How the sound appears. Speech apparatus: how speech sounds are formed How sound appears for children

28.01.2017 17:18 2869

How the sound appears.

We hear a huge number of different sounds every second - the noise of cars, the voices of people, the rustle of foliage ... Even those we don't pay attention to. Now we will tell you how the sound appears ...

All sounds are formed as a result of vibrations (vibrations), i.e. very fast movements of particles of objects back and forth. In the air, sound propagates in the form of waves (no, not sea, but air). Our ears perceive sound waves passing through the air around us. Sound can propagate in other gases, as well as in liquids and solids Oh. Therefore, sounds are audible under water as well.

But in space, where there is no air, astronauts cannot communicate without a walkie-talkie. Although if they touch helmets, they can hear each other. Since the air inside the helmet, together with the touch of solids, creates a dense environment through which sound waves can pass.

Sometimes sound waves bounce off hard surfaces and bounce back. This phenomenon, seen in caves, long corridors, and mountains, for example, is called an echo.

When you pluck a guitar string, it vibrates very quickly, producing sound waves. By lightly touching the sounding string with your finger, you will feel its vibrations. And if you press your finger harder, the vibration will stop and the sound will stop. The vibrations of the guitar strings, propagating in the form of sound waves, also vibrate the air, thus making a sound.

The speed of sound travel is about 1225 km / h. That's 30 times faster than the speed of a distance runner, but almost a million times slower than the speed of light! Sounds are loud and quiet. The stronger the vibrations, the larger the sound waves and louder sound... Loudness is measured in decibels. A leaf that quietly sank to the ground produces a rustle of 10 decibels. The roar of an engine jet taking off reaches 120 decibels.

In addition, the sounds are divided into highs and lows. A large trumpet (meaning a musical instrument) sounds lower than a small whistle. The huge tiger has a low bass, and the mouse squeaks high and thin. This is due to the fact that they produce different vibrations. How more speed hesitation, the higher the sound.

Dogs hear both higher and lower sounds than humans. Bats and dolphins can reproduce and hear very high-pitched sounds - ultrasounds - and use this ability to navigate in space. Humans do not have the ability to hear ultrasounds.

In noisy environments, for example, people wear headphones to dampen the sound. This is due to the fact that loud noise can cause pain and even lead to deafness if continued for very long.

The appearance of speech in a person, the formation of sounds is possible thanks to the speech apparatus. Speech apparatus is a collection of coordinated bodies that help shape the voice, regulate it and shape it into meaningful expressions. Thus, the human speech apparatus means all the elements directly involved in the work of creating sounds - the articulatory apparatus, including the central nervous system, respiratory organs - lungs and bronchi, throat and larynx, oral cavity and nasal cavity.

The structure of the human speech apparatus, that is, its structure, is divided into two sections - the central and peripheral sections. The central link is the human brain with its synapses and nerves. The central speech apparatus also includes the higher departments of the central nervous system... The peripheral department, it is also the executive, is a whole community of elements of the body that ensure the formation of voice and speech. Further, according to the structure, the peripheral section of the speech apparatus is divided into three subsections:

Voice shaping

Each language on our planet has a specific number of sounds that create an acoustic image of the language. Sound finds meaning only in the sentence scheme, it helps to distinguish one letter from another. This sound is called the phoneme of the language. All the sounds of the language differ in articulation characteristics, that is, their difference comes from the formation of sounds in the human speech apparatus. And by acoustic characteristics - by differences in sound.

respiratory, otherwise energy - includes the lungs, bronchi, trachea and throat;
the voice-forming department, otherwise the generator - the larynx together with the sound cords and muscles;
sound-forming, otherwise resonant - the cavity of the oropharynx and nose.

The work of these departments of the speech apparatus in complete symbiosis can occur only through central office speech and voice-forming processes. This suggests that the respiratory process, articulation mechanism and sound formation are completely controlled by the human nervous system. Its impact extends to peripheral processes:

the functioning of the respiratory organs regulates the power of the sound of the voice;
the functioning of the oral cavity is responsible for the formation of vowels and consonants and for the difference in the articulation process during their formation;
the nose section provides adjustment of the overtones of the sound.

In the formation of the voice, the central speech apparatus occupies a key place. The human jaw and lips, palate and epiglottis, pharynx and lungs are all involved. The air stream leaving the body, going further through the larynx and passing through the mouth and nose, is the source of the sound. On its way, air passes through vocal cords... If they are relaxed, then the sound is not generated and passes freely. If they are close and tense - the air, when passing through, creates vibration. The result of this process is sound. And then, during the work of the movable organs of the oral cavity, the direct formation of letters and words occurs.

Structural components of speech

Per speech function answer:

The center of sensory speech is the perception of speech sounds, based on the sound-distinguishing system of the language; Wernicke's zone in the left hemisphere of the brain is responsible for this process.
The center of motor speech - Broca's zone is responsible for it, thanks to which it is possible to reproduce sounds, words and phrases.

In this regard, in clinical psychology there is the concept of impressive speech, in other words, the understanding and presentation of oral and written speech... There is also the concept of expressive speech - one that is pronounced aloud with the accompaniment of a certain tempo, rhythm, emotions.

In the process of forming speech, each person should have a clear idea of the following subsystems native language:

phonetics (what syllables, sound combinations can be, their correct structure and combination);
syntax (understanding how exactly the relationship and combinations between words occur);
vocabulary (knowledge of the vocabulary of the language)
semantics (the ability to understand the meaning of words long before obtaining pronunciation skills);
pragmatics (relations between sign systems and those who use them).

