When the first coat of arms appeared in Russia. The emblem of the Russian Federation - the history of the coat of arms of Russia

The coat of arms of Russia is one of the main state symbols of Russia, along with the flag and anthem. Modern coat of arms of Russia is a golden double-headed eagle on a red background. Three crowns are depicted above the heads of the eagle, now symbolizing the sovereignty both the entire Russian Federation and its parts, subjects of the federation; In the paws - Scepter and Power, personifying state power and unified State; On the chest - the image of the rider who affects the dragon's spear. This is one of the ancient symbols of the struggle of good with evil, lights with darkness, the protection of the fatherland.

History of changes in the arms

The first reliable evidence of the use of a double-headed eagle as a state emblem is the seal of John III Vasilyevich on a monthly diploma of 1497. During its existence, the image of a double-headed eagle undergoes many changes. In 1917, the eagle stopped being the coat of arms of Russia. His symbolism seemed to the Bolsheviks symbol of autocracy, they did not take into account the fact that the double-headed eagle was a symbol of Russian statehood. On November 30, 1993, Russian President Boris Yeltsin signed a decree on state coat of arms. Now the double-headed eagle, as before, symbolizes the power and unity of the Russian state.

XV century
The time of the rule of the Grand Prince Ivan III (1462-1505) is the most important stage in the folding of a single Russian state. Ivan III It was possible to finally eliminate the dependence on the Golden Horde, reflecting in 1480 the campaign of Khan Ahmat against Moscow. The Great Principality of Moscow includes Yaroslavl, Novgorod, Tver, Perm lands. The country has become actively developing connections with other European countries, its foreign policy has strengthened. In 1497, the first communional judiciary was adopted - a single set of laws of the country.
It was at this time that the time of successful construction of Russian statehood - the coat of arms of Russia became a double-headed eagle, personifying the supreme power, independence, what was called in Russia "autocracy". The very first of the preserved evidence of the use of the image of a double-headed eagle as a symbol of Russia is a great-resistant seal of Ivan III, which built it in 1497 by his "Menovaya and Turning" diploma on land ownership of specific princes. At the same time, the images of an agitated double-headed eagle on the red field appeared on the walls of the Pomegranate Chamber in the Kremlin.

Mid XVI century
Since 1539, the type of eagle is changing on the seal of the Grand Duke Moskovsky. In the era of Ivan the Terrible on Golden Bulle (state press) of 1562, an image of the rider appeared in the center of the double-headed eagle - one of ancient characters Princely power on "Rus." "Drins" is placed in a shield on a breast of a double-headed eagle, crowned with one or two crowns crowned with a cross.

End of XVI - the beginning of the XVII century
In the rule of the king Fyodor Ivanovich between the crowned heads of the two-headed eagle, the sign of the Passions of Christ appears: the so-called Calval Cross. The cross on state press was a symbol of Orthodoxy, giving a religious color to the emblem of state. The appearance of the Goligofsky Cross in the coat of arms of Russia coincides with the time of approval in 1589 of the patriarchate and the church independence of Russia.

In the XVII century, the Orthodox Cross was often portrayed on Russian banners. Banners of foreign regiments who were part of Russian troops had their own emblems and inscriptions; However, they were also placed on the Orthodox cross, which indicated that the regiment fighting under this banner serves as an Orthodox state. Until the middle of the XVII century, the seal was widely used, on which a double-headed eagle with a ride on his chest was crowned with two crowns, and the Orthodox eight-pointed cross between the eagle's heads rises.

30-60s XVIII century
By decree of Empress Catherine I dated March 11, 1726, the description of the coat of arms was enshrined: "Eagle black with open wings, in a yellow field, on it rides in the red field."

But if in this decree of the rider on the coat of arms was still called the ride, then among the pictures of the coat of arms presented in May 1729 by the Count minich in the military collegium and the highest approval, the double-headed eagle was described as follows: "The coat of arms of the state in the old age: two-headed eagle, black , on the heads of the crown, and at the top in the middle of a large imperial crown-gold; In the middle of that eagle, George on a horse in white, winning serpent; Epancha and Spear Yellow, the crown of yellow, snake black; The field is white, and in the middle of the red. Empress Anna Joanovna in 1736 invited the Swiss engraver Gedlinger, who by 1740 engraved state seal by 1740. The central part of the matrix of this press depicting a double-headed eagle was used to 1856. Thus, the type of double-headed eagle on state press remained unchanged over a hundred years.

Rubbrozh XVIII-XIX centuries
Emperor Paul I decree dated April 5, 1797 allowed the members of the imperial surname to use the image of a double-headed eagle as its coat.
In the short time of the reign of Emperor Paul I (1796-1801), Russia led an active foreign policy, faced with a new opponent for himself - Napoleonic France. After the French troops occupied the Mediterranean Island Malta, Paul I took the Maltese Order for his patronage, becoming a grandmaster of the Order. On August 10, 1799, Paul I signed a decree on the inclusion of the Maltese cross and crowns in the state coat of arms. At the chest of an eagle under the Maltese crown, a shield was located with Saint George (Paul interpreted him as a "indigenous coat of arms of Russia"), imposed on the Maltese cross.

Paul I attempted to introduce a complete emblem of the Russian Empire. On December 16, 1800, he signed a manifesto, which described this complex project. In a multipolous shield and nine small shields were placed forty-three coat of arms. The center contained the above-described coat of arms in the form of a double-headed eagle with the Maltese cross, greater than the remaining size. The shield with the coat of arms is imposed on the Maltese cross, and under it again appeared the sign of the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called. Shield holders, Archangels Mikhail and Gabriel, support the imperial crown over the knightly helmet and an informance (cloak). The entire composition is placed on the background of the seen-mantle with a dome - a heraldic sovereignty symbol. Because of the shield with coat of arms, there are two standards with double-headed and one-eyed eagles. This project was not finally approved.

