Shapovalov Igor Vasilievich Head of the Department of Education. Head of the Department of Education Igor Shapovalov became the richest member of the government of the Belgorod region

Igor Shapovalov, the head of the education department of the Belgorod region, has a lot of questions. So he was, one might say, a long-awaited and very important guest of the editorial board. After all, what could be more important than our children?

About the exam

- Igor Vasilievich, let's start with the Unified State Exam. This year, the situation is not very convenient for graduates: universities have changed the lists of entrance examinations for some specialties, the requirements for passing the exam are being tightened, there are many disputes over essays ...

- Changes are not only in this. For example, universities have received the right to introduce additional tests. All this is not bad - both the fact that the list of exams has been expanded and additional tests, but I believe that all changes should be introduced at the beginning of the school year, and not in the second half of it. On the question of the Unified State Exam, a new procedure for its conduct has already been approved. Video cameras, online surveillance, metal detectors at each point passing the exam and other technical things related to information security. This is probably important, but psychologically it puts a lot of pressure on children, causes nervousness, excitement ... In general, in 2013-2014 academic year changes in the USE will affect only technical issues, the content of the exam will not change.

So you asked about the essay - this school year everything will be the same as last. If there are changes, they will affect the 2015 graduates. Yes, there are heated debates: remove a mini-essay from the Unified State Exam in Russian language and literature, replacing it with a large one, or simply add a large essay ... My personal opinion is that you cannot put different things in one basket. It is one thing to check the knowledge of spelling and punctuation, and another thing is whether a person knows how to express his thoughts on paper, think, draw some conclusions ... Probably, this should depend on the specialty for which the applicant enters.

- Now there is talk that, in addition to the results of the Unified State Exam, when entering universities, they will take into account the so-called portfolio of a school graduate - letters, diplomas, etc. - to defeat corruption when entering universities? After all USE results- these are numbers, and the volume and quality of the dossier are quite subjective things ...

- So far there are no normative documents that would allow taking into account not only the results of the exam, but also the extracurricular achievements of schoolchildren, for which additional points will be added. Currently, the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation is preparing the procedure for admitting applicants to higher educational institutions, in which, we hope, the accounting system will be presented. individual achievements students. In particular, points will be added to applicants if they become winners and prize-winners at the regional level of the All-Russian subject Olympiads.

Federal standards

- In the Belgorod region, the project “Our new school". Have you already summed up its results for 2013?

- The implementation of the main directions of the national educational initiative "Our New School" in 2013 took place in the context of the introduction of the new Federal Law No. 273-FZ "On Education in the Russian Federation" and the Strategy for the Development of Preschool, General and Additional Education in the Belgorod Region for 2013-2020. So I can say with confidence that the system of general and additional education in the region has moved to a qualitatively new level of innovative development.

The strategic direction of modernization of education remains the introduction of federal state educational standards(FSES), the main goal of which is to improve the quality of education and upbringing. In 2012, the Belgorod Region began to implement the Federal State Educational Standard of the main general education, although the massive regular mode of the introduction of these standards will begin on September 1, 2015. Now more than 45 thousand primary school students study according to the Federal State Educational Standard. There are more than four thousand students in the fifth-sixth grades. In total, 49,448 Belgorod schoolchildren are studying according to the new standards, or 36.2 percent of the total number of students, which is 5966 more than the established federal requirements.

The changes also affected the system of pedagogical education, the development of teacher potential, and additional professional education. In the region, the infrastructure of advanced pedagogical education is being created during the entire period of the teacher's professional activity. The Institute for the Development of Education of the Belgorod Region has developed innovative, personality-oriented approaches to this problem.

An effective form of enriching pedagogical practice with innovative ideas has become the "Methodical Train" of the regional club "Teacher of the Year". The club brings together winners and laureates of professional competitions, including competitive selection within the framework of the national project "Education". Within its framework, the School of Methodological Skills for Young Teachers "Beginning" is functioning. The winners, laureates of the competition and members of the School "Beginning" were included in the All-Russian open video forum "Young Teacher in the Social Vector of Russia". In July 2013, young teachers of the region took part in the All-Russian Youth Forum "Seliger-2013". In 2013, a remote examination of professional achievements and certification of teachers for qualification categories was carried out, 5354 pedagogical workers passed it (in 2012 - 4412), including 2587 teachers of secondary schools, which is 22.1 percent of their total number. The Belgorod experience "The use of automated technologies in the certification procedure for teaching staff" in October 2013 was recommended by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation for the introduction of the best practices of modernization of regional education systems into the All-Russian Bank.

- New federal standards are being introduced for preschool education ...

- Yes, for the first time in Russian history the fateful event was the approval of the FSES of preschool education in accordance with the federal law "On Education in the Russian Federation". They guarantee equal opportunities for quality preschool education; the level and quality of education based on the unity of requirements for the conditions for the implementation of basic educational programs; maintaining unity educational space in the country regarding the level of preschool education, which is independent in the general education system. In the Belgorod region, a working group has been created, a roadmap for the introduction of standards has been developed, the head of the preschool education department has become a member of the working group of the Coordination Council for the introduction of the Federal State Educational Standard for Preschool Education of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia. The introduction of preschool education standards in the regular mode will be carried out from September 1, 2014.

In the near future we will defend this project at a government meeting. But for its implementation, conditions are needed. We analyzed the state of kindergartens in the Belgorod region - 21 percent do not meet these conditions. In order to solve this problem in the face of a budget deficit, we took the path of integrating the resources of schools and kindergartens. For the last two years we have supported small schools. About one and a half billion rubles from the regional, municipal and federal budgets were allocated for these needs. And it turned out that schools now look better than kindergartens. We have considered the issue of forming schools with a preschool group. Thus, all the resources of schools - assembly and sports halls, equipment, teaching staff - work on Kindergarten.

Since September 1, 2013, there has essentially been a quiet revolution. Virtually all children between the ages of five and 17 have become schoolchildren. Because de jure, children of five or six years old are enrolled in primary school education - preschool. From September 1, 2014, 50 kindergartens in the region will be integrated with schools.

About "after-school" and textbooks

- And one more question related to the introduction of the Federal State Educational Standard. The new educational standards presuppose daily extracurricular activities - that is, in fact, after school, children are busy at school for another two to three hours. This is convenient and useful for those who do not go to any circles or sections. But there are situations when children who go in for sports are forced to stay out of school. music school etc., it turns out that they have practically no free time left, they have to skip classes and trainings. How should parents be in this situation?

