Where Dante lived. Where and when did the Italian poet Dante Aligiery lived? Poems written in exile
In Florence on the fresco in the Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore, the Great Poet of the Renaissance of Dante Aligiery is depicted with a revealed book in his left hand. This book is the famous "Divine Comedy", a description of the journey in three kingdoms of other, sacred world. The right hand of Dante indicates compatriots to the disclosed Gate of hell, opening the path in the womb. Behind the spin of the poet, a mountain of purgatory, over which heaven spheres of Paradise sparkle.
The "Divine Comedy" was by no means the first detailed description of the path through the underworld and paradise. Moreover, Dante had the opportunity to use and used the rich experience of his predecessors, filling it with new content.
In the III century. BC. Parthian king Adrazir I Babagagan, founder of the Sassanid dynasty, gathered 40 thousand zoroastrian priests and chose the most worthy named by Adra Viraph. After that, the chosen one drank the holy drink and fell into the trance for 7 days, a perfect trip to the otherworldly world. At this time, the remaining 39999 priests were sitting around him and read prayers. Adra Viraf was to prove the correctness of the Zoroastrian faith, whose positions strongly laid during the reign in the Persia of the Hellenistic Dynasty of Seleucidov. In another world, he met a beautiful woman, a symbol of faith and virtue.
He then walked over the gates of Hell on the Bridge of Chinvat - the way of all the shower of the deceased, which is wide for the righteous, and for sinners narrow, like a sword's blade, and got on the star path leading to the sky. Here he met the Supreme Deity of Ahura Mazda surrounded by angels and righteous souls. Then Adra Viraf descended into hell, where he witnessed the terrible torment of sinners who carried various punishments in accordance with their crimes. His travel guides on the otherworldly the worlds were the Ardar and Srosh deities. This wanderer became the basis of "Adra Viraf Namag" - one of the main sacred texts of Zoroastrianism. It is believed that it was recorded only in the X -XI centuries, and before that he was urbly.
Capturing Persia, Muslims could not but meet this work. Moreover, this acquaintance could have happened much earlier, since part of the Arab land was part of the empire of Sassanids, and Zoroastrianism was known to the Arabs themselves. Anyway, the journey of Arda Viraf influenced the appearance of a similar monument to Islam - Kitab Al-Miraj ("Ascension Book"), which describes the truth of the Prophet Mohammed from Mecca in Jerusalem, which he allegedly accomplished in one night, passing in heaven And in hell. The author of Kitab Al-Miraj is considered to be Abdul Casim Al-Nisaburi.
In the 2nd floor. XIII century This book was translated into Latin, Spanish, Starofranzian languages \u200b\u200band became quite widely known in Europe. There is no doubt that it became one of the source from where Dante inspiration when creating the "Divine Comedy". The great poet of the Renaissance Zan and appreciated the wisdom of Arabs, as evidenced by the mention of the Mention of the "Pier" treatise of the Samarkand scientist al-Fergani. It is believed that it was Dante that his knowledge of astrology and cosmology.
Another similar source was the Jewish Kabbalah. Scientists have long established that Dante Aligiery was not only a great poet, but also an outstanding mysticism. In principle, Judaism had a very significant impact on the development of the Italian culture of the Renaissance. Starting from the XIII century. Among the educated Europeans have sharply increased interest in Jewish culture in general and mystical teaching Kabbalah in particular. Dante did not simply have not passed past this hobbies, he most seriously engaged in Kabbalistic, as clearly indicates the symbolism of the numbers both in the "Divine Comedy" and in his other works.
Dante wrote that his journey to the Saral Worlds took place in 1300. The researchers of his work established that the poet divided the world history into two parts to 6,500 years each. Moreover, the bubbits occurred for this year, which according to the Kabbalistic tradition, is clearly associated with a number of 13 - damn dozen. Thus, 1300 g. Was not only a midwalk in history, but also the time of the maximum influence of the devil per person.
However, due to the "Divine Comedy", the number 13 has acquired a different mystical meaning. When the Sons of Dante Jacopo and Pietro disassembled the paper after the death of the Father, they found that there were not lasting the last thirteen songs "Comedy". After the long searches were not crowned with success, they decided that their great father did not have time to finish their great work and swore that they would add it themselves. However, it was not needed. In one of the nights, Jacopo dreamed of Dante, who showed his son a place in the house where the remaining 13 songs were hidden.
The whole "divine comedy" was faced with such a symbolism, and the number 3 takes a central place in it. According to Kabbalah, the troika is interpreted as complete harmony, stability and self-sufficiency, the number of completion, the expression of the beginning, middle and end. For Christians "Three" - primarily the symbol of the Holy Trinity and Divine Harmony. Considering all this "comedy" Dante Sostit from three parts: "hell", "purgatory" and "paradise".
In turn, the first and second parts are from 33 songs, and the stanzas that this work is written is tercins (one of the special, so-called. "Solid" poetic forms of Italian origin, which consists of three-hundredth two-dimensional type). It should be noted here that 33 is the term of the earthly life of Jesus Christ in Christianity and the level of harmonious appearance in Kabbalah.
In the Kabbalistic tradition, the number "three" is a synthesis, i.e. The sum of unity (units) and duality (twos). Units are a symbol of monotheism, God and Absolute. Two is interpreted as conflict contradictions, the struggle of a light and dark start. In the Christian tradition, this is a Bun Lucifer against God. However, on the other hand, a twice indicates the dual nature of Jesus Christ as the Godchor.
Three three form a nine, a number that is also often found at Dante. In one of his treatises, he wrote: "The number of three is the root of nine, since without a different number it produces nine; For it is obvious that three times three nine. Thus, if three can create nine, and the Creator of Miracles in Himself is a trinity, that is, the father, the Son and the Holy Spirit, - three in one, then it should be concluded that this lady was accompanied by a number 9, so that everyone came out that she herself "Nine, that is, a miracle, and that the root of this miracle is the only miraculous Trinity." He also mentions that for the first time he met his excellent lady Beatrice when he was 9 years old, but she just walked nine.
In Kabbalah, the number "nine" is the second level of incarnation of the harmonious triple, this is a symbol of high-quality jump before the completion of the third level expressed in the top ten, the concentration of cosmic harmony, which took shape in spiritualized matter. Dante nine is the main number of the Universe, the number of chalts and the moving heavens of Paradise. However, the most upper paradise sky is the tenth.
In the ancient Jews, the number 10 was indicated by the letter "iodine" - the first in the name of God. The Kabbalistic Tree of Life has ten Sephirot, and the God of Savaof gave Moses to the Ten Commandments. A dozen absorbs all numbers, it is a symbol of full cycle completion and return to the original void.
The "Divine Comedy" contains many kabbalistic mysteries, the meaning of which is completely unrecognized. So, before Jupiter, the Sixth Sky of Paradise, Dante appears flying sparks (souls, are glorified by their justice), which alternately make up three letters: D, I and L, which corresponds to 500, 1 and 50. Further, these letters turn into biblical sayings. Diligite Iustitiam, Qui Iudicatis Terram ("Love Justice, Judges of Earth"). In the last m (numerical value - 1000), the souls are frozen, forming some kind of inverted lily. After that, part of the Bush forms the appearance of the eagle on top of the letter, and five elected, the souls of the Great Earth Kings, - his eyes.
Interestingly, the contemporary Dante artist Simon Martini, painting Palazzo Public in Siena, i.e. The municipality, one fresco from the "Allegoria of the Good and Slender Management" cycle called this particular biblical quote. On this fresco, Virgo Maria is depicted on the throne with babies Christ in his arms surrounded by the Saints and Angels.
In Kabbalah, the number "five" is obtained by adding duality (twos) and complete harmony (three). Moreover, two personifies a woman, and the top three is a man. The five acts as a symbol of their divine union. However, at the same time she symbolizes and fear before God. Savaof gave Moses two, on each of which was five commandments. The most ancient part of the Old Testament is a pentateuch, consisting of five sacred books. Among other things, in Christianity, the top five is interpreted as a person expelled from paradise after the fall. Five points form a cross, on which Christ crucified, applying five wounds to him.
Not only numbers, but also much more fulfilled at Dante Aligiery hidden sacred meaning, which is not fully understood today. Thus, a huge semantic load carry colors, geometric shapes, words, items, and even the poses of the characters of the "comedy". Being truly Titan Renaissance, the poet used the entire luggage of sacred knowledge of his era to create as a complete picture of the universe.
