The formula of the highest sulfur hydroxide character. Sulfur oxide in nature and human life

The degree of oxidation is +4 for sulfur is rather stable and manifests itself in SHAL 4 tetrahaloids, SOHAL 2 oxodiganoids, SO 2 dioxide and in the anions that correspond to them. We will get acquainted with the properties of sulfur dioxide and sulfuric acid.

1.11.1. Sulfur Oxide (IV) Structure of SO2 Molecule

The structure of SO 2 molecule is similar to the structure of the ozone molecule. The sulfur atom is in a state of SP 2-hybridization, the form of arrangement of orbitals is the correct triangle, the shape of the molecule is an angular one. On the sulfur atom there is a mean-free electron steam. The communication length S - O is 0.143 nm, the valence angle is 119.5 °.

The structure corresponds to the following resonant structures:

Unlike ozone, the multiplicity of communication S - O is 2, that is, the main contribution makes the first resonance structure. The molecule is characterized by high thermal stability.

Physical properties

Under normal conditions, sulfur dioxide or sulfur gas is a colorless gas with a sharp stilege smell, melting point -75 ° C, boiling point -10 ° C. It is well soluble in water, at 20 ° C in 1 volume of water dissolves 40 volumes of sulfur gas. Toxic gas.

Chemical properties of sulfur oxide (IV)

Sulfurous gas has a high reactivity. Sulfur dioxide is acidic oxide. It is quite well soluble in water with the formation of hydrates. It also partially interacts with water, forming weak sulfuric acid, which is not isolated individually:

SO 2 + H 2 O \u003d H 2 SO 3 \u003d H + + HSO 3 - \u003d 2H + + SO 3 2-.

As a result of dissociation, protons are formed, so the solution has a sour Wednesday.

When the sulfur sodium hydroxide solution is formed by sodium sulfite through the sodium hydroxide solution. Sodium sulfite reacts with an excess of sulfur dioxide and sodium hydrosulfite forms:

2NAOH + SO 2 \u003d Na 2 SO 3 + H 2 O;

Na 2 SO 3 + SO 2 \u003d 2NAHSO 3.

For sulfur gas, redox duality is characteristic, for example, it, showing reducing properties, discolor bromine water:

SO 2 + BR 2 + 2H 2 O \u003d H 2 SO 4 + 2HBR

and potassium permanganate solution:

5SO 2 + 2KMNO 4 + 2H 2 O \u003d 2KNSO 4 + 2MNSO 4 + H 2 SO 4.

oxidized with oxygen in sulfur anhydride:

2SO 2 + O 2 \u003d 2SO 3.

Oxidative properties manifests the interaction with strong reducing agents, for example:

SO 2 + 2CO \u003d S + 2CO 2 (at 500 ° C, in the presence of Al 2 O 3);

SO 2 + 2H 2 \u003d S + 2H 2 O.

Obtaining sulfur oxide (IV)

Burning sulfur

S + O 2 \u003d SO 2.

Sulfide oxidation

4FES 2 + 11O 2 \u003d 2FE 2 O 3 + 8SO 2.

Action of strong acids on metals sulfites

Na 2 SO 3 + 2H 2 SO 4 \u003d 2NAHSO 4 + H 2 O + SO 2.

1.11.2. Sulfuric acid and her salt

When the sulfur dioxide is dissolved in water, weak sulfuric acid is formed, the bulk of dissolved SO 2 is in the form of a hydrated SO 2 · H 2 O form, crystallohydrate is also released during cooling, only a small part of the sulfuric acid molecules dissociates to sulfite and hydrosulfit ions. In the free state of the acid is not highlighted.

Being a two-friendly, forms two types of salts: medium - sulfites and acidic - hydrosulfite. Only alkali metal sulfites and alkaline and alkaline earth metal hydrosulfites dissolve in water.

colorless liquid Molar mass 80.06 g / mol Density 1.92 g / cm³ Thermal properties T. Plave. 16,83 ° C. T. Kip. 44.9 ° C. Entalpy Education -395.8 kJ / mole Classification Reg. Cas Safety LD 50. 510 mg / kg Toxicity Data is given for standard conditions (25 ° C, 100 kPa), unless otherwise indicated.