The phonological component of a language means knowledge of the meaningful units of the language (phonemes). Physically, speech sounds can be divided into noises (consonants) and tones (vowels). At the heart of any language is a certain distinctive feature, if you change one of them, then the meaning of the word will change dramatically. The main meaningful features include deafness and sonority, softness and hardness, as well as shock and unstressedness. It is these features that are the basis of the phonemes of the language system. Each language assumes a different number of meaningful units, usually from 11 to 141.

The Russian language assumes the use of 42 phonemes, in particular, 6 vowels and 36 consonants.

It has been scientifically proven that any healthy infant in the first year of life has the ability to reproduce 75 different shortest sound units, in other words, can learn any language. But, most often, children, at the initial stages of their development, are only in one linguistic environment, therefore, over time, they lose the ability to reproduce sounds that do not belong to their native Russian language.

Diagnosis of problems with the speech apparatus

The assimilation of the norms of the native language occurs by copying what a person hears. And all parents have different attitudes towards the problems of speech development in their children. Some - begin to sound the alarm when a child at the age of two does not use detailed phrases for communication, others are more careless, and may stubbornly not notice that the child's speech apparatus is impaired.

The presence of problems largely depends on how well the human speech apparatus is formed. It is important that each department that takes part in the formation of the voice is fully and accurately functioning.

The reasons for violations can be many factors, since the structure of the human speech apparatus is a very structurally complex scheme. But there are only three main reasons:

improper use of the organs of speech;
structural disorders of speech organs or tissues;
problems with the parts of the nervous system that provide the process of reproducing sounds and voices.

Under delay speech development(ZRR) means quantitative underdevelopment vocabulary, lack of formation of expressive speech or lack of phrasal speech by the age of 2 years and coherent speech by the age of 3 in children. With a deficit of voice functions, communication is limited, the amount received from outside world information of a speech nature is reduced, which can further lead to serious problems with reading and writing.

Such children need advice from a pediatric neuropathologist, pediatric otolaryngologist, speech therapist, and also a psychologist to select the amount of corrective assistance.

Knowledge of the structure of the speech apparatus and its functions will help you pay attention to deviations from the norm in time and increases the chance for a quick and complete correction of the pathology.

Sound

Sound is a type of energy that the ear perceives. It occurs due to vibrations in a solid, liquid and gaseous medium, which propagate in the form of waves.

We are used to thinking that sound travels only in air, but in reality it is perceived through another medium as well. For example, if we plunge our heads into a bathtub, we will hear what is happening in the room, because water and other liquids conduct sound well. And noisy neighbors bother us because their loud voices are heard through the floor and walls - solids.

Sound generation

It's easy to make sound by hitting with two objects - for example, pot lids. They start to sound, so when we hit, we transfer energy to them, making them vibrate (vibrate quickly). While vibrating, the object alternately compresses and then dilutes the surrounding air. Therefore, the air pressure around it grows and falls. These small vibrations in the air create sound waves. They reach our eardrums and we hear sound.

Air vibrations

Sound is produced by subtle differences in air pressure. When someone is talking next to us, he causes the air pressure to rise, then decrease by about 0.01 percent of normal. We feel the same pressure when we put a piece of paper on the palm of our hand. The air vibrates, vibrating the thin membrane in the ear called the eardrum. This is why we perceive vibrations in the air as sound. But our ears do not pick up all vibrations. Firstly, the vibration must be strong enough for us to pick up, and secondly, not too fast or too slow - in other words, it must have a certain frequency.

Sound propagation

Sound waves propagate from a vibrating object on the side. The further away from us the sound source is, the more energy waves spend on their way, and therefore the sound becomes quieter. On hard surfaces, such as glass and stone walls, waves are reflected, creating an echo. If the person who is talking is in the same room with us, the sound of her voice reaches our ears and directly and reflected from the walls, floor and ceiling. If the room is large, a loud echo occurs, this phenomenon is called reverberation.

Volume

The harder we hit the object, the more vigorously it vibrates, creating tangible changes in air pressure, which means that the sound becomes louder. Our ear can sense pressure differences over a very wide range. People with acute hearing can experience a difference that is millions of times smaller. atmospheric pressure; the sound of such a loudness is created by a hairpin that has fallen to the floor. At the other extreme, there is a one-fifth of the atmospheric pressure, which is the noise generated by the jackhammer.

Frequency

Frequency is measured in hertz (Hz). Our ear only perceives sounds in the 16 to 20,000 Hz range. The car signal has a frequency of 200Hz, high female voice takes notes up to 1200 Hz, and the low male bass can reach 60 Hz. Sounds with frequencies up to 16 Hz are called infrasound, and with a frequency of 2 x 10 ^ 4 - 10 ^ 9 - ultrasound.

Sound speed

Sound travels through the air at a speed of about 1224 kilometers per hour. "As the temperature or air pressure decreases, the speed of sound decreases." In thin, cold air at an altitude of 11 kilometers, the speed of sound is about 1,000 kilometers per hour. "The speed of sound in water is much higher. than in the air (about 5,400 kilometers per hour).

Voice occurs when air from the lungs passes through the vocal cords. ”The pitch of the voice depends on how quickly the connections vibrate. The movement of air, then fills the lungs, then goes out, controls the diaphragm. The muscles in the tongue and lips make sounds that make connections intelligible. ”The cavities in the nose, larynx, and chest help amplify sound through resonance.