The most impulse is that, drawing this picture, Dante someone unknown could predict the way of the development of modern science. Surprisingly, today physicists recognize the legality of the cosmology of the poet. Describing the journey to the sky, he brought the principle according to which the streams of light emanating from the true pole of the world pass through space in all directions and are again connected in the opposite pole. Thus, Dante realized that the three-dimensional space had a finite volume, but no boundaries. This fully corresponds to the modern mathematical model of the world created by the greatest scientist of modernity by Albert Einstein.
Modern scientists, studying the work of Dante Aligiery, persistently try to find a universal answer to the question that the great poet diligently encrypted. Was Dante Hehetik, who sought to hide his views from the church? Was he actually Catholic or Qatar, and maybe even a pagan?
Most likely, truth lies somewhere in the middle. Dante was undoubtedly devoted to great sacral secrets, surpassing all his contemporaries on the head. However, modern ancient times dedicated to esoteric secrets participated in all cults of external religions, following cults established in various countries in which they were. Apparently, no one is given to the end to reveal the secret of his works, we can only admire his genius.
With the name of the Great Classic of Literature of All Times and Peoples, Dante Aligiery, a lot of strange coincidences and mystifications is connected. Poet, author of the immortal "divine comedy", a philosopher, a humanist and almost the last romantic on Earth, is also the founder of the Italian literary language.
We suggest to look into the holy of saints - the creative workshop of genius. These are 9 little-known facts about the mysterious Personality of Dante Aligiery and about 9 circles of hell in the "Divine Comedy".
1. Not aware of the exact date of birth of Dante is not known. The official record about the baptism of some duranate dated May 26, 1265. Parents of the poet were Florentines of modest wealth, but still from the last money they paid the studies of the Son in school and in every way contributed to his creative endeavors. In the youthful years, the boy received extensive knowledge of antique and medieval literature, and also knew the foundations of the natural sciences and was familiar with the heretical teachings of that time.
The ancestors of the poet came from the Roman kind of Eliseev who participated in the founding of Florence. Prapraded Dante, Kachchagvida, even participated in the crusade of Conrad III, was dedicated to him in the knights and died in battle with Muslims. Kachchagvida was married to a lady of the Lombard family Aldigierei da Fountain. It is believed that the name "Aldigiery" was transformed into Aligiery.
2. In his beatrice, Dante fell in love at 8 years old. The boy so struck the beauty of a young woman living in the neighborhood, that he carried this feeling through all his life. Already then he called a married woman "the master of the heart."
This Platonic Love lasted 7 years. Beatrice died in 1290. The relatives of the poet thought he would not survive this tragedy: "The days were like nights and nights - days. Of these, no one passed without steam, without frills, without abundant tears ... "Dante found a consolation in philosophy. You can read about the love of Dante to the beautiful Beatrice in the autobiographical story of the poet "New Life", he also dedicated his sonnets.
3. Despite the unbearable mental pain, Aligiery did not go to the monks and did not become a rejection. It is curious that in 1301 the poet concluded marriage for political calculation. His wife Jamea belonged to the Donati clan, who was bent with the party's party, with supporters of which the Aligiery family performed. It is known that a young family even acquired three children.
Dante Aligiery begins to manifest itself on the state field. He was elected to the city council, and he opened openly against the father, for which he was later supplied ...
4. In 1302, Dante was expelled from his native city, falsifying the case of bribery against him, and also influenced him in anti-state activities. Wife and children remained in Florence. The property of the poet was arrested and put it a very impressive fine of five thousand florines, and then carried out even more cruel verdict - "burning fire to death."
5. It was during the expulsion of Dante writes his "comedy", which later Giovanni Boccaccio will discove the "Divine". It was this epithet that later became fatal for "comedy".
The poet believed in the afterlife and wanted to help people who intimidated medieval scholasticism, cope with the fear of death.
6. The death of Aligiery, like the whole life, is shrouded in mysticism. Dante went to Venice as an ambassador of the ruler equal to the conclusion of the world with the Republic of St. Mark. On the way back the poet fell ill with malaria and died on the night of September 13-14, 1321. I buried him with all the honors in the Church of San Francesco.
And here it begins the most interesting thing ... In 1322, a brilliant Dante has done a conversation from the afterlife in our world. After the death of the poet, his family did not have a penny, and his relatives hoped to rescue at least some money for the "Divine Comedy". However, the sons could not find a father's manuscript, as Dante, being in eternal exile, hid it in a reliable cache.
Here are the words of the eldest son Jacopo Aligiery: "Exactly eight months after the death of his father, at night, he himself came to me in snow-white clothes. Then I asked him where the songs were hidden, which we already look for so much time. And he took my hand, spent on the hubby and pointed to the wall: "Here you will find what you are looking for!". Waking up, Jacopo rushed to the wall and found a secret niche, where he lay the manuscript "Comedy".
7. Supporters of the Pope have not been able to forgive Dante of his anticleric statements, and after the death of the poet, in 1329, Cardinal Bernardo Del Natzetto demanded that the monks would betray the body of Aligiery to public bodies. Fortunately, the ashes of the poet was never touched.
8. After two centuries, it was decided to reburial the remains of the poet in Florence, but the coffin turned out to be ... empty. It is assumed that the forensic monks Franciscans secretly buried the genius elsewhere. In short, Dante's reloading had to postpone. Pope Lero x filed two versions of what happened: the remains of the poet were kidnapped by unknown or ... Dante himself, like Christ, resurrected and took his dust. Rumor, dad even believed in the second version.
9. But on this miracles did not end ... To celebrate the 600th anniversary of the birth of a genius in the Church of San Francesco in Ravenna, they had a restoration. In the spring of 1865, the builders struck one of the walls and found a wooden box, on which the inscription was conquered: "Dante's bones put here Antonio Santi in 1677." No one had no idea who was this Antonio, we were all interested only in one thing: he was helpful with the family of the famous artist Rafael (after all, he also had Santi, although he died back in 1520). Valuable find immediately became an international sensation. The remains of Dante Aligiery moved to Dante Mausoleum in Ravenna, where they are still in this day.
And that is not all! The twentieth century marked at least a mystical find: In 1999, during the reconstruction of the National Library in Florence among rare books, workers discovered an envelope with ... Pork Dante. In it lay ashes and paper in a black frame with seals Ravenna confirming: "This dust of Dante Aligiery". This event finally delivered everyone to a dead end! It is asked: if the poet's body did not get burned, then where did the ashes come from?
After the investigation, it turned out that in the XIX century, the burning still took place, the truth is not the body of the poet, but a carpet on which his coffin stood. The ashes sealed in six envelopes that sent out of Ravenna to Florence, the native city of the poet.
And now we offer your attention a short guide to the circles of hell from the "Divine Comedy" Dante Aligiery.
1st Circle - Lamb. Here are the souls of those who were not evident in the wrong matters, but died unreleased. This is basically philosophers and poets. Punishment: Sorrow without pain.
2nd Circle - Sweistance. Here, the gusts of the wind move the souls of those who pushed love on the path of sin. Punishment: Treasure a storm.
3rd Circle - Czechoda. Roads come here. Punishment: rotting under the sun and the rain under the supervision of the cherberry.
4th round - greed. There are harnesses and lovers to argue. Punishment: Eternal dispute.
5th Circle - Anger and Lazy. In the 5th round, sinners fall behind laziness and angiveness. Punishment: Eternal fight on the throat in the mud.
6th round - heretics and a false teacher. This circle is a fury guard. Punishment: Torture in a hot grave.
7th round - rapists and killers. Tirana, killers, suicides, bogulins and amateurs of Azart fall into this place. Punishment: torment in the bloody river and the sultry desert at the burning flow, be torqueing guards and hounds.
8th round - deceivers and seductors. This is a refuge for bribes, priests, gaders and hypocrites. Punishment: sinners among the feces of falsion will beat demons. Others boil in the resin, and if they lean, the devils are bugs. Chained in lead mantles put on a hot roar. All these souls suffer from reptiles, leprosy and deprived.
9th round - apostates and traitors. Here you can meet Lucifer, Judas, and Bruta, and Cassia. Punishment: Eternal suffering in the Ice Lake.
From this video you can find out a couple of entertaining facts about Dante and his "Divine Comedy".
Dante Aligiery is the greatest and most famous man born in the Middle Ages. His contribution to the development of not only Italian, but also all world literature is impossible to evaluate. To date, people are often looking for the biography of Dante Aligiery in a brief content. But interested in so superficially the life of such a great person who made a huge contribution to the development of languages, not quite correctly.
Biography Dante Aligiery
Speaking about the life and work of Dante Aligiery, a little say that he was a poet. The area of \u200b\u200bits activity was very extensive and multifaceted. He was interested in not only literature, but also by politics. Today Dante Aligiery, whose biography is filled with interesting events, called theologian.