Sulfur oxide (VI) (sulfurian anhydride, serious threefold, sulny gas) SO 3 is the highest sulfur oxide. Under normal conditions, the volatile colorless liquid with a suffocating smell. At temperatures below 16.9 ° C, it is frozen to form a mixture of various crystalline modifications of solid SO 3.

Obtaining

It is possible to obtain thermal decomposition of sulfates:

$\backslash \backslash \; Mathsf\; (Fe\_2\; (SO\_4)\; \_3\; \backslash \backslash \; xrightarrow\; (^\; ot)\; FE\_2O\_3\; +\; 3SO\_3)$

or SO 2 interaction with ozone:

$\backslash \backslash \; Mathsf\; (SO\_2\; +\; O\_3\; \backslash \backslash \; Rightarrow\; SO\_3\; +\; O\_2)$

For oxidation SO 2 also use NO 2:

$\backslash \backslash \; Mathsf\; (SO\_2\; +\; No\_2\; \backslash \backslash \; Rightarrow\; SO\_3\; +\; NO)$

This reaction underlies the historically first, nitrous method of producing sulfuric acid.

Physical properties

Sulfur oxide (VI) - under normal conditions, the volatile colorless liquid with a suffocating smell.

The SO 3 molecule in the gas phase has a flat trigonal structure with symmetry D 3H (angle OSO \u003d 120 °, D (S - O) \u003d 141 PM). When switching to liquid and crystalline states, cyclic trimer and zigzag chains are formed. A type chemical bond In the molecule: a covalent polar chemical bond.

The solid SO 3 exists in α-, β-, γ- and δ-forms, with melting temperatures, respectively, 16.8, 32.5, 62.3 and 95 ° C and differing in the form of crystals and the degree of polymerization SO 3. The α-form SO 3 consists mainly of trimer molecules. Other crystalline forms of sulfuric anhydride consist of zigzag chains: isolated in β-SO 3 connected to flat meshes in γ-SO 3 or into spatial structures in δ-SO 3. When cooled from a pair, colorless, similar to the ice, unstable α-form, which gradually moves in the presence of moisture into a stable β-form - white "silk" crystals similar to asbestos. The reverse transition of the β-form in α-form is possible only through the gaseous state of SO 3. Both modifications in the air "smoke" (formed droplets H 2 SO 4) due to high hygroscopicity SO 3. The mutual transition to other modifications proceeds very slowly. The variety of sulfur trioxide forms is associated with the ability of SO 3 molecules to polymerize due to the formation of donor-acceptor bonds. The polymer structures of SO 3 easily pass into each other, and solid SO 3 usually consists of a mixture of various forms, the relative content of which depends on the conditions of obtaining a sulfur anhydride.

Chemical properties

$\backslash \backslash \; MathSF\; (2KOH\; +\; SO\_3\; \backslash \backslash \; Rightarrow\; K\_2SO\_4\; +\; H\_2O)$

and oxides:

$\backslash \backslash \; Mathsf\; (Cao\; +\; SO\_3\; \backslash \backslash \; Rightarrow\; Caso\_4)$

SO 3 is characterized by strong oxidative properties, usually restored to sulfur dioxide:

$\backslash \backslash \; Mathsf\; (5SO\_3\; +\; 2P\; \backslash \backslash \; Rightarrow\; P\_2O\_5\; +\; 5SO\_2)$ $\backslash \backslash \; MathSF\; (3SO\_3\; +\; H\_2S\; \backslash \backslash \; Rightarrow\; 4SO\_2\; +\; H\_2O)$ $\backslash \backslash \; Mathsf\; (2SO\_3\; +\; 2ki\; \backslash \backslash \; Rightarrow\; SO\_2\; +\; i\_2\; +\; K\_2SO\_4)$

When interacting with a chloride chloride, chlorosulfonic acid is formed:

$\backslash \backslash \; Mathsf\; (SO\_3\; +\; HCl\; \backslash \backslash \; Rightarrow\; HSO\_3CL)$

Also interacts with two-sulfur gray and chlorine, forming thionyl chloride:

$\backslash \backslash \; MathSF\; (SO\_3\; +\; CL\_2\; +\; 2SCL\_2\; \backslash \backslash \; RIGHTARROW\; 3SOCL\_2)$

Application

Sulfuric anhydride is used mainly in the production of sulfuric acid.

