Word stress

Words for the exam are on the page the correct stress in words.

Stress

In the flow of speech, one of the syllables in the word is emphasized with the help of stress.

Stress is the pronunciation of one of the syllables with greater strength and duration. Unlike some other languages ​​(for example, Vietnamese, Serbo-Croatian), in Russian, stress is not associated with a change in tone.

Unlike some other languages ​​(for example, French, Polish), in the Russian language the stress is different - it is not assigned to a definite syllable:

light(the stress falls on the first syllable).

brighten(the stress falls on the second syllable).

Firefly(the stress falls on the last syllable).

Russian stress can fall on different parts of the word:

(here the emphasis falls on the suffix).

(here the emphasis falls on the prefix).

(here the stress falls on the root).

The norms of stress for most words in the Russian language are contained in the orthoepic dictionary.

Writing the softness of consonants

The softness of consonants is indicated in writing in several ways.

Unpaired soft consonants [’’], [h ’], [Щ’] are denoted in writing by letters th, h, sch.

Paired soft consonants [b '], [c'], [g '], [d'], [z '], [k'], [l '], [m'], [n '], [n '], [p'], [c '], [t'], [f '], [x'] do not have "proper" letters to denote. Their softness is indicated in writing in two ways:

1) using vowels e, e, y, i, and:

chalk - [m'el],

ice - [l'ot],

hatch - [l'ook],

ball - [m'ach ’],

drink - [p'it "];

2) using b at the end of a word or before other consonants:

mol - [mol ’],

In Russian, in some borrowed words before the vowel e, there is not a soft, but a hard consonant sound: tempo - [temp]. The pronunciation of such words should be memorized. It is also necessary to remember the pronunciation of some loan words in which a soft consonant sounds in front of the vowel e.

Teacher's comments on the material being studied

Contract, calls, masterfully, bartender, cottage cheese - how to put emphasis correctly? Errors in this area of ​​linguistic science are especially common. This is not surprising - there are no uniform rules for the placement of stress in the Russian language, so it is necessary to learn and memorize.

Correct stress in the word "curd"

Linguists call the sound selection correct on the last syllable: curd. This norm is enshrined in dictionaries. But in the pronunciation of this word, almost every second Russian-speaking person is mistaken, so linguists do not exclude the possibility that the situation will change: tvOrog - the stress in the word on the first syllable, may definitely enter the norm.

What the speech will tell about us

Why do we care about speaking correctly? Of course, because competent speech - business card cultured and educated person. Our language is so expressive that our status, the opinion of other people about us and the general flavor of our life depend on whether we put stress in words correctly or not. Imagine that you have heard such a monologue: “In the last quarter I was awarded the prize, and we got the means A. We put on our scarves, went, bought some cakes, put them on the kitchen table. I took the pieces and put them in my mouth. DonElzya was full. " Even without seeing the person who says this, you can easily compose his social portrait, right?

Dictionary to help

Since there are no uniform rules for stating stress in Russian speech, an orthoepic dictionary becomes our assistant. Orthoepy is the science of the norm of pronunciation, the word came to us from Greek and literally translates as “ correct speech". "Orthoepic Dictionary" contains the literary norm of the pronunciation of words, and, consequently, the stress in it.

How many dictionaries, so many opinions?

The acoustic component of this lexeme is interpreted in its own way different dictionaries... In the word "curd" the stress on the last syllable is declared the norm, but an additional one - on the first syllable - in " Orthoepic dictionary"Edited by R. I. Avanesov, republished in last time in 1972. In the dictionary "Russian word stress" edited by M. V. Zarv, published in 2001, only one literary norm is fixed - TvorOg: stress on the last syllable. In the "Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language" edited by I. L. Reznichenko, 2003, both ways of pronunciation are recorded - with stress on the first and second syllables. In the Dictionary of the Difficulties of the Russian Language by DE Rosenthal and MA Telenkova, only one way of pronouncing a word is mentioned as the norm - with emphasis on the last syllable: curd.

