Karaulov Russian Associative Dictionary. YU
August 26 marks 70 years of member editorial Board Letters.ru. Yuri Nikolayevich Karauluu.
Yu. N. Karaulov - Doctor of Philological Sciences, Professor, Corresponding Member Russian Academy Sciences, Director scientific Center Moscow State Linguistic University, editor-in-chief of the Rusika magazine today, a well-known specialist in the field of general linguistics, rusistics and finno-thoughts, the author of many scientific publications.
Among the linguistic interests of Yu. N. Karaulova - lexicology, lexicography, applied linguistics, functional grammar. Thanks to the works of Yuri Nikolayevich in modern Russian philology, a new, special direction based on the concept of a "linguistic personality" was formed. The most important part scientific activity Karaulova is the development of the programs of the Russian Language Fund. In 1991, Yu. N. Karaulov was awarded the State Prize of the USSR.
Yu. N. Karaulov is the author of many Russian dictionaries. Among them - "The frequency dictionary of semantic multipliers of the Russian language", "Russian associative Dictionary"; Edited by Yuri Nikolayevich, the 2nd edition of the Russian language encyclopedia was published.
On our portal is the work of Yu. N. Karaulova, as well as the book M. V. Gorbanevsky, Yu. N. Karaulova, V. M. Shaklein
; Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences since 1981).
Born in 1935 (BES)
The editor-in-chief of the magazine "Rusika today", Doctor of Philology, Professor. Proceedings in the field of general and Russian linguistics, lexicology and lexicography, applied linguistics. State Prize of the USSR ().
- Former director of the Russian language institution.
Scientific works
Monographs
- Karaululov Yu.N. Russian language and language personality. - Ed.5-E, KRU.- Moscow: Komkniga, 2006 (M.: Lenand - 261 p., - ISBN 5-484-00509-4
Articles
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Watch what is "Karaulov Yu. N." in other dictionaries:
The guard surname occurred from the Turkic word with the meaning of the guard, the guard, the clock in war time, Watchman squad, an advanced squad. Such an explanation of the surname is confirmed by the pattern of the coat of arms of the Karaulov kind. (B) guard guard, watchman. ... ... Russian surnames
Karaulov, V. A. (1854 1910) Political figure. Student Kiev University Stick to the party Folk Will.. In 1887, Karaulov was arrested and sentenced to hard work for four years, which stayed in the Shlisselburg fortress, and ... ... 1000 biographies
Yuri Nikolaevich (Rod. 1935), Language, Member of the RAS Correspondent (1981). Proceedings in the field of general and Russian linguistics, semantics, lexicology and lexicography, applied linguistics. Director of the Russian Language Institute. V. V. Vinogradova RAS ... ... Russian history
Russian surname. Famous carriers: Karaulov, Andrei Viktorovich Russian TV host. Karaulov, Gregory Emmanuilovich Russian historian of literature and archaeologist. Karaulov, Igor Alexandrovich (r. 1966) Russian poet, translator. ... ... Wikipedia
Karaulov, V. A. - (1854 1910) Political figure. A student of Kiev University joined the Party of People's Will. In 1887, Karaulov was arrested and sentenced to hard work for four years, which stayed in the Shlisselburg fortress, and then was exiled ... ...
Gregory Emmanuilovich Karaulov (1824 1883) Russian historian literature and archaeologist. After completing the Richelian Lyceum in 1844 was a teacher, then by the inspector of the Armenian Khalibovsky School in Feodosia. By this time, his "Essays of the history of Russian ... Wikipedia
Caucasian. historian and ethnographer 1900 (Hungarian) Karaulov, N. A. Ned. "Cossack Lava" (1912). (Hungarian) ... Large biographical encyclopedia
Yuri Nikolayevich Karaulov (born 1935) Russian linguist, member of the RAS correspondent (1991; Member of the correspondent of the USSR Academy of Sciences since 1981). Born in 1935 (BES) Chief editor of the magazine "Rusika today", Doctor of Philology, Professor. Works in ... ... Wikipedia
Karaulov - Ataman of the TERSK Cossack troops of 1917 (elected; until 1917 in the Cossack troops were), b. A prominent member of the state. Duma (solidarized with the Cadet fraction in the Duma). At the end of 1917, Karaulov was one of the leaders of the Revolution in the TERSK ... ... Historical Directory of Russian Marxist
Books
- General and Russian ideography, Karaulov Yu.N .. This work is an experience general Theory Linguistic dictionaries-thesaurusovs. Based on the consideration of a number of problems of the lexico-semantic language system and analysis of fundamental ...
