most beautiful countries in the world. Perhaps no country can compare with its richest culture, its customs. And probably, that is why I decided to devote my own essay of India.

From childhood, every child begins to learn something about India. First, these are world famous Indian fairy tales, and then the stories of kiling and other writers. And therefore, this country seems to me very interesting and exciting. India is not similar to any of the Asian countries and even more so on any European country, it is very individual, - and in this her beauty.

Unfortunately, India is not too developed in economically and refers to the class of developing countries, but it did not affect the tradition and cultural characteristics of the country.

Due to the fact that in India, 25 states and each state have their own language, their own nation is different and religion. It can be said that India is the constellation of religions, because there are almost all the religions of the world. And although the main thing is Hinduism, the honorable place is occupied, but other religions have an important place in the cultural life of this country.

Geographical position and state unit India

India (in Hindi - Bharat), the state in South Asia. The capital of India - Delhi. The territory of India in the north extends in the latitudinal direction at 2930 km, in the meridional - 3220 km. India is washed by the waters of the Arabian Sea in the West, the Indian Ocean in the south and the Bengal Bay in the East. Its neighbors are in the north-west Pakistan, in the north - China, Nepal and Bhutan, in the east - Bangladesh and Myanmar.

India is located within three large orographic areas: Himalayan Mountains, Indo-Ganga Plain and Plateau Dean on Penostan. Dean is an extensive ancient sushi massif, composed of Precambrian crystalline rocks, mainly by Gneis, granites and slates. A significant part of the surface is blocked by volcanic lava, and the greatest power of the lava cover - in the north-west. Dean was part of the ancient mainland Gondwana, who united southern America, Africa and India and OK. 200 million years ago several blocks sprinkled into several blocks. Between Dean and Himalayas extensive an extensive Indo-Ganga Plain extends.

Himalayas - the highest mountains on the ground. Lifting over the Indo-Ganga Plain Ridge Himalayas within India stretches from the North-West to the southeast along the border with China from Afghanistan to Nepal. In the Himalayas take the beginning of the Gang River (2700 km) and Brahmaputra (2900 km)

Federal Republic. Head of State - President. He is elected by the board of voters consisting of both chambers of parliament and state legislatures for a 5-year term. The legislature is a two-permanent parliament. It consists of the Council of the States (no more than 250 places, of which 12 are appointed by the president, the rest are elected from the legislative bodies of states and territories) and the National Assembly (545 seats, 543 are elected by the general voting, 2 are appointed by the President). The executive power is carried out by the government led by the Prime Minister appointed by the president.

Consists of 28 states and 7 Allied territories of central subordination.

Population and language.

India The most populated country in the world after China, now its population is about 850 million. human. But the population of Ancient India is relatively young: 42% of Indians are under 15 years old and only 6% - over 60 years old.
The average life expectancy currently reaches approximately
55 years. The vast majority of Indians are rural residents. Men in India are more than women. This is explained by increased mortality among women related to early marriages and numerous detings. The average age of marriage for men is about 22 years and for women 15-17 years. I didn't accidentally decide to describe it in my abstract. I believe that in these population data, you can find an imprint of the culture of this country.

The number of literate in India is minor, especially among women, somewhere about 38% of the population, among competent people include people who understand the printed text and consciously write several phrases. A one-third of the population of India participate in economically productive activities, dealing with productive and mental activities. labor.

India is a multinational state. It is inhabited by major peoples whose representatives are different about each other and external appearance and language and customs.

The extensive area of \u200b\u200bNorthern and Central India is areas of distribution of various dialects of the Hindi language, which arose on the basis of Sanskrit - the language of Indoariyev. Masulman immigrants here
Iran and Central Asia also accepted one of the Diages of Hindi, introducing separate Arab, Persian and Turkic words into it, as a result of which the language of Urdu, which, unlike Hindi, was not the Sanskitsky alphabet of Devanagari, and Arabic. However, since Hindi and Urdu have a single grammar and the overall reserve of abundant words, they are not rarely considered as two literary forms of a single language of Hindustani.

In addition to Hindusans in languages \u200b\u200bleading the origin from Sanskrit, such major peoples, as Bengaltsy (West Bengal), Marathi say
(Maharashtra), Gujaratsy (Gujarat), Ouri (Orissa), Punjabtsy (Punjab), as well as Assamitsa (Assam) and Kashmirtsy (Jammu and Kashmir). All these nations have an external European appearance.

The peoples of South India speak in the languages \u200b\u200bof the Dravidian family. This is Telugu
(Andhra Pradesh), Cannara (Karnataka), Tamila (Tamilnad) and Malayali (Kerala).
They are more dark-skinned than Northerners, and have some signs of the Astroloy race.

In the central regions of India, groups of Australoid small peoples live, whose languages \u200b\u200brelate to the Munda group (Austzian family).

The northeastern states of India inhabit small nations, in the appearance of which are mongoloid features. These are manipuri, tire, Garo, Nago, Mise, etc. They speak in the languages \u200b\u200bof the Tibeto Burmese group. The exception is Khasi, whose language belongs to the Mont-Khmer family.