- It all depends on the specific school. Now the key link in the education system is precisely the school, the child and his parents. And they have the right to choose. For example, in primary school, 30 percent of all school hours are parents' choice. This is written in the standard. Plus "after-school" - 60 percent of the hours should also be organized based on the choice of parents. But many do not even know about it!

In general, the new FSES gives more freedom to choose. School education consists of two blocks. The first is educational activity itself, 37 hours a week, taking into account the fact that in high school students should have elective subjects. The second block is extracurricular activities up to 10 hours a week. It is organized in different directions - physical culture and sports and health improvement, spiritual and moral, social, general intellectual, general cultural. This is where parents face a problem: there are children who are engaged in circles, sections, a music school, and they are forced to stay for extracurricular activities. As a result, indeed, children practically do not have free time even to prepare their homework. From the point of view of the school, this position of teachers is simply explained: the more a teacher has in a group of children, the more hours, respectively, the more the salary. What to do? First of all, remember that parents should not assume that they are powerless in this situation. They have the right to raise the issue of the organization extracurricular activities according to an individual plan, by making an application to the headmaster of the school or the chairman of the governing council of the educational institution. If the situation is not resolved with their help, then you need to contact the Department of Education. The department's website has a page for sending citizens' appeals, and, believe me, we always respond very quickly to each such appeal.

- Can extracurricular activities be used as preparation for exams?

- Not only is it possible, but also necessary! Many schools do just that, organizing additional classes to prepare for the Unified State Examination and State Examination for high school students. And this solves many problems, for example, there is no need for parents to pay money to tutors. But everything must be done wisely. 37 hours of study plus 10 - "extracurricular", this is 47 hours a week. Not every child is able to withstand such a load.

- And what about modern textbooks? Even teachers point out that they are not written for children, it is very difficult to teach using them. Schoolchildren do not perceive information presented in boring, learned language.

- I completely agree with you. For example, my wife teaches biology at school. Children have always liked this subject, and in recent years it has become one of the most unloved lessons. They began to understand - it turned out that the matter was in the textbooks! And this can be said about many subjects!

Modern textbooks are overloaded with information that is not required for study at school. Yes, science is now striding by leaps and bounds, the authors of textbooks are trying to keep up with it, but do children need it? Are they able to perceive all this information? Even if the textbooks say: "Complies with the Federal State Educational Standard", most often this is just a cosmetic correction, but in fact the textbook has not been adapted to the new educational standards, which indicate the necessary amount of knowledge that a student should receive.

Therefore, we came up with the idea of ​​a fundamental core of knowledge in each subject. After all, many textbooks were written by employees of the university sphere and, indeed, are simply incomprehensible to children. In such cases, I always give an example, comparing Wikipedia and the Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Wikipedia has thousands of times more views than TSB. Cause? Wikipedia is written by the people themselves. In understandable language. Unfortunately, we have no right to write textbooks. But we can collect the best practices of teachers, and we are doing this now. We strive to write our own pedagogical Wikipedia. We create a resource where any teacher in any subject can post their developments and recommendations for free, with copyright consolidation. It can be documents, presentations, fragments of a video lesson, and any other forms. And our Belgorod teachers have such masterpieces!

We initiated the creation of the portal "Network School Belogorya", it is scheduled to launch on April 1. Now we are working out the rules of its work and the filling mechanism. The portal will operate on the basis of the regional institute for the development of education.

Of course, there are many educational portals on the Internet. What is the main feature of the Belogorie Network School? Firstly, registered users will be provided with all the multimedia features of the site - for example, full functionality for creating presentations, videos, etc. There is a mechanism for securing copyright for everyone who posts their materials. Any teacher can use the information posted on the portal to prepare a lesson. Yes, we have no right to write textbooks, but the use of a textbook is only a small fraction of how you can build a lesson! This path was supported by the Ministry of Education and Science. Many other regions of Russia have announced that they are ready to join our resource, which will be useful to teachers, students and parents. It can become a kind of electronic textbook, and it is convenient to use it for self-education. Especially in cases where children are forced out of school for a long time. The teacher visits homework children on average once a week. How can we talk about quality education in this case?

Therefore, with all the difficult attitude towards electronic resources, I believe that their potential is far from being exhausted.

About electronic services

- At one of the meetings of the Russian Government, Dmitry Medvedev gave several instructions regarding the education sector. For example, gradually move away from classes in the second shift, establish a system for tracking students who move to other schools in the second half of the school year. How do you plan to carry out these assignments?

- The issue of tracking students who in the second half of the 11th grade move to other schools (the so-called USE-tourists) was raised at a meeting of heads of municipal education departments. The Department of Education of the region sends letters, according to which the municipal administrations of education must ensure control and monitoring of the movement of the "Unified State Exam-tourists". And of course, our department will also monitor the "migration" of high school students, including with the help of law enforcement agencies. An interdepartmental working group has been created, which includes representatives of the police.

As for the gradual transition to training only in the first shift, the question is more complicated. According to the 28th article of the Law "On Education in the Russian Federation", the development and adoption of internal regulations for students is within the competence of the educational organization. Therefore, according to the law, only the school itself can solve this issue.

- A portal of municipal services in the field of education has recently been launched on the department's website. What services can you get with it?

- The portal is now in the filling stage. I think the work will be completed by March 1. The most popular services now are licensing of educational institutions and accreditation of educational programs. From January 1, 2014, it was decided to transfer this process to an electronic form as much as possible in order to exclude the corruption component, to minimize personal contacts between those who provide documents and who accept them. It also makes paperwork easier. The rest of the services - enrollment in educational institutions, current academic performance, final certification - are given less attention so far. Although the results of the SIA and USE are very popular information, it is also provided in electronic form.

The kindergarten registration system was transferred to electronic form last year. Since January 1, 30 regions, including the Belgorod Region, have been participating in this project. By April 1, all data will be uploaded to the federal information base.

To medals - to be!

- In the Belgorod region, a survey was conducted on whether it is necessary to keep school medals ...

- I can say unequivocally: there will be school medals in the Belgorod region! We conducted a survey and, in principle, determined for ourselves that officials would not put a stick in our wheels. General opinion: 80 percent of Belgorod citizens are for medals. It is a brand, a symbol that has developed over the years.

Cancellation of a medal is tantamount to the fact that, for example, an Olympic champion would be awarded a diploma or certificate, but not a medal. Yes, it lost its significance with the introduction of the USE, but it should be! We have developed a regulation on the basis of what results it is issued and what it should be. This statement is posted on the department's website for public comment.

- And the last question - have the measures to support non-state kindergartens changed?