Beginning of life
Dante Aligiery's biography began in Florence. The family legend, which for a long time was the basis of the Aligiery family, said that Dante, like all his relatives, was the descendant of the Great Roman kind, which laid the prerequisites for the foundation of the Florence itself. This legend was considered to be truthful, because the grandfather of Dante's grandfather consisted in the army ranks, which participated in a crusade under the command of the Great Conrad third. It was this ancestor Dante was dedicated to the knights, and soon and he tragically died during the battle against Muslims.
It was this relative Dante, whom the name of Kachchagvid was married to a woman taking place from a very rich and noble kind - Aldigiery. Over time, the name of the famous kind began to sound a little different - "Aligiery". One of the Kachchagvid's children, who later became the grandfather Dante, often endured the persecution from Florence lands in those year, when the Guelphs constantly led the battle with the peoples of deaths.
Highlights of biographies
Today you can find many sources that tell about the biography and works of Dante Aligiery briefly. However, such a study of the identity of Dante will not be quite true. The brief biography of Dante Aligiery will not be able to convey all those seemingly unimportant biographical elements that influenced his life so much.
Speaking of the birth date of Dante Aligiery, no one can say the exact number, month and year. However, it is customary to consider the main date of birth, which named Bokacho, being another Dante, is May 1265. Dante writer himself wrote about himself that he was born under the Zodiac twins, which indicates that Aligiery's birthday is the end of May - the beginning of June. It is known about his baptism that this event took place in 1266, in March, and his name sounded as Durant.
Education Dante Aligiery
Another important fact that is mentioned in all the brief biographies of Dante Aligiery has become its education. The first teacher and mentor of the young and still unknown Dante became a popular writer, poet and at the same time a scientist - Brunetto Latini. It was he who laid the first poetic knowledge of Aligiery's young head.
And today the unknown remains the fact where Dante has received its further education. Scientists who study the story, in one voice, suggest that Dante Aligiery was very educated, knew a lot about the literature of the time of antiquity and the Middle Ages, was well understood in various sciences and even studied heretical teachings. Where could such broad knowledge of Dante Aligiery? In the biography of the poet, this was another mystery, which is almost impossible to solve.
For a long time, scientists from all over the world tried to find an answer to this question. Many facts say that Dante Aligiery could get such extensive knowledge at the university, which was located in Bologna, because it was there he lived for a while. But, since there is no direct evidence of this theory, it remains only to assume that it is so.
First steps in creativity and testing
Like all people, the poet had friends. Gwido Cavalkanti, who was also a poet, became the closest friend. It was Dante that he dedicated a huge number of works and lines of his poem "New Life".
At the same time, Dante Aligiery will learn as a fairly young social and political figure. In 1300 he was elected to the post of prior, but in a short time the poet was expelled from Florence with his comrades. Already on the mortal Dante Dante was dreamed of native land. However, throughout his life, after the expulsion, it was never allowed to visit the city, which the poet and considered his homeland.
Years spent in exile
The expulsion of their native city made from Dante Aligiery, the biography and books of which are filled with bitterness from separation with their native clock, Skaltal. In times, such a large-scale persecution in Florence Dante has already been part of the series of famous lyric poets. His poem "New Life" was already written by this time, and he himself worked hard on the creation of "Pir". Changes in the poet itself were very noticeable to its further creativity. Exile and long nightcares left an indelible imprisoner on Aligieri. His great work "Pier" was supposed to become a response of 14 chancests already adopted in society, but it was never completed.
Development in the literary path
It was during his expulsion of Aligiery writes its most famous work "comedy", which began to be called "Divine" only years later. A change in the name Highed a friend Aligiery - Bokacho.
About the "Divine Comedy" of Dante still walks a lot of legends. Bokachcho himself argued that all three Karts were written in different cities. The last part is "paradise", was written in Ravenna. It was Bokacho and said that after the poet died, his children could not find the last thirteen songs for a long time, which were written by the Great Dante Alihieri's hand. This part of the "comedy" was discovered only after one of the sons Aligiery had dreamed of the poet himself, who told, where the manuscripts were. So beautiful legend is not really refuted by scientists today, because around the personality of this creator there are a lot of oddities and mysteries.
Personal life of the poet
In the personal life of Dante Aligiery was all far away. His first and last love was the Florentine girl Beatric Portinari. Having become acquainted with her love in Florence, being a child, he did not understand his feeling towards her. Having met Beatrice nine years later, when she was already married, Dante realized how much he loves her. She became for him love of life, inspiration and hope for the best future. The poet all his life was shy. For his life, he told only twice with the beloved, but it did not mean a hindrance for him to her. Beatrice did not understand, did not know about the feelings of the poet, she believed that he was just arrogant, because he did not talk to her. This was the reason that Portinaries once felt a strong resentment on Aligiery and soon stopped talking to him at all.
For the poet, it was a strong blow, because it was under the influence of the very love of he felt in Beatrice, he was written most of his works. The poem Dante Aligiery "New Life" was created under the influence of the words of the Greeting of Portinaries, who the poet regarded as a successful attempt to draw attention to his beloved. And His "Divine Comedy" Aligiery completely devoted to his only and unrequited love for Beatrice.
Tragic loss
Aligiery's life has changed a lot with the death of his beloved. Since at twenty-one, Beach, as gentlely called the girl close, was married to a rich and influential person, it remains awesome that exactly three years after Marriage Portinari suddenly died. There are two main versions of death: the first is that Beach died during severe birth, and the second - that it was very sick, which in the end led to a fatal outcome.
For Aligiery, this loss was very big. For a long time, not finding your place in this world, he could no longer feel sympathy for anyone. Based on the awareness of its fragile position, a few years after the loss of the beloved woman, Dante Aligiery married a very rich lady. This marriage was created exclusively for the calculation, and the poet himself treated his wife absolutely cold and indifferent. Despite this, in this marriage Aligiery had three children, two of whom were followed over the path of the father and were seriously fascinated by the literature.
The death of a great writer
The death of Nastigan Dante Aligiery suddenly. In 1321, at the end of summer, Dante went to Venice to finally conclude the world with the most famous church of St. Mark. During his return to the native land, Aligiery suddenly sick with malaria, which killed him. Already in September, on the night from 13 to the 14th, Aligiery died in Ravenna, and not saying goodbye to children.
In the same place, in Ravenna, Aligiery and was buried. The famous architect Gwido da Polent wanted to build a very beautiful and rich mausoleum for Dante Aligiery, but the authorities did not allow this to do, because the poet had a huge part of her life spent in exile.
To date, Dante Aligiery is buried in a beautiful tomb, which was built only in 1780.
The most interesting fact remains that all familiar portrait of the poet has no historical basis and reliability. This was represented by his Bokachcho.
Dan Brown in the book "Inferno" writes a lot of biographical facts about Aligiery's life, which are really recognized by reliable.
Many scientists believe that Beatrice's beloved was invented and created by time that such a person never existed. However, to explain how in that case Dante and Beatrice were able to become a symbol of huge and unhappy love, standing at one stage with Romeo and Juliet or Tristan and Isolde, no one can.
Dante Alighieri. La ComMedia. Florence, Nicolaus Laurentii Alamanus, 1481, 30 Aug. Folio, 18th Cent Russia Gilt, Attributed to John Brindley. With Port of Dante Mtd & Tipped in At Front; WITH 19 EngRAVED ILLUSTR. To the 1st & 2D Cantos Ptd Directly On The Page, The Rest Ptd Separately & Pasted in. 45 Lines of Text, 60 Lines COMMENTARY & HEADLINE; Types 4B: 115R (Text), 5: 91R (Commentary). Engraving on a2r cropped; Minor Worming, Touching A FEW Letters; Some Dampstaining; Some Stains & Soiling; Long Tear In 1 Leaf Repaired. 369 (of 373) Leaves; Lacking 3 blanks. GOFF D - 29. Schaefer Copy. PMM 8, b.
Care: $ 220,000. Sotheby auction "S. New York, 08 December 1994, LOT 66.
A copy with a set of copper engravings is the greatest rarity, which we will talk about the bottom form of the investigation.
The most famous edition of the "comedy". Florence, Nikolo di Lorenzo, 1481.