Natural conditions and resources of India

Three natural areas are distinguished in India, sharply different from each other. In the north, this is an array of Himalayas and Karakorum - the giant system of the mountains of Alpine and Mesozoic age. In the south - the decan planeau with the borders of its seaside lowlands. Between them lies a huge Indo-Ganga lowland, which belongs to the number of the most extensive plain alluvial areas on Earth. Its area is 650 thousand km?, Or 1/5 of the whole territory of India.

Himalayas (their length from r. Brahmaputra in the east to the r. Indead in the West is about 2500 km, width from 150 to 400km) descend towards the Peninsula of Industan three steps.

The Big Himalayan Range, stretching from the North-West to the east of Nangarbat (8126 m) to Namsha-Barwa (7756 m), represents a natural barrier between India and China. It plays an important climate-forming role, limiting the territory of India to the spread of saturated moisture of summer monsoon and at the same time almost completely excluding the penetration of winter cold winds from the districts of internal Asia.

Mountain chains of the caracorum are in the latitudinal direction in the northern part of the states of Jammu and Kashmir. In the West, they are connected to the Pamir Mountain System. Like more Himalayas, Caucarum is covered with snow all year round. The height of some of its vertices exceeds 7,500 m. But even among them the CHODI Mountain is standing out - 8611 m, the second after Jomolungma the peak of the world and the highest in India.

Discussed at the foot of the Himalayas Indo-Ganga lowland represents a flat space, the monotony of the relief of which is violated only by a few spurs of the mountains of Arals. In the West of this plain there is a desert Tar.

The decan's plateore is much older than Himalayas, and is complicated mainly by ancient crystalline rocks whose age is from 300 to 500 million years.

The decan plate is limited in the east by low oriental gates, spending at some distance from the coast of the Bengal Bay.

In the West, the decan's plateau is framed by Western gates (Sakhyadri) covered with a thick layer of basalt.

In the extreme south of the dean, the Mountain Cardamon is located, folded by Gneis and Slates.

Plateau Dean is focused by coastal lowlands. In the West, the major rivers Tapthi, Nammada, Mahi and Sabarmati endure a large number of deposits in Camboian Bay.

South of the mountains of Satpur Satpur, the decan is slightly tilted to the east. Therefore, all the large rivers of the dean, with the exception of Narmada and Tapthi, flow into the east, to the Bengal Bay. Rivers of Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri formed extensive fertile delta.

India is rich in minerals. The country has the world's largest stock ore reserves, which are estimated at 22 billion, which is? world stocks. The iron ore deposits are found everywhere, but the largest focused in the states of Bihar, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Goa and Carnataka (the largest - Singbhum on the chkhot-nippur plateau). Iron ores possess high quality. India also has significant reserves of manganese ores that are estimated at 180 million tons. (3rd place in the world). Its main deposits are located in the central part of the country - in the states of Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra. India accounts for about 4/5 global leaf mica exports. Indian's mica belt stretches from the east to the west along the northern edge of the Bihar Plateau, the salivary deposits are also developed in Andhra Pradesh and Rajasthan. Numerous boxed deposits, the main areas of which are focused on Bihara, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Tamilnade. India global chromium exporter. It occupies a leading place in the reserves of graphite, Berylla, Thoria, Zirconia and 2nd place in the world of titanium extraction.

From energy minerals, stone coal has the greatest importance. The reserves of coal of all species in India are estimated at 120 billion tons. Leading manufacturers - States Bihar and West Bengal: They account for almost 3/4-total coal mining. However, the reserves of coking coals are essentially limited to the Gharia field in Bihara. The coal mining is also carried out in Assama (bituminous coals) and in Tamilnade (rich deposits of lignite in the nevel).

In the east of the country in the valley of the river. Brahmaputra (Assam) is located the oldest oil-bearing pool in India. But in connection with the exploration and production of oil and gas in Gujarat and on the continental shelf in Cambois, the importance of Western India has greatly increased. The explored oil reserves of India are 0.6 billion tons, modern mining is about 40 millionth per year (mostly - maritime).

The most important source of energy can be a radioactive thorium contained in monocyte sands. Uranium ores found in Rajasthan.

Land resources are the main natural wealth of the country. There are most parts of the country. A significant part of the soil has high fertility. These are alluvial soils of the valley of the Ganges and the River Delta on the coasts, as well as the black-earth clay soils of the Plateau Dean in the center of the country. However, the problem of land resources in India exists, which is associated with erosion, salinization and soil depletion.

The abundance of heat throughout the year allows you to collect on a significant area of \u200b\u200b2-3 crop, but agriculture needs irrigation. Natural pastures make up 5% of the country's territory - the feed base for animal husbandry is limited.

Forest areas occupy 22% of India's area, but the forests are missing for economic needs. Forest is a source of fuel and wood. Serious negative consequences are accompanied by the destruction of forests (especially in the Himalayas).

The Rivers of India have a big energy potential, as well as the main source of artificial irrigation. The main rivers - Gang, Brahmaputra, Ind and their tributaries. Rivers, originating in the Himalayas, many-fashioned (with mixed rain and snow-glacial power mode). The River Dean Plateau, the powered of which is mostly rain, is very melted on dry season, and in the rainy season - flooded, flooding the fields and flushing the crops.

