What is separation? Isolations in the Russian language. Sentences complicated by isolated members Types of isolation in Russian table

Isolation is a highlighted secondary member of a sentence, intonation and semantic content, and words dependent on it. Thanks to the presence of dependent words, isolation acquires syntactic independence and communicative meaning.

The components of isolation most often perform the following functions: application, definition, circumstances, and form weakly controlled case forms. The term “isolation” first began to be used in Russian in 1914, and was introduced by the linguist A. Peshkovsky.

Signs of isolation

In Russian linguistics, the following main signs of the existence of isolation in a sentence are identified:

1) the presence of words depending on isolation

2) inverse word order.

3) the presence of complementary semantic verbal expressions.

Pegging functions

The main function performed by isolation is to provide additional characteristics of a person, object or action. With the help of isolation, the sentence is filled with clarifying semantic content, since it explains in detail what is said in its main part.

Example: Great and unexpected happiness came into Maria's life - Great and unexpected happiness came into Maria's life.

Often isolation imbues a sentence with an expressive character.

In writing, isolation is always distinguished by punctuation marks - dashes and commas. Example with a comma: An unfamiliar young man approached us, residents of the village, and asked about the location of the village council. Example with a dash: We watched with interest the jay, a small bird with a hooked beak.

Pegging Types

Depending on the functions performed in the sentence, inconsistencies are divided into two groups: explanatory and semi-predicative isolated phrases. Semi-predicative clauses often resemble independent sentences, as they are filled with logical, sometimes completely complete, meaning.

In russian language There are four types of semi-predicative isolated phrases:

• - participial. In the distance a mill could be seen standing under the mountain.
• - participial turnover. She ran, waving her arms.
• - substantive turnover. Poor people, they had a hard time withstanding the cold.
• - adjective phrase. The girl’s dress, reminiscent of the spring sky, fluttered in the wind.

Explanatory phrases always depend on secondary members and perform a primarily specific function or supplement the sentence with additional information. Types of explanatory singularities are distinguished by which part of speech the main word - isolation - belongs to.

Types of explanatory markings

• - substantive: Near the forest, in a clearing, mushrooms grew.
• - adjective: Everyone left except Alice.
• - verbal: The rain took people by surprise, they didn’t expect it.
• - infinitive: Vera Ivanovna came without a purpose - to sit and talk.
• - adverbial: In the middle of the night, unexpectedly for everyone, he ran away.

The role of isolation can be proper nouns or animal names.

You can simply say that this is highlighting sections of text in writing. But, as with everything, there are many nuances here. In particular, there are different types of separation.

Isolation of minor members of a sentence

In writing, almost any part of speech can stand out, including minor ones.
First of all, highlighting circumstances with commas depends on how they are expressed. The following cases are possible.

The circumstance is expressed by a gerund

The circumstance is isolated regardless of the place it occupies in relation to the predicate expressed by the verb. That is, the isolation of phrases, including participles, occurs together with the isolation of circumstances.

For example: Frightened by the thunderstorm, he returned to the house.

If a circumstance is located in the middle of a sentence, then it must be separated by commas on both sides. This once again confirms that the answer to the question of what separation is is simple. This is highlighting a piece of a phrase in a letter.

In the fall, after leaving home, he felt longing for his native land.

The circumstance, which is expressed by a gerund or participial phrase, can be replaced by a subordinate clause or predicate, since it is close in meaning to the secondary predicate.

Wed: In the autumn, having left the house, he felt longing for his native land. - In the autumn he left the house and felt longing for his native land.

1. Particles only are included in a separate structure and are also distinguished:

The light came on, illuminating everything around for only a moment, and then went out again.

That is, this is an example of the isolation of minor members of a sentence, which include particles.

2. If the participial construction comes after the coordinating / or conjunction word, then it must be separated from the conjunction by a comma.

Wed: She opened the window and, leaning out into the air, began to watch the rising sun. “She opened the window and began to watch the rising sun, leaning out into the air.

3. A conjunction does not require separation using a comma with a gerund or participial phrase in the event that the gerund construction is inseparable from the conjunction or conjunction word, that is, it cannot be removed without violating the structure of the sentence.

