Through which countries the Danube passes. Danube - international river

The famous and world famous Danube River flows in 10 countries of the world, and ranks second in length of rivers in Europe, after the Russian River. The Danube River is the longest river in the European Union, reaching 2,960 km. The river originates in and, flowing through almost all of Europe, flows into Ukraine with a wide mouth. ( 11 photo)

Of course, the first thing worth highlighting in the merits of the river is that it flows and is the geographical border of 10 states. And also holds the honorary title of the longest river in Europe. And so, the Danube River crosses the countries: Germany, Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Romania, Moldova and Ukraine.

The total length of the river is 2960 km. On the banks of the river there are many big cities and even the capitals of some countries, next to the river are located:, the capital of Austria; the city of Belgrade, the capital of Serbia; the city of Budapest, the capital of Hungary; the capital of Slavakia is the city of Bratislava.

The Danube originates in Germany, high in the Black Forest mountains at an altitude of 678 meters, where it is formed by the confluence of two mountain streams Breg and Brigach. It is from here that the great river originates, then passing through most of Europe and crossing many cities it flows into the Black Sea. The Danube has one distinctive feature along which it is unlike any other river in the world.

The Danube River completely disappears into the ground, virtually disappearing from the surface of the earth. This happens about 30 km from the source, in the town of Immendingen, Germany. It would seem that there is no river, but 12 km to the south the Aakh spring gushes with a large spring, this is precisely the continuation of the Danube River, and it does not disappear but only sinks into the ground.

Flowing along limestone rocks and underground crevices, it flows out. In the medieval period, scientists could not determine whether the river disappears completely or only temporarily sinks into the ground while continuing its movement. And only in 1877 it was finally possible to prove that the Danube continues to move underground, for this, salt was dissolved upstream and after a while the waters of the source became salty. Such a simple experience shed light on the geography of the river.

The annual water discharge is 6700 m³ / s, the slope of the river is 0.237 m / km. In general, the Danube is a fairly branched river with a large number of tributaries and branches. The main areas feeding the river are the mountain system. The main sources for the river are small mountain streams.

The Danube River is subject to annual floods, which, due to the length of the river, occur at different times and in different parts of the river. A non-standard quality of the river is its freezing; again, due to its long length, the river does not freeze evenly and not in all regions.

The code amplitude of water level fluctuations is from 4-5 meters. The average temperature in winter in the regions of the river ranges from -1 to -5 degrees Celsius. In summer, the temperature rises to +20 ° C. Strong cold winds blow almost constantly on Dua'i. Air masses come here from the Atlantic regions, of Eastern Europe and western Asia. The winds here are so strong that sometimes they can even change the direction of the river flow to the opposite, the wind speed can reach 30 m / s.

Due to its flat type, the river is mostly navigable and is actively used by companies to transport resources. The river is of particular value for lovers of fishing, because it is inhabited by large masses fish such as beluga, sturgeon, stellate sturgeon, herring, catfish, carp, bream, pike perch, etc.

It was one of the most famous rivers in the world - the Danube River, known for its length and the number of countries through which it passes, as well as this long river in the European Union.

• Germany Germany
• Austria Austria
• Slovakia Slovakia
• Hungary Hungary
• Croatia Croatia
• Serbia Serbia
• Bulgaria Bulgaria
• Romania Romania
• Moldavia Moldavia
• Ukraine Ukraine

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✪ Every year the Danube adds a square kilometer to Ukraine!

✪ 35 1992 Danube II A Dream of Charlemagne - The Cousteau Crew's Underwater Odyssey

✪ 36 1993 Danube III What the Danube Crying - The Cousteau Team's Underwater Odyssey

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Etymology

The Russian name of the river goes back to praslav. * Dunajь, which, according to M. Vasmer, was borrowed through the Gothic. * Dōnawi from Celtic. Dānuvius... Polish scientist Jan Rozwadovsky suggested that the word * Dunajь the Slavs originally called the Dnieper (as you can hear it in Ukrainian and Belarusian folklore). K. Moshinsky supported this assumption, believing that when part of the Slavs migrated to the vicinity of the Danube, whose name was originally borrowed as * Dunavъ/* Dunavь, then the name was transferred from the previously known river. T. Ler-Splavinsky objected to Moshinsky, who pointed out that the word “Danube” and its derivatives are called a dozen rivers and streams in the territory of distribution Slavic languages moreover, this word functions as an appellative in Polish and Ukrainian dialects. In this regard, Ler-Splavinsky restores the common noun * dunajь "big water" for the Proto-Slavic language, derived from the proto-Ie. * d h ounā ... The conclusions of Lera-Splavinsky were ignored in the work of V. N. Toporov and O. N. Trubachev “ Linguistic analysis hydronyms of the Upper Dnieper ", deriving the hydronym" Dunaets ", found on Slavic lands from the name of the Danube, for which this work criticized Z. Golomb.