India is one of the richest countries in natural terms, no wonder in colonial time it was called the pearl British crown. Fertile climate, colossal agro-climatic resources. The reserves of certain types of mineral raw materials (iron and manganese ores, chromites, titanium, zirconium, muscovite) are of world importance. Great reserves of coal, ore of non-ferrous metals, gold. Many districts and coastal water areas are promising for oil. Numerous rivers - the source of irrigation and hydroelectric energy. Extensive land resources of India, the territory of which only slightly less than the area of \u200b\u200ball countries of Western Europe. The abundance of heat in the conditions of the monsoon subtropical and tropical climate allows you to collect on a significant area of \u200b\u200btwo or three crops per year.

Coming out on the path of independent historical development, India has achieved impressive success in many areas. A multi-industrial industrial complex was created. As a result of the Green Revolution, the production of grains increased several times, thanks to which mass hunger was eliminated in the country. It has noticeably improved socio-economic transformations closely related to the creation and strengthening of the public sector of the economy.

India Industry and Energy

India is a developing agrarian-industrial country with huge resources and human potential. Together with traditional India, the industry (agriculture, light industry) develops extractive and manufacturing industry.

Currently, 29% of GDP accounts for industry, 32% on agriculture, 30% on the scope of services.

Energy. The creation of an energy base began in the country with the establishment of hydropower plants, but among the newly built power plants in recent years, TPPs prevail. The main source of energy is coal. In India, atomic energy is also developing - 3 nuclear power plants. The total capacity of Power Stations of India is 94 thousand MW (1999).

The production of electricity per capita is still very small.

Ferrous metallurgy. This is a developing industry. Modern level - 23 million tons of steel (1998). The industry is represented by enterprises located mainly in the East of the country (Calcutt-Damodar industrial belt), as well as in the states of Bihar, Adhra Pradesh, etc.

Colored metallurgy is also developed in the east. Aluminum industry is highlighted, based on local boxes.

Mechanical engineering. India releases a variety of products of machine tools, transport engineering (TVs, ships, cars, tractors, airplanes and helicopters). The industry is developing intensively.

Leading centers of mechanical engineering - Bombay, Calcutta, Madras, Hyderabad, Bangalore.

In terms of the production of the radio electronic industry, India reached in foreign Asia to second place. The country produces a variety of radio equipment, color TVs, tape recorders, communications.

Chemical industry. In the country with such a role of agriculture, the production of mineral fertilizers acquires exceptional importance. The value of petrochemistry is also growing.

Light industry - the traditional industry of the economy, the main directions are cotton and jute, as well as sewing. Textile factories are available in all major cities of the country. In the export of India, 25% is the products of the textile and clothing industry.

The food industry is also traditional, produces products for the indoor and foreign market. The world's widest fame received Indian tea.

India agriculture
The share of the agro-industrial complex accounts for about 22% of GDP and 10% of the export of India, while employment 60-65% of its population is ensured.
60% of agrarian products produced 25% of farms. The bulk of peasant farms is represented by tenants of small land plots, which use traditional methods of agriculture, without being able to acquire modern agricultural equipment and technologies in order to increase marketable products.
The main segments of the India agricultural segment are meat and dairy farming, poultry farming, growing fruits and vegetables, grain crops (rice, wheat, cereals, beans), oilseeds, spices, tea and tobacco leaf, coffee beans, various varieties of nuts (hazelnut, peanuts, almonds, Cashew), sugar cane, seafood production, fishing, gardening, production of natural rubber, silvering.
India ranks 1st place in the world of cattle livestock (57% of the world's lifetime and 16% of cows), 2nd goats and 3rd - sheep. In 2004/05 Fin. The production of milk increased to 90.7 million tons, poultry meat - 2.1 million tons, eggs - 45.2 billion pcs. In connection with the possible threat of bird flu, the Government of the country took a number of protective measures: the import of bird meat and related products from potentially dangerous countries, quarantine measures are strengthened at customs, the strategic stock of vaccine, etc.
India occupies 3rd place in the world in terms of the production of sea fish and 2nd place in the catch of river fish (6.3 million tons in 2004/05). The country is the largest manufacturer and exporter of tea (27% of global production, 13% of world trade). In 2004/05, the export of Indian tea amounted to about 25% of the volume of domestic production. In global coffee production, the share of India is 4% (Robust and Arabica varieties). India is also one of the largest manufacturers of natural rubber (total sowing area - 5.7 million hectares in 16 states).
Further development of agriculture is significantly hampered by the weakness of infrastructure, especially the lack of modern means of delivering, processing and storage. The losses of vegetables and fruits make up 40%, and all the agrarian products are about 20%.

Foreign Economic Communications of India.

India, one of the oldest countries of the world, within almost 200 years was under the domination of English colonialists. In 1947, India achieved independence, having received the status of Dominion, and 1950 was proclaimed by the Republic.

India's policy, one of the most far-reaching development of the state of the development of the colonial state of state, in foreign economic, as well as in the internal economic issues, is aimed at overcoming the country's economic backwardness. With his first priority, she puts the accelerated development of national productive forces. The Indian government takes an active part in solving this task, using the levers of indirect regulation of the national economy and directly participating in the reproduction process through the mechanism of the public sector.

For better use of domestic resources and funds attracted from abroad, as well as the overall coordination of the activities of the public and private sectors of the national economy and overcome dependence on imperialism, the state has become actively applied in its economic policy methods of programming and planning.

