What sciences are exact. Exact and natural sciences

"Article" ". Where we will clearly and clearly identify what this difference is. We will also determine how this relates to children, and, as always, how to fix it.

The difference between the humanities and the exact sciences is a stumbling block in many disputes. Someone proves that physics is better. Some are like poets. Some people like engineers, some like philosophers. Someone is delighted with chemists, someone loves psychologists. As you can see, the spread here is mainly based on personal preference.

BUT! There is an important difference between the humanities and the exact sciences, which underlies the success in professional activity. Not 100%, but a good 20 or even 30%. And to increase the success of a child (and an adult) in the future by 20-30% is worth a little practice.

So, let's not drag the cat for a long time for something that hangs down.

The difference between humanitarian and exact fields is very simple and lies at the heart of training:

1. In the sphere humanitarian people DO NOT LEARN to redo the work again, achieving the desired result.
2. In the field of precision, people LEARN to redo the work in order to achieve the desired result.

How did we find out? It's very simple - by observation. For example, children go to art school. They draw, paint, sculpt. And, interestingly, almost everyone and always DO NOT LEARN to redo a job if it didn’t work out.

The drawing is corrected by the teacher, the drawing is corrected by the student, different methods are applied to fix what is, to make it look acceptable. But the drawing is not reworked so that it matches the intended one.

Consider this trend in other humanities.

Literature, history, ecology, psychology ... In these sciences there is not even a place where you can remake something.

Didn't get the experience on monkeys? Let's pretend that this is what was intended and write an article.

Do you need a tribe of ancient people to first invent fire, and then the stone ax? Yes, please, easy.

Is there a dirty lake? We will come up with hundreds of ways to fix it. But no one, how to prevent the appearance of dirt.

Having considered examples, you can deduce a general pattern:

In the humanities, precision is not needed.

Therefore, she is not trained. Therefore, there is no need to redo the work over and over again. And in the exact sciences, accuracy is important - and it is trained.

So there are two steps:

1. Imagine and calculate how something should look like.
2. Embody this.

And in the second step exact sciences work and work and work to get what is in step one. That's what it is accuracy.

So, if an engineer has a calculation error, he will not attach a bow to the drawing. He will redo the calculations as many times as the bridge can withstand the loads.

If the physicist does not agree on the result of the experiments, he will redo the experiment so many times to get what is needed. But he will not attribute a couple of flowers and hope that the mistake will not be noticed.

The builder, if he does not get the wall, will redo and redo until the foreman is satisfied. There are, of course, hacks, but they are everywhere 🙂

The cook will achieve the desired taste of the dish, the electrician - the required voltage, the inventor - the desired invention, the accountant - so that all the numbers come together, and so on.

As you can see, exact sciences are not only “higher” ones, inapplicable. This is any activity where people set a goal accuracy... And this requires repetitions, which become less and less with increasing skill.

It is interesting that from this point of view, the composer is a humanitarian worker, he embodies what is in his mind, as he can, as accurately as he wants. But the musician-performer (singer, etc.) is a worker of the exact spheres, he follows all the instructions of the composer exactly and achieves the maximum repeatability of the result.

So what's the point with kids.

A person who has not taught how to achieve accuracy does not know how to redo work.

He just lack of skill... What gives rise to a problem when life makes a demand " accuracy!”And this happens more often than would be desirable for those who do not know how to re-do the work.

This is where we come to our 20-30% efficiency.

Efficiency can be improved by learning how to re-do the job so many times to achieve the intended result. How to learn? Elementary - redoing the work as many times as necessary to achieve the planned accuracy.

Agree, it's difficult. But - you can.

Especially Lego is so, it really wants to improve efficiency 🙂

Happy accuracy achievement!

The concept of "science" has several basic meanings. First, science is understood as the sphere of human activity aimed at developing and systematizing new knowledge about nature, society, thinking and cognition of the surrounding world. In the second sense, science acts as a result of this activity - a system of acquired scientific knowledge. Thirdly, science is understood as one of the forms of social consciousness, a social institution.

The immediate goal of science is the comprehension of objective truth, obtained as a result of knowledge about the objective and subjective world.

The tasks of science: collecting, describing, analyzing, summarizing and explaining facts; discovery of the laws of motion of nature, society, thinking and cognition; systematization of the acquired knowledge; explanation of the essence of phenomena and processes; forecasting events, phenomena and processes; establishing directions and forms of practical use of the knowledge gained.