Historical background

The earliest reliable information about the Danube is contained in the writings of the ancient Greek historian Herodotus (5th century BC), who wrote in the second book of the History that the river Istres (the ancient Greek name for the Danube) begins in the country of the Celts and flows, crossing Europe in the middle (II : 33). The river Istra flows into the Euxine Pontus (Black Sea) with seven branches. The modern name was given by the Celts, who lived here in the first half of the first millennium BC. In 105 AD, the Roman emperor Trajan built the first stone bridge across the Danube.

physical geography

Source

12 km south of the place where the Danube disappears, it beats out of the ground invalid ISO-code "Aachtopf"- the most powerful in Germany. The amount of water flowing out reaches 8.5 t / sec. The Radolfzeller Aach River (eng. Radolfzeller Aach), which flows into Lake Constance, from where the Rhine flows out.

Direction

On its way, the Danube changes direction several times. First, it flows through the mountainous region of Germany to the southeast, and then at around 2,747 km (the mileage of the river is measured from extreme point hand in the direction of the source) changes direction to the north-east. This direction remains until the city of Regensburg (2379 km), where the northernmost point of the river is located (49 ° 03 "N). Near Regensburg, the Danube turns southeast, then crosses the Vienna Basin, and then flows for more than 600 km. After laying the channel through the mountain ranges of the Southern Carpathians along the Zheleznye Vorota gorge, it flows to the Black Sea itself (more than 900 km) through the Lower Danube lowland.

The southernmost point of the river is located near the town of Svishtov (Bulgaria) - 43 ° 38 "N.

Delta

In the lower reaches of the Danube, forking, it creates a large swampy delta cut by a dense network of branches and lakes, 75 km long from west to east and 65 km wide from north to south. The top of the delta is located near Cape Izmail Chatal, 80 km from the mouth, where the main channel of the Danube first splits into the Kiliyskoye and Tulchinskoye mouths. After 17 kilometers downstream, Tulchinskoe is divided into Georgievskoe arm and Sulinskoe arm, which flow into the Black Sea separately. The Kiliyskoe arm, within the boundaries of the territory of Ukraine, creates the so-called Kiliyskaya delta, which is the most fleeting part of the Danube delta. Most of the Danube delta is covered with floodplains - this is the second largest massif of this landscape in Europe (second only to floodplains in the Volga delta). The Danube Biosphere Reserve is located in the Danube Delta.

Sleeves

The Danube has numerous branches, which sometimes significantly (by 10 or more kilometers) depart from the main stream. The longest branches on the right bank are the Mosonskiy or Gyorskiy Danube (source - 1854 km, girlo - 1794 km) and Dunerya-Veke (237 and 169 km); on the left bank - Small Danube (source - 1868 km, flows into Vag), Shoroksharsky Danube (1642 and 1586 km), Borcha (371 and 248 km).

Tributaries

The Danube basin has an asymmetrical shape. Its right-bank part is smaller in size (44% of the catchment area). But on the right bank, the tributaries of the Danube form the hydrographic grid of the basin. The tributaries are unevenly distributed: most of them are located in the foothills of the Alps and Carpathians, on the territory of the Hungarian (Middle Danube) lowland there are almost none.

The tributaries of the Danube, which originate in the mountains, have a mountainous character in the upper reaches. Going out onto the plain, they acquire the typical features of lowland rivers and are navigable for a long distance.

The tributaries that have a significant impact on the water regime of the Danube are shown in the table.

Islands

Other characteristics

At a distance in a straight line between the source (Donaueschingen) and the end point of the delta (mark "0 km" in the Ukrainian part of the delta below the town of Vilkovo on Ankudinov Island), 1642 km, the meandering coefficient of the river is 1.71. The average decline in the Danube is 24.4 cm per 1 km.

Parts of the Danube (Danube)

According to the complex of physical and geographical characteristics, the Danube is divided into the following three parts:

• Upper (992 km) - from the source to the village of Genyu;
• Sredny (860 km) - from Genyu to the town of Drobeta-Turnu Severin;
• Lower (931 km) - from the city of Turnu Severin to the confluence with the Black Sea.