- This year the principle of payment for kindergarten services has changed altogether. Since January 1, the regions have taken upon themselves the payment for the standard of educational services. The educational standard contains how to teach, educate and socialize children. More than 2.5 billion rubles have been allocated for these purposes.

But services for supervision and care can be paid either from the funds of the municipalities, or through the parental fee. What is supervision and care? According to Family Code In the Russian Federation (part 1 of article 63), parents are responsible for the upbringing and development of their children. They are obliged to take care of their health, physical, mental, spiritual and moral development.

Our position is this: if parents shift these functions to other specialists, to institutions, they should pay for these services. But we understand that going along the path of 100 percent payment is simply unrealistic, for many families these are unaffordable amounts. Therefore, more than 50 percent of the costs of supervision and care are borne by the municipalities, and parents pay the amount of 1,500 and 1,800 rubles, depending on where the kindergarten is located. Moreover, part of this payment is then returned to parents - 20 percent for one child attending kindergarten, 50 percent for the second, and 70 percent for the third. This applies to municipal kindergartens.

In private gardens, the situation is different. Firstly, parents can send their children to such kindergartens from two months. This is a very difficult period, costly, and specific, so we do not try to create unnecessary conditions to separate children from their parents at such an early age. And for those who do not have the opportunity to be near children during this period, we are looking for alternative forms of preschool education. The most common are non-state kindergartens, full-fledged ones and groups of supervision and care. And we support this private sector.

Licensed kindergartens can choose the methods of support themselves: the ability to receive payment for services from the parents themselves, or as a refund of a certain amount from the budget to the account of institutions. But then they must reduce parental pay by the same amount.

In previous years, private kindergartens had the opportunity to receive assistance from the Small Business Support Fund, where grants of 1 million rubles were issued to create conditions, purchase equipment, and so on. Six entrepreneurs took advantage of this opportunity. Plus to this - tax incentives, zero rate on property tax.

And as a result, we are in the top ten subjects of the Russian Federation, where the non-state sector of preschool education is best developed.

The problem is this: there are many parents who attend non-state kindergartens, but are not removed from the queue for the municipal kindergarten. We understand them: for many, this is only a temporary measure, allowing them to wait, wait in line for a municipal kindergarten. And according to the law, we cannot force them to withdraw from the queue.

Interviewed by Elena Melnikova

EDUCATIONAL SPACE OF THE BELGOROD REGION General education institutions - 556, over 137 thousand people study there. Boarding schools - 11, in which there are pupils Preschool educational institutions - 518, in them there are pupils of educational institutions with preschool groups - 115, in them there are pupils in the Primary school - kindergarten - 7, in them there are pupils in Orthodox non-state kindergartens - 2, in them there are Orthodox children home - 19 pupils Orthodox gymnasiums - 2, in them there are 1 Orthodox seminary, in them - 85 seminarians (full-time), 190 (in absentia) Socio-Theological Faculty of BelSU. 2

REGULATORY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE ORGANIZATION OF SPIRITUAL AND MORAL EDUCATION OF CHILDREN AND YOUTH OF THE BELGOROD REGION 3 1. Law of the Belgorod Region dated July 3, 2006 57 "On establishing the regional component of state educational standards of general education in the Belgorod Region" 2. Strategy "Formation of a regional solidarity society" for years 3. Strategy for the development of preschool, general and additional education in the Belgorod region for years 4. Strategy for actions in the interests of children in the Belgorod region for years 5. State program "Development of education in the Belgorod region for years" 6. Subprogram "Strengthening the unity of the Russian nation and ethnocultural development of Russian regions "of the state program" Providing the population of the Belgorod region with information on the activities of public authorities and the priorities of regional policy for years "7. Agreement on cooperation between the Belgorod and Stary Oskol dioceses and the Department of Education region dated January 8, 2008 8. Order of the Department of Education, Culture and Youth Policy of the region dated December 28, 2009 2575 "On the opening of the regional experiment" Regional model for the implementation of spiritual and moral education of children in the preschool education system "9. Comprehensive action plan for joint activities of the Department education of the region and the Belgorod Metropolis for the spiritual and moral education of children and youth for years.

THE MAIN DIRECTIONS OF COOPERATION WITH THE BELGOROD MITROPOLY - work of spiritual and educational centers; -training and advanced training of teaching staff (refresher courses, training and scientific-practical seminars, conferences, master classes, etc.); -conducting joint competitions of professional skills of teaching staff; -conducting mass events with children and youth 4

5 RESULTS OF SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCHES OF TEACHING THE SUBJECT "ORTHODOX CULTURE" Formed moral qualities: -42.1% - the ability to forgive insults, -32% - the desire to help those in need, - 35% - compassion, - 36% - good breeding, - 36% - general culture - 31.1% - virtue, - 30.5% - patience in relationships with peers Positive values ​​of introducing the subject "Orthodox culture" into the educational process: - the value of spiritual and cultural development of children corresponds to - 59.3%; - broadening the horizons of children - 45.4%; -forming a respectful attitude towards elders - 29.2%; -including young people to faith - 26.4%.

6 WINNERS AND AWARDS OF THE ALL-RUSSIAN STAGE OF THE OLYMPIAD ON THE BASIS OF ORTHODOX CULTURE academic year - Kuzminova Kristina, MOU "Gymnasium 22" Belgorod Bondarenko Mikhail, MOU "School 34 with in-depth study of individual subjects" School of Yakovlevsky district "- the owner of the Patriarchal diploma Mazina Inna, MOU SOSH 35 of Belgorod Valery Javadov, NOU" Orthodox Gymnasium in the Name of Saints Methodius and Cyril of Belgorod "academic year - 6 prize-winners: -Solovieva Anna, Zinoviev Alexander, Gasimov Grigory, Orthodox gymnasium in Stary Oskol; -Ushakova Diana, Gostishcheva Svetlana, MBOU "Kustovskaya secondary school of Yakovlevsky district" -Veretennikova Natalya, MBOU Afanasyevskaya secondary school of Alekseevskiy district academic year - 4 prize-winners: Anna Solovieva, Alexander Zinoviev, Grigory Gasimov, Svyatoslav Shipilov, Stary Pravda

RESULTS OF THE "SACRED SOURCES OF THE BELGOROD REGION" PROJECT Published to help pedagogical workers: -Atlas-guidebook "Sacred springs of the Belgorod region"; -Multimedia optical disc “Data bank of springs of the Belgorod region; -Guidelines"Study and Preservation of the Holy Springs of the Belgorod Region"