Wed: He loved to give unusual gifts, and after congratulating a friend, he burst into a smile of satisfaction (impossible: He loved to give unusual gifts, but congratulated a friend...). But! The teacher did not announce the grades for the test, but, having collected the diaries, put them there. - The teacher did not announce the grades for the test, but put them in the diaries.

Homogeneous gerunds and participial phrases that are connected by single coordinating or disjunctive conjunctions and, or, either, There is no need to separate with a comma.

The linguist worked on the translation by reading the text and listening to a recording of it.

But if the conjunction connects not two gerunds, but other constructions, commas are added:

I took the letter and, having printed it out, began to read.

When is this part of speech not isolated?

1. The participial construction is represented by phraseological units:

He sat with his hands folded.

But if a phraseological unit is an introductory word in a sentence, it is highlighted using commas.

2. The adverbial construction is preceded by an intensifying particle and:

You can achieve success without having wealth.

3. The participle is included in and has a dependent conjunction word which(a comma separates the main clause from the subordinate clause):

The state is faced with the most important issues, without understanding which it will not be able to reach a new level in the economy.

4. The participle phrase includes the subject (a comma separates the entire phrase from the predicate):

Crow perched on a spruce tree and was just about ready to have breakfast.

5. A participle is a homogeneous member with a non-isolated circumstance and is connected with it through the conjunction and:

He ran quickly and without looking around.

When else is separation of revolutions not required?

Single gerunds that:

1. Having finally lost their verbal meaning, they moved into the category of adverbs:

We walked slowly. (No: We walked and were in no hurry).

2. Lost connection with the verb and moved into the category of function words: n starting from, based on, depending on:

The documents are compiled based on the results of the study. However, in other contextual situations, turns can sometimes be isolated.

1) turnover from beginning with is isolated if it is of a clarifying nature and is not related to time:

She speaks many languages, ranging from English and German.

2) turnover from based is isolated if in meaning it correlates with the one who performs the action:

We have compiled documents based on the results of your research.

3) turnover from depending on is isolated if it has a clarifying or connecting meaning:

I had to act carefully, depending on the circumstances.

Isolation if the circumstance is expressed by a noun

The circumstance of concession, expressed by a noun with a preposition, is always isolated despite/despite(easily replaced by subordinate clauses of concession with a conjunction word Although).

Wed: Despite the bad weather, the holiday was a great success. - Although the weather was bad, the holiday was a great success.

Special cases of isolation

In the following cases, circumstances may be separated by commas:

1. Reasons with prepositions thanks to, for lack of, as a result of, by virtue of etc. (easily replaced by a subordinate clause with a conjunction word because).

Wed: The son, in agreement with his father’s opinion, entered the Faculty of Law. - Since the son agreed with his father’s opinion, he entered the law faculty.

2. Concessions with pretexts contrary to, with Although).

Wed: Contrary to the advice of his father, the son entered the medical faculty. - Although the father gave advice, the son entered the medical faculty.

3. Conditions with prepositional constructions if present, if absent, in case etc. (easily replaced by a subordinate clause with the conjunction If).

Wed: Employers, in the event of a decrease in profits, decided to reduce their headquarters. - If employers' profits decrease, they decide to reduce their headquarters.

4. Goals and prepositional combination to avoid(easily replaced by a subordinate clause with a conjunction to).

Wed: To avoid inconvenience, make payment by card. - To avoid inconvenience, pay by card.

5. Comparisons with a conjunction word like.

Wed: Tanya graduated from school with excellent grades, like her older sister.

In general, the isolation of phrases with the above prepositions and prepositional constructions is variable.

What is isolation when acquiring meaning?

Circumstances that are expressed by nouns without prepositions or with other prepositions are isolated only if they acquire additional semantic load, explanatory meaning or the combination of several adverbial meanings.

Katya, after the negative answer she received, left the living room.

Here the circumstance combines two meanings (time and reason, i.e. when did he leave? and why did he leave?)