Climate

Mode

The annual amplitude of water level fluctuations is from 4.5-5.5 m (near Reni) to 6-8 m (near Budapest). Average annual water discharge upstream, currents 420 m 3 / s, in the middle reaches - 1900 m 3 / s, at the mouth - 6430 m 3 / s. The maximum water discharge in the lower reaches is 20 thousand m 3 / s, the minimum is 1800 m 3 / s. The annual flow is about 123 km 3 per year. The Danube freezes only in cold winters for 1.5-2 months.

Temperatures

The temperature regime in the Danube basin is mainly determined by the nature of the circulation of air masses and the features of the terrain. The air temperature varies over a wide range. In winter, the average temperature of the coldest month, January, ranges from −5 to −1 ° C. In summer, the average temperature of the warmest month - July - in the upper part of the pool is from +16 to +18 ° C, in the central part of the pool - from +17 to +22 ° C, in the lower part - from +22 to +26 ° C.

The winds

The Danube basin is influenced by air masses coming from the Atlantic, eastern Europe and western Asia.

In the Upper Danube region, the prevailing winds in the cold season are westerly and northwestern winds. On the Middle Danube, east and south-east winds prevail, on the Lower Danube - north and north-east.

And Romania in the south.

The Danube was and remains primarily a natural border. In earlier times, it served as the northern border of the Roman Empire. On its banks, the Romans built a protective rampart against the attacks of the barbarians from the north. In 1683, the future of Christian Europe was decided here: the Austrians near Vienna inflicted a final defeat on the troops Ottoman Empire displacing Muslims from Western Europe.

Since the Danube has always been a navigable river, the most diverse tribes and peoples constantly met each other on its banks. All of them left behind masterpieces of art and culture - buildings in the Rococo and Baroque, Gothic and Classicist styles are located along the river side by side with the buildings of the Art Nouveau era and antique ruins. Water united people: the Balkans is the largest "melting pot" in Europe, in Banat, between the former Yugoslavia and Romania, Hungarians, Romanians, Serbs, Spaniards, Italians and many other peoples live together. Alas, they do not always get along peacefully with each other. A terrible example of what conflicts between neighbors lead to was the war in the former multinational state of Yugoslavia, the consequences of which are still felt.

CONNECT BUT NOT SEPARATE PEOPLES

The Danube is the only river in Europe that flows through so many different states.

The Danube is formed from the confluence of the Brigach and Breg rivers near the city of Donaueschingen in the Upper Rhine graben. On its 2860 km long route, the second largest (after the Volga) European river flows through four capitals: Bratislava, Vienna, Budapest and Belgrade. In Romania, it flows into the Black Sea, forming a giant delta. Probably already thousands of years ago, the Danube served as a transport artery, and since the beginning of the era of shipping in 1830, its economic importance has steadily increased. In the middle of the 19th century, neighboring states began to regulate and lock the river. It was necessary to mitigate the effects of periodic floods - for example, in 1830 Vienna was half-flooded with water. The Danube has always been also a source of drinking water. Disputes about the use of this precious resource periodically arise today. For example, Slovakia is building a hydroelectric system south of Bratislava to generate electricity. Initially, Hungary participated in this project, but now it categorically refuses to continue construction: the existence of the reservoir reduces the water level to a dangerous level and Budapest is already worried about the stability of the drinking water supply. The intensive use of the river has upset the ecological balance of vast territories: little is left of the previous abundance of fish, floodplain forests are drying up, many species of animals that traditionally lived on the banks of the Danube are dying out.

USEFUL INFORMATION

■ The oldest stone seats across the Danube is in Regensburg (Germany). It was built in 1135-1146.

■ The first nomads settled on the Danube more than 5000 years ago.

■ Greeks from Miletus settled in the Danube Delta in the 7th century BC.

■ The Danube Bank is home to the heroine of German legends, Kriemhilda.

ATTRACTION

■ In Germany: Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen Castle, Ulm Cathedral, Regensburg.
■ In Austria: Vienna.
■ In Slovakia: Bratislava.
■ In Hungary: Budapest with the parliament building.
■ In Romania: the iron ports and the Danube Delta With its amazing natural landscape.

GENERAL INFORMATION

■ Flows through the territory of the following countries:

The Danube River flows through the territory of 10 European states, namely: Germany, Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria, Moldova and Ukraine. Among the rivers of Europe, in terms of length and water content, it is second only to.