The value of foreign economic relations for the economic development of India is determined by the need to attract additional material and financial resources to the country, as well as the implementation of part of products in the global market. It repeatedly increases in the era of the Scientific and Technical Revolution, because foreign economic relations become one of the most important channels in which the importation of NTR achievements from industrialized states is carried out.

Overcoming the explicit and hidden action of imperialism, India is fighting for the effective use of its foreign economic relations, the most important elements of which are foreign trade, receiving foreign technical assistance on an intergovernmental basis, as well as investments of foreign private capital. Each of the components of the foreign economic relations of India played and continues to play an important role in its economic policy, but their relative importance changes as the national economy strengthened.

By the beginning of the 70s, the state sector of the economy was an important factor in the life of the country, there was a certain limitation of the activities of foreign capital, and economic ties with the countries of Eastern Europe were expanded and strengthened. These changes have a serious impact on both the inconomic position of the country and the nature of its relationship with the outside world, in particular, a large balance of the scale and intensity of economic relations with capitalist countries and countries of Eastern Europe and the USSR has been achieved.

Accordingly, the qualitative changes were made by all elements of the foreign economic relations of India. First of all, it led to a reduction in the size and, most importantly, the deterioration of the conditions for attracting foreign private investment to the country. At the same time, India's relationship with foreign private capital remains extremely close, which is achieved by the provision of benefits to foreign companies, departed to the country of new technology, develop its export or production of energy resources.

India refers to foreign technical, financial and economic assistance provided on an intergovernmental basis. It should be noted the role of state aid of the countries of Eastern Europe and the USSR, and now the CIS and primarily Russia who have made a significant contribution to the development of the Indian economy into the creation of many of its industries. Construction When they are promoted by machine-building, chemical, metallurgical enterprises, nuclear electo-station, educational and scientific centers strengthened, and in some cases laid almost at the database of the country's scientific and technological progress.

Currently, in connection with the indigenous changes in the economy and policy of the countries of the former Socialist camp, the flow of assistance from Eastern European countries has decreased and India has to reorient their economic ties, strengthening foreign economic relations with developed capitalist countries, as well as developing countries. Problems of strengthening their own production base and some economic difficulties, in particular in the field of balance of payments, encourage India to strengthen the role of foreign trade relations in solving national issuance of economic development.

The use of India of foreign economic relations is carried out, first of all, in order to eliminate economic dependence on imperialism and strengthening the economic independence of the country. It should be noted that the Indian bourgeoisie and, first of all, its monopolistic circles seek to subjugate the foreign economic relations the interests of maximizing their profits.

The reflection of this direction in the development of the foreign economic strategy of India is the course on the accelerated deployment of trade with developing countries. The countries of the Afro-Asian region became one of the main markets for the products of new industries of the Indian manufacturing industry and at the same time an important supplier of agricultural products and raw materials and, especially important, mineral raw materials and oil for the needs of the Indian industry. The development of this market is made in India by the combined efforts of the public and private sectors, and, along with commodity exchange, the export of public and private capital becomes great importance.

The unevenness of capitalist development led to such a situation in which India continued to lag behind the developed capitalist states, at the same time significantly ahead of the most developing countries. This also imposes an imprint on the foreign economic policy of India, according to which developed capitalist countries, CIS countries and Russia remain the main foreign trade partners of India.

India culture.

The culture of India was composed of various eras of history, customs, traditions and ideas such as invaders and immigrants. Many cultural customs, languages \u200b\u200band monuments are given in examples of such a mixing during the centuries.

In modern India, there is a cultural and religious manifold. Much depends on the area of \u200b\u200bIndia. South, North and Northeastern parts have their own distinctive features, and almost all states have carved their own cultural niche. Despite this unique cultural diversity, the whole country is united as civilization due to its general history, thereby preserving national identity.

India is the birthplace of religious systems, such as Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism and Sikhism, which have a serious impact not only for India, but the whole world. After the Islamic invasion and subsequent foreign domination from the tenth century, the Persian, Arab and Turkic culture were strongly influenced by the culture of India. In turn, various religions and traditions of India influenced Southeast Asia and other parts of the world. Mark Twain wrote:

"India is a cradle of a human race, a cradle of human speech, mother of history, grandmother of legends, and great-grandmother of traditions. Our most valuable and most important of materials in the history of humanity are stored only in India! "

Conclusion.

India is one of the oldest civilizations of the world. Until the middle of the 3th millennium BC. In India, the civilization of Dravids developed. In the period from 2500 to 1500 BC India was conquered by Indo-Aryan tribes. From the VIII century, Islam began to penetrate into India. The Muslim Board continued until 1398, when the Army of Tamerlan came to the country. In 1526, the descendant of Tamerlan Babur won almost all of India and founded the empire of the great Mughalov, which existed until 1857. The full political leadership passed to the UK in 1828-1835, and in 1857 India became actually the UK protectorator. August 15, 1947

India has gained independence, but it was divided into two parts of the country India and Pakistan. On January 26, 1950, India was proclaimed by the Democratic Republic. State Device - Federal Republic. Indians proudly call themselves "the biggest democracy in the world." The head of state is the president that performs mostly executive functions. In the Republic of 6 national parties, 37 party parties, and more than 300 are registered. The government is headed by Prime Minister.

In this paper, in conclusion, you can sum up. Here are some numbers and facts:

National Animal - Tiger.

National Bird - Peacock.

National flower - Lotus.

National fruit - mango.