Soon after joining the throne, Emperor Alexander I decree dated April 26, 1801, the Maltese cross and the crown from the coat of arms of Russia was removed from April 26, 1801.

1st half of the XIX century
The images of the double-headed eagle at this time are very diverse: it could have one and, and three crowns; In the paws - not only who have already become traditional scepter and the power, but also a wreath, lightning (Peruns), torch. Differently depicted the wings of an eagle - raised, omitted, painted. To a certain extent, the Eagle's image was influenced by the then European Fashion, Total For Ampire's Epoch.
Under the emperor Nicholas I officially enshrined the simultaneous existence of two types of state eagle.
The first type is an eagle with straightened wings, under one crown, with the image of St. George on the chest and with a scepter and power in the paws. The second type was an eagle with raised wings, which showed title emblems: on the right - Kazan, Astrakhan, Siberian, on the left - Polish, Tavrichesky, Finland. Some time had to go and another version - with the coat of arms of the three "main" Old Russian Great Principles (Kiev, Vladimir and Novgorod Land) and the three kingdoms - Kazan, Astrakhan and Siberian. The eagle under the three crowns, with Holy George (as the coat of arms of the Grand District of Moscow) in a breast panel, with a chain of the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called, with a scepter and power in the paws.

Middle of the XIX century
In 1855-1857, during a heraldic reform, which was conducted under the leadership of Baron B. Ken, the type of state eagle was changed under the influence of Germanic samples. At the same time, Holy George on the eagle's chest in accordance with the rules of Western European heraldry began to look left. Drawing of a small coat of arms of Russia, filled with Alexander Fadeev, was highly approved on December 8, 1856. This version of the coat of arms differed from previously the image of an eagle, but also the number of "titular" coat of arms on wings. At the right, shields with the coat of arms of Kazan, Poland, Chersonesos of the Tauride and the United Coat of Arms of the Grand Principles (Kiev, Vladimir, Novgorod) were placed on the left - shields with the coat of arms of Astrakhan, Siberia, Georgia, Finland.

On April 11, 1857, the highest statement of the entire set of state coats was followed. It included: large, medium and small, coat of arms of the imperial surname, as well as "titular" coats of arms. At the same time, drawings of large, medium and small state seals, arks (cases) for seals, as well as seals of the main and lower present places and faces were approved. In total, one act was approved by a hundred ten drawings lithographicated by A. Besgrov. On May 31, 1857, the Senate published a decree describing the new coat of arms and the norms of their use.

Large state coat of arms, 1882
On July 24, 1882, Emperor Alexander III in Peterhof approved the drawing of a large coat of arms of the Russian Empire, on which the composition was preserved, but the details were changed, in particular the figures of the Archangels. In addition, the imperial crowns began to depict the actual diamond crowns used in the coronation.
Finally, the drawing of a large coat of arms of the empire was approved on November 3, 1882, when the coat of arms added the coat of arms of Turkestan.

Small state coat of arms, 1883-1917.
On February 23, 1883, medium and two options for small coat of arms were approved. On the wings of a double-headed eagle (small coat of arms), there were eight coat of arms of the full title of Emperor of Russia: the coat of arms of the kingdom of Kazan; coat of arms of the kingdom of Polish; Coat of arms of the kingdom of Chersonese Taurry; United coat of arms of Kiev, Vladimir and Novgorod Great Principles; The coat of arms of the Kingdom of Astrakhan, the coat of arms of the Kingdom of Siberian, the coat of arms of the Kingdom of Georgian, the coat of arms of the Grand Duchy of Finland. In January 1895, it was highly dealt with a drawing of the State Eagle, performed by Academician A. Charlemaham.

The last time of the Act - "The main provisions of the State Device of the Russian Empire" 1906 - confirmed all previous rules concerning the state coat of arms.

Coat of arms of Russia, 1917
After the February Revolution of 1917, on the initiative of Maxim Gorky, a special meeting on the arts of art was organized. In March of the same year, a commission included a commission in the executive committee of the Council of Workers and Soldiers, which, in particular, was engaged in the preparation of a new version of the coat of arms of Russia. The Commission included well-known artists and art historians A. N. Benois and N. K. Reerich, I. Ya. Bilibin, Heraldist V. K. Lukomsky. It was decided to use the image of a double-headed eagle on a temporary government print. Execution of the picture of this print was charged with I. Ya. Bilibin, who took the image of an almost all symbols of the power of a double-headed eagle on the press of Ivan III. Such an image continued to use and after October revolution, Up to the adoption of the new Soviet coat of arms on July 24, 1918.

State coat of arms of the RSFSR, 1918-1993.
In the summer of 1918, the Soviet government finally decided to break with the historical symbols of Russia, and the new Constitution adopted on July 10, 1918 proclaimed not land in the state coat of arms, and political, party symbols: a double-headed eagle was replaced by a red shield, which depressed crossed sickle and hammer and Sun as a sign of change. Since 1920, the abbreviated name of the State - RSFSR has been placed at the top on the shield. The shield was bordered wheat ears attached to a red ribbon with the inscription "Proletarians of all countries, connect." Later, this image of the coat of arms was approved in the RSFSR Constitution.

Even earlier (April 16, 1918), a sign of the Red Army was legalized: a five-pointed red star, a symbol of the ancient God of war of Mars. 60 years later, in the spring of 1978, the military star, which took part of the coat of arms of the USSR for this time, entered the emblem of the RSFSR.

In 1992, the last change of the coat of arms came into force: the abbreviation over the sickle and the hammer was replaced by the inscription "Russian Federation". But this decision was almost not fulfilled, because the Soviet coat of arms with its party symbolism no longer matched political device Russia after the collapse of the one-party government system, the ideology of which he embodied.

