What is linguistic taste. Vitaly kostomarov - the linguistic taste of the era

A culture of speech- the area of ​​spiritual culture associated with the use of language; speech qualities that ensure the effective achievement of the goal of communication while observing language rules, ethical standards, situational requirements and aesthetic attitudes.

Speech culture has three dimensions

1) Regulatory aspect... The central concept of CR is the concept norms ... It is a set of stable, traditional language implementations, selected and consolidated as a result of social speech practice. The norm presupposes not only the choice of one or several (less often) of the coexisting options, but their description, as well as consolidation in the relevant editions, i.e. codifications.

2) Communication aspect... CR is intuitive, takes into account not only linguistic, but also extralinguistic elements. Historically, this has been the sphere of interest of rhetoric. Successful communication is said when the exchange of intellectual and emotional information allows maintaining interpersonal and social relations in the chosen direction. Communication consists of communicative acts in which communicants (addressee and addressee) participate. There are two types of communicative acts: 1) straight(directly convey the goal); 2) indirect(veiled).

Situations in which indirect speech tactics are used:

2) the desire to reduce responsibility for speaking

3) the desire to have a more effective impact on the addressee

4) the desire to retouch reality (find something good in the bad)

5) when setting reprehensible communication goals (making someone doubt someone)

Communication qualities of speech:

1. right- compliance of speech with language norms (the smartest student is morphological pleonasm)

2. consistency- compliance of speech with the law of consistent thinking. It will be illogical if the combined words contradict each other (thanks to the earthquake the city was destroyed); unites irrelevant words (he has possession in France, a young wife and two higher education); extra words are used (write your autobiography); either the necessary words are missing or omitted (he almost scores in every match); service and introductory words were used incorrectly.

3. accuracy- the correspondence of speech to a selected fragment of reality or a system of concepts. Conditions for accurate speech: knowledge of the subject of speech; the ability to choose language means adequate to the subject of speech; the use of language means in accordance with their meaning (we are experiencing lithera in the past)

4. purity- the absence in speech of unmotivated elements of extra-literary varieties of the language.

5. expressiveness of speech- such features of speech that maintain the attention and interest of the listener.

6. relevance- correspondence of speech to the situation of communication, the topic and the nature of interpersonal relations.

7. wealth = diversity- the absence in speech of the same chains of repeating linguistic signs.

8. efficacy- achievement of the communicative goal set during communication. This is a generalizing communicative quality, which implies the implementation of all other qualities, depending on the communication situation.

9. language taste - the idea of ​​ideal text models and ideal speech production as a whole, formed in the process of social and speech activity.

10. language (speech) fashion - the manner of expression adopted in a particular community and relevant for a short time.

3) Ethical aspect of the Kyrgyz Republic- is associated with communicative and offers the construction of the text in accordance with the norms of moral behavior adopted by the given society.

The book analyzes the processes taking place in the language on the basis of a huge amount of factual material. modern means mass media. the ever-increasing role of the media in the formation of the linguistic norm is noted and the concept of taste is introduced as a factor influencing the norm, explaining the direction of linguistic evolution. The book is intended for a wide range of readers who are concerned about the fate of their native word.

Introduction: problem statement

0.1. The most common characteristic of living processes observed in the Russian literary language of our days, one cannot but recognize democratization - in the sense of it, which is substantiated in the monograph by VK Zhuravlev "The interaction of external and internal factors in the development of language" (M., Nauka, 1982; his. Actual problems of modern linguodidactics. In collection: "Linguistic and methodological problems teaching Russian as a foreign language. Actual problems learning to communicate. " M., 1989). The most vividly democratized are such spheres of literary communication as mass communication, including written language periodicals.

However, the term liberalization is more accurate to characterize these very rapidly developing processes, because they affect not only folk layers of the national Russian language, but also educated, which turned out to be alien to the literary canon of recent decades. On the whole, the literary-linguistic norm is becoming less definite and obligatory; the literary standard is becoming less standard.

To a certain extent, the situation of the 1920s is repeated, when the post-revolutionary pink optimism gave rise to a desire to deeply transform not only the social system and economic structure, but also culture, but also the literary linguistic canon. Of course, contemporaries evaluated very differently what was happening (see: L. I. Skvortsov. On the language of the first years of October. RR, 1987, 5; compare S. O. Kartsevsky. Language, war and revolution. Berlin, 1923; A. M Selishchev. Language of the Revolutionary Era. M., 1928). This social situation is in good agreement with the ideas of A.A. Shakhmatov about expanding the boundaries of the literary language, and this is how the representatives thought and acted, as S.I.Ozhegov put it, new Soviet intelligentsia... The Methodists, in particular, argued that the traditional subject native language in the Russian school there is essentially the study of a foreign language, which requires "to expand the study of the standard language ... to study the dialects that surround our standard language, from which it feeds" (M. Solonino. On the study of the language of the revolutionary era. " ", 1929, 4, p. 47).

The "old intelligentsia", mostly in exile, stood for the inviolability of the literary language, indignant at the flooding of it with dialectisms, jargon, foreign language, even a change in spelling rules, especially the expulsion of the letter yat. This diametrically opposite approach won out at home as well, emerging in the 1930s and undoubtedly triumphant in the 1940s. The 1934 discussion, connected with the authority of M. Gorky, outlined the path to mass domestication of speech, demanding write in Russian, not in Vyatka, not in Balakhon... Conscious proletarian language policy was held under the slogan of overcoming multilingualism, primarily peasant - one national language for all working people... Linguistic variability was fettered in the literary language itself.

Due to these, if necessary, schematically and simplified events of history, as well as a number of subsequent ones, by the 50s we came with a very ossified and strictly imposed literary norm, which fully corresponded to the socio-political situation of a totalitarian state. By the end of the first post-war decade, free-thinking writers began to fight against it, both in their practice and theoretically, and KI Chukovsky was in the forefront. The return to living orientations was, however, painful. Russia as a whole has turned out to be more inclined towards conservativeness than towards innovation.

Will history repeat itself? Now our society, no doubt, has embarked on the path of expanding the boundaries of the literary language, changing its composition, its norms. Moreover, the normal pace of linguistic dynamics is sharply increased, which creates an undesirable gap in the continuity of traditions, in the integrity of culture. Even when quickly suspended, such processes of the 1920s - with their constructive orientation towards language liberalization - left significant traces in our educated communication. And even now, voices are heard louder and louder, expressing fears about the state of the Russian literary language, to which the following is leading along the path of expanding literary and linguistic boundaries.

Even those who welcome triumphant liberalism, to whom it seems quite justified against the background of society's departure from inert authoritarian like-mindedness to freedom, to freedom, to diversity, protest against the recklessness of this process, against the extremes in the desired course of events. Agreeing with A.S. Pushkin's call to give the Russian language "more than will, so that it develops in accordance with its laws," they do not want to calmly put up with negligence, relaxedness in the use of language, with permissiveness in the choice of means of expression. But in these phenomena they do not see the inevitable consequences of the justified attitude, but only individual, albeit frequent manifestations of a low cultural level of the population, elementary ignorance of the norms of the literary language and the laws of style.