Area: 3,287,000 sq. Km.

Population - over 1.2 billion people.

National currency - Indian rupee

Phone Code: 91

Local time - at 2.30 ahead of Moscow (in summer at 1.30)

The highest point above sea level - Chochi in the north (on the border with China) (8611 m).

We looked at many problems of India, tried to find ways to solve them. It turned out that India occupies a profitable economy position. This country is the homeland of one of the most ancient civilizations of the planet. EGP India is safeguarding the development of the economy. Minerals of this country are diverse and stocks are significant. We also reviewed the problems of the population, because in India, more than 1 billion people live today.

Bibliography:

1) based on the materials of the Internet

India is the state of South Asia, located on the Industan Peninsula. India as a state in his real borders was established in 1947, when it was divided into two independent Dominion India and Pakistan. However, it is impossible to forget that the historical and modern borders of India are different, many historical areas that have once belonged to India are now part of neighboring states.

The external borders had a great influence on the fate of India. On the one hand, India due to its borders is isolated from the outside world. On the northern, northwestern and northeastern borders of the country there are mountain ranges (Himalayas, Karakorum, Purvalok), and from other sides it is washed by the waters of the Indian Ocean (Arabian Sea, Bengal Bay). This isolation naturally affected the history and culture of India. India's historical path is unique, and Indian culture is distinguished by identity.

Nevertheless, the territory of India since ancient times, the mining passes, which served as the gate to India for both trading caravans and the armies of conquerors. This is mainly about the northwestern border where such mountain passes are located as: Hibiber, Gomal, Bolan, through which almost all conquerors (arias, Persians, Alexander Macedonsky, Makhmud Gaznevid, Mohammed Guri, came from the territory of modern Afghanistan in India, Babur ). In addition, India, you can get from the north and northeast from China and Myanmar.

If we talk about the marine border of India, despite its greater length, India has never been considered a strong naval power. This is due to the fact that the coastline is weakly dissected, so natural harbors on the coast, where sailing vessels could hide from the winds, little. Basically, Indian ports are located either in the mouths of the rivers or artificially arranged. Difficulties for navigators also created shallow water and reefs off the coast of India. Nevertheless, an attempt to try themselves in the role of navigators Indians were still undertaken.

In history and ethnography, India is traditionally divided into three physico-geographical areas: 1) Indo-Gangskaya Plain, 2) Deansky plateore (dean), 3) Far South.

Indo-Gangskaya Plain is historically the most important part of India, since it was there that the great empires were always there. This northern plain is divided into two parts of the desert Tar and the mountains of Aravalli. The western part is irrigated by Indus's waters, and East - Gangom and his tributaries. Thanks to the soil rivers here fertile, which led to the prosperity of the local population. It was here that the great civilizations of antiquity and medieval states arose. It was the Indo-Ganga Valley that was most of all conquered, five decisive battles in Indian history occurred on her land.

India can be called a contrast country. There is a well-known phrase "India - the world in miniature." If we talk about climate, then in India it differs from dry frosts of Himalayas to the tropical heat of the Concan and the Koromandel coast. In India, you can find all three types of climate: arctic, moderate and tropical. The same applies to precipitation. In India, there are very arid places, such as the desert Tar, and on the other hand the wet point of the planet is Cherrypundy.

The English historian Smith calls India "Ethnographic Museum", and not without reason. India Museum of cults, customs, faith, cultures, religions, languages, racial types and differences. From time immemorial to India, peoples belonged to different races (Arias, Persians, Greeks, Turks, etc.) came to India. Many nationalities live in India, everyone has their own traditions, customs and languages. In India, there is a huge variety of religious directions. This includes world religions - Buddhism, Islam, Christianity; Local religions - Sikhism, Jainism and many others. Hinduism is the most common religion in India, most of the Indian population professes it.

Indian culture and history is one of the oldest on earth. According to certain historians, Indian history is not inferior in antiquity by the stories of Egypt and Sumer. Harappa civilization in the Indus valley arose at about 2500 BC. and existed for approximately millennium, t e up to 1500 BC. Most of the main cities of this civilization were located along the shores of Inde. The first large-scale studies began in 1921. The name of this civilization received the name of the first found major city by the name. The second most famous and large city of India civilization was Mahenjo Daro (the Hill of the Dead).

The ethnic composition of the population of the Valley of Indus and its roots still remain a mystery. Harappa culture was urban, all cities were built according to a single plan. Indians of that era led an active trade with other countries, they were engaged in craft, agriculture and cattle breeding. They had a writing, which, unfortunately, was not decrypted, so this culture is studied in archaeological finds. The reasons for the decline of this civilization are still clearly defined, but most likely it is associated with natural cataclysms. The last centers of the Harapp culture could have fallen from the hands of Arii, who came in India approximately 1500 BC.

Aria is nomadic tribes that invaded India from the North-West, through the Hibiber's passage. Almost the only source of our knowledge about this period are literary monuments (Vedas), the archaeological data is very scarce. Ancient Ariyev had no written writing, and the Vedic texts were transferred from mouth to mouth, later they were recorded on Sanskrit. The period of the first Aryan settlements, which is studied by the Vedas, is called the Vedian period. The characteristic feature of the Vedic Epo is the dominance in the life of society of religion and ritual cults. Many elements from the Vedic religion entered Hinduism. It was during this period that the separation of society on Brahmanov, Kshatriyev, Vaishiyev and Sudr. The Vedic era lasted to the VI century. BC, before the formation of the first states in the Ganges Valley.