Also, the sulfuric anhydride is released into the air when burning sulfur checkers used when disinfecting the premises. When contacting with wet surfaces, the sulfuric anhydride turns into a sulfuric acid that already destroys the fungus and other malicious organisms.

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Literature

• Akhmetov N. S. "Total and inorganic chemistry»M.: high school, 2001
• Karapetyanz M. Kh., Drakin S. I. "General and inorganic Chemistry" M.: Chemistry 1994

Excerpt characterizing sulfur oxide (VI)

Natasha flashed. - I do not want to marry my goal. I'll tell him the same when I see.
- That's how! - said Rostov.
"Well, yes, these are all trifles," Natasha continued to chat. - What is Denisov good? She asked.
- Good.
- Well, goodbye, dress. Is he scary, Denisov?
- Why terrible? - asked Nicolas. - Not. Nice Vaska.
"You call him Vaska - strange." And what is he very good?
- Very good.
- Well, come back tea. Together.
And Natasha got on tiptoe and went out of the room as the dancers do, but smiling so as soon as happy 15 summer girls smiling. Having met in the living room with Sonya, Rostov blushed. He did not know how to do with her. Yesterday they kissed the first minute of the joy of a date, but now they felt that it was impossible to do this; He felt that everything, and mother and sisters, looked at him questioningly and expected him from him how he would lead herself with her. He kissed her hand and called her you - Sonya. But their eyes, having met, told each other "you" and gently kissed. She asked his gaze his gaze for the fact that at the Natasha Embassy she dared to remind him of his promise and thanked him for his love. He graduated with his gaze for the proposal of freedom and said that if he was otherwise, he would never stop love her, because it was impossible not to love her.
"As however, it is strange," said Faith, choosing a total moment of silence, "that Sonya with Nicholya now met on you and how other people's. - the remark of faith was fair, as well as all her comments; But as from most of her comments, everyone was embarrassed, and not only Sonya, Nikolai and Natasha, but also the old Countess, who was afraid of this love son to Son, who could deprive him of a brilliant party, also blushed like a girl. Denisov, to the surprise of Rostov, in the new uniform, which was recommended and scented, appeared in the living room as the same scoop, which he was in battles, and such amazing with ladies and cavaliers, which Rostov did not expect him to see.

Returning to Moscow from the army, Nikolai Rostov was accepted by homemade as the best son, hero and beloved Nichushka; relatives - as a cute, pleasant and respectful young man; Familiar - like a beautiful hussar lieutenant, a dexterous dancer and one of the best grooms of Moscow.
Acquaintance from Rostova was all Moscow; the old year of the old graph was enough, because all the estates were rebounded, and therefore Nikiushka, the head of her own lyry and the most fashionable rates, special, what no one else in Moscow, and the boots, the most fashionable, with the most Sharp socks and small silver spurs, spent time very fun. Rostov, returning home, tested a pleasant feeling after a certain period of time to try herself to old living conditions. It seemed to him that he was very mature and grew. Despair for the unbearable from the law of God's exam, making money from Gavrille on the cab driver, secret kisses with Sonya, he remembered all this, as about the childhood, from which he was immeasurably far away. Now he is a hussar lieutenant in a silver mention, with Soldiers, George, is preparing his trick for running, along with famous hunters, elderly, respectable. He has a familiar lady on the boulevard, to which he rides in the evening. He conducted a Mazurka on the ball at Arkharov, talked about the war with Field Marshal Kamensky, was in the English club, and was on you with one forty-male colonel, with whom he introduced his Denisov.
The passion for his sovereign somewhat weakened in Moscow, since he did not see him during this time. But he often talked about the sovereign, about his love for him, giving feeling that he still says everything that something else is in his feeling to the sovereign, which cannot be all clear; And with all souls, the sense of adoration to Emperor Alexander Pavlovich, who, in Moscow, was given the name of Angel in Moscow at the time in Moscow.
In this short stay of Rostov in Moscow, before departure to the army, he did not get together, and on the contrary I went out with Sonya. She was very good, Mila, and, obviously, passionately in love with him; But he was at that time of his youth, when it seems so much of the way that there is no time to do it, and the young man is afraid to contact - values \u200b\u200bhis freedom that he needs much more. When he thought about Sona in this new stay in Moscow, he spoke himself: e! There is still a lot, there will be many such things there, somewhere, I still unknown. I still have time when I want to do it and love, and now there is no time. In addition, it seemed to him something humiliating for his courage in a female society. He traveled to the balls and in the women's society, pretending to do it against the will. Bega, English Club, a bush with Denisov, a trip there - it was another thing: it was decently wellman to Hussar.