Undoubtedly, and this is the case, aggravating the results of the conscious actions of quite literate and cultured people who know perfectly well the norms and laws of style. This is evidenced by the following experimental data: Moscow schoolchildren do without them in 80% of speech situations requiring the use of speech etiquette formulas; about 50% of boys refer to each other by nicknames, of which more than half are offensive; stamps that do not convey the sincerity of feelings are used by about 60% of students when congratulating parents, teachers, friends. The author of these calculations believes that it is increasingly necessary to specially teach children at school the accepted rules of communication (N. A. Khalezova. On the possibilities of working on speech etiquette when studying grammatical material. RYASH, 1992, 1, p. 23).

It is significant that now there is an obvious drop in the level of artistic taste, for example, according to a sociological study, only 15 percent of children with a developed artistic taste leave urban schools now, whereas in the early 1980s there were about 50 percent; in rural schools, respectively 6 and 43%. The preferences of the population are concentrated mainly on foreign layers of art, and chamber plots devoted to love, family, sex, adventure, as well as lightweight music, of a dubious quality of film detective, are especially popular. (Yu.U. Foht-Babushkin. Art culture: problems of study and management. Moscow: Nauka, 1986; its the same. Artistic life of Russia. Report to RAO, 1995.)

Mass media, television in the first place, evoke a bright fire of criticism. And the point here is not only in violations of the literary and linguistic norms, but precisely in disrespect for the word, in attempts to change the "linguistic sign" and through it the national traditional mentality. The Russian proverb “What is written with a pen cannot be cut down with an ax” seems to be losing its power. This is what makes many sign up under such supervision of the First Deputy Prime Minister of the Moscow Government V. Resin: “Some terrible epidemic of unreliability, distortion of figures, facts, words, situations is raging in the press” (Nov. 24.1.98). Academician A. I. Vorobyov's words about some medical interviews sound in unison: “We are talking about our common fall. We talk too much and think too little about how our accidentally thrown phrases will respond to the fate of other people ”(MK, 24.1.98).

Against this background, it is clear why traditional phraseology is being destroyed ( None of the powers that be expressed indignation- "Soviet Russia", 11/29/97 - contamination of expressions hold power and those in power. The shortest route to Rome- a cell phone advertisement in January 1998 refuting well-known expressions all roads lead to Rome, the language will bring to Kiev etc.), the usual collocation is broken ( creaking my heart - TV RTR 9.11.97, in the weather forecast "Mayak" 29.12.97: coldest, most warm there instead of warmest). The accepted stylistic propriety is discarded (in the speech of the presenter of the radio station "Silver Rain" A. Gordon in the morning of 4.8.97: wildly sorry, a new joke, well, prick, a CD will be released, and for low-income rockers a cassette. The podium of the avant-garde fashion scene is also open for ready-to-wear- AiF, 1996, 34), direct mistakes are made ( It is possible to forgive that they did not even enter the first hundred -"Mozhaisk highway", 1997, 7, although in the Russian dictionary there is only a verb furry. I hope there are no objections- Radio Moscow, 16.5.97. What time is it now- ORT, 20.6.97. Refused to delegate authority to his receiver- ORT, 15.8.97 in the speech of the announcer Z. Andreeva, who confuses the device for reception with the successor of the case), indifference to pronunciation is expressed ( Go to the hospital- ORT, 24.6.97; together and apart- ORT, 14.2.98. To the left of the elevator- ORT in June 1997 in the daily advertisement of the film with Richard - only when it was shown on 26.6.97 did the announcer put the accent correctly).

An attentive reader of modern newspapers, radio listeners and TV viewers can easily make the list of such examples truly endless. And the point, in fact, is not in them as such, but in their mass character, in a certain taste indifference of those who write and speak, their often conscious normative-linguistic indiscipline. It is unlikely that she would have written, if she had re-read what she had written and thought, the journalist would have written the following passage: Night club "Sophie". Cool light, deep sound, dance floor surrounded by columns. Erotic show "Topless models" with consumption(Center-plus, 1997, 48).

Therefore, it would be naive to attribute everything that happens only to negligence and illiteracy, especially taking into account the very good level of education of the population achieved in the former USSR. People today are undoubtedly, on the whole, more literate than before, but the norm then was more unambiguous and was observed more rigorously. In addition, the initiators of a freer use of the language are now just quite literate people - journalists and other professionals of the pen. It is significant that they call "liberation of the language" what the intelligentsia of the older generation sees as "barbarization" or "vandalization."

The mutual accusations of "ignorance of the Russian language" exchanged by journalists from "Courant", "Moskovskaya Pravda" and "Moskovsky Komsomolets" - "New Look", 1993, 38). True, the opinion is expressed that we are facing a "destructive onslaught of education" (Yu. D. Apresyan. Quoted from: Yu. N. Karaulov. On the state of the Russian language of the present. M., 1991, p. 38). Analysis of the factual material convinces us that we are undoubtedly facing a consciously formed tendency reflecting the course of the entire social development.

The underlined, we can say carnival (see: ND Burvikova, VG Kostomarov. Carnivalization as a characteristic of the modern state of the Russian language. In the book: Functional semantics of language ... M., 1997) neglect of the norm is easy to see, for example, in spreading a funny fashion to use variants of fluctuating forms, as if emphasizing their unwillingness to understand how right and how wrong. So, in the program about the oligarchs who rule the country, it sounded: Happiness is not about money or, as the artists say, money ... So, it's about money, or, if you like, money(Radio Moscow, 13.12.98). M. Leonidov, host of the program "These funny animals", on the words of the participant I don’t like cottage cheese ... or, right, cottage cheese? noticed: It does not matter. Our program is not in Russian; at the end he himself said: Well, Sasha, we got to you. Or got there - it doesn't matter(ORT, 15.10.98). Accordingly, scientific normalizers are more and more willing to mark "acceptable" ( cottage cheese, add. thyrog, sudeb and is outdated. judgment, thinking and thinking…).

If you remember that playing with forms girl - girl, wide - wide- a recognized technique of folk poetry, given that the variability in the Russian literary language of the last half century was clearly underestimated, then we must admit that we have before us a completely legitimate indicator of the time of shaky norms, the coexistence of options or their historical change.

You can give other examples, so to speak, of a calm attitude of people to their lack of confidence in the language, which they have ceased to be ashamed of. The announcer of "Mayak" at noon on December 31, 1996 did not at all vow to find out how the numbers are bowed, but without any embarrassment, he even proudly declared: You see - with these, well, numerical words, I feel bad... This is the fashion today. The question of assessing what must be fought and with which must be reconciled is becoming more and more acute.

The unfolding processes are based on changes in the psychological attitude of the masses who use the Russian language, in their linguistic taste and flair for language. These socially and historically meaningful phenomena sometimes receive some kind of official approval (at least by the example of the speech of political authorities and the speech practice of the mass media), and sometimes even legislative confirmation. But the most important thing is in social aesthetics, in the desire to what is understood as beautiful. “It is beautiful, - according to the significant remark of Maya Plisetskaya, - that is fashionable” (Izv., 28.3.95).

Consider two illustrative examples, which will help to objectify the concept of taste (and fashion) as a category influencing the development of language, even determining the direction of its dynamics.