Vi in. - Epoch of change. During this period, in addition to the emergence of the first states, new religions appeared, the main of which are Jainism and Buddhism. Buddhist and jine texts have not only sacred value, but also historical, since information about the states of that era we are mostly scored from them. In Buddhist sources, at that time there were 16 states that constantly fought among themselves. To iv c. BC. There was a tendency to unite, the number of states decreased, but the political fragmentation to overcome was not yet possible. The existing political instability in the country has made India easy prey for Alexander Macedonsky, who invaded its territory in 326 BC. Far into the depths of the country, the Great Conqueror did not go, he was forced to leave the country, without reaching the Ganges Valley. He left in India some garrisons, which later assimilated with the local population.

Magada-Mauri epoch (IV century BC - I century). After the departure of Alexander Macedonsky, the governments came to awareness of the need to unite, and the leader of the association was the ruler of the state of Magadha Chandraguput Maurya (317 BC) - founder of the Maury Dynasty. The capital of Magadhi was the city of Pataliputra. The most famous ruler of this dynasty was Ashoka (268 - 231 BC). He became famous as a distributor of Buddhism, the policy of his state in many aspects was also based on the religious and ethical norms of Buddhism. In 180 BC. Dynasty Maurev ovelave shungov dynasty. It was a weak dynasty, and the once great state of Maurev broke up.

Before IV. in. The power was divided among themselves clans and tribes. In 320, a new Gupta dynasty was founded (IV - VI centuries), an extensive empire was created under their authority. The era of Guptes is the heyday period, the "golden age" of the culture of ancient India. Literature and architecture enjoyed the greatest patronage. In the VI century The Gupta Empire was on the verge of decay and fell under the onslaught of the nomadic tribes who invaded the territory of India (Gunna).

After the fall of the state of Guptes, political fragmentation began in the country. The first who, after Gupta, tried to unite the country within the framework of a single state, was Harsha (Kharchavardkhan), he joined the throne in 606 and rules until 646. It is from him that it is considered to be the beginning of the medieval history of India. The capital of the Harshi state was Canava. He was a ruler-enlightenment. Patronized literature and science, favorably belonged to Buddhism. Harshi did not have strong receivers, immediately after his death, his state was contemplated, and a period of political decay was submitted. In the conditions of feudal fragmentation, the Indian rulers could not respond with a new threat - Muslim conquest.

The first of Muslims to the territory of India entered Arabs. Arabs went to their conquest companies after the death of Mohammed (632). By the viii of the age, the turn reached India. In his conquests, Arabs were limited to the territory of Sinda. Their main conquests were associated with the name of Mohammed-Ibn-Kasima (712). Their trips were robbing, and the Arabs have not made any fundamental changes to the Department of India, but they first organized Muslim settlements in India with a traditional Indian management system.

The next conqueror was Mahmoud Gaznevid. GOD is the principality in Afghanistan. He performed his first campaign in 1000, and took the tradition to go to India every year. He committed his last campaign in 1027. Gradually, the GA rank lost its political influence, and its rulers lost power to another Afghan principality of GUR. The rules of Gur also could not get around India, and headed by Mohammed Guri. He made the first campaign in 1175, and the last of 1205 Muhammed Guri as a governor in India left his military commander Kutb-Ud-Ding Aibek, who soon began to rule as an independent ruler, and it was from him that the Epoch of the Delia Sultanate begins with him ( 1206-1526).

In the Delia Sultanate there were four dynasties: Gulyama (1206-1287), Hilji (1290-1320), Tetraki (1320-1414), Sayids (1414-1451), Lodi (1451-1526. ). Sultans Delhi their military campaigns were no longer limited to the North-West of the country, and they conducted them throughout India. The main goal of their internal politics was reduced to conquests, the administrative system of Sultanov Delhi was scattered and poorly controlled. During the Delia Sultanate, India was attacked by Mongols and the invasion of Timur (1398-1399). In 1470, India visited the Russian merchant Athanasius Nikitin. But he visited not the Delia Sultanate, but one of the states on the dean - the state of Bachmanids. The history of the Delia Sultanate in the battle of Delia Sultanate ended in the Battle of 1826, when the victory over the ruler from the dynasty of Lodi won Babur. He became the founder of the Great Mughal Empire: Babur (1526-1530), Humayun (1530-1556), Akbar (1556-1605), Jahangir (1605-1627), Shah Jahan (1627-1658 .), Aurangzeb (1658-1707), Late Mogola (1707-1858). This era is saturated with events in both external and internal politics of India. Babur Military Strategy, Akbar reform, the great buildings of Shah Jakhan, the intransigence of Aurangseeb glorified the Muslim rulers of India far beyond.

The new history of India is the era of Europeans. The first who opened the way to India were Portuguese. Vasco da Gama reached the shores of India in 1498. They settled on the west coast of the country (Goa-Diou). Their power was always limited to the coastline, they did not go deep into the country. Gradually, they gave up their priorities to the Dutch, who began their activities since 1595. Another applicant for Indian trade owners were the French who came to India in 1664.