PROJECT "CHILDREN'S REGIONAL SPIRITUAL AND EDUCATIONAL CENTER" BLAGOVEST ": Easter festival among students educational institutions of all types and types: competition of essays, essays, research; competitions of research works of senior pupils "Life and asceticism of St. Joasaph of Belgorod"; "The patron saints of Russia"; contests, exhibitions of fine arts and arts and crafts; competition-game "Expert of Orthodox Culture"; the festival of children's folklore groups "Zapovedny Belgorod land"; sacred music festival; competition of fine arts "Spiritual Face of Russia"; regional photo competition "With love for the Belgorod region, we are united by good deeds." ten

11 COMPETITIVE MOVEMENT OF TEACHERS All-Russian competition“For the moral feat of a teacher” has been held since 2006. Over the years of the competition, over 250 teachers and authors' teams of educational institutions of the region took part, - 9 - winners and prize-winners in the Central Federal District. The interregional competition of the Central Federal District "Star of Bethlehem" has been held since 2011: -more than 70 teachers and authors' teams of educational institutions of the region took part; and 2013 - absolute winners; year - winners in the nomination

12 ACTIVITIES OF SPIRITUAL AND EDUCATIONAL CENTERS In the region there are more than 100 centers on the basis of secondary schools and institutions of additional education for children. The main activities of the centers: - educational; - educational; - cultural mass; - scientific and methodological; - History and Local Lore; - tourist and excursion; - charitable.

CONCEPTUAL APPROACHES TO SPIRITUAL AND MORAL EDUCATION OF A CHILD'S PERSONALITY 13 Humanitarian, secular content (traditions folk culture, modern cultural practice, works of literature and art, means of ethnopedagogy) based on the programs of social and moral development "Theocentric" (Orthodox worldview, morality and festive culture) based on the provisions of the Concept of Orthodox preschool education

IMPROVEMENT OF STAFFING OF THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS 14 Module on the formation of an Orthodox worldview in preschoolers in the course program for kindergarten teachers at the Belgorod Institute for the Development of Education Lectures and practical classes on the basis of spiritual and educational centers, Sunday schools, centers of Orthodox books

Program and methodological materials of the "theocentric" orientation are implemented in 96 preschool organizations 72.7% of municipalities in the region, children are covered by "theocentric" programs in the current academic year, which is 85% higher than in 2011 (1073 children). 15

REGIONAL EXPERIMENT "REGIONAL MODEL FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF SPIRITUAL AND MORAL EDUCATION OF CHILDREN IN THE PRESCHOOL EDUCATION SYSTEM" (YEAR) of preschool educational institutions 2 non-state preschool educational institutions 12 municipal preschool educational institutions with the priority of spiritual and moral education

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS Testing and introduction into the educational process of the preschool educational institution of the program "The World is a Beautiful Creation" by Lyubov Petrovna Gladkikh; activation of the scientific and methodological activities of teachers and leaders of the preschool education system for the spiritual and moral education of preschoolers on the basis of Orthodox culture; improving the quality of preschool education through the revival of the best domestic pedagogical traditions; informational and educational support of continuous spiritual and moral education in the region, incl. through the means mass media. 18

DURING THE EXPERIMENT, collections of the experience of teachers and priests on the spiritual and moral education of preschoolers were published; educational films for parents and teachers were released; a complex of didactic games and teaching aids of the corresponding content has been developed; prepared and conducted over 10 regional seminars. 19

MODEL OF SPIRITUAL AND MORAL EDUCATION IN THE EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM OF PRESCHOOL ORGANIZATION 20 FSES of preschool education () FSES of preschool education (part formed by participants in educational relations) "social and communicative development" (assimilation of norms and values ​​adopted in society, including moral values)

ACHIEVED RESULTS the formation of citizenship and patriotic feelings of children in all preschool educational organizations is defined as a priority for the implementation of the educational program; program and methodological materials of "theocentric" orientation are implemented in 96 (ninety-six) preschool organizations in 72.7% of the region's municipalities. the number of minors, participants in crimes, decreased from 336 to 335 (-0.3%), including among schoolchildren from 149 to 140 (-6%) (information of the Department of Internal Affairs); the share of educational institutions implementing programs for the spiritual and moral education of children and youth has been brought to 100 percent; the number of promising models of spiritual and moral education of children and youth has increased (spiritual and educational centers, support schools, innovative sites up to 27.4% of the total number of educational institutions; the proportion of children and youth taking part in regional and all-Russian events of spiritual and moral orientation amounted to more than 75%; the proportion of teaching staff participating in competitions of professional skills on the problems of spiritual and moral education and upbringing of schoolchildren reached 27.5% (the planned indicator is -25%). 21

PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF SPIRITUAL AND MORAL EDUCATION OF CHILDREN AND YOUTH; development of systems for the upbringing of children and adolescents, based on the formation of basic national values, spirituality and morality, regional patriotism; implementation of measures to develop the creative abilities of all schoolchildren, based on the individual capabilities of each; providing support to leading teaching staff who implement programs (projects) of a spiritual and moral orientation and demonstrate high performance results; implementation of the results of the work of the regional experimental site "Development of the regional model of spiritual and moral education of preschool children" (the program "The world is a beautiful creation) in the activities of preschool education institutions for children of the region; development of a network of Orthodox preschool groups and kindergartens; development of a regulatory framework for the use of Orthodoxy in state and municipal educational institutions in the light of new generation federal state educational standards; development research laboratories on the problems of spiritual and moral education; development of social partnership with deaneries, spiritual and educational centers. 22

1. Biodamage and mechanisms of biodegradation of building materials. Problem state.

1.1 Agents of biodeterioration.

1.2 Factors affecting the fungal resistance of building materials.

1.3 Mechanism of microdestruction of building materials.

1.4 Ways to increase the fungal resistance of building materials.

2 Objects and methods of research.

2.1 Research objects.

2.2 Research methods.

2.2.1 Physical and mechanical research methods.

2.2.2 Physical and chemical research methods.

2.2.3 Biological research methods.

2.2.4 Mathematical processing of research results.

3 Microdestruction of building materials based on mineral and polymer binders.

3.1. Fungal resistance of the most important components of building materials.

3.1.1. Fungal resistance of mineral aggregates.

3.1.2. Fungal resistance of organic aggregates.

3.1.3. Fungal resistance of mineral and polymer binders.

3.2. Fungal resistance of various types of building materials based on mineral and polymer binders.

3.3. Growth and development kinetics mold fungi on the surface of gypsum and polymer composites.

3.4. Influence of metabolic products of micromycetes on the physical and mechanical properties of gypsum and polymer composites.