State Emblem of the Russian Federation, 1993
On November 5, 1990, the Government of the RSFSR adopted a resolution on the establishment of state coat of arms and the State Flag of the RSFSR. To organize this work, a government commission was created. After a comprehensive discussion, the Commission proposed to recommend the Government a white-blue-red flag and coat of arms - a golden double-headed eagle on a red field. The final recovery of these characters occurred in 1993, when the presidentials of the President B. Yeltsin were approved as public flags and coat of arms.

On December 8, 2000, the State Duma adopted the Federal Constitutional Law "On the State Element of the Russian Federation". Which was approved by the Federation Council and signed by the President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin on December 20, 2000.

The golden double-headed eagle on the red field retains historical continuity in the color scheme of the coat of arms of the end of the XV - XVII century. The drawing of an eagle dates back to images on the monuments of the era of Peter the Great.

Restoration of the two-headed eagle as the state coat of arms of Russia personifies the continuity and continuity domestic history. Today's coat of arms of Russia is a new coat of arms, but its constituent parts are deeply traditional; He reflects the different stages of domestic history, and continues them in the Third Millennium Fundament.

Material prepared on the basis of open sources information

He was approved in 1993 by decree of the first president of the country Boris Yeltsin. However, the symbols that are depicted on the coat of arms of Russia have a much longer history that roots during the formation of the Moscow Principality. On the coat of arms of the Russian Federation depicts a double-headed eagle, sprawling wings. What does he symbolize on the coat of arms of Russia?

Any state coat of arms is not only an image on monetary signs, documents and churons of the police. First of all, the coat of arms is a nationwide symbol intended to unite people living in this territory.

What does the state emblem of the Russian Federation mean? When did he appear? Was Herb. medieval Rus Looks like modern? Why does the Russian eagle have two heads?

The history of the coat of arms of Russia is rich and interesting, but before telling about it, the description of this national symbol should be given.

Description of the coat of arms of the Russian Federation

The coat of arms of the Russian Federation is the heraldic shield of red color with the image of a golden double-headed eagle, which placed the wings.

Each head of Eagle is crowned with a crown, in addition, there is another crown, larger than them. Three crowns are connected by a gold ribbon. In the right paw, a two-headed eagle holds a scepter, and in the left - power. On the breast of the double-headed eagle there is another shield of red with the image of the rider, striking the silver spear of the dragon.

As it should be on heraldic laws, each of the elements of the Russian coat of arms is of their own meaning. The double-headed eagle is the symbol of the Byzantine Empire, his image on the Russian coat of arms emphasizes the continuity between the two countries, their cultures and religious beliefs. It should be noted that the double-headed eagle is used in the state coat of arms of Serbia and Albania - in countries, the state traditions of which also experienced the strong influence of Byzantium.

Three crowns in the coat of arms mean the sovereignty of the Russian state. Initially, the crown meant three kingdoms conquered by Moscow Princes: Siberian, Kazan and Astrakhansky. Scepter and Power in Eagle's paws are symbols of supreme state power (prince, king, emperor).

The rider, striking the dragon (serpent), is nothing but the image of George the victorious, a symbol of a light start, who defeats evil. He personifies the warrior-defender of the Motherland and enjoyed great popularity in Russia throughout its history. No wonder George the victorious is considered the patron saint of Moscow and is depicted on her coat of arms.

The image of the rider is traditional for the Russian state. This symbol (the so-called ride) was used in Kievan RusHe attended the princely seals and coins.

Initially, the rider was considered the image of the sovereign, but during the reign of Ivan the Terrible King on the coat of arms was replaced by Saint George.

The history of the coat of arms of Russia

The central element of the Russian coat of arms is a double-headed eagle, for the first time this symbol appeared during the reign of Ivan III, at the end of the XV century (1497). The double-headed eagle was depicted on one of the royal seals.

Prior to that, in the seals most often depicted a lion that torments the snake. The lion was considered a symbol of the Vladimir Principality and moved from Prince Vasily II to his son Ivan III. At about the same time, the rider becomes a common state symbol (later it will turn into George Victorious). For the first time, a double-headed eagle as a symbol of the princely authority was used on the seal, which made a diploma to the ownership of land. Also in the reign of Ivan III Eagle appears on the walls of the Grain Chamber of the Kremlin.

Why precisely during this period, the Moscow kings are beginning to use a double-headed eagle, there are still disputes among historians. Canonical is the version that Ivan III took himself this symbol, because he married the niece of the last Byzantine emperor Sofia Paleologist. In fact, for the first time this theory nominated Karamzin. However, it causes serious doubts.

Sofia was born in the seas - the outskirts of the Byzantine Empire and was never close to Constantinople, the eagle first appeared in the Moscow principality in several decades after the marriage of Ivan and Sofia, and the prince himself never stated any complaints about the throne of Byzantium.

The theory of Moscow, as the "third Rome" was born much later, after the death of Ivan III. There is another version of the origin of the two-headed eagle: by choosing such a symbol, Moscow princes wanted to challenge the rights to him from the strongest Empire of the time - Habsburg.

It is believed that Moscow Princes borrowed an eagle from the South Slavic peoples who have quite actively used this image. However, the traces of such borrowing can not be found. Yes, and the appearance of the Russian "bird" is very different from its South Slavic analogues.

In general, why a two-headed eagle appeared on the Russian coat of arms, historians do not know until now. It should be noted that at about the same time, a single-eyed eagle was depicted on the coins of the Novgorod Principality.