The history of the English East India Company originates since 1600, the starting point of the conquest of India is the British. It is customary to be the battle of Plesi 1757, when the English military leader Robert Clive won the ruler of Bengal Siraj-Ud-Double. The establishment of British rule in India was completed by 1856. India became the "pearl" of British colonial possessions. It was like a raw material base and sales market for the UK.

Indians were not ready to put up with their position, uprisings broke out in the country (the Great Sipayst Uprising (1857 - 1859), the Liberation Movement was organized. Leaders for independence such as: Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, Ball Gangadhar Tilak, Vinaka Damodar Savarkar adhered to different views on the path to liberation. The great thinker of the 20th century Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (Mahatma Gandhi) believed that the way to freedom lies through Akhimsu (non-violence). He promoted that boycott and inaction are much more efficient to force and armed methods of struggle.

On February 20, 1947, British Prime Minister Cleplent Richard Ettley announced the readiness of the British government to provide India complete independence at the latest - by June 1948. After negotiations with all interested parties and a number of coordinates, the Governor-General India Louis Mountbethten presented the plan of the section of British India into two independent states: Muslim and Hindu. Based on this plan, the British Parliament has developed and adopted an act of independence of India, which received royal approval on July 18, 1947. At midnight, on April 14, 1947, India became an independent state.

August 15, 1947 - Independence Day of India. The first prime minister of India was Javaharlal Nehru. The section of India, carried out according to the religious principle, was accompanied by numerous victims. Those regions where most of the population were Muslims moved to Pakistan, and the rest to India. The disputed territory still remains Kashmir.

According to the Constitution adopted in 1950, India is a sovereign Federal secular democratic republic. Until the 1990s. Power in the country belonged to the party Indian National Congress (Inc.) and the Nehru-Gandhi clan. Since the 1990s India lived in a coalition government. At the parliamentary elections of 2014, the Indian People's Party (BDP) won the decisive victory, and Narendra Modo was elected to the post of Prime Minister.

Monographs and Papers.
Monographs and Papers.

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History of India, India Valley Civilization
Before the beginning of the twentieth century, it was believed that the history of the ancient India begins with the arrival from the north-west of militant nomads - Aryan tribes, carriers of the archaic Vedic culture, and the fact that there were only primitive primitive tribes, the history of which is covered with darkness

India fascinates, ookolds and manita as a magnet. One day, having become acquainted with her, you forever lose peace and become her prisoner. Prisoner of Eastern Colorite, Ancient Traditions, Taj Mahal, Shambal Country and Affectionate Ocean Waves. In this country, everything is not as with us, everything lives according to another rules. And if the "civilized" society lives under the laws of money, the Indians live according to the law of karma. Therefore, falling into India for the first time, you experience a good shake: another culture, left-sided movement, other nature and new smells.

India is one of the oldest civilizations of the world. Until the middle of the 3th millennium BC. In India, the civilization of Dravids developed. In the period from 2500 to 1500 BC India was conquered by Indo-Aryan tribes. From the VIII century, Islam began to penetrate into India. The Muslim Board continued until 1398, when the Army of Tamerlan came to the country. In 1526, the descendant of Tamerlan Babur won almost all of India and founded the empire of the great Mughalov, which existed until 1857. The full political leadership passed to the UK in 1828-1835, and in 1857 India became actually the UK protectorator.

On August 15, 1947, India received independence, but was divided into two parts of the country India and Pakistan. On January 26, 1950, India was proclaimed by the Democratic Republic. State Device - Federal Republic. Indians proudly call themselves "the biggest democracy in the world." The head of state is the president that performs mostly executive functions. In the Republic of 6 national parties, 37 party parties, and more than 300 are registered. The government is headed by Prime Minister.

80% of the population - Hindus, Muslims make up a significant religious minority - 12%. The number of Christians reaches only 18 million. Basically, it is Catholics and Protestants. There are also Orthodox parishes. From denominations born on Indian soil, sikhism is distinguished, the number of followers of which exceeds 17 million in Mumbai (formerly Bombay) is concentrated small (about 200 thousand), but the influential community of fireplong pairs. In the seaside cities of the state of Kerala, you can meet followers of Judaism (about 6 thousand). About 26 thousand representatives of the aboriginal tribes profess various pagan beliefs.

India Country of bright contrasts, not only in culture, but also in terms of weather. In general, on places of visits and topics of tours, you can allocate:

Winter season - from September to April

Place visits: Rajasthan, Goa, Fr. Andaman, Kerala, Orissa and other areas on the plain and coastal areas of the Indian Peninsula.
Topics Tours: Culture (excursions), wildlife, pilgrimage, beach holidays, water sports, recovery and beauty

Summer season - from April to September

Place visits: Sikkim, Himachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Ladakh, Kashmir and other states in the Himalayev district.
Topics of tours: Holidays at mountain resorts (resorts and spa) Pilgrimage (Hinduism, Buddhism, Tibetan culture), trekking, climbing, river rafting, etc.

Improvement and beauty - throughout the year at the resorts in different states of the country.

It must be remembered that the climate in the north and south of India is completely different from each other. There are three main seasons: winter, summer and monsoon. Winter months Bright and pleasant, with abundant snowfall in the northern mountains. Summer season (April-June) The fry in most states of India and during this period countless mountain resorts give rest from the heat. In musson's time There are abundant shower on the west coast from June to September, and on the east coast in the period from mid-October to December.