Yuri Nikolaevich Karaulov - an outstanding representative of the Patriotic humanitarian science, major specialist in the theory of language and rusistics. He is the author over 300 scientific work According to Russian and general linguistics, including 12 monographs and 11 dictionaries. The research activity of the scientist is associated with three scientific directions - This is the "Theory of Language Personality", "Associative Linguistics", "Theory and Practice of Lexicography". Closely related to each other, they were reflected in such famous works by Yu.N. Karaulova, like "General and Russian ideography" (1976), "Linguistic design and thesaurus of the literary language" (1981), "Russian language and language identity" (1987, 2002, 2003. 2004), "Dictionary of Pushkin and the evolution of Russian language ability "(1992)," Associative Grammar of the Russian Language "(1993); In fundamentally new dictionaries - semantic, associative, metaphor, artistic speech.
In the first book "General and Russian ideography" (1976), which was based on the materials of the doctoral dissertation, Yu.N. Karaulov demonstrated in principle new approach To study the semantic side of the tongue, called the "Thesausurian method in semantics". The theory of ideography developed by the author made it possible to identify uniform patterns in the organization of the lexical system at all its levels - from the microstructure of the word and the structure of the semantic field to the picture reflected in the language of the world as a whole. It is in this book Yu.N. Karaulov formulates the "six steps" rule, reflecting such a property of a dictionary, as its semantic continuity. The continuation and next step in the development of lexicographic ideas was the work "Linguistic design and the thesaurus of the literary language" (1981). The most important for ideography The concept of thesaurus received a new interpretation here. Thesaurus for Yu.N. Karaulova is "any dictionary that explicitly records semantic relations between the components of it by units." Such an understanding of Thesaurus allowed in the early 80s of the twentieth century to deliver, carried out later, the task of creating a dictionary of the Russian language of the thesaurus type.
Designed by Yu.N. Karaulov The theory of the creation of dictionaries-thesaurus dictionaries, a meaningful idea of \u200b\u200bthe parametric structure and typology of dictionaries as principles on which the automation of meaningful aspects of lexicographic work is based, were implemented by the author himself in practice - when creating semantic dictionaries of the Russian language with the help of computer. ("The frequency dictionary of semantic multipliers of the Russian language" 1980, "Russian semantic dictionary"1982, in co-authorship). The ideas of constructing thesaurus based on the parameterization procedure of vocabulary formed the basis of the construction and other original dictionaries Yu.N. Karaulova, including the "Dictionary of Russian Political Metaphor" (1994, in collaboration with A.N. Baranov).
The book develops techniques for the construction of new linguistic objects, called the principles of linguistic design, is characterized by a tendency to lexicographic parameterization of the language in modern linguistics, a parametric analysis of dictionaries is carried out.
The proposed understanding of the parameter is applied in the process of building a Russian thesaurus on a computer. The results of automatic processing of information contained in vocabulary definitions are then analyzed to identify the ratio of lexical and syntactic components in their semantics.
Russian language and language
This book discusses one of interesting questions Linguistics - the question of the forms of the existence of the language and how to use it. Developing the concept of a linguistic personality, the author shows that it is a system-forming to describe national Language And on the basis it is possible to achieve a new synthesis of knowledge about Russian, refracted through the structure of the Russian language personality.
Russian language. Encyclopedia
Encyclopedia "Russian Language" - joint work Publishing house "Big Russian encyclopedia"And the Russian language institute. V.V. Vinogradova wounds.