The Danube drainage basin, in addition to the above 10 countries, is in contact with the territories of another nine European states. In Romania and Ukraine, the Danube River at the point of contact with the Black Sea coast has formed a very long delta. At the same time, the Romanian part of this delta is so picturesque that it was included by UNESCO in the list of world attractions.

Where is the real source of the Danube

There is a round rotunda in the German town of Donaueschingen. Someone argues that the Danube River originates in this place.
But many disagree with this statement and point to a place in the Black Forest mountains. According to the second version, the Danube is born by the confluence of 3 streams near Hüfingen.

One of these streams, called Breg, flows out of the mentioned town and connects with the stream Brigach, consonant with the name. A couple of kilometers later, near Baden-Württemberg, a third stream joins them, the name of which I do not know.

Merging of Brega and Brigach.

But after 30 km from the confluence of these small rivulets, the Danube river disappears! It is not on the surface, it goes into the bowels of the earth in the town of Immendingen (Germany). In fact, the river flows through cracks and funnels in rocks... Researchers only in 1877 managed to establish for certain that water, after some distance, again comes out to the surface 12 km to the south. This place was previously named Aakhskiy source, from here the Danube river continues its movement across the vastness of Europe. By the way, those researchers found a very simple way to determine the course of the Danube River in 1877 - they dissolved salt in water near Immendingen, and made sure that after that the water in the Aakh spring also became salty.

However, in tourist guidebooks there are also points from where the Breg stream and its "half-brother" Brigach flow out, also designated as the beginning of the greatest Danube river.

Danube river flow

The total length of the Danube River is 2,960 km. Many large cities are naturally located on the banks of this waterway in Europe, including the capitals of some countries. Along the river Danube are located:

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• Vienna, capital of Austria;
• the city of Belgrade, the capital of Serbia;
• the capital of Hungary, the city of Budapest;
• the capital of Slavakia is the city of Bratislava.

The annual water discharge in the river is 6700 m³ / s. Slope 0.237 m / km. The Danube is a fairly branched river with many branches and tributaries. The river receives its main food from the Alps and from mountain system Karpatov. Small mountain streams bring their water into this large artery.

The annual amplitude of water level fluctuations is from 4-5 meters. In winter, the average temperature in the river areas ranges from -1 to -5 degrees Celsius. In summer, it rises to +20 ° C. Strong cold winds blow almost constantly on the Danube. Air masses reach these regions from the Atlantic and western Asia. The wind speed can reach 30 m / s, which is even capable of changing the direction of the river flow to the opposite for some time.

Freezes The Danube freezes only at very low temperatures and for a short time. This is due to the large flow of the river.

The Danube River flows into the Black Sea.

Upper, middle and lower reaches

The direction of the river changes several times. The river makes the first bend near Regensourge, the second near Passau.

Danube at Passau

It is believed that the Upper Danube flows to the Hungarian town of Genyu, then the Middle Danube begins. From Passau to Genu, the channel runs in the same direction.

Middle Danube

The second part flows without bends - the Middle Danube, giving way to the Lower Danube near the Iron Gates, which stretches right up to the mouth. This is a conditional division of the river bed into 3 parts according to the nature of the flow.

From its source and almost to Vienna, the Danube is more of a mountain river. Here the river flows down the steep slopes and breaks into a narrow valley between the Bohemian Massif and the Alps, and its flow is restless. Because of this, fences, dams and dams are a frequent occurrence in the upper Danube along the banks of the river.

In the middle course, the river spreads over the Middle Danube plain. The total width of its arms ranges from 5 to 20 km. The Danube forms small valleys passing through mountain ranges. The river narrows, its width does not exceed 150 m, but its depth increases to 20 m.In the Kazan gorge, the depth is maximum and is 70 m.

The name Lower Danube Plain speaks for itself. This section starts from the Iron Gate and stretches all the way to the mouth. The width of the floodplain ranges from 10-20 km, and branches into numerous channels and branches. In the lower reaches of the river, the depth of the river decreases significantly to an average of 5 m.

Danube estuary

The delta of the main waterway gave way again. Its area is 4152 sq. Km. The main part of the Danube Delta is located on the territory of Romania (3446 sq km or 83% of the area). The rest 17% belongs to Ukraine. The size of the delta area is constantly changing, which is affected by siltation of channels and the emergence of others.