The stress in this word, fixed in spelling and explanatory dictionaries, which also always contain information about the setting of stress, also differs in different authors... All this speaks only to the fact that the language is constantly evolving and changing. An interesting study on this topic is, for example, in the "Dictionary of Pushkin's Language", published in 2000. There you can get acquainted with obsolete and obsolete words, lost accents and meanings. modern words... For example, this is how the emphasis was put in the old days in the words “citizens, laid down by destinies”. Or this is how some prepositions were associated with words: “between what” instead of the modern “between what”, or “towards whom”, instead of the “towards whom” used today.

Features of Russian stress

Stress is the phonetic emphasis in a word of a certain syllable. We do this by amplifying the sound signal in any part of the word. In Russian, the stress is always placed on the vowel phonemes in the word. The syllable on which it falls is called shock. The stressed sound is always longer than the unstressed sound, and the voice is percussive sound rises. The stress can fall in any part of the word, moreover, in different grammatical forms(during conjugation and declension of words) it can move from one syllable to another. Take, for example, the word "curd" of interest to us. The stress, as we found out, should be placed on the syllable -rog. But this is in the nominative and accusative cases. The genitive stress will already be on the syllable-y, etc.

Some hard cases

Now let's look at a few more words in which people very often make phonetic mistakes. The leaders of the wrong pronunciation are the words carpenter (correct - stolYar), wholesale (ave - wholesale), calls (ave - calls), scarves (ave - scarves), bows (bant ave), contract (norm - contract), lighten (norm - lighten), beets (norm - beets), accepted (norm. - accepted), shoe (norm. - tUflya). Here we also include the correct stress in English: barmen.

So, we were convinced that it is necessary to speak correctly, and for this we need not be lazy to look into dictionaries, and also that the mobile word "curd" does not get along with the stress fixed on the last syllable and seeks to legitimize another norm - stress on the first syllable. However, this process has not yet been completed, and therefore this word should be pronounced as required by most dictionaries - with the last stressed syllable.

IN the most ancient era in Indo-European languages the stress was free. In Germanic languages, it is fixed on the first root syllable of the word. This phenomenon played an important role for the entire language system: thanks to it, all final syllables, i.e. the grammatical endings were in an unstressed position. This contributed to the reduction (weakening) and subsequently the disappearance of inflections in the Germanic languages, incl. and in English.

Consonants. First movement of consonants (Grimm's law)

When comparing the same root words in Indo-European (in the IE base language) and Germanic languages, certain correspondences of some consonant sounds of Germanic languages ​​to the consonants of other IE languages ​​were noticed (Rusk - Grimm). languages. It turned out that a whole series of sounds who were are inherent in I.E. languages, in a certain way changed in the Germanic languages, passing there into other sounds, i.e. became their reflexes.

The movement of consonants covered all noisy consonants except for [S] three local series - velar, dental, labial. The law of the 1st movement of consonants had 3 stages (acts):

(1) i.u. voiceless stop [p], [t], [k] go into voiceless slotted of the corresponding row: [f], [Θ], [h]:

(2) i.u. voiced stop [b], [d], [g] turn into German voiceless stop [p], [t], [k]:

(3) Indo-Heb. voiced occlusive aspirated,, pass into Germanic simple [b], [d], [g]. Aspirated occlusives have survived only in Sanskrit:

The first movement appears to have taken place between the 5th and 2nd centuries BC. Each of these changes covered quite a few a long period in a hundred years or more.

Werner's law

Danish scientist Karl Werner drew attention to the fact that in a number of words there were no changes according to Grimm's law. Example: Greek patér, Sc. pitár - other English fæder, gotsk. fadar. Werner explained these inconsistencies with Grimm's law regarding the consonants [p], [t], [k]. He established that changes occur in accordance with act 1 of Grimm's law in the event that the stress in a word in ancient times, before fixing on the first syllable, stood on the vowel preceding the given consonant. If the stress was behind a given consonant or two syllables in front of him, then deaf slotted, formed by the 1st act, voiced ... Word other English fæder, gotsk. fadar in the most ancient era also had an accent after the slit, which voiced, and the word father in Germanic languages ​​it should initially sound like *, in which according to Grimm's law [p]> [f], [d]> [ө], then according to Werner's law [ө] was voiced in [ð] - *. After the stress was transferred to the root (usually the first) syllable, the voiced ones that arose according to Werner's law were phonologized.