In a book containing about 700 articles, two pointers (subject and nominal), numerous illustrations, all that knows modern science About Russian: His sound composition, intonation, emphasis, pronunciation, grammar, types of proposals, dialects, literary language, jargons, alphabet, properties of letters, development history and monuments of writing, dictionaries, etc. The authors of articles are leading Russian school students.
The encyclopedia is designed for anyone who studies and teaches Russian.
Vocabulary of Dostoevsky language. The lexical system of idiology. Issue 1.
"Dostoevsky's Language Dictionary" is performed as a lexicographic series, including several types of dictionaries (basic, frequency, toponyms, grammatical words, phraseologisoms, etc.), which according to the plan should, with the maximum fullness, represent the idiology of the writer. The series opens up the "lexical system of idiology", which consists of several issues and is built on the court of the most important for the author of lexical units, representing the world of the linguistic person - the artist of the word, philosopher, publicist, Russian man halves XIX. century.
The first issue of the basic dictionary in the lexicographic series "Vocabulary of the Dostoevsky language" is characterized by two distinctive features In a number of other copyright dictionaries - the word chair and device vocabulary article. The Slovenia is idiogos, i.e. Lexical units structuring the world of linguistic personality. The vocabulary article is also focused on the disclosure of the world of the artist's words and contains a description of the key parameters of all levels of the organization of the linguistic personality.
Yu.N.Karaulov Russian Associative Dictionary
The Russian associative dictionary (races) is the first and main part of the associative thesaurus of the Russian language, which simulates the verbal memory and the linguistic consciousness of the "average" carrier of the Russian language.
This dictionary is:
A fundamentally new source of study of the language and phenomenon of ownership I call;
Base for analyzing paths and patterns of formation of linguistic consciousness in onto- and philogenesis, the formation of methodological and theoretical schemes for analyzing the language consciousness;
The base for teaching the Russian language as a native or foreign, as well as a means of optimizing the processes of speech communication with man and computer (the formation of consciousness with the help of verbal texts in the media, speech impact in intra- and intercultural communication).
The Russian associative dictionary, intended for a wide range of consumers, is the first dictionary of this kind, therefore the structure and method of its preparation need explanation.
Associative dictionaries are considered descriptive dictionaries, i.e. descriptive, not normalizing / prescribing type.
There are Ukrainian, Belarusian, Latvian, Kyrgyz and other associative dictionaries. The first "dictionary of the associative norms of the Russian language" (on material 200 words-incentives) was published in 1977.
In their structure, they are the same type: with the only entrance - from the incentives that are the names of articles and alphabetically located in the alphabet, and the number of incentives does not exceed 200. Associative dictionary Standard: Following the incentive ("black word"), responses are given in descending order of their frequency.
Races differ from these dictionaries six features:
1.. For the first time the user has two entrances to the dictionary, or, in other words, the materials of the direct and inverse dictionary. In the first entrance is the stimulus, and the structure of the article it is typical (see about it below). In the second - the entrance becomes the wordform or the phrase reaction, and in the composition of the "vocabulary article" includes those incentives that provoked its appearance from a native speaker.
Such a location of the material allows an array of 500 thousand words (for the number of tests of the subjects) to identify (for example, for the purpose of learning), almost all uzal-standard phrases, going either from the incentive in the literal dictionary, or from the reaction - in the opposite.
2. The number of incentives (and accordingly articles in the literal dictionary) are different than in previous associative dictionaries: there are more of them, and the stimulus series in 1277 words is almost equal to the number of words (1500-1300) used in the middle ordinary language carrier.
3. The subjects in the associative experiment were students of the first-third courses of various universities (at the age of 17-25 years), for which Russian language is native.
In the absence of such a choice lay two considerations. First, about the importance of university education, and secondly, on predicting the development of the consciousness of those Russians, which in the next 30 years will define the language, spiritual and material life of our society. In other words, the Russian associative dictionary is "output" into the future consciousness of the Russians (for 10-20 coming years).