Pay special attention to the fact that those expressed by nouns should always be emphasized intonationally. But the presence of a pause does not always indicate the presence of a comma. It is always intonationally necessary to highlight the circumstances located at the beginning of the sentence with isolation.

However, there is no need to place a comma after such a circumstance.

The circumstance is expressed by an adverb

If circumstances are expressed by adverbs (the presence of dependent words does not matter), then they are isolated only when the author wants to pay more attention to them, when they have the meaning of an accompanying comment, etc.:

A minute later, no one knows how, he reached the village.

In this sentence, with the help of isolation, the surprise and strangeness of the action performed is emphasized. However, such distinctions in the Russian language are always of an authorial, optional nature.

We hope that in the article we were able to reveal the answer to the question of what separation is.

Separation – This is the deliberate rhythmic-intonation and semantic isolation of a word and or group of words within a specific sentence. The isolated member has a weakened syntactic connection with other members. At the bottom, in the hall, the clock struck six.

The purpose of separation is expression using a selected member of some additional message about one of the words or the entire sentence. In writing, an isolated member of a sentence is highlighted with punctuation marks.

By means of isolation are a change in the pitch of the utterance, rhythm, pause, as well as a change in the location of the members. Punctuation marks are not means of isolation.

Functions:

1) expression of an additional statement: There was a silent calm over the bays, covered in evening smoke.

2) explanation, clarification: In the distance to the left, in the corner of the garden rampart, the spruce forest was turning black.

3) selection, limitation: There was no one on the pier, except the watchman with a flashlight.

4) joining: For minutes I was close to fainting - with happiness.

5) comparison, likening: To tell the truth, I have never had so much fun, like this evening.

Three general conditions:

1) the possibility of semantic isolation, separation from the defined word. It assumes the absence of close semantic connections between the isolated line of the sentence and the word being explained.

2) The volume of an isolated member of more than one word means an increase in the semantic capacity of the sentence member and, consequently, its semantic independence, but also contributes to the weakening of the connection. Wind, still strong, blew from the east.

3) the position of the isolated member relative to the defined word is the movement of a member of the sentence from its usual place in relation to the defined word to an unusual one. Occasionally, in this smoke, the sea shone like mercury. - The sea, like mercury, shone.

Frequent segregation conditions:

1) the presence of a gerund, in the presence of which the secondary member of the sentence is isolated in any volume and in any location: The tram was flying, calling, to the sea itself.

2) belonging of the defined word to pronouns: Lightweight, quick on his feet, very cheerful,He was two years younger than Tatyana.

General conditions must be presented in a complete set; in the absence of at least one of them, a member of the sentence is not isolated, but one general condition can be compensated by an additional condition (a shade of causal, conditional or other meaning attached to this meaning). A cloud of mosquitoes was circling above us, but... covered with nets, our heads were invulnerable.

Separate definitions. Thanks to isolation, the attribute expressed by the definition is updated, and the entire content of the isolated member acquires the character of an additional microstatement about the subject.

In accordance with the general conditions, definitions are separated that are represented by adjectives or participles with explanatory words and are in postposition to the defined one, as well as inconsistent common definitions placed in preposition or separated from the defined word by other members of the sentence: The smell of white carnations heated by the sun, filled the carriages.(Paust.); There are ficus trees on both sides of the fireplace, beggarly poor leaves. (M.G.); The house, quite large, was once whitewashed, with a shiny wet roof, stood in a completely bare place.(B.)

In the absence of one or two general conditions, separation may be caused by additional or specific:

1) any forms (and in any position) of definitions for personal pronouns are distinguished: Controlled by nothing from within , I was powerless in the face of the great tragic tasks facing my creative sense(Art.).

2) single agreed postpositive definitions are separated, inconsistent postpositive ones (if there is another definition before the word being defined): From the bedroom there was another one leading somewhere the door is also closed (Ch.); This room, windows to the west and north, took up almost half of the entire house(B.).

3) prepositive common definitions are isolated in the presence of an additional adverbial connotation (reasons, conditions, concessions): Entirely captivated by respectful admiration of this magnificent living structure , the professor crumples the red iron of his beard in his fist(Cupr.).