0.2. The closest illustration is appeals, in particular the manner of naming people by their first and last name in an official setting, especially on radio and television. Not without the memory of the mindless endless full titles that have set the teeth on edge General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR Comrade Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev a new norm for naming public and political figures is being formed, or rather, the tradition of naming artists and writers by their first and last names is being transferred to them, which, by the way, corresponds to the Western European tradition: Boris Yeltsin, Yegor Gaidar, Mikhail Gorbachev, Pavel Grachev, Viktor Chernomyrdin.

This, of course, was immediately noticed and condemned by the adherents of tradition and order: It has become fashionable to write about certain of our leaders and other persons without mentioning the word "comrade" (or at least "comrade" or simply "t."). They began to indicate only their names, without a patronymic (M. Gorbachev, N. Ryzhkov) or even write Mikhail Gorbachev, Nikolai Ryzhkov, Anatoly Sobchak ... Have we already begun to be ashamed of the address "comrade"? Our custom of calling a person by his first name and patronymic or full initials has become not dear to us? Indeed, in Russia, only the kings and ministers of the church were called by name. Today's journalists need to imitate and learn from foreigners that which is a tradition and is familiar to them, but which not only hurts our ears, but also does not honor us.(Misha, Tolya, Kolya and other officials. Izv., 2.1.91).

High emotions cultivated for decades in the word comrade (they even had to be removed if needed: I began the letter with the address "Dear comrade ..." So it is customary. But you, of course, understand that this is just a form of politeness ... Izv., 11/27/72), already by the middle of the perestroika era were overgrown with derogatory colors. Apparently, therefore, new appeals suddenly and epidemically spread - man Woman... Back in the early 80s, the audience lost interest in this proud word, which we are dearer than all beautiful words... In the history of this word, it was repeated, only with the opposite sign, what happened to it in the 1920s, when, according to the emigration, “the wonderful word comrade became a meaningless appeal” (S. and A. Volkonsky. In defense of the Russian language. Berlin, 1928, p. 20; for more details see: SI Vinogradov. Word in parliamentary speech and the culture of communication. RR, 1993, No. 2, p. 54).

However, attempts to avoid and replace him have long been condemned. Here is a typical newspaper reminder that "we are comrades always and everywhere": "Man, go ahead!", "Woman, pass the ticket!" - you often hear such addresses on the street, in the subway, in the store. Or else - a young guy turns to an elderly saleswoman: "Girl, give me a pound of sugar" ... We have a wonderful word comrade in our Russian language. So why don't we say: comrade seller, comrade driver, comrade, please hand over a ticket?(Izv., 27.11.83)

The following remark is characteristic: The word "comrade", which has always meant the highest spiritual unity, has become, on the contrary, a sign of cold alienation. When they say "comrade such and such", it began to mean that they are dissatisfied with the person. The sublime Leninist "citizen" now is when a man has been caught. To replace the old criteria, somehow creeping, vegetatively, from one to another, other(LG, 1988, 16).

Already at the end of 1991, a review of the letters provided the opinion: Why do some people in Moscow address the audience with the word "gentlemen" instead of comrades? Who allowed the people of Izvestia to write the word "gentlemen" in the advertisement for the Moscow Commodity Exchange? This is our newspaper, not a bourgeois one. The newspaper's commentary defended freedom: “Do you like the address“ comrade ”? Contact! .. Some are allergic to the word "gentlemen", while others are allergic to the word "comrade" ... Our partnership is a purely conditional concept, just like the word "gentlemen". In Georgia, for example, the words "batono" - lord and "kalbatono" - madam have never disappeared from the lexicon, especially to people unfamiliar. This is a measure of respect. And to the banal trolleybus question "Are you leaving now?" there they don't answer “Yes”, but, as a rule, “Diah, batono” - oh yes, sir! And if someone sees in this egg of politeness centuries-old oppression, exploitation, tyranny, then you need to go ... to a doctor ”(Izv., 11/27/91).

In-depth analysis of the semantic and functional reasons for society's dissatisfaction with the word comrade, as, incidentally, and other references, in general, the etiquette formulas of the Soviet period are given in the works of N. I. Formanovskaya (see at least her book "Speech Etiquette and the Culture of Communication". M., 1989). It is now important for us to emphasize the taste of the current public, which is the more influential the more thoroughly it relies on linguistic factors proper. Certainly, there have always been and always will be separate departures from the generally accepted; so, for example, among the Cossacks it is not recommended to call men “men”, “comrades” and “masters” - they will be offended, and in response to the cherished “village man” they will spread into a proud smile (AiF, 1994, 18).

Word lord, who lived only as an appeal to foreigners (and, of course, as a humiliating appeal to his strangers; it is curious that Kenneth D. Kaunda in one speech used and Mr. Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Council, and Comrade Chairman ...- Izv., 23.11.74), began to rapidly expand the scope. The new assessments were undoubtedly influenced by the practice of different republics that were gaining independence: Blast furnace Snegur(obligatory address to the President of Moldova and in Russian. Izv., 22.10.90), Pan Kravchuk(cf .: The word "comrade" was removed from the Charter, servicemen are invited to address each other with the addition of the word "pan" before the title: pan captain, pan soldier ... In the regiments of the Ukrainian Cossacks it was traditional form communication.- Izv., 23.5.92), etc. Of course, the general reassessment of the pre-revolutionary life of Russia also played its role. Withdrawn from appeals corresponding to Russian comrade, and in the countries where they were planted. So, tong zhi fell out of use in China, soudruh in the Czech Republic, etc.

Against this background and taking into account the public dissatisfaction with the system of accepted appeals, as evidenced by the hotly debated long-standing call of V. Soloukhin to restore the words sir, madam, there could be no question of “returning the proper prestige to the glorious word“ comrade ”, since“ we are all comrades, if not by work, then by work ”” (Izv., 10.3.85). A propaganda favorite reminder that words lord, madam"Carry an ideological connotation" and that for the workers they "sound like a mockery" (Izv., 1.10.91), has lost all evidence and began to provoke a backlash. Mark Zakharov and Arseny Gulyga were among the first to publicly and openly advocate the return of these words to active use: Of course, we do not have "masters" in the old sense of the word - oppressors, but we also have suffered more terrible troubles from the same class "comrades" (like Stalin).(LG, 1989, 48).

Vladimir Soloukhin also took part in the discussions; satisfied with a known spread of words sir and madam, he remarked that “you cannot say“ Monsieur Petrov came to see me yesterday ”or“ Madame Ivanova went missing ”. In these cases, you must use the words "lord" and "mistress" ... The same with plural... It is not entirely correct to say: "Well, sir, how are you?" Or address the congregation: "Lords and ladies!" - it is forbidden. Earlier they used to say either "gentlemen!" And if you don’t like it and don’t turn your tongue, continue to chant “comrades!” "(Izv., 10/18/91)

This permission is by no means readily accepted by everyone, and another influential poet, Viktor Bukov, writes:

I was called today - sir?

And they pulled on the sleeve.

And the dishes clinked in the cupboard,

And the sugar fell from the shelf,

They called me lord

And I answered: - It doesn't look like it!

And all the words in a single circle

Confused hearing this lie.

And I am still a comrade!

As in those distant years.

You tried so much in vain

Enroll me in the gentlemen!