"Stern Dante" - so called the Creator "Divine Comedy" Pushkin - made his great poetic labor in the bitter years of expulsion and wanderings. Calling his poem "Comedy" ("La Commedia"), Dante enjoys medieval terminology: comedy, as he explains in a letter to Kangranda, - every poetic work of the average style with a frightening start and a prosperous end, written in the national language; Tragedy - every poetic product of high-style with admiring and calm onset and terrible end. The word "Divine" ("La Divina Commedia") does not belong to Dante, so the poem later called Giovanni Boccaccio. And it is still not known how the fate of the wandering press Johann Numeyster would have happened if he accidentally, along the way to Rome, did not hit Foligno's town and did not open his "hiking" typography there. We would be able to find out the name of the Mainz Clearing I. Numeyster, if he did not - in 1472 - the first publisher of the Divine Comedy Dante? ..
Dante Alighieri. La ComMedia. Foligno (Italy): Johann Neumeister & Evangelista Angelini, 1472. Folio, Late 18th CENT SHEEP GILT, IN MODERN MOR. Folding-Case by Bernard Middleton. Roman Types (1: 124-); 30 Lines. Large Initials of Purgatorio & Paradiso Illuminated - Gilt Initials on Red, Green & Blue Grounds with White-Vine Interlace; Canto-initials unrubricated. Two Wormholes in Beginning Quires, Occasionally Touching Letters; Heavier Worming in Final QUIRE; Some Waterstains & Foxing; Leaf 64 from Anr Copy; Missing Text of 1st Quire Supplied in MS; Early Blank Bound Between Inferno & Purgatorio. 239 (of 252) Leaves. PMM 8, a.
Care: $ 180,000. Sotheby auction "s. New York, 09 November 1989, Lot 10.
The first edition of the "comedy".
Foligno, Johann Numetister and Evangelist Angelini, 1472.
Ekaterina Velikanova
"Florence, you iris gentle ..."
On August 30, 1481, the last page of Nikolo di Lorenzo was printed by the last page of the Divine Comedy Dante - the very edition, about which once then, in the middle of the XIX century, the compiler of the "Dante Bibliography" P. Colomb de Batin will say:
"EDIZIONE VERAMENTE MAGNIFICA".
Today, looking at an excellent copy of this book (we do not say "Holding in your hands" - the occupation is difficult when it comes to first-line foliance), we can only join the judgment of P. Colomba de Batina:
"The publication is really great."
First of all - binding. The magnificent work of art: dark red leather, around the perimeter is arranged several, one in another, thin gold frames. Strict, elegant ornament - not a single line, everything is correct, everything is proportionally ... However, the binding of younger book for 350 years. We will open the book. This paper is five hundred years old. Where is it like that - eternal - took? Where did you go? Italians, apparently, knew a paper secret. However, different nations knew different secrets. Quatrochet paper is known - they did from rags. Best of all, experts say when the sails, ships and fishing gears went into deal. Tackle and sails in Italy, understandable, were found ... Watch: Famous quite a conversation, about paper production. But - the sail, torn five centuries ago, brought to us the lines of the Divine Comedy Dante. We must confess, in our book there is some oddity. In it, glorified as the first illustrated edition of the "Divine Comedy", there are no illustrations. More precisely, they are, but there are only three of them: the first - to the first song of "hell", the second - to the second, the third ... again the riddle: duplicates the second. Meanwhile, it is obvious that by the idea of \u200b\u200bthe illustrations were to prevail every song of each part of the comedy: before the rest of the ninety-family, before each, left the empty, not filled with text space ... a lot of water flowed from those times in Arno. How to find out: What events prevented the Tupographer to print a book exactly as expected? And - is our copy only have such - special - appearance? Perhaps it's time to go on a trip: to Florence, to the homeland of the book, or rather, as George Vazari writes, "in the time of the magnificent Lorenzo senior dei Medici ..."
SiC FINIT Occulte SiC Multos Decipit Aetas.
Sic Venit AD Finem Quidquid in Orbe Manet.
The inscription, knocked under the clock in the Florentine Church of Santa Maria Novella, says:
"So unnoticed many destroy years.
So it comes to an end everything in the world. "
Truly so. Many destroy years. Many. But not all.
It was not three years old with the sad memorial citizens of the city of Mainz Night, when the warriors of Adolf Nassau defeated their dwellings, at the same time not leaving the stone on the stone and from the Typographic workshop of Fust and Schaff (the first continuers of the Great Gutenberg and the worst offenders), and book typography appeared in Italy. Here - perhaps, as anywhere - they were waiting for him. Here it has gained it hardly not the most fertile soil. Here, the free and joyful air of Quatrocherto gave a new life in a brilliant idea of \u200b\u200bthe German invention. One thousand four hundred sixty-fifth year from the Nativity of Christ, from the beginning of a typography - the tenth. In the famous by the Benedictine monastery of the town of Subiako (to Rome - fourteen hours of hiking) at the invitation of the father of the rector of arrived at one fine moment, two energetic representatives of the glorious Guard Gutenberg. It is unlikely that he led them here the only passion for the education. Rather, a combination of business qualities with a well-known inclination to the adventure, also a fairly powerful engine of progress. It is impossible to say that the fate of the printer is cloudless; On the contrary: having released several books in Subiako, they moved to Rome, closer to the buyer, and there were so fascinated by their activities that at speed ... turned out to be close to ruin. The reason is unique: the world's first overproduction of the book. Somewhere around 1470, they were written in the magistrate of the city statement, in an amazing way to the present day, preserved:
"Our fairly big house," said among other things in this text, is full of printed sheets and is empty in relation to things of essentials. "
In 1476, the printing house finally ceased to exist, but the names of Suninger's conradiation and Arnold Pannartz - as the founders of the first, let me say, the Italian publishing house - remained in history. So, the main thing is the beginning - it was necessary. In the most coming years, the years of typography was rolled by the latter and small cities of the Apennine Peninsula. Typographers were like visiting - mainly from the Gutenberg's launches and their own, Italian. An example of the latter - Florentine gold deeds Master Bernard Cennini, who has tried to establish the domestic production of machine tools, punches and fonts (from patriotic venture - due to exorbitant expenses - I had to refuse). However, the Italians of Toy - Gutenberg - the epoch was what is proud and without going beyond the limits of national opportunities. Let Nikolai Jenson (Zhansson) bearing from France; But not somewhere, namely, his extraordinary talent was bloomed not just a font - the Creator of the letter. And after all, the Venetian was initially called an unsurpassed Jenson font - "Antikva", or "Romain", as the French called him, - Antipode of the Gothic font. The magnificent sample, which was imitated throughout Italy.
And it is still not known how the fate of the wandering press Johann Numeyster would have happened if he accidentally, along the way to Rome, did not hit Foligno's town and did not open his "hiking" typography there. We would be able to find out the name of the Mainz cleric I. Numeser, if he did not - in 1472 - the first publisher of the Divine Comedy Dante? .. Finally, a very special story: Italy at the turn of the XV - XVI centuries. Ald Piy Manucia Roman, his house, his academy, his publishing house is a new era in the history of typography. In Venice, by this time, as reported by the Russian historian of the book F. Bulgakov, already "more than 3 thousand writings" (the circulation of the usual publication is 300 copies, the most popular - twice as large). However, the revolution in the book case occurred in 1501, when "in Aedibus Aldi" (in the house of Alda) was published Vergil "In-Octavavo" (in the eighth stake of sheet). A new font, italic - beautiful, fenceous - allowed Alddu to establish mass production of portable, convenient in circulation, unusually elegant books. From now on, going to the road, a reading lover could capture a whole library "Aldin" - unlike the former foliant, with whom not the fact that on the journey - on the second floor on a steep staircase it was difficult to climb. The famous Venetian publisher was not afraid of competition; But fakes were born. Restricted Alde Manuitions wrote: "Currently print, as far as I know, in Lyon fonts, very similar to our, writings: Vergil, Horace, Juvenla, Persia, Marciala, Lukan, Katullah, Tibulla and Properration, Terentation - all these essays without The name of the printer, without the designation of the place and the year, when they were finished. On the contrary, on our copies will find this:
"in Venice. House Alda "- and year of publication. In addition, there are no special sign on those; On our dolphin, paying anchor ... "
Venice, Alde Manuition, 1502.
Dante Alighieri. Dante Col Sito, Et Forma Dell'inferno.
Venice: Aldus Manutius, 1515.
"Dolphin, wrapping anchor" - the famous Mark Alda. Aldian anchor - Hapswog Aldina - will decorate all the publications of Alda, as well as his heirs, during almost the XVI century with honor that continued the glorious business, whose motto was Latin saying "Semper Festina Tarde" (Hurry slowly). The first edition, which was honored to carry the famous Mark-Emblem, is considered the "Divine Comedy" of Dante, which seen the light in August 1502. There are other points of view. V. Lazur sets out in detail them in the book "Ald and Aldina"; However, after his hero, Alred Manucy, offers the reader not to rush with conclusions. Of course, we would follow this wonderful advice in all cases of life, but ... Look at the Alda Cabinet.