4. The vocabulary article in the RAS is based on a fundamentally different way than in the existing associative dictionaries: the header word-stimulus isolated by the font, the words-associates, words reactions to this stimulus, located as they decrease their frequency, which is indicated after the word reactions, if only it has such a frequency of occurrence in the responses of the subjects ( CORRIDOR: a long 153 ; Ship: Sea 34 etc.), or is indicated at the end of the group of words-reactions with the same frequency, and within this group, the response responses are located and alphabetical order (for example, FOREST: Field, hands, coniferous 11 ; Birch, big, autumn, grove 7 etc.).
In the end of the vocabulary, quantitative indicators are given: FOREST... 549+186 + 0+119; Long ...534+155 + 3 +101. First digitindicates the total number of reactions to the word-stimulus, second -for the number of different reactions, third- on the number of refusals of the subjects and fourth -on the number of single reactions, i.e. Number of answers with frequency 1.
In addition to the informative importance of each of the indicators, their relationships characterizes the article as a whole, namely, as a natural-linguistic associative field, which has not only structural-lexicographic, but also ontological status: an associative field is not only a fragment of verbal memory (knowledge) of a person, Fragment of semantic and grammatical relations, but also a fragment of images of consciousness, motives and evaluations of Russians. Such an understanding of the associative dictionary is confirmed as its structure (cf. partially "intersecting" direct and inverse entrances) and the structure of each dictionary article. In particular, the network relationships in it are following: in each article, words found in the source list of incentives are presented (crossing associates with incentives), and the intersection of the reaction with one or another incentive can be complete (for example, in the article Carry Reactions wear, ride, drag, water, forest, car, work etc. in accuracy repeat the form of incentives) or incomplete / partial - in cases where the reaction is a word-revenue or word-forming version of the word-stimulus (for example, in the same article Carry The following reactions are presented: water, children, wife, car, slowly, worket al. if there are in the presence of incentives such forms like water, children, wife, car, slow, work, etc.). The intersection of the reaction with incentives is shown graphically: reactions that do not coincide with incentives are printed in conventional, and complete intersections - bold internship. This method of representing associative material is used for the first time, allowing to obtain an idea of \u200b\u200bthe network links of words - about their semantic-grammatical, stylistic, historical-cutting and value-ethical characteristics.
5. The compilers of the dictionary consider it as a model of speech knowledge of the carriers of the Russian language presented in the form of an associative-verbal network, which allows to explain the phenomenon of owning the language and employees - along with the textual and systemic - the way of representing the Russian language.
The Russian language, as well, and any national language, exists in two forms: either in the form of sets of texts (for example, the textbook), or in the form of systemic descriptions (dictionaries and grammatics). The associative-verbal network serves as a new way to represent the language in which the two above forms are presented: it gives all the values \u200b\u200bof the polisantic word, its synonymic and antonymic rows, syntactic combatibility, the virginity and word-forming variation, etc. The overall degree of grammarization of the word networks accurately corresponds to the degree of grammarization (the ratio of grammatically decorated and zero forms) of Russian text.
The associative-verbal network presented in the RAC is not only a "step-by-step model of generating" of 12.5 thousand lexical units, but also a tool for constructing any proposal of the Russian language.
6. Finally, the races exists in two forms: in the form of printing publication - books, and in computer form in the form of a linguistic database (LBD RAS). Moreover, both the same forms are obtained using computer technology, which is also supported by the associative experiment itself, i.e. Its individual stages: creating-generation of the questionnaire, entering the survey results, the organization of the database, the formation of the original book layout is implemented on the computer. Such objectives like the formation of 5000 questionnaires (100 words in stimulov), among which there are no two characters, and all 1277 incentives are found equal number time; Sorting and classification of 500000 reactions obtained; Drawing up the dictionary itself as the books of H (solutions specially developed software, created by one of the authors of the dictionary - Cherkasova G.A. The book of races is not "illustrative material" assembled by the compilers and presented in this form, but an algorithmically designed linguistic object, which is one of the possible ways of presenting the language.