The variety of attitudes towards these words gives rise to irony: Guys (you can't say in the transitional period - comrades or gentlemen, this can be assessed badly by both sides), let's create ... a depoliticized state(AiF, 1991, 42). And without much hint of a joke, journalists ask: How are you, gentlemen comrades?(AiF, 1993, 19). Is it really this way we are going to the rule of law, dear gentlemen-comrades?(Izv., 19.5.93). No, lord or fellow philistine, your hopes for survival are illusory(Ex. 16.7.93). Central radio expressed itself more definitely: It's good that we stopped being comrades and became just people. (14.3.93, 11.30).

It is curious that the "vernacular obsequious address Mr. Comrade" appeared soon after 1917 and was in wide circulation for some time (Kartsevsky S. O. Language, War and Revolution. Berlin, 1923, p. 18). Today, in this revived expression, some differentiation has begun to be felt: gentlemen is taken as an appeal, and the word comrades some socio-nominative meaning is consolidated (ordinary people? working people? maybe "sovoks"?). Orthographically, this is confirmed by the refusal hyphenated spelling gentlemen comrades... This is especially clear in contrasting contexts: Will the gentlemen of the ministers remember about the gentlemen comrades? ... We live well, gentlemen comrades ... The gentlemen ministers are different people both in their views and in the level of income. Gentlemen comrades (I write the word "comrade" without any humiliation - the overwhelming mass of the population refers to them) - people are also different ... How does one live, what does Mr. Comrade think about? ... Our ordinary gentlemen comrades are now deeply outraged by the showdown that is taking place in the highest echelons of power(РВ, 6.8.93). In a word, as the humorist remarked, the trouble is not that we have become masters, but that we have ceased to be comrades!

0.3. Another vivid illustration of the processes taking place in the language, which makes it possible to judge the fashion that is responsible for them, can be the epidemic of geographical renaming. Its scale is such that it is not possible to provide exhaustive lists. Unlike most linguistic phenomena (even from the considered shifts in the system of addresses, which are, strictly speaking, spontaneous), it is the result of a direct and conscious impact on the language, which receives an obvious legislative form.

For example, by the decision of the Moscow City Council No. 149 of November 5, 1990, the following historical names of squares, streets, lanes of Moscow were returned from January 1, 1991: Tverskoy Zastava square(Belorussky railway station pl.), Maroseyka street(Bohdan Khmelnitsky St.), Novopeschanaya street(Walter Ulbricht St.), Sandy 2nd street(Georgiu-Deja St.), Tverskaya-Yamskaya 1st street(Gorky St. - from Mayakovsky square to Belorussky railway station), Nikolskaya street(Twenty-fifth October St.), Lubyanskaya square(Dzerzhinsky Sq.), Lubyanka Bolshaya street(Dzerzhinsky st.), Cow shaft street(Dobryninskaya st.), Vozdvizhenka street, Novy Arbat street(Kalinin Ave.), Basmannaya Staraya street(Karl Marx St.), Myasnitskaya street(Kirov st.), Sukharevskaya square(Kolkhoznaya Bolshaya and Kolkhoznaya Malaya squares), Prechistenka street(Kropotkinskaya st.), Ilyinka street(Kuibyshev St.), Mokhovaya street, Okhotny ryad street, Teatralnaya square(Marx Ave.), Patriarch's Ponds(Pioneer ponds), Patriarshy Small Lane(Pionersky Maliy per.), Manezhnaya square(50th anniversary of October square), Varvarka street(Razin St.), theatre square(Sverdlova pl.), Aminevskoe highway(Suslova St.), Autumn boulevard(Ustinov Marshal St.), Znamenka street(Frunze St.), Novinsky Boulevard(Chaikovskogo st.), Earthen shaft street(Chkalov St.).

The same decision renamed the stations of the Moscow metro: Tverskaya(Gorkovskaya. This is already the second time - on the renaming of the street), Lubyanka(Dzerzhinskaya), Alexander Garden(Kalininskaya), Clean ponds(Kirovskaya), Sukharevskaya(Collective farm), Tsaritsyno(Lenino), China town(Nogin square), Theatrical(Sverdlov square), Okhotny Ryad(ave. Marx), Novo-Alekseevskaya(Shcherbakovskaya).

Even earlier in Moscow, the following names were renamed: Ostozhenka street(Metrostroyevskaya st.), Metro stations Clean ponds and Red gate(Kirovskaya and Lermontovskaya) and others. 1993 was declared the year of the revival of the historical center of the capital and the purification of the toponymic appearance of its central conservation area; in the spring, the original names were returned to another 74 streets, embankments, lanes. The cheerful tone of the messages about this provides material for judging the fashionable motives of the current language changes:

The Bolshevik past is finally disappearing "from the face" of Moscow. For example, Sovetskaya Square is now Tverskaya Square ... The name of Khitrovsky Lane was returned to the lane of the founder of socialist realism M. Gorky. Now we can better imagine the location of the notorious Khitrovka - the area of ​​the famous slums ... Ulyanovskaya Street was renamed in 1919 during the life of the leader. A modest man, Vladimir Ilyich did not mind ... The former Nikolaevskaya, who was suddenly awarded such an honor, was called so because here since 1642 there was a church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker in the Pits(AiF, 1993, 20).

The same motives are imbued with the interview of the chairman of the Mossovet commission on names: During the years of Soviet power, the capital has lost more than a thousand original names that our ancestors kept for centuries. Sometimes it just got to the point of absurdity: Fourth Street on March 8, Gazoprovod Street, Nizhnyaya Knitazhnaya (why not Nizhny Belya?). Is it really nicer to walk along the Pionersky ponds, shuddering at the ghost of Pavlik Morozov, than to walk along the Patriarch's? ... Some celebrities will have to make room. Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin would certainly never have agreed that the world-class rarity, with a six-hundred-year history, Dmitrovka Street certainly bore his name. The same applies to Chekhov and Stanislavsky ...(Izv. 5.6.93).

The forest is being cut down - chips are flying: in the heat of excitement it does not even occur to me that it is hardly so desirable for Russian culture to restore the memory of Khitrovanka's shelters, and even at the expense of oblivion of the famous writer. Old new names appeared on the site of Lermontovskaya Square, Tchaikovsky Street, Chkalov Street, although the poet, composer and even the pilot did not seem to be guilty of anything, and their contribution to national culture is worthy of perpetuation in the toponymy of the city.

The passion for renaming led immediately to completely senseless changes (Savelievsky lane is now Pozharsky, Astakhovsky - Pevchesky, Neglinny - Zvonarsky, etc.), about which the feuilletonist E. Grafov wrote: “First of all, Marx and Engels were buried in the first category. Now their street will be vengefully called Starovagankovsky Lane ... Bolshevik Lane was also hurt. Now he should be Gusyatnikov. And Komsomolsky lane with a trick was called Zlatoustinsky. As for the lane named after the noble Bolshevik Stopani, it became the Ogorodnaya Sloboda altogether. Apparently, sarcasm is not alien to the Moscow City Council. I do not argue, apparently, Nikoloyamskaya street sounds much more beautiful than Ulyanovskaya. But I assure you, I did not mean the Ulyanov that you thought of ... And Stankevich Street, in general, can be called Voznesensky Lane. Yes, only this is not the same Stankevich that Stankevich, but completely different. So it was in vain that they deigned to worry. Why rename Serov's passage into Lubyansky passage? The man was the head of the KGB with great difficulty. He really deserves to immortalize his name on the Lubyanka. However, it seems that this is not the Serov, but the heroic pilot. But all the same it was not worth it to extract the word "Lubyanka" from the Bolshevik centuries. Nobody said - they took him to Dzerzhinsky Square. They said - they took me to the Lubyanka ... No need to go crazy with renaming ”(Izv., 25.5.93).