"Whoever you are, tell me what you need to say, be brief and leave me as soon as possible, again one"- So the book publisher welcomed his visitor.
Therefore, they will hurry to express their appreciation and respect for the House of Alde and his owner and will go on the way back, in Florence, grabbing out of 1502 anodyna "La Divina Commedia" - with anchor and dolphin on the back of the last sheet. They also offered him to return to him. But he refused: the conditions were shameful.
As I lived, I will be in death! ..
The last years of his life passed on a foreign land; There, under the pines of the Ravenskaya Pinet, he adds his divine poem, there he died - September 14, 1321. There - was buried. And after death, they no longer, and he dictated the conditions. And he returned - flesh and blood of Italian culture, soul and mind, element of fire, and water, and earthly solid. And after all, in which again, humanity is solved by the question: what is everything in the world, taken in a hassle, Guelphs and Distille - in front of a single line, published from under the poet's feather ... And all the underestimation to think about the result. He died in exile. And in the 1396th, and in the 1430th Signoria of Florence discussed the need to transfer his remains in his native city. Everything was in vain: even in the XIX century, after the unification of Italy, Ravenna refused to part with the ashes of the poet. And today, the Renaissance Mausoleum is towers over the Dante sarcophagus, built at the end of the 15th century by architect Pietro Lombardo.
I was a stepmother Florence
I wished to rest in Ravenna.
Do not talk, passerby, about treason,
Let even death branding her affairs.
Over the white tomb of my
Vacuing a pigeon, sweet bird,
But the Motherland and I still dream,
And so far I am true only to her.
Broken lute do not take hike,
She is dead among his native mill.
Why are you, my sadness, Tuscany,
Kiss my orphaned mouth? ..
Nikolai Zabolotsky. Dante's tomb.
The legend states that the last songs of "Paradise", created before the death itself, were lost - and at night to Jacopo Aligiery appeared the shadow of his father. Dante came from the afterlife - and pointed his son to the cache in the wall, where the manuscript was hidden ... The fate of the Great Florentine turned out to be legends. The first attempt to create a biography of the poet - "Life Dante" - belongs to Giovanni Boccaccio. Junior Contemporan Dante - however, is it possible to consider people with contemporaries, if one was seven years on the day of the death of another? "A man of a new, renaissance culture, too, Florentian," he lectured about the "Divine Comedy". It was Bokcchcho, by the way, and called the poem of the Divine. At Dante, she was simply "ComMedia", written at the "Volgare", Tuscan dialect.
"His Beatrice did not know in Latin,"- notes on this A.K. Jivelegov, explorer literature and the art of revival.
Bokcchcho in his works about Dante a lot of Dodumal and speculated, and even I have done, they say; His work, however, and today does not lose its scientific value, and his right to speak the father of dance. For contemporaries, and to an even greater degree for close descendants, at the time, when interest in Dante was primely natural, Boccaccio's work was apparently especially valuable. How was the "comedy" perceived in the era of the Renaissance? About Tom testifies - in the midst of the XVI V.- Giovanni Jelly (and this Florentian, writer and philosopher, reading a lecture on Dante, was one of the most scholars and complete comments to the "comedy"):
"The people will give it all day and constantly; Middle-weight people praise her hourly, high and famous minds are surprised to her every time they contemplate it. "
In the time of Jellley - and not without his active participation - the Florentine language of the Tuscan dialect conquers the right to the title of the literary language of Italy. Objective, however, that for a hundred years before this, the "comedy" was translated into Latin: "Wolgar" divine tercin cut a hearing to the educated reader.
Dante, Alighieri. ComMedia. : (Vindelino Da Spira, 1477)
Florence of the XV century ... At that time, enlightened people were ruled here. The floriates of the Florentine civilization occurs at Lorenzo Medici magnificent. Sciences, art, literature develop. The city is played by juicy paints: Grand Palaces and Luxury Temples are built; Gardens bloom, sparkling fountains ... In a word, the capital of Renaissance is worthy of ideas, who revived her. What is Dante? Florence had their own relationship with their exile. Therefore, the first Florentine edition of the "comedy", we believe it was supposed to be something out of the output. So it happened. In the summer of 1481. More precisely - August 30. It happens that the feeling of guilt is able to serve the benefit of a good case; But the feeling of lost property was not mixed here - the more offensive, that here she, nearby, is a long-standing hand - in Ravenna ... and Florentine played their Dante. And on the magnificent publication, it was apparently there were large psychological calculations. How she broke out, Bella-Florence ... as if he felt like a poetry, would not forgive her, it would not express any pity; And throws her - from the century of the twentieth - block:
Umci, Florence, Juda,
Disappearance in dusk century!
I will forget you in the hour of love
In the hour of death I will not with you! ..
Cristoforo Landino worked on the comment on the publication 1481. Philologist's scientist, he taught in the Florentine University Rhetoric and Poetics; I wrote speeches and dialogues in the Latin language, in Italian, I composed the messages and OD, who were revered by contemporaries for samples of the genre. Knew the right, Greek and many other wisdom; It was one of the main representatives of the Academy, which arose at the courtyard of the Medici back in 1459. Plato's teachings took it to a large extent.
Edited by Pietro Da Figino.
In the spirit of Neoplatonists, the comedy was comedy - to the great pleasure of many enlightened people of Florence, including, of course, Martilio Fechino - the heads of the Academy, the Creator of the School, among the students of which, by the way, and Lorenzo Medici. So, Cristoforo Landino was famous in the city of Person; But he acquired glory after entering the light of the "Florentine" Dante.
Dante Alighieri. La ComMedia.
Venice, 1497.
Dante, who, according to Ficino, "although he did not speak Greek as the sacred father of Philosophers Plato, but his works were filled with numerous Platonian thoughts." In the future, several decades in a row, the "comedy" will be reprinted precisely in this - "Platonized" - version, and by the beginning of the XVI century, all of this Dante will know all Italy. The publication of the "comedy" was regarded by many as a symbolic act of worshiping Dante Florentines. The same Martilio Fichino said:
"Florence referred to as if Dante himself returned to his homeland in human appearance and was crowned with laurels."
Dante Alighieri. La Divina ComMedia. Florence: Filippo di Giunta, 1506.
The luxuriously intertwined copy of the "comedy", printed on Parchment, Landino solemnly presented the city syigns. At the same time, not without pleasure noted that he, Cristoforo Landino, cleared the text from many "barbaric idioms", which was sinned by previous editions ... This, gift, copy to this day is stored in the National Florentine Library. Through a 500-year-old crowd - how much you listen - it does not come to us either the rational of urban celebrations, which may have occurred in the one, of course, a cloudless-serene day on the streets and squares of excellent Florence. With absolute confidence, one can argue one thing: the political passions of the semi-impassive limitation were not particularly interested in participants in the festive events. And - impaired again to Russian poetry:
Anyway later
nipoch will not remember
was Dante Helf
or death ...
La Comedia. EDITED AND WITH COMMENTARY
by Alessandro Vellutello.
Venice: Francesco Marcolini for A. Vellutello, June 1544.