Sulfur common in earth KoreAmong other elements is the sixteenth place. It is found both in free state and in the associated form. Non-metallic properties are characteristic of this chemical element. Its Latin name "Sulfur" is denoted by symbol S. The element is part of various ions of compounds containing oxygen and / or hydrogen, forms many substances related to acid classes, salts and several oxides, each of which can be called sulfur oxide with adding Symbols denoting valence. The degree of oxidation, which it exists in different compounds +6, +4, +2, 0, -1, -2. Sulfur oxides are known with varying degrees of oxidation. The most common is dioxide and sulfur trioxide. Small monoxide, as well as the highest (except SO3) and lower oxides of this element are less well known.

Sulfur monoxide

Inorganic connection, called sulfur oxide II, SO, in appearance This substance is a colorless gas. When contacting with water, it does not dissolve, but reacts with it. This is a very rare compound that is found only in a rarefied gas environment. The SO molecule is thermodynamically unstable, turns initially in S2O2, (called Disulfur gas or sulfur peroxide). Due to the rare appearance of sulfur monoxide in our atmosphere and low stability of the molecule, it is difficult to fully determine the dangers of this substance. But in a condensed or more concentrated form, the oxide is converted into peroxide, which is relatively toxic and caustic. This compound is also easily flammable (reminds of this property of methane), the sulfur dioxide is obtained during combustion. Sulfur 2 oxide was discovered about IO (one of the Venus atmosphere and in the interstellar medium. It is assumed that it is obtained as a result of volcanic and photochemical processes. The main photochemical reactions look like this: O + S2 → S + SO and SO2 → SO + O.

Sulphur dioxide

Sulfur IV oxide, or sulfur dioxide (SO2) is a colorless gas with a stiven sharp odor. At minus 10 s temperature it goes into liquid state, and at a temperature of minus 73 s hardens. At 20 ° C in 1 liter of water, about 40 volumes of SO2 dissolve.

This sulfur oxide, dissolving in water, forms sulfuric acid, as it is its anhydride: SO2 + H2O ↔ H2SO3.

It interacts with the bases and 2NAOH + SO2 → Na2SO3 + H2O and SO2 + CaO → Caso3.

For sulfur gas, properties and oxidizing agent, and reducing agent are characteristic. It is oxidized by air oxygen to sulfur anhydride in the presence of a catalyst: SO2 + O2 → 2SO3. With strong reducing agents, such as hydrogen sulfide, plays the role of the oxidant: H2S + SO2 → S + H2O.

Sulfur gas in industry is used mainly to obtain sulfuric acid. The sulfur dioxide is obtained by burning sulfur or iron cchedan: 11O2 + 4FES2 → 2FE2O3 + 8SO2.