Expressing a natural disagreement with the overdrive of renaming a group of writers and theatrical figures (O. Efremov, M. Ulyanov, Y. Solomin, E. Gogoleva, E. Bystritskaya, Y. Borisova, G. Baklanov, A. Pristavkin, V. Korshunov, V. Lakshin, I. Smoktunovsky) sent a protest to the chairman of the Moscow City Council over the deprivation of Moscow street names such as Pushkinskaya, Chekhov, Stanislavsky, Ermolova, Fedotova, Nemirovich-Danchenko, Sadovskikh, Ostuzhev, Yuzhin, Vakhtangov, Moskvin, Kachalova, Khmeleva, Sobin , Vesnin, Zholtovsky, Shchukin.

They write about the decree he signed: “It would seem that this document is called upon to play a good role and to cleanse the cultural image of the capital from opportunistic and ideological distortions of many decades. But already at the first reading it becomes clear that we are dealing with a bureaucratic circular, the implementation of which will become an act of vandalism and lead to irreparable cultural losses ... Instead of a reasonable cultural policy, we are dealing with another campaign from among those that are so familiar to us from the recent past ... Leo is recognized by its claw. Donkey - over the ears. And yesterday's communists - according to the senile anti-communism. Only unenlightened people, brought up on Lenin's articles, where they constantly woke someone up, can delete from our everyday life Belinsky, Herzen, Granovsky. What the Bolsheviks could not destroy, they tried to appropriate. And this had its own logic. Common sense suggests an asymmetrical answer because these outstanding people belong to the entire Russian culture ... And the Moscow City Council expels great Russians and not only Russians (along with them the Pole Mitskevich and the Georgian Paliashvili) from the center of Moscow. It is necessary to stop mocking culture, for toponymy is its integral part ”(Today, 1.6.93).

The process of restoring old names, changing and clarifying the entire Russian toponymy, in particular the names of many cities: Vladikavkaz(Ordzhonikidze), Vyatka(Kirov), Ekaterinburg(Sverdlovsk), Naberezhnye Chelny(Brezhnev), Nizhny Novgorod(Bitter), Rybinsk(Andropov), Samara(Kuibyshev), St. Petersburg(Leningrad, Petrograd), Sergiev Posad(Zagorsk), Tver(Kalinin), Sharypovo(Chernenko), etc. (see: Moiseev A.I. Named memorial names of Russian cities. RYAZR, 1992, 2). The process also captured non-Russian cities - Ukrainian: Zmiev(Gottwald), Luhansk(Voroshilovgrad), Mariupol(Zhdanov); Azerbaijani: Beylagan(Zhdanovsk), Ganja(Kirovabad); Georgian: Baghdadi(Mayakovsky), Martvili(Gegechkori), Ozurgeti(Makharadze); Estonian: Kuryassaari(Kingisepp) etc.

Starting with the naive "Estonianization" of the Russian spelling Tallinn(previously with one n at the end), this process went along the line of etching not only unwanted names, but also generally Russified forms of national toponyms and replacing them with Russian names. For example, the resolution of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Kazakhstan renamed or “streamlined the transcription in Russian” dozens of toponyms at once: the cities of Chimkent and Dzhezkazgan became Shymkent and Zhezkazgan, the village of Sergeevka, Pugachevo, Airship, Maralikha steel auls Kainar, Ushbulak, Kyzylsu, Maraldy(Izv., 17.9.92), cf. also Ashgabat(Ashgabat), Tyva(albeit with an inconsistent decision to keep Tuvan, Tuvan- RV, 28.12.93), Halm Tangch(Kalmykia), Mari-el, Sakha(Yakutia).

Changed the traditional form in Russian everyday life for a form closer to the national language, such names as Belarus (Belarusian, Belarus), Kyrgyzstan (Kyrgyz, Kyrgyz), Moldova (Moldovan, Moldovan), Bashkirtostan... However, in this area, too, the main task was undoubtedly the elimination of unwanted names: Bishkek(Frunze), Luhansk(Voroshilovgrad), Mariupol(Zhdanov), etc.

With joyful mischief, the correspondent in the article "Kiev streets are changing names" reports: The capital of Ukraine is rapidly getting rid of the attributes of the socialist era. The city authorities approved the new names of Kiev streets, parks and metro stations ... Most of the changes are associated with the removal from the city map of street names that promoted the names of leaders and leaders of the revolution. Perceptible "losses" for Vladimir Ilyich: Lenin Street was renamed into Bogdan Khmelnitsky Street, Lenin Boulevard - into Chokolovsky Boulevard. The glorious chekists also got it. The street under their name henceforth bears the name of the hetman of Ukraine Pylyp Orlik. Streets got other names October revolution, Rosa Luxemburg, Karl Liebknecht, Menzhinsky, Parkhomenko, Korneichuk ...(Izv., 17.2.93).

In essence, there is nothing new or unusual in this process: let's remember at least Zaire, Zimbabwe, Kinshasa in place of the Belgian Congo, Rhodesia, Leopoldville, a very recent and less understood Ivory Coast instead of the Ivory Coast. The name changes in the former CMEA states, justified by political and ideological considerations, are understandable. The only thing that draws attention is the pace and scale of the process, just like everything else in Russia, great, that something that does not seem to deserve to be renamed is captured. There is something totalitarian, neo-Bolshevik in the campaign of renaming; in a curious way, and other republics the former USSR act as if they received an order from a common center.

To what has already been said about the toponymy of Moscow, we can add the following curious and even amusing facts. Although the renaming of ships is considered a bad omen in the navy, now the names of Kirov, Frunze, Kalinin and other Soviet figures, as well as the names of the capitals of the former Soviet republics of Baku, Tbilisi and others, have been replaced in the proper names of heavy aircraft carriers, anti-submarine and missile cruisers by the names Russian admirals Ushakov, Nakhimov, Senyavin, as well as Peter the Great. A number of nuclear submarines have received the names of predators: Leopard, Leopard, Tiger, the other part of the submarines is the names of Russian cities: Arkhangelsk, Voronezh, Kursk... The ships of the Komsomolskaya Squadron have been completely renamed - patrol Leningradsky Komsomolets, minesweeper Novgorodsky Komsomolets etc. (AiF, 1993, 22).

For the general mood, for the defining taste of the moment, it is significant that in the old building of Moscow University on Mokhovaya Street (formerly Marx Avenue!) The main auditorium is again called Theological- “it was always called that way until it was renamed Leninskaya” (Izv., 17.2. 93).