The soil at the mouth of the Danube is swampy, the territory is permeated with a network of small lakes and small rivulets. The main channel of the river is divided into several branches. First, it turns into the Kiliyskoye and Tulchinskoye arms. The latter is further transformed into Sulinskoye and Georgievskoye, which in turn form small secondary deltas. The Kiliya estuary is located on the Ukrainian territory, it is considered the fastest.

The river flows into the Black Sea with 3 main arms:

• Kiliysky;
• Georgievsky;
• Suliyskiy.

Most of the Danube delta is occupied. The entire landscape in 1991 was taken under the protection of UNESCO. There is a biosphere reserve on the territory of Ukraine, which includes a significant part of the Danube delta. The main threat to the protected areas is the Ukrainian and Romanian shipping canals.

The extreme point of the Danube delta is located in Ukraine on the Ankudinov island. Oddly enough, but the countdown of the length of the Danube River begins exactly from here, i.e. The Danube is measured from end to beginning, not vice versa.

At the same time, if in the first two branches the source indices range from 1642 to 1868 km, then in the latter it is only 371 km.

Nature

The usual geographical map of the Danube does not convey the richness of flora and fauna that the river possesses.
Populations of birds, rodents, rare reptiles and other animals live along the riverbed. The river is home to 45 species of fish, and even reed beds can be seen in the delta. In addition to traditional reeds and algae, on the Middle and Lower Danube all summer you can observe the flowering of water lilies of various types.

Mention

The first known to science mentions of the Danube are found in the texts of the ancient historian Herodotus, who lived in the 5th century BC. The father of history, as he was called, wrote that the Istres River (Danube in ancient Greek) originates in the country of the Celts and crosses the center of Europe.

The Istra Delta is located in the Evskinskyopont area (Black Sea) and contains seven branches. The current name - Danube - was given, most likely, by the Celts who lived in these territories. It is known that Emperor Trajan ordered the construction of a stone bridge over the Danube in 105 AD.

The Danube is the largest Western European river with well-established shipping. Barges and dry cargo vessels sail along the river during all navigation, while motor ships of tourist companies make tours on the Danube in the summer months, from May to September. The river is very picturesque, a gift for lovers of leisurely cruises and travelers who try to visit in one go maximum amount countries. The Danube is quite suitable for such a purpose, there are ten European countries on its way.

The states through which the Danube River flows begin from Germany, there is a source. The mountains of the German Black Forest give rise to a great river. The birth of the Danube is surrounded by mystery. After passing about thirty kilometers, the river suddenly disappears. All the water, to the last drop, goes underground, boils there and rushes about in order to break out after 12 kilometers in the form of a powerful source, which was given the name Aakhskiy spring. In 1876, this spring was checked, it turned out that it is fed entirely by water from the source of the Danube.

But the most interesting thing is that the Aach spring gives up all the water to the Radolfzeller Aach river, which carries it to Lake Boden, and from this lake originates which is one of the largest waterways in Germany. Nevertheless, the available water resources are quite sufficient for the Danube itself. After turning at the German Regensburg, the river gains strength, gradually becomes full-flowing and already slowly flows on. After passing through Austria and the Vienna Basin, the Danube River flows for some time along the border of Slovakia with Hungary. Rather, it becomes a natural border between the two countries for a fairly long stretch. Then, in the Budapest area, it turns sharply south.

Now the way is wonderful European river lies to the south, along the way the Danube divides the Hungarian capital - Budapest - into two cities, Buda and Pest. I must say that Buda and Pest, together with the Danube, form one of the most beautiful places all over the globe... The Hungarian capital is also the world capital of spa baths. A lot of people have propelled Budapest into one of the first places in the medical recreation industry, and in this city the Blue Danube helped.

After the Danube crosses the southern border of Hungary, it again becomes a natural border between the two countries, this time Serbia and Croatia. However, soon the Danube river turns steeply to the left, moves away from the border and meets the beautiful old city of Belgrade. In the same place, the Danube receives one of its main tributaries, replenishing its strength, flows further, towards Romania. And again, for the umpteenth time, the Danube River becomes a natural border between the two countries. Along the entire length of the contact of the Romanian territory with Bulgaria, the border runs along the river Danube.

And just before reaching the shores of the Black Sea, the Danube river turns north to touch the most extreme south point Moldova and a little walk on Ukrainian soil. It is divided into several branches, forming a classic triangle of a river delta, passing the last few kilometers and calmly pouring its waters, tired from a long journey, into the hospitable Black Sea.