Sulfurian anhydride

Sulfur oxide VI, or sulfur trioxide (SO3) is an intermediate product and independent value does not have. In appearance, this is a colorless liquid. It boils at a temperature of 45 s, and below 17 C turns into a white crystalline mass. This sulfur (with the degree of oxidation of the sulfur atom + 6) is extremely hygroscopicity. With water, it forms a sulfuric acid: SO3 + H2O ↔ H2SO4. Dissolving in water highlights a large number of Heat and, if not gradually add, and immediately a large amount of oxide, an explosion may occur. Sulfur trioxide is well soluble in concentrated acid Sulna with the formation of oleum. The SO3 content in oleum reaches 60%. For this sulfur connection is characterized by all properties.

Higher and lower sulfur oxides

Sulfur represent a group chemical compounds With the SO3 + X formula, where X can be 0 or 1. The monomeric oxide SO4 contains a peroxagroup (O - O) and is characterized as SO3 oxidized, the degree of sulfur oxidation +6. This sulfur oxide can be obtained at low temperatures (below 78 K) as a result of the SO3 reaction and the SO3 photolisis in the ozone mixture.

The lower sulfur oxides are a group of chemical compounds in which:

• SO (sulfur oxide and its dimer S2O2);
• sNO sulfur monoxides (are cyclic compounds consisting of rings formed by sulfur atoms, while N can be from 5 to 10);
• S7O2;
• polymeric sulfur oxides.

Interest in the lower sulfur oxides increased. This is due to the need to study their content in the ground and extraterrestrial atmosphere.

1) for a reaction with hydroxide formed by a certain element 1 (a) - groups, weighing 4.08 g, 1.46 g of hydrochloric acid is required. This element: Rubidium; to

aliya; lithium; sodium;
2) The sum of the coefficients in the equation for the reaction of the highest hydroxide of sulfur with potassium hydroxide is equal to: 4; 6; 5; 8;

1. Hydroxide lithium enters into a reaction; 1) calcium hydroxide 2) hydrochloric acid 3) magnesium oxide 4) Barium 2. I expressly express

non-metallic properties in a simple substance:

1) chlorine 2) sulfur 3) silicon 4) calcium

3. The group of groups in the periodic table is:

1) atom 2) by the number of electrons in atom 3) the number of protons in the kernel 4) the number of electronic layers

4. The highest nitrogen hydroxide reacts with:

1) calcium hydroxide 2) hydrochloric acid 3) barium sulfate 4) silicon oxide

5. The most pronounced metallic properties of a simple substance: 1) sodium 2) magnesium 3) calcium 4) potassium

For all reactions it will be necessary to write complete and brief ion equations. 1. Potassium → Potassium hydroxide → Potassium sulfate →

barium sulfate

2. Phosphorus → Phosphorus Oxide (III) → Phosphorus Oxide (V) → Phosphoric Acid → Calcium Phosphate

3. Zinc → Zinc chloride → zinc hydroxide → zinc oxide

4. sulfur → Sulfur gas → Higher sulfur oxide → Sulfuric acid → Aluminum sulfate.

5. Lithium → Lithium hydroxide → Lithium chloride → silver chloride

6. Nitrogen → Nitrogen Oxide (II) → Nitrogen Oxide (IV) → Nitric Acid → Sodium Nitrate

7. SERIE → Calcium sulfide → Calcium oxide → Calcium carbonate → carbon dioxide

8. Carbon dioxide → Sodium carbonate → Calcium carbonate → Calcium oxide

9. Iron → Iron Oxide (II) → Iron Oxide (III) → Iron Sulfate (III)

10. Barium → Barium oxide → Barium chloride → Barium sulfate

1) About the simple substance Copper is in terms of expression: a) the wire is made of copper b) copper is part of the copper oxide C) copper is part of Malachite d) m