The official state coat of arms of the two-headed eagle becomes with the grandson of Ivan III - Ivan Grozny. Initially, the eagle is complemented by a unicorn, but soon it changes the rider who affects the dragon - a symbol that is usually associated with Moscow. Initially, the rider was perceived as a sovereign ("Prince Great at Kon"), but during the period of the reign of Ivan the Terrible, he is beginning to be called Georgy Victorious. Finally, this interpretation will be fixed much later, in the reign of Peter the first.

Already during the reign of Boris Godunov, the coat of arms of Russia for the first time receives three crowns located above the heads of the eagle. They meant the conquered Siberian, Kazan and Astrakhan kingdom.

Around the middle of the XVI century, the Russian double-headed eagle is often drawn in the "Armed" position: while the beak of the bird is disclosed, the language is dried. Such a double-headed eagle seems aggressive, ready to attack. Such a change is the result of the influence of European heraldic traditions.

At the end of the XVI - the beginning of the XVII century in the upper part of the coat of arms, the so-called Calval Cross often appears between the eagle's heads. Such innovations coincides with the moment of Russia's acquisition of church independence. Another option of the coat of arms of that period is an image of an eagle with two crowns and an eight-pointed Christian cross between his heads.

By the way, all three Falseedmitria during the Troubles actively used printing depicting the Russian coat of arms.

The end of the Troubles and the welling of the new Romanov dynasty led to some changes in state coat of arms. According to the then heraldic tradition, the eagle began to be depicted with painted wings.

In the middle of the XVII century, during the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich, the state coat of arms of Russia for the first time receives the power and scepter, the eagle holds them in his paws. These are traditional symbols of autocratic power. At the same time, the first official descriptions of the coat of arms appeared, they were preserved until our time.

During the reign of Peter I, the crown over the heads of the Eagle acquires the well-known "imperial" appearance, in addition, the coat of arms of Russia changes its color design. The body of an eagle became black, and his eyes, beak, tongue and paws - gold. The dragon also began to be depicted in black, and Georgy Victorious - in Silver. Similar design has become traditional for the entire period of the reign of the Romanov dynasty.

Relatively serious changes in the coat of arms of Russia were subjected during the reign of Emperor Paul I. It was the beginning of the era napoleonic WarsIn 1799, Britain seized Malta, whose patron he was the Russian emperor. A similar act of the British brought the Russian emperor to rabies and pushed to the Union with Napoleon (which later cost him life). It was for this reason that the coat of arms of Russia received another element - the Maltese cross. Its significance was that the Russian state claims to this territory.

During the reign of Paul I, a project of a large coat of arms of Russia was prepared. It was fully fulfilled in accordance with the heraldic traditions of his time. Arms of all 43 lands were collected around the state coat of arms with a double-headed eagle. The shield with herbs was kept two archangels: Mikhail and Gabriel.

However, Paul I was killed by conspirators and a large coat of arms of Russia and remained in projects.

Nicholas I accepted two main options for state coat of arms: Full and simplified. Before that, the coat of arms of Russia could be depicted in different versions.

With his son, Emperor Alexandra II, a heraldic reform was carried out. She was engaged in Geroldmeister Baron Kyne. In 1856, a new small Russian coat of arms was approved. In 1857, the reform was completed finally: except for small, the middle and large coat of arms of the Russian Empire were adopted. They remained virtually unchanged until the events of the February Revolution.

After the February Revolution, the question arose about the new coat of arms of the Russian state. To solve it, a group of the best Russian experts of Heraldry was collected. However, the question of the coat of arms was rather political, so they recommended the convening of the Constituent Assembly (where the new coat of arms should have been adopted) to use a double-headed eagle, but without the Imperial Crown and George Victorious.

However, in six months, another revolution happened, and the development of the new coat of arms for Russia was already engaged in the Bolsheviks.

In 1918, the RSFSR Constitution was adopted, and together with it the project of the new coat of arms of the republic was approved. In 1920, the All-Russian Academy of Sciences accepted the emblem drawn by the artist Andreev. Finally coat of arms of the Russian Soviet socialist Republic He was adopted at the All-Russian Congress in 1925. The coat of arms of the RSFSR was used until 1992.

The existing state-of-state coat of arms of Russia is sometimes criticized for the abundance of monarchical symbols that are not too appropriate for the Presidential Republic. In 2000, a law was adopted, which establishes the exact description of the coat of arms and regulates the procedure for its use.

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The invention and the use of all kinds of signs and symbols is characterized by a person. The custom of elections for themselves or for a kind and tribe of a special distinctive sign has very deep roots and distributed everywhere in the world. It comes from the generic system and a special world-seed peculiar to all peoples in the primitive period of their history.

Generic signs and symbols are called totems; They are the closest relatives of the coat of arms. The term "totem" comes from North America, and in the language of the Indians of Ojibv, the word "drop" means the concept of "his genus". The custom of totemism is to be elected or a tribe of any animal or plant as a progenitor and patron, from which all members of the tribe lead their origin. This custom existed among the ancient peoples, however, and today adopted among the tribes leading the primitive lifestyle. The ancient Slavs also had totems - sacred animals, trees, plants - from the names of which, as expected, some modern Russian surnames occur. Among the Asian peoples of Turkic and Mongolian origin there is a similar custom "Tamga". Tamga is a sign of a generic accessory, an image of an animal, bird or weapons taken by each tribe as a symbol, which is depicted on banners, emblems, burned on the skin of animals, and even applied to the body. Kyrgyz has a legend that Tamga was assigned to some kind of gengis khan themselves, together with "uranas" - combat screens (which were used by European knights, which came on the coat of arms in the form of mottos).