4) postpositive agreed single definitions are isolated if they represent a number of homogeneous members of the sentence: And in the middle of the day both the river and the forests played with many sunspots - gold, blue, green and rainbow (Paust.).

5) the isolation of definitions in the absence of general conditions may be influenced by the proximity of other isolated definitions: Makarov passed in a black formal suit, slender, gray-haired, with frowning eyebrows (M.G.).

Separate enclosures. Common post-positive applications are highlighted: The mayor of Voroponov sang especially shrilly, persistently, and especially out of tune with the choir. cartmaker's son (M.G.). Applications are distinguished for any position if they explain personal pronouns: I even dreamed about him sometimes, this piano (Paust.).

If the general conditions are not fully presented, segregation of the application may occur if additional conditions are present (similar to the definitions).

What are isolated members of a sentence? What are they? When are members of a sentence generally isolated, and when not? In this article we will understand what isolated members of a sentence are, what categories they are divided into, as well as what rules of isolation exist.

The concept of isolated members of a sentence

So, let's start, as we should in such cases, with a definition. Isolated members of a sentence are those minor members that are distinguished by intonation and meaning. The emphasis is made so that they acquire “independence” within the entire phrase.

How are individual members of a sentence identified?

Emphasis during oral conversation occurs through intonation. If we talk about writing, then the situation is somewhat different. To highlight isolated members of a sentence in the text, commas are used.

Comparison of detached members with non-detached members

It is worth noting one simple fact: the syntactic weight of isolated members is much greater than that of their opposites. Consequently, stylistic expressiveness also increases. One cannot fail to mention logical selection.

What can be distinguished in the Russian language?

Of all the members of a sentence, only minor ones can be isolated. The main members in the proposal have never been isolated, and this is not expected in the near future.

Why is separation necessary?

It allows you to draw attention to a particular piece of information. In addition, the fragment can be presented in more detail by resorting to isolation. As mentioned earlier, isolated secondary members of a sentence have greater weight and greater independence. Let us immediately note that the separations can be very different. These are additions, circumstances, and definitions. Next we will try to understand each of these categories and give specific examples for each group.

Separating clarifications

First of all, let's figure out what separate clarifying members of a sentence are and why they are needed. As the name implies, such minor members of the sentence serve to specify and clarify. They are inextricably linked by a syntactic function with one or another member of the sentence, the meaning of which they, in fact, explain.

When are clarifying members of a sentence isolated?

1. Isolated clarifying members of a sentence can be expressed by a definition. Example: “It was dark around, even very dark, I would say. So much so that it seemed like someone in this world had simply turned off all the lights.” In this case, the phrase “even very dark” has a clarifying meaning and is separated by commas on both sides.

It is worth noting that definitions with a clarifying meaning can be highlighted when written using a dash. Example: “There were a lot of things in the house - both his personal ones and those that clearly did not belong to him.”

2. Circumstances of relevant significance are identified. They can be expressed by nouns with prepositions, as well as adverbs. For example:

• “Only a second passed - and an explosion thundered somewhere nearby, right behind him.”
• “Once upon a time, life flowed here, in a quiet, unfamiliar village.” Third example: “This happened quite recently, just a couple of days ago.”

Explanation: in the first and second examples, the clarification is in the nature of place. The third is the nature of time. Often the isolation of clarifications depends on the author of the passage.

3. Specifications added using the words “or”, “that is”, “namely” are distinguished. For example:

• “Whatever his name was. There were rumors that he was either a wizard, a magician, or a superman.”
• “It was a balanced, individual decision, that is, not imposed on him by anyone.”
• “A lot spoke about the terrible battle that took place here, namely: helmets and scraps of uniforms, craters from artillery shells, shell casings.”

4. Clarifying members of the sentence are isolated, which are added using words such as “even”, “especially”, “including”, “in particular”. For example:

• “Everyone remembers that no one was able to defeat the magician, even those who tried to do it in a crowd.”
• “The victory was a joy for everyone, especially for those who sacrificed a lot for this.”
• “Another second - the squad went for a breakthrough, including him.”
• “Many countries welcome Russian tourists with great joy, in particular Turkey is doing this now.”