The ramified system of numerous and varied studies, distinguished by object, subject, method, degree of fundamentality, scope, etc., practically excludes a single classification of all sciences on one basis. In the most general form, sciences are divided into natural, technical, social and humanitarian.

TO natural sciences include sciences:

about space, its structure, development (astronomy, cosmology, etc.);

Earth (geology, geophysics, etc.);

physical, chemical, biological systems and processes, forms of motion of matter (physics, etc.);

a person as a biological species, its origin and evolution (anatomy, etc.).

Technical sciences are substantively based on natural sciences. They study various forms and directions of development of technology (radio engineering, electrical engineering, etc.).

social sciences also have a number of directions and study society (economics, sociology, political science, jurisprudence, etc.).

Humanities science - science about the spiritual world a person, about his attitude to the world around him, society, his own kind (pedagogy, psychology,).

2. Natural science and humanitarian culture.

Their differences are based on certain types of object-subject relationship in the natural and social sciences. In the first, there is a clear separation of the object from the subject, sometimes brought to the absolute; while all the attention of the researcher is focused on the object. In the social sciences and the humanities, such a division is fundamentally impossible, since in them the subject and the object are fused together in one subject. The problems of such relationships were investigated by the English writer and scientist Ch. Snow.

The subject area of ​​science includes:

A system of knowledge about nature - natural science ( natural Sciences);

· A system of knowledge about positively significant values ​​of human being, social strata, state, humanity (humanities).

Natural sciences are an integral part of natural science culture, and humanitarian, respectively, humanitarian culture.

Natural Science Culture- is: the aggregate historical volume of knowledge about nature and society; the amount of knowledge about specific types and spheres of being, which is actualized in an abbreviated-concentrated form and is available for presentation; the content of accumulated and updated knowledge about nature and society assimilated by a person.

Humanitarian culture- these are: the cumulative historical volume of knowledge of philosophy, religious studies, jurisprudence, ethics, art history, pedagogy, literary criticism and other sciences; system-forming values ​​of humanitarian knowledge (humanism, ideals of beauty, perfection, freedom, goodness, etc.).

Specificity of natural science culture: knowledge about nature is distinguished by a high degree of objectivity and reliability (truth). Moreover, it is deeply specialized knowledge.

Specificity of humanitarian culture: the system-forming values ​​of humanitarian knowledge are determined and activated based on the individual's belonging to a particular social group. The problem of truth is solved taking into account the knowledge about the object and the assessment of the usefulness of this knowledge by the cognizing or consuming subject. This does not exclude the possibility of interpretations that contradict the real properties of objects, saturation with certain ideals and projects of the future.

The relationship between natural science and humanitarian cultures is as follows: have a common cultural basis, are fundamental elements of a unified system of knowledge; represent the highest form of human knowledge; mutually coordinate in the historical and cultural process; stimulate the emergence of new interdisciplinary branches of knowledge at the intersection of natural and human sciences.

Man is the main link in all sciences

:
Exact sciences refers to areas of science that study quantitatively accurate patterns and use rigorous hypothesis testing methods based on reproducible experiments and rigorous logical reasoning. It is customary to refer to the exact sciences as mathematics, computer science, physics, chemistry, as well as some sections of biology, psychology and social science.

Usually the exact sciences are opposed to the humanities.

Articles and publications on exact sciences

Summer School in Exact Sciences and Technology(February 17, 2011 - rusnanonet.ru)
For the first time in the history of the Fulbright program, a special summer school in the field of exact sciences and technologies "Nanomaterials and nanotechnologies".

(March 10, 2011 - planetashkol.ru)
In this material, you can find out the dates, duration of exams, the number of points and tasks in each part and the number of tasks by section.

The reason for the success of men in the exact sciences (news.siteua.org)
Men and women use different parts of the brain for thinking. Men think more with gray matter (responsible for information processing), and women - with white matter (responsible for the connections of various information structures). This study explains why men are more likely to do well in areas that require local analysis, such as mathematics, and women in areas where data matching is required, such as linguistics.

LIFE: Exact sciences are recognized as enemies of the image (www.utro.ru) If someone cannot be called a sex symbol, then this is a person whose only love is exact sciences.

For a decade now, the number of students wishing to study mathematics at British universities has been steadily declining. According to the authors of the study, in order to prevent this, it is necessary to connect the mechanisms of mass culture in order to form a more positive image of a scientist.

About the exact sciences (www.lovehate.ru) Although the exact sciences are more complicated than the humanities, there is some logic in them.