eating is part of the bronze 2) in periodic periodic systems with an increase in the charge of the nuclei does not change: a) the mass of the atom b) the number of energy levels c) the total number of electrons d) the number of electrons in the external energy level 3) of the formula of higher sulfur oxides, nitrogen, chlorine , respectively: a) SO3, N2O5, CL2O7 b) SO2, N2O5, CL2O7 c) SO3, N2O3, CLO2 g) SO2, NO2, CL2O5 4) ion bond type and crystal lattice has: a) sodium fluoride b) water c) Silver G) Brom 5) Formulas of the soluble base and amphoteric hydroxide, respectively: a) Bao, Cu (OH) 2 b) BA (OH) 2, Al (OH) 3 V) Zn (OH) 2, CA (OH) 2 g ) FE (OH) 3, KOH 6) coefficient in front of the oxygen formula in the thermal decomposition of potassium permanganate: a) 1 b) 2 V) 3 g) 4 7) the interaction of hydrochloric acid and copper oxide (II) refers to reactions: a) decomposition b) compound c) replacement d) exchange 8) Number of heat released during combustion 2 g of coal (thermochemical reaction equation C + O2 \u003d CO2 + 393 kJ), equal: a) 24 kj b) 32.75 kD F c) 65.5 kJ d) 393 kJ 9) at elevated temperatures oxygen reacts with all groups of groups: a) Cuo, H2, Fe b) p, h2, mg c) Cu, H2, AU g) S, CH4, H2O 10) and with hydrogen, and with oxygen at elevated temperatures reacts: a) copper oxide (II) b) gold c) sulfur g) nitric acid 11) dilute sulfuric acid can react with: a) Mg and Cu (OH) 2 B) CO2 and NaOH c) Feo and H2S g) P and CUCl2 12) Sulfur oxide (IV) does not react to: a) O2 b) HCl c) H2O g) NaOH 13) formulas of substances "x" and "y" in The scheme of transforming Cao X Ca (OH) 2 SCL2 a) X - H2; Y - hcl b) x - h2o; Y - hcl c) x - h2; Y - CL2 D) X - H2O; Y - CL2 14) Mass fraction Sulfur in sulfur oxide (IV) is equal to: a) 20% b) 25% c) 33% g) 50% 15) a solution containing 19.6 g of sulfuric acid was neutralized with an excess of magnesium oxide. The amount of substance formed salts is: a) 0.2 mol b) 2 mol c) 0.1 mol g) 1 mol 16) number of fully filled energy levels in sodium atom: a) 2 b) 3rd) 4 g) 5 17 ) The ratio of the chemical activity of the elements in the pair is correct: a) Li  Na b) Na  k c) Li  k g) Na  Li 18) Metal properties in a row Li  Na  k  CS A) are enhanced b) decrease in ) Do not change d) periodically 19) electronic formula for the external energy level of the bromine atom: a) 2S22P5 b) 3S13p6 c) 4S14p7 g) 4S24P5 20) electronic formula 1S22S2P63S23P5 has an atom: a) iodine b) bromine B) chlorine d) fluorine 21 ) Metal properties of chemical elements in a row I  br  Cl  f a) are enhanced b) decrease B) change periodically d) do not change 22) The formula of substance with a covalent non-polar connection: a) SO3 b) BR2 c) H2O g) naCl 23 ) Crystal carbon oxide grille (IV): a) ionic b) atomic c) molecular g) metal 24) substance with ion bond: a) sulfur oxide (Vi) b) chlorine c) hydrogen sulfide) sodium chloride 25) A number of numbers 2, 8, 5 corresponds to the distribution of electrons by energy levels of the atom: a) aluminum b) nitrogen B) phosphorus g) chlorine 26) electronic formula of external energy level 2S22P4 corresponds to the atom: a) sulfur b) carbon B) silicon d) oxygen 27) four electrons at the external energy level has an atom: a) helium b) beryllium c) carbon d) oxygen

Selo Characteristic: 1) Position of the element in the periodic system D.Icharacteristics of sulfur: 1) position of the element in the periodic system

D.I. Imeteleeva and the structure of its atoms 2) character of a simple substance (metal, non-metall) 3) Comparison of the properties of a simple substance with the properties of simple substances formed by the subgroup elements 4) Comparison of the presence of a simple substance with the properties of simple substances formed by adjacent in the period elements 5) composition higher oxideHis character (basic, acid, amphoterous) 6) composition of higher hydroxide of its character (oxygen-containing acid, base, amphoteric hydroxide) 7) composition of flying hydrogen compound (for non-metals)