The process of renaming is generally uneven, emotionally opportunistic, goes with interceptions and a very rapid backward movement. Here are two typical messages: V Chechenia as she calls herself now, everything turned out differently(Izv., 21.9.92). Not Sukhumi, but Sukhum... Session of the Supreme Council of Abkhazia ... restored the name of the capital of Abkhazia Sukhum and mining town Tkuarchal(from the second half of the thirties they were called in the Georgian way - Sukhumi and Tkuarchali). The urban-type settlement of Gantiadi received a historical toponym Tsandrypsh, villages of Leselidze and Khenvani - respectively Aichrypsh and Amzara (Izv., 15.12.92).

The desire to bring phonetically and / or orthographically the name closer to the original spelling and sound is natural and eternal, developing as literacy, culture and mutual respect of peoples grow. It was impossible, for example, not to approve of the post-revolutionary changes in the adopted Russian forms of Tiflis, Vilno, Kovno, etc. Tbilisi, Vilnius, Kaunas(cf. also komi instead of zyryane- literally "pushed aside"; current taking shape kyrgyz in this regard it is quite justified, because Kyrgyz has unpleasant consonances for the Kyrgyz ear).

It should be recognized that the often naive-linguistic perception of one form or another by the affected foreign-language population should be recognized as sound. And there is nothing wrong with almost legislative imposition of a form Ukrainian of two coexisting accentological options, although I would not like to straighten out the classic Pushkin's "Quiet Ukrainian Night". It is not difficult to agree with the unusual for Russians in Ukraine- so be it, if someone fancies that in Ukraine humiliatingly reminds on the edge, on the outskirts. So at one time the Chinese asked to distinguish in Taiwan(on the island) and in Taiwan(in a state not recognized by the PRC).

But one cannot help but behold an amazing linguistic naivety here. At the time of the collapse of the USSR, political and journalistic attacks on the form with on... She has been attributed to an insidious confusion of words Ukraine(from steal"Cut off from the whole") and outskirts- with a reference to the work of S. Shelukhin, 1921, "The Name of Ukraine", reprinted, for example, in the almanac "Chronicle-2000" (issue 2, Kiev, 1992), where the Poles and Russians are directly accused of this (the author considers the latter not so much Slavs , how many by the Finnish-Mongol tribe). But soon there appeared objective, calmly reasonable voices of linguists, not politicians, calling not to see Great Russian malice in it and to remember that the great patriots of Ukraine, first of all T. Shevchenko, did not disdain it.

In any case, the Kiev reviewers of the first edition of this book, in my opinion, unreasonably saw in the assessment of Russian (so! About how better is Ukrainian, I did not think to judge) the use of words, some of my tactlessness. Russian and Ukrainian languages ​​are closely related, but each with its own laws and traditions. The article by V. Zadorozhny in the journal "Ukrainian Mova i Literature in School" (1993, No. 5-6), to which they refer, examines Ukrainian constructions in Ukraine - in Ukraine... By the way, I am more impressed by the article by N. Sidyachenko on the same topic in the collection of the Institute Ukrainian language Academy of Sciences of Ukraine "Culture of the Word" (1994, 45). And yet, and yet! The Ukrainians officially, although not very publicly, turned to the US State Department with the idea of ​​using the form in Ukraine instead of the English language in the Ukraine - with the same, in essence, motivation (the absence of the article seems to strengthen the idea that we have our own name ).

Taking for granted the pathos of self-determination, we must not mutilate our language; one must understand that "one thing is sovereignty - the fact of their history, and another is the name - the fact of our language" (MN, 1994, 1). And in fact, having achieved the "Estonianization" of the Russian name of its capital, the Estonian parliament, after all, retained the non-Russian accent in its name of the capital of Russia - Moskva - not to mention the fact that it did not change the names of Petseri, Pihkva, Irboska, Kaasan, Saraatov to Pechera, Pskov, Izborsk, Kazan, Saratov.

The trouble is not even that the new forms break a long-term language habit, but that they may turn out to be unusual, difficult to pronounce and even unpleasant for the Russian language hearing. After k, r, x, say, s is not written or pronounced, which is why the spelling does not sound and "looks" Kyrgyzstan and under. Quite pointless, because Russian cannot pronounce it like that, write two consonants in Russian at the end of a word Tallinn, looks somehow illiterate in the Russian text Belarus, Belarus, Belarusian... Similar processes are observed in the proper names of people: the name of the former president of Azerbaijan is spelled Abulfaz Elchibey(traditional Russian spelling Abulfas; now there are difficulties not only with pronunciation ringing sound at the end of a word, but the pronunciation of the genitive and other cases also changes).

Tradition stands in the way of the natural desire to "correct the inaccuracies" of a foreign-language name, and the more ancient and stable it is, the stronger its resistance. This is hardly why Russians will ever speak Bet or, confusing a city with an ancient hero, Paris instead of Paris, Roma or Rum instead of Rome... It is unlikely, however, that even the Germans, offended by the role of the USSR in history, will demand that we call their country not Germany, but Deutschland! It seems that in Russia they have ceased to unconditionally accept foreign attempts on Russian language traditions.

In March 1994, a decision was made on radio and TV, supported by the Institute of the Russian Language of the Russian Academy of Sciences, to consistently return to the former names: “No language can dictate to the Russian language its rules for pronunciation and spelling of proper names, as this humiliates and distorts it” (Pr. , 18.3.94). “People, even those far from the problems of linguistics, were perplexed, knowing that in any language a borrowed word always obeys new grammatical and sound laws and is almost never preserved in its original form. After all, the British have Russia - Russia, the French - Ryusi, the Germans - Rusland, the Moldovans - Russia, the Ingush - Russia. Russian speakers have the right to traditionally pronounce and write Ashgabat, Alma-Ata, Chuvashia to the same extent. This issue has nothing to do with the problems of sovereignty and respect for national dignity ”(MP, 15.3.94).

However, one cannot but reckon with the triumphant fashion, with the mood of the people. One cannot but reckon with today's taste for change, for abandoning the familiar, or at least for variability: even such innovations that contradict the Russian language system are more likely to be perceived than rejected. In any case, it would be ridiculous to conflict with Estonians because of the letter, like Czechs and Slovaks, whose discrepancies over the hyphen in the name of the country became one of the reasons for their divorce. One should also take into account the huge Russian diaspora, which is forced to obey the laws of the country of residence; this means that a mass of variable toponyms will inevitably appear in the Russian language. Sometimes one has to put up with the most naive political and national thinking: there are things above the inviolable purity of the literary and linguistic canon.

0.4. The above examples allow us to express some theoretical considerations regarding taste as a category of speech culture (see: V. G. Kostomarov. Questions of speech culture in the training of teachers of Russian studies. In the book: "Theory and practice of teaching Russian language and literature. The role of the teacher in the process training ". M., Russian language, 1979).

Taste in general is the ability to evaluate, understanding the right and the beautiful; these are the addictions and inclinations that determine the culture of a person in thought and work, in behavior, including speech. Taste can be understood as a system of ideological, psychological, aesthetic and other attitudes of a person or a social group in relation to language and speech in this language. These attitudes determine one or another value attitude of a person to language, the ability to intuitively assess the correctness, relevance, aesthetics of speech expression.