Curiously look into the Florentine, gift instance of the "comedy". On his parchment sheets, it turns out, the Typographer Nikolo di Lorenzo did not reproduce a single printed illustration. But the book is decorated manually: work is thin and tasteful. The first printed book is generally beautiful. Under the impressive, pristine beauty, she and his name chose themselves: Incunabula. Baby book. (Lat. Incunabula, except for the direct value of the "cradle", has a portable - "early childhood"). It is surprising to think that five hundred and small years ago was far from the years ago, who would win: the production of a printing machine or a manuscript, discharged by calligrapher. Nevertheless, it was the case. There was a printed book with a simple, on the genus a written advantage: she was cheaper handwritten. However, the rashly, on our part, assume that the obvious now and many conquers the hearts always and everyone. "In the Duccian library, all the books of extraordinary beauty are written by hand and with charming miniatures. And not a single printed. The duke would be ashamed to have such a "," said Biographer Federico di Montefeltro, Duke Urbinsky. Humanistically educated Duke famous for the excellent book collection; The monetary question when it was a beautiful, he was not interested at all. Federico di Montefeltro belonged to one of the earliest illustrated handwritten codes of the "Divine Comedy" (the Code of the Manuscript or the Printing Edition, having all the external data of the book, in contrast, for example, from a scroll). Miniatures of Urbinsky Code made Gulielmo Djiraldi in 1478-1484 (currently the code is stored in the Vatican); According to experts, this is one of the highest urges of prepress illustration. The work of the prominent Ferrarsky miniaturist delivers the constant pleasure of anyone who appeal to the history of the "comedy". She pleased with us and - forced us to cheat for the Incunabul: was it easier for the printed machine to enter into competition with such an experienced, centuries worked with an opponent? And - to win? .. At first, the printed book had a great resemblance to handwritten. Could it be otherwise? The reader loved the product bright, richly painted, ornamented; The typographic playback led to the same book pages, that is, as perhaps, it seemed to be categorized. The turning point in the history of the book, experts consider 1501: it was then at the then Ald Piy Manuitions finally conquered the hearts of the new - we would call it architectural - the beauty of the printed word. But this hour has not yet broken. In the meantime, coming out from under the press, freshly, smelling typographic paints of the sheets fell to the rubricators and portholes. Both of these professions moved to the printing house from the scriptorines (there were such - initially under the monasteries - "needlework" books workshops): and the rubricator - a specialist in the "Red Row" (Ruber - red), and the porthole is an artist of the ornamented framework, screensavers, initials. Scattered through the largest libraries of the world - in the Hague and Boston, Copenhagen, Turin and Washington, Chicago and Vienna, Dresden, Munich and Palermo, Milan and London, Venice, Leipzig and Paris; In Glasgow, Bologna, Cambridge, Berlin, New York, Brussels ... Of course, in Florence ... Finally, in Moscow, - the wonderful representatives of Dante 1481 have - each - its own, different from others, unique " Coloring. " Lucid luxury ornament, our, "Moscow", Incunabula produces a strict, unusually decent impression. The Nameless Master entered it only six capital letters - before each part of the poem and, accordingly, before each prologue: to "hell", "purgatory" and "paradise". But what is worth at least the initial "D", which opens the song first of the first part of the "comedy"! .. The portrait of Dante was inscribed in the initial interpretation, but not in the traditional-harsh interpretation of the thinker and the Creator. Before us, the young, gentle profile of the author's "new life", written, obviously, not without influence from Jotto. The color palette of the initial-portrait is chosen immaculately. Golden, performing accurate and clear duties of the contour, at all prevails over the colors of life: green and blue. Pink, fortunately, a little; Its function may be in addition to two shades of gray (headdress and poet cloak). Cynanar focuses on the initial right, clung climbing to the title "The first of the first part of the comedy ...", and - goes down, to the right, along the first tercin of the poem. Falling a book, we can easily detect a certain strange feature: everywhere there are empty squares in the text, all the same size, and in the center of each - no remarkable lowercase letter. Moreover, this, lonely in the surrounding emptiness, is not at all accounted for, and always in some, defined completely, the law: at the beginning of each new master or section (paragraphs, I must say, first-hand in the text did not do). This oddity is explained simply: the printers left the windows to work. However, manual labor in all ages was valued more than the machine. Therefore, and not only in "our" Dante, but in many books that have reached us, these square corners remained blank: painted, the illuminated book was, apparently, only a little buyers are available. What can be said about the font of the Florentine publication "Comedy"? Of course, it is typed antique - how else? Already the first German masters, settled in Italian Earth, refused perfect - in kind of gothic angularity. The rounded slender antique in each printed was, however, the only and unique. And - maybe we are biased, but it seems to us: "our" antique is especially round and especially slim ... Headers in the book are typed in capital literals. The lower case letters of the poem itself and the comment to it differ in the font size - the keglem. Terchesins are larger, the letters in them are less likely, the distances between the rows are more - in the word, everything is done to breathe poems on paper ... A comment, occupying, by the way, the main area of \u200b\u200bthe page, with all the obvious importance, is put in position after all Reference attached text. It comes out, long ago, humanity has already understood: creativity is more valuable and meaningful of the most valuable reflections on creativity. The reader has the right to ask: why, opening a book, we immediately turned to the text, bypassing such an important, integral part of it, like a title page. The answer is unexpected: there is no title leaf in the Incunabul. And not only in our: in any, for the rarest exceptions, the first printed book. The output - the name of the typographic, information about the place and time of the publication - was printed at the end of the text. The column (the word is borrowed by Latin from Greek means - completion, the end) is often in addition to informative and artistic burden. So, in Venetian - 1477 - the edition of the "comedy" the column was written by verses, in the form of Italian sonnet. But in our "Our" Dante there are no such aesthetic delights; The Florentine Publisher in a harsh prose informs the reader that he, Nikolo di Lorenzo, originally from Germany, printed in Florence "Comedy" Dante, "Poet of Excellent", August 30, 1481 ... Isn't it strange that Florentine, publishing their "excellent "Dante, again did not deal with their own, again they turned for help to the Hutenberg tribesman? Of course, there was a tradition. But after all, what is extremely national - the nature of the work ... Nikolo di Lorenzo, he also Nicholas from Breslau, arrived in the 70s to Florence - and here it became famous, printing - in 1477 - the first in Italy with engravings on metal. Engraving in book publishing: it seems that here is this? In Europe, this technique was widely known by that time. Whole books were cut - already in a few decades to Gutenberg (today they are called xylographic). And the first typical book illustrated by engravings on the tree was published already in 1461, in the city of Bamberg. And then already - Iv Celne, and in Mainz, and in Nuremberg ... Later we will find out about the great durer, but for now ... while Nikolo di Lorenzo's press makes his own on Italian land - and not at all - the discovery. To the question, is the difference between the tree and metal and whether the opening of the Florentine German is entitled to open, say the famous: Gutenberg would not have invented a typographical printing, don't be the master of gold, and do not guess the first letter to calm out of the metal, instead of how, how And before it was found, cut-out, to greet ... The difference was really great. Turning to the copper plate, Engraver refused the previous ones - tools. The weapon of his work became a thin steel rod, a shyhel. An in-depth drawing is created - unlike xylographic, convex ...
In 1476, an unknown engraver made an unknown engraving in Bruges (Belgium) (Tair Mansior) 10 engraving on copper - according to specialists, low dignity. G OD LOOK - Returning to Nikolo Di Lorenzo - the first in the history of the book attempt to combine on one sheet of the high print of the Gutenberg machine with a deep seal of metal engraving was taken. It seems just? It always seems if before - to us - came up with. And the consequences of the invention of our typographite are obvious: not at all silent the possibilities of the end or edging engraving, it is impossible not to admit that, say, without a "dry needle" or the etching, modern book graphics would lose much of their great achievements. Obvious the difficulties faced by the publisher. If - shortly after the opening of the printing machine - the typographers have learned to combine xylography with the process of reproduction of the text, the in-depth engraving on copper required a different approach: first the text was printed, and then, separately, the illustration. (Difficulties were so obvious that later, for a number of years, Florentine typographers, not trying to repeat the experience of Nikolo di Lorenzo, work with gravy as xylographic.) Remember the strangeness of the Moscow Incunabul: the lack of in the text of a huge majority of engraving? Now we can - at least partly - explain the causes of this "defectiveness". Directories inform interesting details. In most copies of the "comedy" of 1481, only two engravings are imprinted - to the two first songs of "Hell". Occasionally there are books with three engravings. In some (stored, for example, in Berlin and Paris), as in our, Moscow, version, two engravings are presented three songs. Incunabula Dante 1481 was diverse in the British Museum: here - from five copies - one has one engraving, the other - three, the third - nine and finally, the fourth and fifth - the rarest case - on nineteen engravings to nineteen songs "hell." The National Library in Florence owns - in addition to the parchment - copy with seventeen engravings; City Siena - with eighteen (drawing to the 10th song "Hell" is missing); Finally, the Riccardian library (Florence) has a book with twenty engravings accompanying the first nineteen songs of the first part of the Comedy (with the third songs here two drawings relate). These amazing information concern only paper instances. As for parchment, there is no engraving at all in any of them. Apparently, all copies on the parchment were printed on "special marking" and were deactivated manually, according to the idea of \u200b\u200bthe beautiful (remember the Duke of Urbinsky). Feeding to abuse the reader's time, we listed not all - and not even many - the preserved instances of the book of Dante. The following two are noteworthy - unusually important fact:
According to the "International Consolidated Catalog of Incunabulov", a copy is not registered by anywhere in which more than twenty engravings (and now, engravings do not apply further to the 19th song "Hell");
In those copies, where the illustrations are presented by all cash nineteen engravings - "Full Suite", as the French say, the first two (in Moscow, Berlin and Paris copies - three) do not cause any suspicions, but each subsequent ... printed separately, Another paper, and is then incurred on the place deemed for it! This story, we note, could have been involved with an in-depth gravy on copper, which for technological reasons - remember? - Printed later text.