Thus, it is expanding the possibilities of representing the Russian language, being vocabulary-grammar, and dictionary-tutorial (textbook). Nontrivial properties of races predetermine a wide range of its users.
These are teachers of the Russian language (especially Russian as a foreign);
Journalists, writers, translators and all those whose profession is related to the creation of texts;
Sociologists, historians, psychologists, political scientists and cultural studies analyzing Russian linguistic consciousness;
Linguists who study the laws of owning the tongue and the laws of its functioning;
Rusists analyzing the subjective forms of the existence of the Russian language;
And also all those who wish to improve their knowledge in live Russian.
The theoretical basis of the CAP is the idea of \u200b\u200bthe idea that the phenomena of real reality perceived by the person in the structure of activity and communication is displayed in its consciousness in such a way that this mapping fixes causals, temporary, spatial bonds of phenomena and emotions caused by the perception of these phenomena. In other words, races is a model of human consciousness.
It should be indicated that this sign model is qualitatively different from the presentation of images of consciousness from other subject representations of images. If the ideal image of the subject exists (when considering the process of activity on arrows of time), first in the form of activities, and then in the form of a product of activity, i.e. Cleaner, the word does not define the image of consciousness, but only indicates to it using the body of the sign. It follows that the Ras - Such a model of consciousness, which is a set of rules for operating knowledge (verbal ns with non-verbal meanings) about Russian culture, as a result of which the consumer of the dictionary forms an idea of \u200b\u200bthe fragment of the image of the world, if this user is a carrier of Russian language and Russian culture . At the same time, the RAS is a mapping of unique modeling abilities of the "averaged" Russian, belonging to a certain generation: races is nothing but a model of a sign language system, indicating the images of the consciousness of communications - images sufficient for mutual understanding.
Modern semantic studies of the Russian language and their disposal (the creation of intelligent dictionaries and textbooks of the Russian language, especially for non-Russian) could develop more successfully on the basis of such a broad study of the use of the Russian language, which is presented in the races. Usually, such a study was conducted on the basis of written texts (cf. Regulatory and stylistic reference books or content analysis and corresponding "content dictionaries"), but now it becomes obvious that it is impossible to obtain an adequate idea of \u200b\u200bfunctioning, in particular, Russian vocabulary without reconstruction of individual and averaged Leksikon native speakers.
Associative thesaurus of the Russian language is a new type of dictionary, in which the active vocabulary (50-60 thousand units) is presented, used at a certain time interval (10-20 years), and in which the dominant concepts and communication between them are fixed for this period. As well as sustainable links between individual words and groups of words (typical associations). The first part of the Associative Cite is presented in the form of an associative, it allows you to judge the device and the functioning of this particular "averaged" lexicon of a person. "Operation" of races linguists, philosophers, sociologists and psychologists allows a new look at the processes of ownership and mastering the language (languages), speech impact, motivation and behavior, on the nature of value orientations in the world. Ras - a new object for studying semantic laws, the principles of the ratio of semantics, morphology and syntax, laws of socialization, individual semantic changes and the establishment of new typical associative ties.
Materials presented in CAPs may be subject to research in lexicography, lexical semantics, psycholinguistics, linguity, lingvoddetactics, computer science, sociology, general and pedagogical psychology, psychiatry. Analyzing the associative-verbal network, the philosopher can identify the elements included in the "image of the world" characteristic of modern Russian. The cultureologist, relying on the amount of case texts, which operates the "collective" language, more precisely, the "associative" person will restore the system of axiological samples and value reference points. The psychologist will find a prerequisite in this material for the distribution of language (speech) and extralyingvistic knowledge and establishing the measure of their representation in the consciousness of the carriers of Russian language.
The races are also important, firstly, by the fact that it is formed on the basis of materials obtained during the mass experiment, which makes it possible to consider it as an important source of linguistic and paralynguistic information.
Secondly, the fact that these materials with the greatest objectivity and efficiency make it possible to identify the "cultural" specifics of the vocabulary units - those side, and seemingly not relevant semantic ties (semantic "overtones"), which is characterized by a particular word.