3.5. Mechanism of gypsum stone microdestruction.

3.6. Mechanism of polyester composite microdestruction.

Modeling the processes of microdestruction of building materials.

4.1. Kinetic model of the growth and development of molds on the surface of building materials.

4.2. Diffusion of micromycete metabolites into the structure of dense and porous building materials.

4.3. Forecasting the durability of building materials used in conditions of mycological aggression.

Increasing the fungal resistance of building materials based on mineral and polymer binders.

5.1 Cement concrete.

5.2 Plaster materials.

5.3 Polymer composites.

5.4 Technical and economic analysis of the efficiency of using building materials with increased fungal resistance.

Recommended list of dissertations

• Improving the efficiency of building polymer composites used in corrosive environments 2006, Doctor of Technical Sciences Ogrel, Larisa Yurievna

• Composites based on cement and gypsum binders with the addition of biocidal preparations based on guanidine 2011, Candidate of Technical Sciences Spirin, Vadim Alexandrovich

• Biodegradation and biosecurity of building composites 2011, Ph.D. Dergunova, Anna Vasilievna

• Ecological and physiological aspects of destruction by micromycetes of compositions with controlled fungal resistance based on natural and synthetic polymers 2005, candidate of biological sciences Kryazhev, Dmitry Valerievich

• Waterproof gypsum composite materials using technogenic raw materials 2015, Doctor of Technical Sciences Chernysheva, Natalya Vasilievna

Dissertation introduction (part of the abstract) on the topic "Biodamage of building materials by molds"

Similar dissertations in the specialty "Building materials and products", 05.23.05 code VAK

• Resistance of bituminous materials under the influence of soil microorganisms 2006, candidate of technical sciences Pronkin, Sergey Petrovich

• Biological degradation and increasing the biostability of building materials 2000, Candidate of Technical Sciences Morozov, Evgeny Anatolyevich

• Screening of environmentally friendly means of protecting PVC materials from biological damage by micromycetes based on the study of the production of indole-3-acetic acid 2002, candidate of biological sciences Simko, Marina Viktorovna

• Structure and mechanical properties of hybrid composite materials based on Portland cement and unsaturated polyester oligomer 2006, Candidate of Technical Sciences Drozhzhin, Dmitry Alexandrovich

• Ecological aspects of biological damage by micromycetes to building materials of civil buildings in an urban environment: On the example of Nizhny Novgorod 2004, candidate of biological sciences Struchkova, Irina Valerievna

Conclusion of the thesis on the topic "Building materials and products", Shapovalov, Igor Vasilievich

List of dissertation research literature Shapovalov, candidate of technical sciences, Igor Vasilievich, 2003

Please note that the above scientific texts are posted for review and obtained by means of recognition of the original texts of dissertations (OCR). In this connection, they may contain errors associated with the imperfection of recognition algorithms. There are no such errors in PDF files of dissertations and abstracts that we deliver.

Introduction

1. Biodamage and mechanisms of biodegradation of building materials. Problem state 10

1.1 Agents of biodeterioration 10

1.2 Factors affecting fungal resistance of building materials ... 16

1.3 Mechanism of microdestruction of building materials 20

1.4 Ways to increase the fungal resistance of building materials 28

2 Objects and methods of research 43

2.1 Subjects of research 43

2.2 Research methods 45

2.2.1 Physical and mechanical research methods 45

2.2.2 Physicochemical research methods 48

2.2.3 Biological research methods 50

2.2.4 Mathematical processing of research results 53

3 Microdestruction of building materials based on mineral and polymer binders 55

3.1. Fungal resistance of the most important components of building materials ... 55

3.1.1. Resistance to fungi of mineral aggregates 55

3.1.2. Fungal resistance of organic aggregates 60

3.1.3. Resistance to fungi of mineral and polymer binders 61

3.2. Resistance to fungi of various types of building materials based on mineral and polymer binders 64

3.3. Kinetics of growth and development of molds on the surface of gypsum and polymer composites 68

3.4. Influence of metabolic products of micromycetes on the physical and mechanical properties of gypsum and polymer composites 75

3.5. Mechanism of gypsum stone microdestruction 80

3.6. The mechanism of mycodestruction of the polyester composite 83

Modeling the processes of microdestruction of building materials ...89

4.1. Kinetic model of growth and development of molds on the surface of building materials 89

4.2. Diffusion of micromycete metabolites into the structure of dense and porous building materials 91

4.3. Predicting the durability of building materials used in conditions of mycological aggression 98

Conclusions 105

Increasing the fungal resistance of building materials based on mineral and polymer binders 107

5.1 Cement concrete 107

5.2 Gypsum materials 111

5.3 Polymer composites 115

5.4 Technical and economic analysis of the efficiency of using building materials with increased fungal resistance 119

Conclusions 121

General conclusions 123

List of sources used 126

Appendix 149

Introduction to work

6 In this regard, a comprehensive study of the processes

biodeterioration of building materials in order to increase their

durability and reliability.

The work was carried out in accordance with the research program on the instructions of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation "Modeling of environmentally friendly and waste-free technologies"

The purpose and objectives of the study. The aim of the research was to establish the patterns of microdestruction of building materials and increase their resistance to fungi. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were solved:

research on the resistance of various building materials and

their individual components;

assessment of the diffusion rate of metabolites of molds in

the structure of dense and porous building materials;

determination of the nature of the change in the strength properties of building

materials under the influence of mold metabolites;

establishment of the mechanism of microdestruction of building materials on

based on mineral and polymer binders;

development of fungus-resistant building materials by

using complex modifiers.

Scientific novelty. The relationship between the modulus of activity and fungal resistance of mineral aggregates of various chemical and mineralogical

composition, which consists in the fact that fillers with an activity modulus of less than 0.215 are non-fungal.

A classification of building materials according to fungal resistance is proposed, which allows them to be purposefully selected for use in conditions of mycological aggression.

The regularities of the diffusion of metabolites of molds into the structure of building materials with different densities have been revealed. It is shown that in dense materials, metabolites are concentrated in the surface layer, and in materials with low density they are evenly distributed throughout the entire volume.

The mechanism of mycodestruction of gypsum stone and composites based on polyester resins has been established. It is shown that the corrosive destruction of gypsum stone is caused by the appearance of tensile stress in the pore walls of the material due to the formation of organic calcium salts, which are the products of the interaction of metabolites with calcium sulfate. The destruction of the polyester composite occurs due to the cleavage of bonds in the polymer matrix under the action of exoenzymes from molds.