Separating add-ons

Types of isolated members of a sentence include a group of additions. These are nothing more than case forms applied to nouns. They are used with such combinations as “except”, “instead of”, “except”, “along with”, “excluding”, “besides”. Thus, it can be noted that phrases in such use have meanings corresponding to substitution and inclusion, exclusion.

Separation occurs depending on what semantic load is present, whether the author has a desire to highlight this fragment:

• “He already felt more or less stable, except that his leg still hurt a little.”
• “In addition to the rain promised the day before, the sky lit up with branches of purple lightning, which for a moment left their bright mark on the retina.”
• “Along with the issues that were waiting to be resolved at work, it was necessary to do something about household matters.”
• “Besides all this, there was one more significant flaw in the product, which decisively deterred the purchase.”
• “And everything was fine, except, of course, for some points.”

Note that if the preposition “instead” is used in the meaning “instead”, then it is not isolated. Example: “In return for all the money he thought was promised by his friends, he received only promises, words and nothing more.”

Isolation of circumstances

Isolated members of a sentence are, as we found out earlier, secondary members that are distinguished by intonation and with the help of punctuation marks. When do circumstances become isolated? This is what we will talk about next.

1. The circumstance is separated by commas on both sides, regardless of its location in the text, if it is expressed by an adverbial phrase. Example: “The two of them, holding their breath and holding their breath, waited for the shadow to slip further past them.” Explanation: here “hidden and holding your breath” are homogeneous and isolated members of the sentence, expressed by the adverbial phrase. There is an exception to this rule. An adverbial phrase is not isolated if it is a phraseological unit.
2. The circumstance is separated by commas on both sides, regardless of its location in the text, if it is expressed by a single type gerund. Example: “He left without turning around, although he understood what he had just done.” Explanation: here “without turning around” acts as a single gerund. There is also an exception here. A single gerund is not isolated if it merges with an adverb in its meaning. Example: “While someone was telling me something, I stood thoughtful.”
3. Usually two participle phrases connected by the conjunction “and” (as well as two single participles) are isolated as one phrase. Example: “Despite the mistakes of others and not listening to common sense, I continued to persistently trample my path.” Explanation: here “despite the mistakes of others” and “without listening to common sense” are homogeneous adverbial phrases. Moreover, they refer to the same word, so they are equal. Therefore, there is no comma between them.
4. A circumstance is isolated if it is presented as a comparative phrase. Usually in comparative phrases words like “exactly”, “as if”, “as” are used. There are some exceptions to the isolation of comparative turns; they are not isolated in all cases. In general, the isolation of comparisons and comparative phrases refers to the isolation of secondary members of sentences only sometimes, so we will not talk much about this in this article. Example: “My head hurt, as if something massive had been walked on it.”

There is such a concept in Russian syntax - optional. This means “at the discretion of the author.” So, circumstances are optionally isolated in two cases:

1. If the circumstance is presented in the form of a noun. In this case, there may or may not be a pretext. But most of all there are cases when circumstances are isolated that are expressed by a combination of nouns with certain prepositions. These are: “thanks to”, “despite”, “contrary to”, “in accordance with”, “depending on”, “to avoid”, “in view of”. Examples:

   “Thanks to the availability of free time, he was able to solve almost all his problems.”
   - “Despite the rain, they still decided to go on a picnic.”
   “Despite the threats, he has not changed his policy one bit.”
   - “In accordance with the plan, all tasks were completed within the specified time frame.”
   “Depending on what decision was made, a different fate awaited him.”
   - “To avoid a fight, the people nearby separated them into different corners.”
   “Due to unforeseen circumstances, something had to be decided quickly, but thoughtfully.”

2. If there is clarification of place and time. Example: “And yet it was impossible not to notice that here, in this room forgotten by civilization, some company once worked and flourished.”