Taste is a complex fusion of social requirements and assessments, as well as the individuality of a native speaker, his artistic inclinations, upbringing, education (which is why the phrase “There is no dispute about tastes”). However, this individuality is also formed in the course of assimilation of social knowledge, norms, rules, traditions. Therefore, taste always has a concrete social and concrete historical basis; therefore, manifesting individually, taste reflects in its development the dynamics of social consciousness and unites the members of a given society at this stage of its history (it is not for nothing that they talk about the tastes of society and the era).

The most important condition of taste is social in nature, assimilated by every native speaker, the so-called feeling, or flair of the language, which is the result of speech and general social experience, assimilation of knowledge of the language and knowledge of the language, unconscious for the most part an assessment of its tendencies, ways of progress. In the words of L. V. Shcherba, "this feeling in a normal member of society is socially justified, being a function of the language system" (L. V. Shcherba. On the threefold aspect of linguistic phenomena and an experiment in linguistics. In the book: "The language system and speech activity ", L., 1974, p. 32). The very same sense of language is a kind of system of unconscious assessments, reflecting the systemic nature of language in speech and social linguistic ideals.

A flair for language forms the basis for a global assessment, acceptance or rejection of certain development trends, certain layers of vocabulary, for assessing the appropriateness of certain stylistic and, in general, functional-style varieties of language under the current conditions and for these purposes. In this sense, it is very dependent on the systemic and normative features of the language, on its "spirit" and "willfulness", its origin, history and ideals of progress, acceptable and desirable sources of enrichment, the identity of its structure and composition. So, say, inflection, the formal expression of connections in a sentence makes the Russian linguistic instinct much more intolerant of a pile of identical forms than English or French, which is why, for example, consecutive constructions with of or de are more permissible than Russian genitives (outside the limited special spheres; see the work of O.D. Mitrofanova on the "scientific language").

Due to the specifics of Russian grammar, Russian speech turns out to be flexible and diverse in terms of intonation and word order, which in turn makes the possibilities of expressive actual division of statements more diverse. It is poorly characterized by homonymy, which is why, by the way, Russians love to look for it, stumble over it, although, of course, ambiguity is usually easily extinguished by the text.

The taste is influenced by the very composition of the Russian language, as well as its structure. Thus, each new look at the historical relationship between the Old Slavonic bookishness and the original East Slavic folk speech element significantly changes our stylistic ideas. Slavicisms, on the one hand, are organically part of the literary language, on the other hand, for many decades they have been perceived as ponderous and pompous, often funny archaisms. With a change in target attitudes in the use of the language and the emergence of its new functions, caused by a changed attitude towards Orthodox Church, towards religion in general, the attitude towards the old (church) Slavisms is also changing sharply.

Every now and then folklore poetics, dialectal oppositions of north and south, medieval "weaving of words", business speech and urban koine, which go back to Moscow orders, are common language, influx of German, French, and today American foreignism - a variety of phenomena of different stages of the history of the Russian language.

The disputes between the “Shishkovists” and “Karamzinists”, “Slavophiles” and “Westernizers”, not to mention the synthetic activities of the founder of the modern literary language, A.S. Pushkin and other classics of the 19th century, are alive and in many ways educate today's taste. The flair of the language reflects cultural and national memory, layers of different heritage, different poetical and speech concepts are dissolved. Important role in the formation of Russian linguistic instinct and taste, the ratio of book and non-book speech played and plays, which often assumed the character of a rivalry between literary and "folk" languages.

V soviet period high rates of development and abruptly changed tastes have accumulated a significant stock of heterogeneous changes and deformations, which today, with the beginning of the post-Soviet era, are being tested and re-evaluated. Accordingly, we should now expect (and the factual material of the subsequent chapters confirms this) a search for "fresh" linguistic material, a redistribution of stylistic layers, a new synthesis of means of expression.

Thus, taste is, in essence, a changing ideal of language use in accordance with the nature of the era. " General norms linguistic taste ", coinciding or not coinciding with the language of the writer, fall, according to G.O. Vinokur," on the bridge leading from the language, as something impersonal, general, supra-individual, to the very personality of the writer "(G.O. Vinokur. On the study of the language of literary works. "Selected works on the Russian language." M., 1959, p. 278).

Taste often loses its historical validity and follows opportunistic, casual aspirations. It then becomes bad taste. He then loses even a naturally mediated connection with the thought-content aspect of communication and with the natural aesthetic limiting framework. In other words, taste appears to be the extremes of fashion. In this case, speech goes out of the range between the "unattainable ideal" and "not yet a mistake", loses the evaluative and taste qualities of "good speech" (see: BN Golovin. Fundamentals of the theory of speech culture. Gorky, 1977; N. And. Plenkin. Criteria for good speech. "Russian language at school", 1978, 6). Let's notice, running ahead, that for our time such quality of “good speech” as freshness, ie the desire to renew the familiar means and methods of expression, is especially important.

With all the natural desire to objectify the concept of taste as a cultural-speech category, one cannot, of course, deny it a subjective individuality. Without developing this idea now, we will cite only curious reflections of a prominent modern poet and the writer: “You can't hang a screw on a flower as a supplement. You cannot attach paper clips in the form of pendants to a string of pearls on a woman's neck. You cannot add the word weddings to the word palace. It is also impossible to explain why this should not be done. It boils down to hearing, to taste, to the feeling of language, and ultimately to the level of culture ”(V. Soloukhin. Autumn Leaves).

The qualities of "good speech" are relative, sometimes even internally contradictory - and not only because of their general subjective-gustatory character and close dependence on the specific meaning expressed in a particular case, on the conditions and goals of the given communicative act, but primarily because of strict determinism of any speech by the norms in the literary language. However, in today's situation, these normative means of expression and the established methods of their application with typical contents, in statements similar in content, goals and conditions, often turn out to be inconsistent with the new taste and are decisively revised.

End of introductory snippet.

Language taste - " it is, in essence, a changing ideal of language use in accordance with the nature of the era

Norms and standards of language behavior, culture of speech adopted at a certain stage of development of the society by native speakers. I'm in. era is largely associated with historical, turning points in the life of the people. I'm in. of our time, reflecting the state of the Russian literary language after the collapse of the Soviet Union, is characterized by the convergence of traditional book-in terms of expression with everyday colloquial speech, with social and professional dialects, with jargons. “On the whole, the literary-linguistic norm is becoming less definite and obligatory; the literary standard is becoming less standard ”(Kostomarov V.G. Language taste of the era. M., 1994. S. 5).

The essence of the motive of speech relevance is “I want to be modern, like everyone else”, “I want to correspond to the spirit of the times”, “I want to speak in common language”. The goal of speech actualization is to achieve speech identity, in the awareness of the identity of an individual person to other people. Of course, this motive has a positive potential: it is necessary to take into account the opinion of others about the “modernity” of the language if the communicants want to weaken the conflict in communication. The problem, meanwhile, is how much of the responsibility for this relevance the communicant is ready to take on. Realizing that he is part of a single linguistic community, he strives for relevance in order to participate with everyone in its formation, to feel his identity and be responsible for his own speech behavior. In this case, the addressee forces himself to think about his own speech behavior, to make some meaningful choice from possible ways of expression, including taking into account potential speech conflicts. Otherwise, speech relevance becomes a speech mode and leads to speech irresponsibility. Speech mode is an indirect confirmation of consent to verbal submission.