The practical significance of the work.

A method for increasing the fungal resistance of building materials by using complex modifiers is proposed, which makes it possible to ensure fungicidal properties and high physical and mechanical properties of materials.

Fungus-resistant compositions of building materials based on cement, gypsum, polyester and epoxy binders with high physical and mechanical characteristics have been developed.

The compositions of cement concretes with high fungal resistance have been introduced at the OJSC “KMA Proektzhilstroy”.

The results of the dissertation work were used in the educational process in the course "Protection of building materials and structures to corrosion" for students of specialties 290300 - "Industrial and civil construction" and specialty 290500 - "Urban construction and economy".

Approbation of work. The results of the dissertation work were presented at the International Scientific and Practical Conference "Quality, Safety, Energy and Resource Saving in the Building Materials Industry on the Threshold of the XXI Century" (Belgorod, 2000); II regional scientific-practical conference "Modern problems of technical, natural science and humanitarian knowledge" (Gubkin, 2001); III International Scientific and Practical Conference - School-Seminar for Young Scientists, Postgraduates and Doctoral Students "Modern Problems of Building Materials Science" (Belgorod, 2001); International scientific-practical conference "Ecology - education, science and industry" (Belgorod, 2002); Scientific and practical seminar "Problems and ways of creating composite materials from secondary mineral resources" (Novokuznetsk, 2003);

International Congress "Modern technologies in the building materials and construction industry" (Belgorod, 2003).

Publications. The main provisions and results of the dissertation are presented in 9 publications.

The volume and structure of the work. The dissertation consists of an introduction, five chapters, general conclusions, a list of references, including 181 titles, and annexes. The work is presented on 148 pages of typewritten text, including 21 tables, 20 figures and 4 appendices.

The author thanks Cand. biol. Sci., Associate Professor of the Department of Mycology and Phytoimmunology, Kharkiv National University. V.N. T.I. Karazina Prudnikov for consultations in carrying out research on microdestruction of building materials, and for the faculty of the Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Belgorod State Technological University named after V.I. V.G. Shukhov for consultations and methodological assistance.

Factors affecting fungal resistance of building materials

The degree of damage to building materials by molds depends on a number of factors, among which, first of all, it should be noted the ecological and geographical factors of the environment and the physicochemical properties of materials. The development of microorganisms is inextricably linked with environmental factors: humidity, temperature, concentration of substances in aqueous solutions, somatic pressure, radiation. The humidity of the environment is the most important factor that determines the vital activity of molds. Soil fungi begin to develop at a moisture content above 75%, and the optimum moisture content is 90%. The temperature of the environment is a factor that has a significant effect on the vital activity of micromycetes. Each type of mold has its own temperature range of life and its optimum. Micromycetes are divided into three groups: psychrophiles (cold-loving) with a life interval of 0-10C and an optimum of 10C; mesophiles (preferring medium temperatures) - respectively 10-40C and 25C, thermophiles (heat-loving) - 40-80C and 60C, respectively.

It is also known that X-rays and radioactive radiation in small doses stimulates the development of some microorganisms, and in large doses kills them.

The active acidity of the environment is of great importance for the development of microscopic fungi. It has been proven that the activity of enzymes, the formation of vitamins, pigments, toxins, antibiotics and others depend on the level of acidity of the environment. functional features mushrooms. Thus, the destruction of materials under the influence of molds is largely facilitated by the climate and microenvironment (temperature, absolute and relative humidity, and the intensity of solar radiation). Therefore, the biostability of the same material is different in different ecological and geographical conditions. The intensity of damage to building materials by molds also depends on their chemical composition and molecular weight distribution between individual components. It is known that microscopic fungi most intensively infect low-molecular materials with organic fillers. So the degree of biodegradation of polymer composites depends on the structure of the carbon chain: straight, branched or closed in a ring. For example, dibasic sebacic acid is more readily available than aromatic phthalic acid. R. Blagnik and V. Zanava established the following regularities: diesters of limiting aliphatic dicarboxylic acids those containing more than twelve carbon atoms are easily used by filamentous fungi; with an increase in molecular weight of 1-methyl adipates and n-alkyl adipates, mold resistance decreases; monomeric alcohols are easily destroyed by mold if there are hydroxyl groups on adjacent or extreme carbon atoms; esterification of alcohols significantly reduces the resistance of the compound to mold. 1 In the work of Huang, who studied the biodegradation of a number of polymers, it is noted that the propensity to degradation depends on the degree of substitution, the chain length between functional groups, and also on the flexibility of the polymer chain. The most important factor determining the biodegradability is the conformational flexibility of polymer chains, which changes upon the introduction of substituents. A. K. Rudakova considers the R-CH3 and R-CH2-R bonds to be difficult for fungi. Unsaturated valences like R = CH2, R = CH-R] and compounds like R-CO-H, R-CO-O-R1, R-CO-R1 are available forms of carbon for microorganisms. Branched molecular chains are more difficult to biooxidize and can have toxic effects on the vital functions of fungi.

It has been found that aging of materials affects their resistance to molds. Moreover, the degree of influence depends on the duration of exposure to factors that cause aging in atmospheric conditions. So in the work of A.N. Tarasova et al. Proved that the reason for the decrease in the fungal resistance of elastomeric materials is the factors of climatic and accelerated thermal aging, which cause structural and chemical transformations of these materials.

The fungal resistance of mineral-based building composites is largely determined by the alkalinity of the medium and their porosity. So in the work of A.V. Ferronskaya et al. Showed that the main condition for the life of molds in concretes on various binders is the alkalinity of the medium. The most favorable environment for the development of microorganisms are building composites based on gypsum binders, characterized by an optimal alkalinity value. Cement composites, due to their high alkalinity, are less favorable for the development of microorganisms. However, in the course of long-term operation, they undergo carbonization, which leads to a decrease in alkalinity and their active colonization by microorganisms. In addition, an increase in the porosity of building materials leads to an increase in their damage by mold fungi.

Thus, the combination of favorable ecological and geographical factors and physicochemical properties of materials leads to active damage to building materials by molds.

