Earth's subsoil are very mysterious and almost inaccessible. Unfortunately there is still no such device with which you can penetrate and explore internal structure Earth. The researchers have established that at the moment the deepest mine in the world has a depth of 4 km, and the deepest well is located on the Kola Peninsula and is 12 km.

However, certain knowledge of the depths of our planet is still installed. Scientists have studied its internal structure using the seismic method. The basis this methodis the measurement of oscillations during an earthquake or artificial explosions produced in the depths of the Earth. Substances with different density and composition, passed fluctuations at a certain speed. What allowed using special devices to measure this speed and analyze the results obtained.

Opinion scientists

The researchers have found that our planet has several shells: earthly bark, mantle and core. Scientists believe that approximately 4.6 billion years ago began the bundle of the Earth's subsoil and continues to settle, to this day. In their opinion, all heavy substances descend to the center of the Earth, joining the core of the planet, and lighter substances rise up and become earthly crust. When the inner bundle is over, our planet turn into a cold and dead.

Earth's crust

It is the finest shell of the planet. Its share is 1% of the total mass of the Earth. On a surface earth crust People live and get everything they need to survive from it. In the earth's crust, in many places, there are mines and wells. Its composition and structure is studied using samples collected from the surface.

Mantle

It is the most extensive shell of the Earth. Its volume, and the mass is 70 - 80% of the entire planet. The mantle consists of a solid, but less dense than the substance of the kernel. The deeper the mantle is located, the more its temperature and pressure becomes. Mantle has a partially molten layer. With this layer solids Move to the kernel of the Earth.

Core

It is the center of the Earth. It has a very high temperature (3000 - 4000 o C) and pressure. It consists of a kernel of the tight and heavy substances. It is approximately 30% of the total mass. The solid part of the nucleus floats in its liquid layer, thereby creating the magnetic field of the Earth. It is a defender of life on the planet, protecting it from cosmic rays.

Scientific and popular film about the formation of our world

In accordance with the license for the use of subsoils for mining, the construction and operation of underground structures that are not related to mineral mining, the formation of specially protected geological facilities, as well as in accordance with the Production Development Agreement during the exploration and mining of mineral raw materials In the form of a mountain drain - a geometrized base unit.

When determining the boundaries of the mountain drag, the spatial contours of mineral deposits, the position of the construction and operation of underground structures, the borders of the safe maintenance of mountain and explosive work, the protection zones from the harmful effects of mining developments, the shift zone mountain breeds, the contours of safety covers under natural objects, buildings and structures, parses of quarries and cuts and other factors affecting the state of subsoil and ground surface In connection with the process of geological study and use of subsoil.

The preliminary boundaries of the mining discharge are established when licensed on the use of subsoils. After developing a technical project to perform work related to the use of subsoil, obtaining a positive conclusion of state examination and coordination of the specified project in accordance with Article 23.2 of this Law, the state mining supervisory authority or in cases established by the Government Russian Federation, the executive authority of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation (relative to the depths of the local value) draws up documents that certify the refined borders of the mountain drain (mining act and graphic applications) and are included in the license as its integral part.

(see text in the previous edition)

The user of the subsoil who received mountain diversary has an exceptional right to exercise in its borders to use subsoils in accordance with the license provided. Any activity related to the use of subsoils within the borders of the Mountain District can be carried out only with the consent of the user's subsoil to which it is provided.

The plot of the subsoil provided in accordance with the license for geological study without a significant impaired integrity of the subsoil (without penetration of heavy mining and drilling wells for mining or the construction of underground structures for the purposes not related to mineral mining), by decision of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise The foundation of the subsoil or its territorial body is attached to the status of a geological discharge. In the borders of the geological discharge, several users of subsoil can simultaneously carry out operations. Their relationship is determined in the provision of subsoil use.

(see text in the previous edition)

When providing a plot of subsoils to use in accordance with the Production Development Agreement during the search, exploration and mining of mineral raw materials, a mountain or geological discharge is made within the boundaries defined by this Agreement.