Third, the races is a powerful tool of a sociological and socio-psychological study, which allows to judge the mental climate, which is characteristic of our subjects, conjugate, of course, with a wide social and psychological context surrounding them, about possible changes (positive or negative), Digitated by existing assessments of themselves and others, as well as about a possible attitude to the real world, predetermined today's installations.
Fourthly, the fact that races can be used in medicine, and above all, in psychiatry: about many mental illness testifies, first of all, the decay of uzual associative connections. But such a decay can be fixed only against the norm. And this rate is presented in races.
For lexicographers and specialists in lexic semantics, the races are also interested in the fact that the grouping of associates in the ratio with incentive words allows you to reconstruct the semantic structure of a word or otherwise and judge the degree of relevance for Russian different lexico-semantic variants of polysemantic words. The races makes it possible to discuss the problem of semantic fields, the nature of the words of the word with norms, estimates and with the standard spheres of its use (standard situations), as well as draw conclusions about the motivational sphere of the language identity. Finally, races makes it possible to predict the way of developing the meaning of words.
Ras - it is also a tool for studying the processes of the perception of texts - including artistic. In particular, it can serve as the basis for content analnesis, allowing to identify and predict trends in the development of reader tastes.
It is impossible not to indicate the importance of races to solve problems related to the study of the Russian language as a foreign language: it will provide an opportunity to establish an associative-semantic base of Russian vocabulary, which should be used in minima dictionaries, allowing you to rely on real correlations between the word and its use, for Nem.
The most frequency semantic (paradigmatic) communication of words, and, consequently, a student, as well as a methodologist, etc. can, focusing on the most frequency reactions, it is clear to present the word in the "semantic field", the degree of its proximity to other words and character relations between them;
The most important syntagmatic ties are reflected and, above all, the most familiar for the carrier of the Russian language "Models of two words" (N.I. Zhinkin) - Standard repeats, clichés, sustainable phrases, idioms;
The most characteristic links of words, reflecting the peculiarities of Russian culture, not recorded in other dictionaries are indicated (these conceptual relationships are learned, as a rule, only in the process of many years of speech training).
It is well known that high-frequency vocabulary is used as incentives in the preparation of associative dictionaries. For example, in the initial one thousand words of associative thesaurus of modern English (Tezaurus Kish), 200 incentives used by Palermo and Jonkins were included, and 800 words taken from among the most frequency English words (Dictionary Tordanyak and Lorid and Dictionary of English language.
The compilers of the domestic race went on a different way, although they also chose high-frequency vocabulary words as the main words. The source list of words was broken down on the main and extra. The main part includes more than 700 words included in the first thousand most frequencies of the Russian language (according to the dictionary L.N. V. N. V. V.): Nouns - 298, verbs - 212, adjectives - 114, pronouns - 31, numeral- 16, shorter 24, particles- 7, unions - 6, prepositions - 10.
In the original list of words-incentives, all the main parts of speech in dictionary form were presented. It is necessary to emphasize that 200 words from the "Dictionary of Associative Norms are Russian" edged with the number of incentives. A.N. Eleontyeva, as well as 400 more words, response responses to which was proposed to be submitted in the further - failed - issues of this dictionary, which makes it possible to trace the changes that occurred in the structure of the associative network over the past 20 years.
In turn, in the experimental part of the list, except 700 source words, included:
1) nouns and verbs from the main list, but in indirect forms (about 350 and
2) Several rows (nouns, verbs and adjectives) -Idemographic (for example, ordinary, daily, domestic) and stylistic (for example, property, good, belongings, things, skarb, manatonies) synonyms. This kind of addition allows, on the one hand, to double-check the grammatical aspect of associative connections, and, on the other hand, double-check the existing synonymous dictionaries and establish real synonymic rows existing in the language consciousness of the Russian language carrier.
Printed by the book.Karaululov Yu.N., Sorokin Yu.A., Tarasova E.F., Ufimtseva N.V., Cherkasova G.A. Russian Associative Dictionary. M., 1994. P.5-8.
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