Fungal resistance of various types of building materials based on mineral and polymer binders

Almost all polymeric materials used in various industries are more or less susceptible to the destructive effects of molds, especially in conditions with high humidity and temperature. In order to study the mechanism of mycodestruction of the polyester composite (Table 3.7.), The gas chromatographic method was used in accordance with the work. Polyester composite samples were inoculated with an aqueous spore suspension of molds: Aspergillus niger van Tieghen, Aspergillus terreus Thorn, Alternaria altemata, Paecilomyces variotti Bainier, Penicillium chrysogenum Thom, Chaetomium elatum Kunze ex Fries, Tricho viride. ex S. F. Gray, and kept under conditions optimal for their development, i.e., at a temperature of 29 ± 2C and a relative humidity of more than 90% for 1 year. Then the samples were deactivated and subjected to extraction in a Soxhlet apparatus. After that, the products of mycodestruction were analyzed in gas chromatographs "Tsvet-165" "Hawlett-Packard-5840A" with flame ionization detectors. Chromatographic conditions are presented in table. 2.1.

As a result of gas chromatographic analysis of the extracted products of mycodestruction, three main substances (A, B, C) were isolated. An analysis of the retention indices (Table 3.9) showed that substances A, B, and C may contain polar functional groups since there is a significant increase in the Kovacs retention index during the transition from a non-polar stationary (OV-101) to a highly polar mobile (OV-275) phase. The calculation of the boiling points of the isolated compounds (based on the corresponding n-paraffins) showed that for A it was 189-201 C, for B - 345-360 C, for C - 425-460 C. humid conditions. Compound A is practically not formed in the control samples and samples kept in humid conditions. Therefore, it can be assumed that compounds A and C are the products of mycodestruction. Judging by the boiling points, compound A is ethylene glycol, and compound C is an oligomer [- (CH) 2OC (0) CH = CHC (0) 0 (CH) 20-] p with n = 5-7. Summarizing the research results, it was found that the mycodestruction of the polyester composite occurs due to the cleavage of bonds in the polymer matrix under the action of exoenzymes from molds. 1. The fungal resistance of the components of various building materials has been investigated. It is shown that the fungal resistance of mineral fillers is determined by the content of aluminum and silicon oxides, i.e. activity module. The higher the silica content and the lower the alumina content, the less fungal resistance of mineral fillers. It was found that non-fungal resistant materials (degree of fouling 3 and more points according to method A of GOST 9.048-91) are materials with an activity modulus of less than 0.215. Organic fillers are characterized by low resistance to fungi due to the content in their composition of a significant amount of cellulose, which is a source of nutrition for micromycetes. The resistance to fungi of mineral binders is determined by the pH value. Low fungal resistance is typical for binders with pH = 4-9. Fungal resistance of polymer binders is determined by their structure. 2. Studied the fungal resistance of various classes of building materials. A classification of building materials according to their resistance to fungi has been proposed, which allows them to be purposefully selected for use in conditions of mycological aggression. 3. It is shown that the growth of molds on the surface of building materials is cyclical. The cycle time is 76-90 days, depending on the type of materials. 4. The composition of metabolites and the nature of their distribution in the structure of materials have been determined. The kinetics of growth and development of micromycetes on the surface of building materials is analyzed. It is shown that the growth of mold fungi on the surface of gypsum materials (gypsum concrete, gypsum stone) is accompanied by acid production, and on the surface of polymer (epoxy and polyester composites) - enzymatic. It was shown that the relative depth of penetration of metabolites is determined by the porosity of the material. After 360 days of exposure, it was 0.73 for gypsum concrete, 0.5 for gypsum stone, 0.17 for a polyester composite, and 0.23 for an epoxy composite. 5. The nature of the change in the strength properties of building materials based on mineral and polymer binders has been revealed. It is shown that in the initial period of time, an increase in strength was observed in gypsum materials as a result of the accumulation of products of the interaction of calcium sulfate dihydrate with metabolites of micromycetes. However, then a sharp decrease in strength characteristics was observed. For polymer composites, no increase in strength was observed, but only a decrease. 6. The mechanism of mycodestruction of gypsum stone and polyester composite has been established. It is shown that the destruction of gypsum stone is caused by the appearance of tensile stress in the pore walls of the material due to the formation of organic calcium salts (calcium oxalate), which are the products of the interaction of organic acids (oxalic acid) with gypsum dihydrate, and the corrosive destruction of the polyester composite occurs due to the cleavage of the bonds of the polymer matrix under the influence of exoenzymes of molds.

Diffusion of micromycete metabolites into the structure of dense and porous building materials

Cement concrete is an essential building material. Possessing many valuable properties (efficiency, high strength, fire resistance, etc.), they are widely used in construction. However, the operation of concretes in biologically aggressive environments (in food, textile, microbiological industries), as well as in hot humid climates (tropics and subtropics), leads to their damage by mold fungi. According to the literature data, concretes on a cement binder, in the initial period of time, have fungicidal properties due to the high alkalinity of the pore fluid medium, but over time they undergo carbonization, which contributes to the free development of molds. Having settled on their surface, molds actively produce various metabolites, mainly organic acids, which, penetrating into the capillary-porous structure of the cement stone, cause its destruction. As studies of the fungal resistance of building materials have shown, the most important factor that determines the low resistance to the effects of mold metabolites is porosity. Building materials with low porosity are most susceptible to destructive processes caused by the vital activity of micromycetes. In this regard, there is a need to increase the fungal resistance of cement concretes by compacting their structure.

For this, it is proposed to use multifunctional modifiers based on superplasticizers and inorganic hardening accelerators.

As the review of literature data shows, microdestruction of concrete occurs as a result of chemical reactions between the cement stone and the waste products of molds. Therefore, studies of the effect of polyfunctional modifiers on fungal resistance and physical and mechanical properties were carried out on samples of cement stone (PC M 5 00 DO). Superplasticizers C-3 and SB-3 and inorganic hardening accelerators (CaC12, NaN03, Na2S04) were used as components of polyfunctional modifiers. Determination of physical and chemical properties was carried out in accordance with the relevant GOSTs: density in accordance with GOST 1270.1-78; porosity according to GOST 12730.4-78; water absorption in accordance with GOST 12730.3-78; compressive strength in accordance with GOST 310.4-81. Determination of fungal resistance was carried out according to GOST 9.048-91 by method B, which establishes the presence of fungicidal properties in the material. The results of studies of the effect of polyfunctional modifiers on fungal resistance and physical and mechanical properties of cement stone are shown in Table 5.1.