Expressing coat of arms - various symbolic images placed on military armor, banners, rings and personal belongings - used in antiquity. In the works of Homer, Virgil, Plinia and other ancient authors there are evidence of the use of such signs. And legendary heroes and real historical PersonsFor example, the kings and commander, often had personal emblems. So, the helmet of Alexander Macedonsky decorated the sea horse (Hippocampus), the helmet of Achilles - Eagle, the helmet of the king of Numibia Masinissa - Dog, the helmet of the Roman emperor Karacalla - Eagle. Shields were also decorated with a variety of emblems, for example, by the image of the cut-off jellyfish gorgon. But these signs were used as an ornament, arbitrarily changed by the owners, were not inherited and did not obey any rules. Only some of the emblems of the islands and the cities of the ancient world were constantly used on coins, medals and seals. The emblem of Athens was Owl, Corinth - Pegasus, Samos - Peacock, Rhodes Islands - Rosa. This is already possible to see the descendants of the State Heraldry. Most ancient civilizations had some elements of heraldry in their culture, such as a system of seals or stamps, which will continue to be inextricably associated with heraldry. In Assyria, the Babylonian Empire and in the ancient Egyptian prints were used in the same way as in medieval Europe - to identify documents. These signs squeezed out in clay, cut out in stone and imprinted on a papyrus. Already in the third millennium, the coat of arms "of Sumerian states with a lion's head existed BC. Egypt's emblem was a snake, Armenia - crowned lion, Persia - Eagle. Subsequently, the eagle will be the coat of arms of Rome. The "coat of arms" of Byzantine was actually a double-headed eagle, borrowed later by some European states, including Russia.

Ancient Germans painted their shields in different colors. Roman legionnaires had on shields emblems for which it was possible to determine their belonging to a certain cohort. Special images decorated with Roman banners - Vexilla (hence the name of science about flags - anexillology). To distinguish the legions and cohort in the troops, Icons were also used - SIGNA - in the form of various animals - Eagle, Vepry, Lion, Minotaur, Horse, Wolf, and others who were worn in front of troops on long trees. According to these figures, often relating to the history of the city of Rome, military units sometimes received names.

So, different systems of signs of distinction and emblems always existed everywhere, but Geralda actually as special form Symbols arose in the process of developing a feudal system in Western Europe.

The bright and colorful art of Heraldry developed in the gloomy times of the decline of culture and the economy that occurred in Europe with the death of the Roman Empire and the approval of the Christian religion, when feudalism arose and the system of hereditary aristocracy appeared. Several factors contributed to the appearance of coat of arms. First of all, feudalism and crusades, but gave rise to their destroying and life-giving fire of war. It is believed that the coat of arms appeared in the X century, but it is difficult to find out the exact date. The first coat of arms depicted on the seals attached to the documents belong to the XI century. The oldest stamp prints are placed on the marriage agreement of 1000 years, concluded by Sancho, Castilian infanta, with Wilhelmina, Gaston II daughter, Baarn Viscount. It should be borne in mind that in the era of the magnitude illiteracy, the use of the eraser for the signature and to refer to the property was for many the only way to assure the document by his name. Such an identification mark was clear and an illiterate person (it is possible that the emblems appeared first in the seals, and then on weapons and clothing).

Undoubted evidence of the existence of heraldry appear only after crusades. The earliest such testimony is a French enamel drawing with the grave of Joffroy Platagenet (died in 1151), Count Anjou and Maine, depicting Joffroy himself with an emblem shield, where there are four raised gold lions in the Lazorian field (the exact number of lions is difficult to determine due to the position What the shield is drawn). The graph was the son-in-law of Heinrich I, the king of England, which was ruled in 1100-1135, which, according to the chronicle, and complained to him this coat of arms.

The first English king who had a personal coat of arms was Richard I Lion Heart (1157-1199). Its three gold leopards were used since all the royal dynasties of England.

"Who is slamming here and is poor, there will be rich!"

Crusades that lasted from 1096 to 1291 were a whole epoch in European history. The beginning of this two-year war was provoked by the Turks established in Palestine - fanatical Muslims, which armed with their irreconcilable religion began to defile the shrines of Christianity and repair the obstacles to Christians who wanted to make pilgrimage to Palestine and Jerusalem. But true reasons were more deeply and concluded in the centuries-old confrontation of Europe and Asia, continuing so far. The Asian tribes, united under the banner of Islam, began a grand expansion, which conquered Syria, Palestine, Egypt, North Africa, Spain, threatened Constantinople and were already selected to the heart of Europe. In 711, the Arab army of the number of 7,000 people under the leadership of Tarika ibn Niyad crossed through the Strait of Gibraltar to the European Continent. Thus began the conquest of the Pyrenean Peninsula (the rock in the Spanish coast has been referred to as the Mount of Tarika, or in Arabic - Jabal-Tarik, that in the Spanish pronunciation turned into Gibraltar). By 715, the Muslims were almost the entire Pyrenean Peninsula. In 721, the army of the Omeyadov, which ruled the huge caliphate in 661-750, moved through the Pyrenees, captured Spain and began to conquer southern France. They mastered the cities of Narbonne and Carcassonon. So there were new reference points for attacks on Aquitain and Burgundy. The ruler of Frankov Karl from the genus Caroling (689-741) defeated the Arabs when they reached the Loire. This happened in 732 in the battle of Poit. The victory brought him the nickname Martell - "Hammer" because he stopped promoting Muslims in Western Europe. But the Arabs held the power in Provence for several more decades. Military expansion of Muslim conquerors contributed to the penetration of Arab art and philosophy into Europe in a short period of their heyday. Arab culture gave impetus to the development of medicine and natural sciences in Western Europe. In Byzantium, Muslims threw the emperor Lion III ISAVR. The further spread of Islam was stopped by the political decomposition of the Muslim world, until then, strong and terrible with his unity. Caliphate was stripped into parts who were hostile with each other. But in the XI century, the Selzhuky Turks began a new offensive to the West, stopping under the most walls of Constantinople.