How can you find isolated circumstances in the text? To do this, you must first find an ordinary circumstance. And then see if it is really separated by punctuation marks. After this, you can begin to analyze the question of how the isolated circumstance is expressed. The easiest way to start your search is with participial phrases, as well as single gerunds. Comparative phrases are no less visible, which, as you remember, are also separate circumstances along with clarifications of place and time, the manner of action of a person. There is a questionnaire called “Test “Isolated members of a sentence”. It usually gives tasks to search for isolations. There is a task in which you need to find a separate circumstance in the text, expressed by an adverbial phrase. It is logical that there will be not just one gerund, but a certain set of dependent words. Clarifying circumstances can be found just as easily. To do this, simply search for words that are expressed by nouns in indirect cases. Next to them there should be adverbs and prepositions. These, in most cases, are isolated circumstances, expressed by clarifications of place and time.

Signs of isolation

According to the rules of the Russian language, the signs of isolated members of a sentence can be divided into four groups. The first group is semantic features. The second is grammatical. The third is intonation (that is, pauses and emphasizing intonation). And the last, fourth group is punctuation signs. As mentioned earlier, most often punctuation marks such as commas act as punctuation marks. But it is possible that the separation will be done using a dash. Author's punctuation marks are still a rather complicated thing.

The role of isolation in the Russian language

Isolation often makes it possible to endow a particular fragment of text or phrase with some special meaning, to give it an informational weight that is different from that of other parts of the sentence. That is, due to isolation, a peculiar emphasis is placed on certain facts. During a conversation, we often, when talking about something, without noticing it ourselves, highlight some words and even phrases with intonation. Accordingly, we are trying to draw attention to these fragments; they play some special role in a given situation. This may introduce some clarifications as well. Thus, to summarize, we can say that the role of isolated members of the proposal lies in increasing the information load.

Test “Isolated members of a sentence”

Before moving on to the final part of the article, where we will summarize its results, I would like to write my own unique test with sentences to help the reader consolidate the knowledge gained about the isolation of minor members. Perhaps the test may seem easy to some, but in fact, it is precisely this type of task that is used to identify the knowledge of students in secondary educational institutions. Next there will be a task to which you need to answer, then answer options, and after that an explanation for those who answered the task incorrectly and the correct answer.

1. Which numbers correctly indicate ALL commas that should appear in the text? “He approached a lake (1) which shimmered in the sunlight (2) and went somewhere further.”

Options: a) only 1; b) only 2; c) 1 and 2.

Explanation: “which shimmered in the sunlight and went somewhere further” - a construction consisting of two participial phrases. The participial phrase is one example of a separate definition. “Shimmered in the sunlight” and “went somewhere further” are two equal participial phrases that refer to the same word. This means there is no comma between them.

Correct answer: a.

2. In all the following cases, a sentence will be immediately written in which you need to place the commas correctly. “Everything was fine (1) except (2) that on the horizon there was already looming (3) a group of clouds gathered into one whole (4) predicting a thunderstorm (5) and heavy rain.”

Options: a) 1, 2, 5; b) 1, 3, 4; c) 2, 5; d) 1, 2, 4.

Explanation: “except” is an example of a separate object. It is not at the beginning of the sentence and not at the end, so it is isolated on both sides at once. “A group of clouds gathered into one whole” is a common definition, which is expressed by a participial phrase. There will be no separation at the pass location (3). But between “clouds” and “predicting” there is a necessary comma. “Thunderstorm” and “rain” are two equal additions that refer to the same word. Therefore, there is no need for a comma between them.

Correct answer: Mr.

3. “The sky (1) gradually (2) darkened (3) occasionally illuminated by the branches of lightning (4) and somewhere in the distance (5) peals of thunder (6) were heard, foreshadowing bad weather.”

Answers: a) 1, 2, 5; b) 2, 3, 4, 5; c) 3, 4, 6; d) 1, 5, 6.

Explanation: gaps 1 and 2 will not contain a comma, because there is no clarification there. “Occasionally illuminated by the ramifications of lightning” is a common isolated circumstance expressed by an adverbial phrase. It will be separated on both sides. “Foretelling bad weather” is a participial phrase at the end of a sentence. It is isolated on one side.

Correct answer: c.

Conclusion

So, what did we find out during this article?