The most vivid speech fashion manifests itself in the way in which media texts are used borrowed - primordial (+mastered) elements: borrowed vocabulary crowds out the original (and even borrowed, but mastered earlier); foreign languages ​​(primarily English) transform the grammatical and, in some cases, the phonetic (intonation) laws of the Russian language. Note, for example, an interesting trend in the language of the media in recent years: the combination, natural for the Russian language, noun + noun replaced by the combination adj. noun

Some researchers note the “non-Russian” intonation of the phrase in the presenters and journalists on radio and TV (Arina Sharapova, Tatyana Mitkova), as well as “non-Russian” kinetics - facial expressions, gestures, posture (Natalia Daryalova's syndrome, gestures of the hosts on BIZ-TV).

Another manifestation of the speech fashion is the positioning of communicants in the system “outdated - relevant - new words”: a powerful wave of outdated words with a more careful use of new ones. True, some studies assert the opposite: the process of neologization is intensifying, including in media texts, and this process, of course, reflects the desire of communicants for speech responsibility, and researchers note a change in their character: if in the 70-80s they belong , first of all, to the field of word production, then in last years it is mainly word-creation. However, the “peak of word creation” falls precisely on the 90s; today, according to our observations, the creation of new words in the media is less active. In addition, a distinctive feature of the creation of new words in mass media texts is seriality, repetition of the same widespread word-formation model: to referend, to become presidential; Gaidarization, voucherization, privatization; vampire, euro-shop, etc.

Linguistic taste is the norms and standards of language behavior, culture of speech adopted at a certain stage of development of the society by native speakers. The linguistic taste of the era is largely associated with historical, turning points in the life of the people. The linguistic taste of our time is characterized by the convergence of traditional bookish expressions with everyday colloquial speech, with social and professional dialects, with jargons. "On the whole, the literary-linguistic norm is becoming less definite and obligatory; the literary standard is becoming less standard" [Kostomarov 1999, p. 5].

Taste in general is the ability to evaluate, understanding the right and the beautiful; these are the addictions and inclinations that determine the culture of a person in thought and work, in behavior, including speech. As V.G. Kostomarov said. in his work "The Linguistic Taste of the Era": "Taste can be understood as a system of ideological, psychological, aesthetic and other attitudes of a person or a social group in relation to language and speech in this language." These attitudes determine a person's attitude to language, the ability to intuitively assess the correctness, appropriateness, aesthetics of speech expression.

Taste is a complex fusion of social requirements and assessments, as well as the individuality of a native speaker, his artistic inclinations, upbringing, education. However, this individuality is formed in the course of assimilation of social knowledge, norms, rules, traditions. Therefore, taste always has a concrete social and concrete historical basis. Manifesting individually, taste reflects the dynamics of social consciousness and unites members of a given society at this stage of its history.

The most important condition of taste is the flair of language, which is the result of speech and social experience, the assimilation of knowledge of the language and knowledge of the language, an unconscious, for the most part, assessment of its tendencies, the path of progress. The very sense of language is a system of unconscious assessments that reflect the systemic nature of language in speech and social linguistic ideals. A flair for language forms the basis for a global assessment, acceptance or rejection of certain development trends, vocabulary, for assessing the appropriateness of style varieties under the prevailing conditions. In this sense, it is very dependent on the systemic and normative features of the language: its origin, history and ideals of progress, acceptable and desirable sources of enrichment, the identity of its structure and composition.

Changing ideas about the correct and effective use of language can be summed up in the word fashion. In other words, fashion is a manifestation of taste, more individual, quickly passing, conspicuous and usually irritating to the older and conservative part of society.

The cultural and speech taste, its changes are influenced by objective social functions language in this era.

Introduction

The global changes that have taken place in our country over the past 10-15 years have radically influenced linguistics as well. Looking through the topic of modern linguistic works, one can make sure that instead of the ordinary problems of phonetics and morphology, word formation and syntax, in the field of view of linguists, there are more and more problems, the development of which is designed to shed light on the frantic changes in the Russian syllable of the present day. The desire of scientists to embrace these changes as a whole, to comprehend, at least in general terms, linguistic modernity, lead to a shift in linguistics itself towards what can be called a general philosophical essay on the subject of modern language. Along with this, there is a noticeable bias from the classical linguo-philosophical themes. The result is a work of a more Western style. A person with a scientific mindset in absolutely everything seeks to see the regularity and dynamics, to find the cause of progress and regression, to realize the general constant movement. Linguists in this sense are no exception. Consequently, about evolution Russian language spelled out a lot. The law of interdependence of language and method of production, language and culture is derived. The formation and regression of the syllable is perceived as a direct reflection of profound changes in society. Could the urgency of the people, for example, be influencing the formation of the language? This question can be posed differently: does the form affect the content? The unit has an impact on the public what word is currently "in vogue"? In the most serious form, the desire to give an answer to the information of the problem was undertaken within the framework of the hypothesis of linguistic relativity. However, the too massive scale of this hypothesis led researchers away from linguistic realities so much that they turned a well-grounded approach into a kind of conceptual monument. In the same period, linguistics turned to practice gives a hint of the opportunity to approach the "fleeting" by taking other positions. This is how the concept of analyzing the impact of linguistic "norms" on speech and the public appeared, without deviating, nevertheless, from the basic rules of traditional Russian linguistics.

INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………………… 3 1. LANGUAGE TASTE …………………………………………………… … ... 4 2. LANGUAGE NORM ………………………………………………… 9 3. LANGUAGE AGGRESSION ………………………………………… … ... 14 CONCLUSION ………………………………………………………… ... 19 USED LITERATURE ……………………………………… .. .twenty

Bibliography

1. Russian language and culture of speech: textbook / EV Sintsov. M .: Flinta: science, 2009.-160s. 2.Norms of modern Russian literary language / K.S. Gorbachevich.-3rd ed., Revised - M .: Education, 1989.-208s. 3. Russian language. Speech aggression and ways to overcome it / Yu.V. Shcherbinina. Textbook. allowance - M .: Flint, 2004. 4. The language taste of the era. From observations of mass media speech practice / V.G. Kostomarov St. Petersburg: Zlatoust, 1999. - 302p.

An excerpt from the work

CHAPTER 1 LANGUAGE TASTE The direction of the developing taste can be judged by the influence on the style, which is characterized by blurred boundaries between different communicative spheres. In the electoral sphere, ethical and aesthetic prohibitions are often lifted. Internal forms of superimposition have become popular, which attract attention with their wit and unusual appearance, for example, ecstasy (ecstasy + marasmus). Word games do not pursue the goal of creating a speech mask, but simply exist for the sake of joking. Violation of the usual phrases does not give a subtext, but only a weak comic effect. A common stylistic feature of speech is the desire for renewal. Refinements of many terms have appeared, for example, instead of the Goods train, they began to speak of the Freight Train. In many cases, foreign language images served as an update to the designs. Such expressions as call by phone ... or a telephone for inquiries ... have changed to a contact phone, which appeared not just from english translation, but from changing the etiquette repertoire. The renewal of the familiar linguistic environments in the literary language of educated people has acquired a high activity and one-sided orientation, which are formed from public taste. The problem of psychological attitude and taste, susceptibility to fashion shows examples of inconsistency, from the point of stylistic laws, the choice of linguistic means of expression.