By the time of the earth Western Europe It turned out to be divided between the secular and church feudals. The feudal stroke was strengthened by replacing the community with his military democracy. Increased the oppression and impoverishment of the people - free landpashings practically did not remain, the peasants were fixed and crushed by tribute. Feudals came up with all new and new taxes, competing in charges with the church - the largest feudal owner, whose greed did not know the borders. Life became unbearable, why the population of Europe, which was looking forward to the cessation of his torment in connection with the incident to the church, the end of the world and the onset of paradise on Earth, was in a state of religious exaltation, expressed in the desire to all sorts of spiritual fets and in readiness for Christian self-sacrifice. Pilgrim stream increased. If the Arabs in former times treated them tolerably, now the Turks began to attack the pilgrims and destroy Christian temples. This decided to take advantage of the Roman Catholic Church, who has tried plans of world domination, for which, first of all, it was necessary to subordinate the await oriental - the Byzantine - Church and increase their income through the acquisition of new feudal possessions - the dioceses. In the last interests of the church and the feudalists, they completely coincided, as the free lands and peasants, they were no longer left on them, and according to the "Mayoita" rule, the land went to inherit the father only for the eldest son. So the call of Pope Urbana II to the protection of the coffin of the Lord fell on the fertile soil: the dignity socio-economic conditions in Europe led to the emergence of many desperate people who had nothing to lose, and who were ready to go to a risky journey to the edge of light in search of adventures, wealth And the glory of the "Warriors of Christ". In addition to movable concrete motives of large feudalists, the idea of \u200b\u200ba campaign to the east perceived numerous small feudals-knights (the younger members of feudal families who could not count on receiving an inheritance), as well as merchants of many shopping cities, hoping to destroy their main competitor in trade with the rich east - Byzantium . But the biggest enthusiasm experienced, of course, the simple people brought by poverty and deprivation to despair. Huge masses of people were inspired by the speech of Pope Urban in Clermont on November 24, 1095 and gave vow to go to war against the unfaithful liberation of the coffin of the Lord and the Holy Land. They climbed into the clothes crosses, carved from the matter (often taken from the robe themselves of the priests who called on the masses on the feat), because of which they got the name of the "Crusaders". Under the screams "God wants!" Many went on the path right from the Clermont Plain, following the propaganda call of the Pope: "The land that you inhabit, it has become close with your numerous. From here, the fact that you bite each other, and you fight with each other ... now you can stop your Hate, wiggle a feud and a coast of civil divorce. Take the way to the coffin holy, pull out that land at the wicked people and subordinate it to yourself. ... who are slamming here and is poor, there will be rich! ".

The first crusade took place in 1096, but the coat of arms could well appear somewhat earlier. The problem is that the first documentary evidence of the coat of arms appeared at least two hundred years after their occurrence. Perhaps the close connection of cross hikes with the birth of heraldry is explained by the fact that it was during this period that the use of coat of arms was massive. It demanded the creation of an ordered system of symbolic images as a means of communication, for the coat of arms served as an identification mark that carry some information about the owner and is well distinguishable at a distance.

From the XII century, the armor becomes more and more complex, the helmet covers the whole face of the knight, he himself dresses in armor entirely, from his head to toe. In addition, with some differences, all the armor were the same type, so I did not only identify the knight, but it was impossible nearby. This situation gave pulse to the mass use of the coat of arms as an identification mark. In addition to the emblem depicted on the shield, additional stamp signs gradually appeared, which were called upon to help knights to recognize each other at a distance and in the heat of the battle: imagine (Cleeno) - a decoration of animal horns and bird feathers (this element received Development during knightly tournaments), as well as heraldic pennants and standards. The combination of two types of generic signs - the shield and impoverished - amounted to the financial basis of the emblem.

But back to the crusades. Much in Heraldry indicates that it has developed during the conquest of the East by Crusaders. Here are these signs. The term enamel, which is indicated by heraldic colors, has east origin. The word comes from the Persian "MINA", meaning the blue color of the sky (the first enamels were blue). The unique technique of enamel painting came to Europe from Persia, Arabia and Byzantium. It is in this way that the imposition of enamel - steel lats, shields and special coat boards, which Geroldov put on tournaments were painted. Blue or azure - "Azur" - was brought to Europe from the East - his modern name Ultramarine itself (Zamar Sineva) reminds of this. The heraldic name "Azur" comes from the Persian "Azurk" - blue. From here there is the name of Lazurit (Lapis-Azure), a stone that lies mainly in Afghanistan, from which this paint receives. The name of the Red Color - "Gueulez) - originated from painted purple paint fur, which the Crusaders crushed their hiking clothes around the neck and sleeves (in the section" Geraldry Rules "will be described that heraldic figures were often made of pieces of fur stuffed on the shield). The name comes from the word "GUL" - red, on the Persian language indicating the color of the rose. The origin of green - "vert", also called "Sinople", is probably from dyes producing in the east. Orange color, which is more common in English Heraldry, is called "Tenne" - from the Arabic "Henne". So called a vegetable yellow-red dye, known to us as Henna. The Asian and Arab leaders have an ancient custom of painting a hneaya mane, tail and belly of their battle horses, and the right hand, compressing weapons. In general, the inhabitants of the East paint the hair and nails. Eastern origin has the name of a shield with a special semicircular neckline from one or both edges where the spear is inserted. This shield is called "Tarch" - just like his Arab prototype.