Now let's try to reconstruct, as far as it is in our opportunities, the events that occurred in the summer of 1481 in Florence, in the printed Nikolo di Lorenzo. The typographer probably received an order to a fully illustrated Dante edition. This particularly responsible order came from the Florentine Academy of Neopotonikov in the face of Cristoforo Landino, the author is unusually important, glorifying him later (so important and so glorified that contemporaries were often called the publication not "comedy", but "comment to" comedy "). Perhaps The artist is not the last in Florence a person, otherwise it would not be assigned to him to illustrate Dante himself - for unknown reasons, I summed up the publisher? For only the fifth part of the order was performed to the designated period. Meanwhile, the solemn Event for Florence. It is impossible to enter the light of the Divine Comedy Dante - it was not possible to postpone. Moreover, a hurry was such that and twenty engravings did not have time: some copies were separated from the printing house, equipped with only two and three illustrations. However, perhaps , not so. What was worth a snarling publisher-German to draw off on ready-made sheets all twenty engravings if they were ready - By time ... And if not? In the work on illustrations - this is known - two: the artist and engraver participated. The latter, apparently, possessed the same character as the first: work burns, time runs, the customer is waiting ... did not wait. A fully familiar property of a creative personality is not true? It is already surprised that Landino wrote his "comment" in time; It is good that with the "Divine Comedy" in this sense there was no trouble ... So, a fragment of the publishing life of the sample of 1481: a book in the printing house, but there are no pictures and in risen. What artist? Where is he, what's wrong with him? And in general: how was his name, artist? In April 1689, Christina Augustus died in Rome, Queen Swedish. She died, however, no longer a queen, because, by going to Catholicism, renounced the throne. One of the educated women of their time, Christina Swedish left an extensive correspondence, memoirs, library; Most of the book assembly from her inheritance bought in 1690 Dad Alexander VIII - for transfer to the Vatican library. Among other things there were eight-sheet illustrations for the "Divine Comedy", made on the smooth side of the beautiful goat parchman. On the other side, a darous, posted the text written by the hand: on each sheet - on the song. Sheet size - 32x 47 cm, drawings are made by a metal pin and ink, the text is written by the "Alia AntiCua" font.
Venice, 1555.
As if random selection (first, ninth, tenth, twelfth, thirteenth, fifteenth and seventeenth songs "hell", as well as some additional sheet depicting the structure of "hell") suggests that Christina Swedish possessed the fragmented sheets of a certain handwriting code "Comedy " When and how these pages got to it, why they were separated from the rest - this question and today remains open. As for the illustrations themselves, the Colombie de Batin mentions them in his "bibliography" of 1846 - as about the work of the Anonymous Master of the Renaissance; Do not express any assumptions about authorship, he writes about the amazing magnificence of the drawing, about the wealth of the artist's imagination ... these illustrations are familiar to us. Stored to this day in the library of the Vatican, they are reproduced in various publications. However, the pictures belonging to the same Peru are more popular, but from another collection ... In 1854, in Scotland, in the collection of mansuscripts of the Duke Hamilton, P. Vaagen discovered the domicile volume of "Divine Comedy" - sheets, intertwined, apparently, only in the XVIII century, and a list of a list, made in Paris in 1803, in 1803 by a certain Italian bookseller. According to the list, the composition of Toma from the beginning of the XIX century was unchanged; It includes 85 illustrations made by a metal pin and ink ... in 1882, with the sale of the Duccian library, the drawings were acquired by F. Lippman for the Berlin Engravy Cabinet. Their comparison with the eight sheets from the Vatican led to the recreating a long time of lost and on a century forgotten series of illustrations. Information about this series in the first - and almost in the last, up to the end of the XIX century, - once they meet in Anonymo Gadgyano, the collection, published in the XVI century and dedicated to Italian artists from Chimabue to Michelangelo (XIII-XVI centuries). "Wonderful work" calls an illustration of an anonymous collection. So whose hand did the hand drawn by the silver rod-pin on the gentle field of the parchment of Divine contours - Figures of Dante, Vergil, Beatrice, endlessly moving, second to each other, smoothly flowing - from tercin to tercin - plots, situations, comedy paintings? Whose feather drank a drawing of the finest line of carcass? The most beautiful of all those everly illustrated by the "Divine Comedy", calls these sheets of Vagen. It is G.F. Vaagenu and belongs to the honor of establishing the authorship of the drawings: barely finding the Hamilton in the castle unknown as the folder who fell there, he immediately suggested that he met no more than anything with the work. .. Sandro Botticelli. So, "At the time of the magnificent Lorenzo, the Senior Die Medici," George Vazari tells us, - koi for people talented were truly the golden age, thriving and Alexander, who called our Sandro and Nicknamed Botticelli ... He was the son of Mariano Filipei, Florentine A citizen who was carefully brought up and trained to everything that was taken at that time to teach boys before sending them to workshops ... "Now it seems incredible that not only the brilliant illustrations of the Dante, made by order of a friend and the patron Lorenzo di Pietroofranchesco Medici (this Medici had to Lorenzo's cousin magnificent), were lost and forgotten. It was forgotten - until the middle of the last century - and Botticelli himself: His "Birth of Venus", his "Primaver" ... such a junk beauty - and fell into a three-year failure of the story, almost lost in the centuries ... maybe will be - Do you still have the missing eight sheets from the Lorenzo di Pietrophranic code?
On the illustration for the 28th song "Paradise" F. Lippman, who released the facsimile publication of all the preserved drawings in 1887, managed to see - in the lower out of nine terms of angels - the inscription on the table in the hands of one of them: "Sandro di Mariano", thin , barely distinguishable. Lippman suggested that this inscription is not at all for identifying the work done, but "so that the author's name is not forgotten into the circle of saints." So everything is that there should be no wondering. What the attitude, the reader will ask, has the whole story with the disappearance and finds to our publication, whose copies peacefully lie, not anywhere, and in Moscow, and in Florence, and in many other cities, in national and private meetings? One-only look at the first engraving of the first part of "Hell" and on the appropriate illustration of the Code of Lorenzo di Pietrophranchko Medici - and anyone becomes obvious: we have the work of one artist. True, the book option looks simplified, schematic; Not knowing the code, the arm of Botticelli is not recognized here. The result is not high enough at the time of the skill of engraving? Or, on the contrary, the creative search for the optimal harmonic relationship between printed text and illustration, the deliberate refusal of engraver from "painting"? Some believe that Botticelli threw illustrating the Florentine Dante, displeased by the results of the work of Engraver, Bachcho Baldini. Since, however, nothing exactly is known, it makes sense to consider and otherwise.
"... he gained fame and glory the greatest, and from the Pope received a decent amount of money, which was immediately as long as he was in Rome, and wondered, because in his way the life was erratic"- yes, Vazari will not call an impartial witness; But not to reject one of the few first-sources of the artistic life of Florence? What do we know about the works and days of Botticelli? "Sandro di Mariano, 33 years old, the artist and works at home when he flies out"- entry in the cadastre of the father of the artist, Mariano Filipei, from January of 1481. And from the summer of 1481 to the summer of 1482nd Sandro di Mariano, 34 years old, already in Rome, works on the frescoes of the Sistine Chapel. In August 81, when Florence published her Dante, Botticelli was far from his hometown. ... Of course, insulting for the Incunabulu: it remained without illustrations. But, maybe the frescoes of the Sistine Chapel at least partially able to balance the unpleasant emotions, which - in 1481 - probably tested Nikolo di Lorenzo, Florentine typographer? In addition, after all, his name, and work is not forgotten by descendants. The Florentine edition of the Divine Comedy Dante with Bachcho Baldini engravings in the drawings of Sandro Botticelli is honored by experts as the most important milestone in the initial history of the book illustration. As for the relationship between Botticelli with the "Divine Comedy", they, as we know, also did not limit yourself to this book history. After all, in the end, the artist created his brilliant cycle of illustrations, according to many, almost the only worthy poet ... The Florentine edition of Dante 1481 was a desk book for educated people of the Renaissance. The wide fields of folirates, today with their own eyes - from the soul - generosity, carried once and quite functional load:
"Open a book, reader, an enlightened person! .. If you want to express your thought, draw a born image, - the places here are plenty of ..."
Sandro Botticelli. Hell.