• Firstly, the use of isolated members of a sentence is done with the aim of giving the isolated fragment independence and increased information load.
• Secondly, for isolation, commas and dashes are used in punctuation, and intonation is used in conversation.
• Thirdly, isolated members of a sentence can only be secondary.

Isolated members of a sentence, a table for which will be presented below, may have the purpose of clarifying the time and manner of action, place. They are often also expressed by gerunds, participles and phrases. Cases with comparisons are not excluded at all.

One of the sections of syntax is the isolated members of a sentence. The Russian language presupposes the presence of such minor isolated members as: additions, circumstances, definitions, clarifications and comparisons.

1. Single and common agreed definitions are isolated and separated in writing by commas if they relate to a personal pronoun, for example:

1) Tired of a long speech, I closed my eyes and fell asleep. (L); 2) And he, rebellious, asks for storms, as if there is peace in storms. (L); 3) But you jumped up irresistible, and a flock of ships are sinking. (P.)

Note. It is necessary to distinguish adjectives and participles included in a compound nominal predicate from isolated agreed definitions expressed by adjectives and participles, for example: 1) He came especially excited And funny. (L. T.); 2) He let's go home sad And tired. (M.G.) In these cases, adjectives and participles can be placed in the instrumental case, for example: He came especially excited And cheerful.

2. Common agreed definitions are isolated and separated in writing by commas if they appear after the noun being defined: 1) The officer riding on horseback pulled the reins, stopped for a second and turned to the right. (Cupr.); 2) Streams of smoke curled in the night air, full of moisture and freshness of the sea. (M.G.) (Cf.: 1) The officer riding on horseback pulled the reins, stopped for a second and turned to the right. 2) Streams of smoke curled in the night air full of moisture and freshness of the sea - there is no isolation, since adjectives come before the defined nouns.)

3. Single agreed definitions are isolated if there are two or more of them and they come after the noun being defined, especially if there is already a definition in front of it: 1) There was a field all around, lifeless, dull. (Boon.); 2) The sun, magnificent and bright, rose over the sea. (M.G.)

Sometimes definitions are so closely related to the noun that the latter does not express the desired meaning without them, for example: In the forest, the atmosphere was waiting for Ephraim suffocating, thick, saturated with the smells of pine needles, moss and rotting leaves. (Ch.) The word atmosphere acquires the necessary meaning only in combination with definitions, and therefore they cannot be isolated from it: the important thing is not that Ephraim “was waiting for an atmosphere”, but that this atmosphere was “suffocating”, “thick” etc. Wed. another example: His [the counselor]’s face had a rather pleasant, but rogueish expression (P.), where definitions are also closely related to the word being defined and therefore are not isolated.

4. Agreed definitions placed in front of the defined noun are separated if they have an additional adverbial meaning (causal, concessional or temporary). These definitions often refer to proper names: 1) Attracted by the light, the butterflies flew in and circled around the lantern. (Ax.); 2) Tired from the day's march, Semyonov soon fell asleep. (Cor.); 3) Still transparent, the forests seem to be turning green. (P.); 4) Not cooled down by the heat, the July night shone. (Tyutch.)

5. Inconsistent definitions, expressed in indirect cases of nouns with prepositions, are isolated if they are given greater independence, that is, when they complement, clarify the idea of ​​​​an already known person or object; this usually happens if they refer to a proper name or personal pronoun: 1) Prince Andrei, in a cloak, riding a black horse, stood behind the crowd and looked at Alpatych. (L. T.); 2) Today she, in a new blue hood, was especially young and impressively beautiful. (M.G.); 3) An elegant officer, wearing a cap with golden oak leaves, shouted something into a megaphone to the captain. (A.N.T.) Wed: The engineer with a thunderous voice and wearing tortoiseshell glasses was most dissatisfied with the delay. (Paust.)

Inconsistent definitions expressed by indirect cases of nouns, in addition, are usually isolated: a) when they follow separate definitions expressed by adjectives and participles: A boy, with a short haircut, in a gray blouse, served Laptev tea without a saucer. (Ch.); b) when they stand in front of these definitions and are connected with them by coordinating conjunctions: The poor guest, with his shirt torn and scratched until he bled, soon found a safe corner. (P.)