For their origin, two important details of the heraldic design are owned by the cross campaigns. In the first crusade, dozens of knights died every day from heat, as their steel armor was rare in the sun. The crushers had to borrow a method used by the desert residents to this day: to escape from the hot sun and prevent the heating of the helmet, the Arabic and Persian warriors used a piece of matter, thrown on the head and shoulders and fixed on the head of a wovel of a woven camel hawk, transit silk threads. The so-called Kufya and today constitute an integral part of the Arab costume. From her and there is a dream or lambrequin ("Lambrequin", from the Latin "Lambellum" - a block or a piece of matter), as well as the burlets (from the French "Burrelet" - wreath). It is a mandatory part of the coat of arms, and is depicted in the form of capes with fluttering ends fixed on a helmet with a burlet or crown. It makes it easily or whole, with an ornamentally carved edge (especially in early coat of arms) or excised, with long, whimslessly intertwined flaps (probably dissected with saber blows, it pointed to the courage of the coat of arms - the participant of the hottest bouts).

During the crusades, European feudals, who were well known to everyone in their homeland, joined a huge international army and, in general, lost the vividly expressed foreign personality, which was usually a pronounced external individuality, because of which the need had to somehow allocate themselves from the mass of the same knights , demonstrate your national, generic and military affiliation. The conquest of the Crusaders was always accompanied by terrible shaking and robbery, therefore the rule was established, according to which the knight, the first burst into any house taken in the city, was declared the owner of everything that was in it. The knights had to somehow mark the loot to protect him from the encroachment of comrades. With the advent of the coat of arms, this problem was solved by navigation to the door of the house of the shield with the coat of arms of his new owner. Not only individual crusaders, but also large military leaders were, the inhabitants of the houses taken by the detachments of houses and quarters highlighted the banners of these troops, so as not to be robbed by other feudalists. It should be noted here that conflicts because of the separation of mining, clashes and disputes for the honor of taking one or another city arose in the crusader's environment constantly. You can also add that all crosses were very poorly organized. In the preparation of military operations reigned complete confusion, and during the battles there was a universal dump. All its discord, greed, deceit and cruelty, from which Europe moaning, secular and church feudals brought with them to the east. Later, this (like traditionally the treacherous policy of Byzantium) will lead to the collapse of the crusading movement and the expulsion of Europeans from the captured territories, and so far there is a need to somehow streamline the situation. An example was before our eyes: Arab warriors used panel emblems, as a rule consisting of inscriptions or drawings of flowers and fruits. This custom, as well as many others, was borrowed by the crusaders and became one of the stones in the foundation of the nascent heraldry.

The consequence of the crusades was the extinction of many noble birth of Europe, all the men's representatives of whom were situated during campaigns. Noncent names whose roots went to the era of the conquest of Rome barbaric tribes, just disappeared. As a result, European monarchs were forced for the first time to complain the nobility, creating a new aristocracy. The coat of arms played a crucial role, since often the only reason to claim the nobility and documentary proof of noble origin was the stamp shield brought from the Holy Land.

So, the accumulation in one place of the set of feudal from different countries (unusual situation for Europe), the international character of the crusader troops, the need to identify each other and (in the conditions of illiteracy and language barriers) to approve their own name, as well as the characteristics of weapons, a way of warfare and borrowing a set of inventions of Eastern civilization - all this was the cause of the occurrence And the design of Heraldry.

Knight's coat of arms must not be less than crossed hiking. Tournaments appeared before the crusades. In any case, there is a mention of military games that took place in 842 in Strasbourg during the negotiations of Karl Bald and Louis German. Probably, tournaments took shape in France in the middle of the XII century and then spread to England and Germany. In some chronicles, the inventor of tournaments is called the French Baron. Delas, but most likely he only developed the first rules for tournaments.

Tournaments for a long time became an integral part of Western European life. Only knights with a flawless reputation were allowed to participate in them. Violation of the Knight Code threatened terrible shame. About 1292, new, safer rules for tournaments were introduced - "Statutum Armorum". It was possible to use only blunt weapons. Each knight was allowed to have only three squires. In the fights now used special spears, easily breaking when hitting. It was forbidden to fight out the queue, wander the opponent's horse, to strike a blow otherwise than in the face or chest, to continue the battle after the enemy rose took, act as a group against one. The violators were deprived of weapons, horses and were imprisoned for up to three years. Special tournament armor appeared so massive that the knight and his horse hardly withstand their weight. Horses themselves from the XIII century also dressed in armor. Just like the shields of the knights, the poppons of horses had a heraldic coloring. It should be said about two important details. The knight should have been clearly visible from above, from the stand, especially during the total fight. That is why they appeared (or in any case it was widely spread) already mentioned already impoverished - strengthened on the top of a helmet shape made of light wood, leather and even from papier-mâché (later - from more expensive materials). The famous Germanist wandering knight of the XIV century Ulrich von Liechtenstein, who took part in several tournaments dressed as the legendary king of Arthur, introduced the fashion for complex screws: he wore a helmet decorated with the Venus figure, in one hand holding a torch, and in another - the arrow. Tents or tents in which knights were preparing for competitions were kept weapons and rested in breaks between the battles (they used the same tents in the camouflages), in the future they will also be reflected in the art of heraldry - they will turn into a heraldic mantle and the Sen's tent.

From the wild bloody, tournaments were evolved into colorful theatrical ideas, where the formalities were increasingly important, and the struggle became less important and more conditional. For example, in the "World Tournament", conducted in the Windsor Park in England in 1278, swords made from whale covered with parchment, and silver plated, helmets from boiled skin and lightweight shields. For certain achievements in the competition, the knight received glasses (for example, premium glasses were charged for hitting blank). The winner was determined by crowned personnel, the oldest knights or specially designated judges (often Gerold), sometimes the question of the winner was decided by the ladies, in honor of whom Knights fought. Tournaments were traditionally imbued with a reverent attitude towards a woman who was hardly the founding of the Knight's Code. The award winner in the tournament got from the hands of the lady. Knights performed decorated with some badge obtained from their ladies. Sometimes the ladies brought their knights with the tied chain - the chain was considered a symbol of a special honor and delivered only to the chosen. In each contest, the last blow was applied in honor of the lady, and here the knights were especially trying to distinguish. After the Tournament, the ladies led the winner to the palace, where he was disarmed and arranged in his honor, on which the hero occupied the most honorable place. The names of the winners were entered into special lists, their feats were transferred to the descendants in the songs of Mestrels. The victory in the tournament brought and material benefits: sometimes the triumph was selected from the opponent's horse and weapons, took him a prisoner and demanded a ransom. For many poor knights, it was the only way to produce livelihoods.