In Rome, in the Valleylian library, an instance of the "comedy" is stored, on the fields of which - 240 sketches of the pen; Most of them are made by an outstanding architect and artist XV - early XVI century Juliano da Sangallo. This Incunabula is an object of integrity of art historians. There is a version for which the treasure is forever for us, comparable to Botticelli illustrations. Allegedly - the testimony of a certain spiritual person - there was a copy, where the whole "comedy", from beginning to end, was illustrated by the pen; Such a book, belonging to one Florentine sculptor, died in the early years of the 18th century: the owner went to Rome, and his property, including the "comedy" of Dante, sent by the sea. It happened misfortune - shipwreck. And - the ship was sank with the drawings of Michelangelo on the fields of the folio ... somewhere between Livorno and Civitavekye.
Sandro Botticelli. Hell.
A copy of the "comedy" of 1481, stored in Moscow, in the Museum of the Book of RGB, belonged to Abraham Sergeyevich Norov. The educated person, from the young age he experienced a passionate attraction to elegant literature and historical science. In addition, there was a tireless traveler: traveled to Europe, visited Palestine, Malaya Asia, Jerusalem. Announced French, English, German, Spanish, Italian, Latin, Greek, Hebrew. The participant of the Borodino battle, who saw the French on his own eyes, and as part of the French capital, he, according to E. Melievsky, "belonged to the rare, happy, you can even say, selected the images that are gifted by the ability to see mostly light side of things. . During one of his travels in Europe, apparently, acquired by A.S. Norov is an excellent copy of the Florentine Dante edition. (Obviously, in France or Switzerland: the book indicates the price - 350 francs.) Fields of the "Norovsky" Dante Chista; We do not know the names of its previous owners; Abraham Sergeevich himself had no just a book - Incunabula.
Sandro Botticelli. Paradise.
Therefore, naturally, neither the feather nor a pencil left for a very valuable foliant litter, records or drawings. However, Dante AS poetry The attitude has the attitude, and the most immediate: no one else, as he made an attempt to the first poetic translation into Russian of the Divine Terminal "Comedy". ... Florence - Fiorenza - Fiorenza - "blooming" in Italian. Saying goodbye to our Incunabula, remember Alexander Blok again:
Florence, you iris gentle ...
The name of the classic of world literature Dante Aligiery, the Italian poet, the author of the "Divine Comedy", the philosopher-humanist of the late Middle Ages, the founder of the Italian literary language, is shrouded in mysticism. All his life is a series of fatal events. January 26, on the birthday of a man who described the journey to the afterlife, let's talk about the secrets of his biography.
1. The exact date of Dante Birth is unknown, the official record of baptism on May 26, 1265, recorded under the name Durant. The ancestors of the poet came from the Roman kind of Eliseev who participated in the founding of Florence. Kachchagvida, Prapraded Dante, participated in the crusade of Conrad III, was devoted to him in the knights and died in battle with Muslims. Kachchagvida was married to a lady of the Lombard family Aldigierei da Fountain. The name "Aldigierei" was transformed into Aligierey - so was called one of the sons of Kachchagvid. Poet's parents were Florentines of modest wealth, but still were able to pay the school's school at school, and then helped to improve in the art of resentment.
2. In childhood, Dante received extensive knowledge of the antique and medieval literature, the foundations of the natural sciences and was familiar with the heretical teachings of that time. He swept his first love throughout his life. The 8-year-old boy, the struck of the beauty of the neighbor girl Beatrice, he will passionately in his youth, calling the already married woman "the master of the heart."
This Platonic Love will last 7 years. Beatrice died in the 1290th, and it shook the poet so that his relatives thought that Dante would not survive. "The days were like nights and nights - days. Of these, none passed without steam, without frills, without abundant tears. His eyes seemed to two abundant sources so much that many were divided from where he was taken by so much moisture to feed tears ... Crying and grief, felt by him in the heart, as well as dissemination of all kinds of worries about themselves reported to him the appearance of almost wild man ... " He was delighted in philosophy, looking for questions for his answers from ancient Romans. You can read about the love of Dante to Beatrice in the autobiographical story of the poet "New Life", he devoted his sonnets.
3. However, Dante did not become a monastery. It is known that he made marriage for the calculation (political). His wife Jame was belonged to the Donati clan, who was engaged in the Cherki party, with supporters of which the Aligieri family performed. It is not known when Dante went under the crown, documented that in the 1301th he was the father of three children (Pietro, Jacopo and Antonia). During these years, he manifests himself on the state field, he was elected to the city council, openly performed against Pope, for which he was subsequently paid.
4. In 1302, Dante was expelled from the native city on a fabricated case about bribery and for participating in anti-state activities, the wife with children remained in Florence. On Aligherm, a very impressive fine was imposed - five thousand florines and arrested his property, and then carried a tougher verdict - "burning fire to death."
5. In the years of expulsion, the poet writes the "comedy" of all human life, which, subsequently, the well-known writer Giovanni Boccaccio will call "Divine". It is with this epithet "she entered the world classics. Dante wanted to help people who intimidated medieval scholasticism, to cope with the fear of death. The poet believed in the afterlife, in the existence of paradise and hell, in the possibility of cleansing the soul.
Dante wandered for a long time in Italy, finding the referee first at the ruler of Verona Kan Grande delel the rock (he dedicated part of the "paradise"), was in France in 1308-1309, the hot philosophical disputes fascinated him. Dante writes the treatise "On the monarchy" - a peculiar "message to the peoples and ruler of Italy." Returning to Italy, settled in Ravenna under the auspices of Guido and the Poltorator, where she completed the work of his life.
6. Dante Death is hidden by mysticism. Being an ambassador of the ruler Relonna, Dante went to Venice to conclude peace with the Republic of St. Mark. Returning back, on the road he fell ill with malaria and died on the night from 13 to 14 September 1321. Buried the poet in the Church of San Francesco on the territory of the monastery "with great honors."
And here it begins the most mysterious. In 1322, eight months after death, the poet had done the opposite journey from the afterlife in our world. Then his family lived in poverty and hoped to help out at least some money for the "Divine Comedy". Dante's sons could not find the father's manuscript, which he graduated shortly before his death. The poet lived in exile and in the eternal fear of arrest, so he hid his creation in a reliable cache. According to the memoirs of the Elder Son, Jacopo Aligiery: "Exactly eight months after the death of the Father, at night, he himself came to me in snow-white clothes ... Then I asked ... Where are the songs that we are hurried so much time? And he ... took me by the hand, spent in the hubby and pointed to the wall: "Here you will find what you are looking for!"
After waking up, Jacopo rushed to the wall, threw back the mat and found a secret niche, where he lay a manuscript.
7. years have passed, and supporters of Pope have remembered the worst of Dante's worst. In the 1329th Cardinal Bernardo del Setto and demanded that the monks would betray the body of Alirii public burrows. As the monks got out of this situation, it is unknown, but the poet's dust was not touched.
8. When two centuries later, Dante's genius was recognized as the Renaissance Epoch, it was decided to reburo the remains of the poet in Florence. However, the coffin was ... empty. Probably, the forensic Franciscan monks secretly buried Dante elsewhere, presumably in the monastery of their Order in Siena. But there they did not find anything. In a word, the Florentine rebelief of Dante had to postpone. Pope Lero x provided two versions of what happened: the remains kidnapped unknown or ... Dante himself appeared and took his dust. Incredible, but enlightened dad chose the second version! It can be seen, and he believed in the mystical nature of the poet Dante.
9. But on this miracles did not end. To the celebration of the 600th anniversary of the birth of a brilliant Dante, it was decided to restore the Church of San Francesco in Ravenna. In the spring of 1865, the builders struck one of the walls and found a wooden box with a carved inscription: "Dante's bones put here Antonio Santi in 1677." Who is this Antonio, whether he was in relationship with the family of painter Raphael (after all, he was also Santi, although he died back in 1520), it is not known, but the find has become an international sensation. Dante remains in the presence of representatives of different countries were transferred to Dante Mausoleum in Ravenna, where they still rest.
10. Mysticism continued in the twentieth century: during the reconstruction of the National Library in Florence in 1999 among rare books, workers discovered an envelope with ... Dante Pork. It lay ashes and paper in a black frame with seals Ravenna confirming: "This dust Dante Aligiery." This news has read all in shock. After all, if the body of the poet was not subjected to fire, then where to take ashes. And how did this envelope come to the library? Workers were that they came through this rack several times and did not see any envelope. World newspapers immediately crushed the rumors that the mystical Dante himself thus reminded himself. For what he threw the envelope to joke or more - here the versions diverged. True, after the investigation, it turned out that in the XIX century the burning took place, the truth is not the body, but a carpet on which the coffin stood. The ashes were sealed in six envelopes, at each of which the venerable notary of Saturnino Malangol put the press and inscribed the harsh of Dante Aligiery, "sent to them from Ravenna to Florence, the native city of the poet.
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