The research results showed that the introduction of modifiers significantly increases the fungal resistance of the cement stone. Modifiers containing SB-3 superplasticizer are especially effective. This component has a high fungicidal activity, which is explained by the presence of phenolic compounds in its composition, which cause disruption of the enzymatic systems of micromycetes, which leads to a decrease in the intensity of respiration processes. In addition, this superplasticizer contributes to an increase in the mobility of the concrete mixture with a significant water reduction, as well as a decrease in the degree of cement hydration in the initial period of hardening, which in turn prevents moisture evaporation and leads to the formation of a denser fine-crystalline structure of the cement stone with fewer microcracks inside the concrete body. and on its surface. Hardening accelerators increase the speed of hydration processes and, accordingly, the speed of concrete hardening. In addition, the introduction of hardening accelerators also leads to a decrease in the charge of clinker particles, which contributes to a decrease in the layer of adsorbed water, creating the preconditions for obtaining a denser and stronger concrete structure. Due to this, the possibility of diffusion of micromycete metabolites into the structure of concrete decreases and its corrosion resistance increases. The highest corrosion resistance in relation to micromycete metabolites is possessed by cement stone, which contains complex modifiers containing 0.3% of superplasticizers SB-3 Ill and C-3 and 1% of salts (CaC12, NaN03, Na2S04.). The coefficient of fungal resistance in samples containing these complex modifiers is 14.5% higher than that of control samples. In addition, the introduction of a complex modifier allows an increase in density by 1.0 - 1.5%, strength by 2.8 - 6.1%, as well as to reduce porosity by 4.7 + 4.8% and water absorption by 6.9 - 7.3%. A complex modifier containing 0.3% SB-3 and S-3 superplasticizers and 1% CaC12 hardening accelerator was used by OAO KMA Proektzhilstroy in the construction of basements. Their operation in conditions of high humidity for more than two years has shown the absence of mold growth and a decrease in the strength of concrete.

Studies of the fungal resistance of gypsum materials have shown that they are very unstable in relation to micromycete metabolites. Analysis and generalization of literature data shows that the active growth of micromycetes on the surface of gypsum materials is explained by the favorable acidity of the pore fluid medium and the high porosity of these materials. Actively developing on their surface, micromycetes produce aggressive metabolites (organic acids) that penetrate the structure of materials and cause their deep destruction. In this regard, the operation of gypsum materials in conditions of mycological aggression is impossible without additional protection.

To increase the fungal resistance of gypsum materials, it is proposed to use the superplasticizer SB-5. According to it, it is an oligomeric product of alkaline condensation of wastes from the production of resorcinol with furfural (80 wt%) formula (5.1), as well as resorcinol resin products (20 wt%), consisting of a mixture of disubstituted phenols and aromatic sulfonic acids.

Technical and economic analysis of the efficiency of using building materials with increased fungal resistance

The technical and economic efficiency of cement and gypsum materials with increased fungal resistance is due to an increase in the durability and reliability of building products and structures based on them, operated in biologically aggressive environments. The economic efficiency of the developed compositions of polymer composites in comparison with traditional polymer concretes is determined by the fact that they are filled with production waste, which significantly reduces their cost. In addition, products and structures based on them will eliminate mold and associated corrosion processes.

The results of calculating the cost of the components of the proposed polyester and epoxy composites in comparison with the known polymer concrete are presented in table. 5.7-5.8 1. It is proposed to use complex modifiers containing 0.3% superplasticizers SB-3 and C-3 and 1% salts (CaC12, NaNC 3, Na2S04.), In order to ensure fungicidal properties of cement concretes. 2. It has been established that the use of the superplasticizer SB-5 at a concentration of 0.2-0.25% of the mass makes it possible to obtain mushroom-resistant gypsum materials with increased physical and mechanical characteristics. 3. Developed effective compositions of polymer composites based on polyester resin PN-63 and epoxy compound K-153 filled with industrial waste, with increased fungal resistance and high strength characteristics. 4. The high economic efficiency of using polymer composites with increased fungal resistance has been shown. The economic effect from the introduction of polyester polymer concrete will amount to 134.1 rubles. per 1 m, and epoxy 86.2 rubles. per 1 m. 1. Fungus resistance of the most common components of building materials has been established. It is shown that the fungal resistance of mineral fillers is determined by the content of aluminum and silicon oxides, i.e. activity module. It was revealed that mineral aggregates with an activity modulus of less than 0.215 are non-fungus-resistant (the degree of fouling is 3 or more points according to method A, GOST 9.049-91). Organic fillers are characterized by low resistance to fungi due to the content of a significant amount of cellulose in their composition, which is a food source for molds. The fungal resistance of mineral binders is determined by the pH value of the pore fluid. Low fungal resistance is typical for binders with pH = 4-9. Fungal resistance of polymer binders is determined by their structure. 2. Based on the analysis of the intensity of mold fouling of various types of building materials, their classification by fungal resistance was proposed for the first time. 3. The composition of metabolites and the nature of their distribution in the structure of materials have been determined. It is shown that the growth of mold fungi on the surface of gypsum materials (gypsum concrete and gypsum stone) is accompanied by active acid production, and on the surface of polymer (epoxy and polyester composites) - by enzymatic activity. Analysis of the distribution of metabolites over the cross section of the samples showed that the width of the diffuse zone is determined by the porosity of the materials. The nature of changes in the strength characteristics of building materials under the influence of metabolites of molds has been revealed. The obtained data indicate that the decrease in the strength properties of building materials is determined by the depth of penetration of metabolites, as well as the chemical nature and volumetric content of fillers. It is shown that in gypsum materials the entire volume is subject to degradation, while in polymer composites only the surface layers are degraded. The mechanism of mycodestruction of gypsum stone and polyester composite has been established. It is shown that gypsum stone microdestruction is caused by the appearance of tensile stress in the pore walls of the material due to the formation of organic calcium salts, which are the products of the interaction of metabolites (organic acids) with calcium sulfate. Corrosion destruction of the polyester composite occurs due to the cleavage of bonds in the polymer matrix under the action of mold exoenzymes. Based on the Monod equation and a two-stage kinetic model of mold growth, a mathematical relationship was obtained that allows one to determine the concentration of mold metabolites during the period of exponential growth. 7. Functions have been obtained that allow, with a given reliability, to assess the degradation of dense and porous building materials in aggressive environments and to predict changes in the bearing capacity of centrally loaded elements under conditions of mycological corrosion. 8. It is proposed to use complex modifiers based on superplasticizers (SB-3, SB-5, C-3) and inorganic hardening accelerators (CaCb, NaNC 3, Na2SC 4) to increase the fungal resistance of cement concretes and gypsum materials. 9. Developed effective compositions of polymer composites based on polyester resin PN-63 and epoxy compound K-153, filled with quartz sand and industrial waste, with increased fungal resistance and high strength characteristics. The estimated economic effect from the introduction of the polyester composite was 134.1 rubles. per 1 m, and epoxy 86.2 rubles. for 1 m3.

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