Mayor of Narva: Exact sciences should be studied in their native language (baltija.eu - 30.11.2010)
In order to study humanitarian subjects not on native language, for this it is enough to have a good vocabulary and understanding of the language. As for the exact sciences, it is possible to teach here, but with understanding, according to Tarmo Tammiste, problems may arise.

The exact sciences include mathematics, from beginning to end invented by man and based on completely abstract concepts. What is the number 1? It does not exist in nature. There are objects to which this concept belongs, for example, one brick or one chair. What do a brick and a chair have in common, where is the number 1 in them? The numbers were invented by a person to facilitate the knowledge of the objective part of reality and do not exist anywhere except his mind. In other words, numbers do not exist in the material world of the objective part of reality. A very common misconception is that mathematics is objective for the material world, that it somehow exists in this very material world. This is not true. There are no numbers in nature, they are not a property of material bodies. Numbers (and all mathematics as a whole) serve as a tool invented by man for understanding the material world of objective reality. Mathematics is an example of intersubjectivity, but, nevertheless, it has a subjective nature of its existence.

Mathematics is a very powerful tool. There are dozens of directions in it, each of which is simply invaluable for the cognition of Reality. Take the theory of probability, for example. Let's flip a coin, which comes up, heads or tails? Nobody knows, including mathematics, since this is a random, equiprobable event. But flip a coin a million times, and then a mathematician can say that with a high probability (almost certainly) there will be eagles from 300,000 to 600,000. Of course, this is not an exact value, but the fact that what seemed previously absolutely random event acquires a completely computable result. And if you throw an infinite number of times, then exactly half will be heads and half tails. The result is predictable. So how do predictability and randomness fit together? And this is what allows you to learn the theory of probability. And before talking about God, about predetermination, about fate, about other things of this kind, you must first study the theory of probability and see if this is not fate, but ordinary complex mathematics.

Natural sciences are engaged in trying to understand the material world, using a mathematical apparatus for this. And they do it just fine, for example, I type this text on a very powerful computer, which simply could not exist without science. However, everything is not as simple as it seems at first glance. If mathematics described the entire material world as well as it is obtained by simply counting fingers on hands, then there would be no need for natural sciences. The use of a mathematical tool is associated with great difficulties in correlating the results of calculations and scientific experiments... For this, various coefficients are introduced, numerical and probabilistic methods... There is a large section of applied mathematics. So mathematics itself cannot accurately describe the real material world even quantitatively, only within the limits of errors, often not even mathematically deduced. And about the description of the essence of objects and phenomena, there can be no question.

It is customary to refer to exact sciences as such sciences as chemistry, physics, astronomy, mathematics, computer science. It so happened historically that the exact sciences mainly paid attention to inanimate nature. Recently, they say that the science of living nature, biology, will be able to become accurate, since it increasingly uses the same methods as physics, etc. Already now there is an exact section related to the exact sciences - genetics.

Mathematics is a fundamental science on which many other sciences are based. It is believed to be exact, although sometimes theorem proving uses assumptions that cannot be proven.

Informatics - about the methods of obtaining, accumulating, storing, transferring, transforming, protecting and using information. Since all this can be done by computers, informatics is associated with computing technology. It includes various disciplines related to information processing, such as the development of programming languages, analysis of algorithms, etc.

What makes exact sciences different

Exact sciences study the exact laws, phenomena and objects of nature, which can be measured using established methods, devices and described using clearly defined concepts. Hypotheses are based on experimentation and logical reasoning and are rigorously tested.

Exact sciences usually deal with numerical values, formulas, unambiguous conclusions. If we take physics, for example, the laws of nature act in the same way in the same way. In the humanities, such as philosophy, sociology, each person can have his own opinion on most issues and justify it, but he is unlikely to be able to prove that this opinion is the only correct one. The subjectivity factor is strongly expressed in the humanities. The measurement results of the exact sciences can be verified, i.e. they are objective.

The essence of the exact sciences can be well understood by the example of computer science and programming, where the "if - then - otherwise" algorithm is used. The algorithm implies a clear sequence of actions to achieve a specific result.

Scientists and researchers continue to make new discoveries in different areas, many phenomena and processes on planet Earth and in the universe remain unexplored. In view of this, it can be assumed that even any humanitarian science could become accurate if there were methods that would reveal and prove all unexplained regularities. In the meantime, people simply do not possess such methods, so they have to be content with reasoning and draw conclusions based on the experience and observations.