Heat
The heat begins to move on the northern plains of India since February and by April-May reaches his vertices, getting to the peak itself in June. In Central India, the temperature of 45 degrees and above is the usual thing. South India also becomes uncomfortable hot at this time. At the end of May, the first signs of the impending monsoon are high humidity, wind storms, small rain storms, dust storms, turning day in the evening. In this season, many leave the plains and go to relax from the heat in mountain places, whose resorts are experiencing the peak of their season.

Monsoon
The beginning of the monsoon does not occur suddenly. After distinct weather warnings, the rain comes for a long time, starting as a rule on June 1 in the south, and crawling north to cover the whole country by early July. The monsoon does not bring real relief from the heat - preceding it hot, dry and dusty weather is simply replaced by hot humidity. Musson does not mean a continuous all day of rain - but it is possible to say that he goes every day. If the thunder subsides and go clouds, they immediately replace the sun, creating a bath adopted wet atmosphere. The main monsoon comes from the south-west, but the southeastern coast (and South Kerala) is also under the influence of the wonderful northeast monsoon, because of which it is rained in the south from October to the beginning of December.

Cold
By October, the monsoon ends throughout the country and during this period in the country the largest number of tourists. However, by this time too late to visit Ladakhs (here is the best time from May to October). For October and November throughout India and not too hot and not too cold (although in some areas in October may still be wet). At the peak of winter (mid-December-mid-January), Delhi and other northern cities are surprisingly cold, especially at night. And, of course, frosts come to the northern mountain areas of the country. In the south, where it is never really cold, the temperature continues to be comfortable during the whole period.

An unforgettable aroma of India is not only a thick smell of jasmine and roses. This is also a subtle fragrance of spices that occupy an important place in Indian dishes, especially Curry. The name of this seasoning comes from the Indian word "kari" (sauce), but here it does not occur in the form of a wealth of powder familiar to residents. This is a thin and gentle mix of such spices such as turmeric, cardamom, ginger, coriander, nutmeg and poppy. As paints on the artist's palette, the Indian cook holds about 25 spices at hand, necessarily freshly-haired, of which it makes up its unique flavor bouquet. Many spices have medicinal properties. In each region, their favorite spices and their combinations. Although not all Hindu Vegetarians, here you will have more vegetable dishes than at home. Vegetables in India are cheap, diverse, abundant and always deliciously prepared.

Meat dishes are more common in the north: Rogan Josh (mutton Karry), Ghushstava (acute meatballs in yogurt) and delicious Birini (chicken or lamb with rice with orange sauce). The taste of Mouguby dishes is saturated and rich, they are generously seasoned with spices and sprinkled with nut and saffron. From the northern areas there are famous tandoors (chicken, meat or fish marinated with herbs and baked in the clay furnace) and Kabab.

On South Curry dishes are mostly vegetable and very sharp. From traditional recipes, you can recommend Bhujia (Curry Vegetables), Dosa, and Samba (rice pellets, dumplings with filling from marinades and lentils with curry) and Raita (yogurt with grated cucumber and mint). Coconut is the main ingredient of South Indian cuisine.

On the west coast You will be offered a wide selection of fish and seafood. Bombay duck (stewed in curry or fried fish bomber) and a crumb fish (Indian salmon) - only two names from the extensive menu. The fish is present in Bengal's cuisine, for example: in Dakhi Maach (Curry fish in Yogurt, seasoned with ginger) and Mailai (curry shrimp with coconut).

In the south, rice is obligatory, while in the north it is often complemented or replaced with a variety of fresh pellets-pieces, chappati, nan and others.

Common for all India is given (crushed lentil soup with vegetables) and Dhai (Prostokvasha or Yogurt, served with Curry). In addition, it is a delicious dish, in the heat it refreshes better than drinks.

From sweetsMainly serve dairy puddings, cookies and pancakes. Throughout India, Kulfi (Indian ice cream) is common (Indian ice cream), Roma (cottage cheese balls, seasoned with pink water), Gulab-Dzhamun (flour, yogurt and grated almonds) and Jalesibi (fritters in syrup). In addition to the magnificent choice of sweets, fruits will always be offered: mango, grenades, melons, apricots, apples and strawberries. Western groceries are sold in many cities.

To improve digestion, it is customary to finish the meal to the chewing pan. Pan is the leaves of Bethel, in which the grains of Anisa and the Cardamom are wrapped. Another custom - there are fingers, but (do not forget!) Only the right hand.

Tourists with conservative tastes will always find in the cities of dishes, practically any country in the world.

Tea is a favorite drink of Indians, and many of his varieties are popular in the world. It is often served already with sugar and milk, but you can order and "tea on a tray." The popularity of coffee is growing. Nicely refresh to the nimble pan (lemon drink), Lassi (ice milk) and coconut milk right out of the nut. Spray water, more often with Syrup, and Western alcoholic beverages are available everywhere. Indian beer and gin varieties are not inferior to the best world varieties, and also inexpensive. Remember that alcohol permits are required in Tamilnade and Gujarat.

The variety of Indian cuisine is indescribable, as well as its paints and aromas. There are fiery-sharp dishes and very soft, but they are all inexpensive even in the hotels of the highest class. There is nothing strange that Indian cuisine came out in the third place in the world in popularity, and we will not be surprised if one day it becomes the first.