Phonologization is the consolidation of a feature that has arisen in a certain position, i.e. at the allophone level. Phonologization is revealed when the position in which the given phenomenon took place disappears. Independence from position is inherent in the phoneme, therefore, this feature becomes phonologically relevant. After phonologizing voicing according to Werner's law, some of the voiced phonemes changed qualitatively. The voiced dental [ð] merged with the voiced stop [d] - hence the form fæder, attested in Old English.

The Indo-European phoneme [s], when voiced according to Werner's law, turned into [z], which then turned into [r]. This process is called rotacism:

gotsk. hau s jan other English hie r an

other English we s an - wæ s- wæ r on

These patterns allowed Werner to conclude that in the general Germanic era the stress was still mobile and only later, with the development of the Germanic tribal languages, did it become fixed.

When the child has firmly mastered what sound and letter are, let's move on to studying the syllable.

How to break words into syllables, where to put stress in a word, and how to transfer a word? - these are the basic concepts that will be found in the study of the Russian language in elementary school.

Having mastered these seemingly simple truths, the child will easily understand the basic spelling rules in Russian.

Syllable

So, earlier we agreed that the word consists of sounds. How can you divide a word into parts? When we want to shout a word to someone far away, we try to break the word. Try shouting the word mom together with your child. How did you do it?

mom

So you have broken this word into two syllables. Try again, for example, the words spring and streams.

Happened: Spring and ru-chey-ki... That is, the word spring has 2 syllables, and the word rivulets 3 syllables.

Let's try to sing the word mom. It turns out m-a-a-a-a-a.

We pronounce vowel sounds with our mouth open - the sound freely comes out of the mouth. When pronouncing consonants, we put speech apparatus obstructions to sound. Thus, we break words into parts, hence the basic rule:

How many vowels are in a word, so many syllables.

An example of words with one, two and three syllables:

Now try to come up with words yourself that will fit into the proposed schemes, only one syllable can be inserted into each cell:

Words consisting of one syllable are called monosyllabic, of two syllables - two-syllable, out of three - three-syllable etc.

Examples of monosyllabic words: snow, them, birds, by.

Two-syllable: quiet, branch, steel.

Three-syllable: walks, birch.

Each word is pronounced with an accent, whatever the syllable. For example, take, again, the word mom.

We focus on the first syllable of this word: ma-ma. Or rather, on the first vowel of this syllable. This accent is called stress and is denoted as follows:

And the letter on which the stress is placed is called the shock letter.

Why is stress in a word needed? Let's take the word machine:

We put stress on the vowel of the second word. Try to put stress on the vowel of the first syllable, it turns out a completely different word, not related to anything as a means of transportation.

From these words, you can make a sentence:

As you can see it two different words... Well, if we put emphasis on the last syllable, then it will turn out to be completely nonsense.

And vowels that are not stressed are called unstressed.

Now practice, together with your child, correctly emphasize the words:

Frost, tree stump, gooseberries.

It turns out that the role of stress in the pronunciation of words is very important, and later we learn that with the help of stress we can learn how to write unstressed vowels correctly in words.

Hyphenation

When writing words, we are faced with the fact that sometimes the word does not completely fit on the line. Then this word can be transferred to another line. How can this be done? It's very simple: you need to split the word into syllables and transfer it.

For example, the word pencil can be moved like this:

ka-

early

dash

Just? But there are a few rules that must not be ignored:

1. One letter cannot be left on a line. For example, the word frost is not portable.
2. A word consisting of one syllable does not carry over. For example: work .
3. One letter of a word cannot be left on the previous line. Also, one letter cannot be wrapped to the next line. For example, the words stork and idea are not transferred.
4. You cannot leave on the previous line or carry over to the next one consonant without a vowel. For example, the word round can be transferred like this round... Wrong to transfer like this: round or round .
5. Letters d, s, b, b cannot be separated from the preceding letter: war, driveway, paradise-it.

There are several more rules for transferring, but we will study them as we assimilate further material.