May 1906 "§ 1. Land; Legislation should strive to establish such orders in which all the land with its subsoils and waters would have belonged to everything

"§ 1. Land; Legislation should strive to establish such orders in which all the land with its subsoils and waters would have belonged to all people, and necessary land For agriculture could be given to the use of those who will process it with their work. All citizens should have an equal right to such use of it. "

"§ 2. For this purpose, a national land foundation must be formed, in which all government, specific, office, monastic and church lands should be included; In the same fund, landlords and others should be forcibly alienated; Protecting lands, since the size of individual possessions exceed the employment norm established for this locality. "

Ǥ 3. Right lands and those of private owners that do not exceed the labor standards remain beyond their owners, but legislative measures should be taken to prevent the lands of the above labor standards in one hands and provide a gradual transition to publicly in common property."

"§ 4. Remuneration for forcibly alienated and voluntarily inferior to the National Earth region of private ownership should be carried out at the expense of the state. The size of this remuneration and the conditions for its payment, as well as those cases, when the Earth is alienated free, can not be determined before this question and all agrarian reform will be discussed by the people in the field ... ".

"§ 6. Earth subsoil and water, if they are not currently operated by their owners, should be announced by common property. The procedure for recovering them into operation with public institutions and individuals should be determined by special law. "

"§ 7. The procedure for the transition to the national ownership of those land subsurface and waters of private ownership, which are already in operation, as well as land under industrial institutions and urban settlements should be determined by special law. Prior to the transition of these properties to the national property of the right of owners to increase value, since it depends not on their labor and capital, but from social conditions should be limited. "<…>

Ǥ 10. Entry from the nationwide fund is made within the labor standards, and if excess is excess, it remains in the authorities of the state and local public institutions, as a stock for public needs or in case of the growth of the local population, and for entry Migrants from other locations "<...>

"§ 11. If the land is not enough for the land of the entire agricultural population of this area, then all having less food norms receive the right to relocate at the expense of the state in the terrain of the Empire, where there is an excess in the Earth."

"§ 12. In the event of a change in the economic conditions of the area, the labor norm established for it can be revised and changed, after which the excessive housekeeping is subject to alienation. Equally, under the changed conditions, the food rate is subject to revision, depending on which the right to relocate at the expense of the state. "

"§ 13. ... The assignment of the nationwide land is not at all necessary to be permissible."

"§ 14. The land tax received from the nationwide fund, which should be established in accordance with their quality and location and under equal conditions should be the higher, the greater the size of the size."

"§ 15. Persons who received land from a nationwide fund and do not have sufficient funds to inject all necessary for the economy, should be assisted at the expense of the state in the form of loans and benefits."

Ǥ 16. Head of the nationwide land foundation with the exception of land having a nationwide value must be entrusted with local governmentschosen by universal, equal, direct and secret ballot, which within the limits established by law, act independently. "

"§ 17. Local committees should be established for the preparatory actions to land reform and to streamline economic relations during transitional time ... Committees must be elected through universal, direct, equal and secret ballot."<...>

Sidelnikov S.M. Agricultural reform Stolypin. M., 1973. P. 70-72. Cyt. By: Readings on the history of Russia ..., p. 364-365.

From the Decree of the Governing Senate on the addition of some decisions of the current law relating to peasant land tenure and land use

As often, in search of answers to your questions, how the world is arranged, we look up on the sky, the sun, the stars, look far-far away for hundreds of light years in search of new galaxies. But, if you look under the legs, then under your feet there is a whole underground world of which our planet is - Earth!

Bowels of the earth This is the most mysterious world under the legs, the underground body of our land, on which we live, build houses, deploy roads, bridges and many thousands of years we master the territory of the native planet.

This world is the secret depths of the earth's subsoil!

Structure of land

Our planet refers to the planets of the earth group, and just like other planets, consists of a layer. The surface of the Earth consists of a solid sheath of the earth's crust, it is an extremely viscous mantle deeper, and in the center there is a metal core, which consists of two parts, an external - liquid, internal - solid.

Interestingly, many objects of the universe are so well studied that every schoolboy knows about them, spacecraft are sent to space for distant hundreds of thousands of kilometers, but in the very deep depths of our planet, still stand out of the defense task, so what is under the surface of the earth still It remains a big mystery.