From Friday to Sunday, when the tournaments were resolved by the Church, every day there were fights, and the dances and festivities were arranged in the evenings. There were several types of competitions: horseback rhysthenia, when the knight was supposed to knock out the opponent from the saddle with a blow of a spear; battle with swords; throwing copies and arrows; Siege of wooden locks built specifically for tournaments. Another, in addition to the tournament, the way to show courage was "passage protection". The knights group declared that in honor of his ladies would defend any place from everyone. So, in 1434, with orbigo, in Spain, ten knights defended the bridge from sixty eight rivals during the month, spending more seven hundred fights. In the XVI century, hiking fights were popular on short spears, boulaans and secrets. In Europe, only the faces of noble origin were allowed to participate in tournaments. In Germany, the requirements were more liberal: sometimes to get permission, it was enough to refer to ancestor who participated in the Knight's tournament. It can be said that the main passage to the tournament was the coat of arms, proving the high origin of the owner and his position in the generic hierarchy. For experts, what were Gerold, the coat of arms were contained all the necessary information. That is why the most important part of the tournament etiquette was the coat of arms that were so much that it was time to bring order in this area.

Herolds systematized knowledge about herbs, developed general principles and rules for their preparation and recognition and eventually created the science of "Hercob" or "Heraldik"
There are two options for the terms of the term "Heraldry" and "Gerold": from Latelatinsky Heraldica (from Heraldus - Herald), or from German Herald - spoiled Heeralt - veteran, as they called in Germany in the Middle Ages, people who had a reputation of the valiant and brave warriors who were invited As honorable guests and judges at different celebrations, and, in particular, on tournaments. These veterans were to maintain the customs of the knights, to generate rules of tournaments, as well as monitor their observance.
The predecessors of Geroldov were representatives of several related professions, whose duties were united and clarified, which led to the emergence of Geroldov in the classical understanding of this word - heralds, courtiers and wandering minesters, as well as veterans mentioned above.
Heracks or parliamentary were used in the ancient armies, as used and now - for negotiations with the enemy, for the announcement of decrees and various types of ads.

Menestrels (Franz Menestrel, from medieval Latin ministerialis) are called medieval singers and poets. In any case, this meaning has acquired this term in France and England in the late middle ages. Initially, in all feudal states, ministerial people were called the persons held in the service of Senior and who fulfilled any special duty (Ministerium). Among them were poets-singers, unlike their wandering fellows on the craft constantly under the court or high-ranking face. In France, in the XII century, Messenters were sometimes called employees of the king at all, and sometimes its court poets and singers. The function of court minesters consisted in angry and glorify the exploits of their Lord-feudal. And hence it is not far to the function of managers of court ceremonies and, in particular, knightly tournaments. It is likely that the wandering minesters, whose art was in demand with the courtyards of European feudalists, have accumulated experience in the recognition of the coat of arms, constantly surrounding them. The oldest famous Gerold poets was Konrad Würzburg, who lived in the XIII century. On the functions of veterans, by the nature of their activities that had a direct attitude towards the arms were already said.

It is possible that representatives of all three professions were called at a certain historical moment in one general term - Gerold. One way or another, but the spread of knightly tournaments contributed to the emergence of special officials who had to proclaim the opening of the tournament, develop and comply with the ceremonial of its holding, and also declare all the fights and the names of their participants. This required special knowledge - Herold was to know well the genealogy of noble families, whose representatives took part in the battles, and be able to recognize the coat of arms of the knights, gathered at the tournament. So gradually the profession of Geroldov acquires a purely heraldic character, and in tournaments the Geralda actually is born.

The French name of Heraldry - "Blason" - comes from the German "BLASEN" - "cut into the horn" and is explained by the fact that when the knight approached the barrier, which fencing the venue of the tournament, he is a pipe in the horn to hear his arrival. Then Gerold came out and at the request of the judges of the tournament described out loud the emblem of the knight in the proof of his right to take part in the tournament. From the word "Blasen" and the French "Blasonner", the German "Blasoniren", the English "Blazon", Spanish "Blasonar" and the Russian word "blusonite" - that is, to describe the coat of arms. Heroldov created a special jargon to describe the coat of arms (and today used by Heraldry specialists), based on the Starofranzian and medieval Latin, since the temptation itself, like a lot of connected - Knight's code, weapons, tournaments, and finally, heraldry - originates From France, or rather, from the Empire of Charles Great (747-814), inhabited by Franco-German tribes. Most of the heraldic terminology is denoted by quasi-frenched, outdated words. In the Middle Ages, French was used by ruling classes in most Western countries, so the rules of Heraldry should have been drawn up in this language. However, some heraldic terms are so suitable that they seem to be deliberately designed to pose uninitiated. The special terms developed by the Gerolds will be discussed below.

It is assumed that the Russian word "coat of arms" is borrowed from the Polish "HERB" and is found in many Slavic and German adverbs (Herb, ERB, IRB) in the sense or inheritance. The Slavic name of this identification mark directly indicates its hereditary character. The English term "coat of arms" denoting the coat of arms occurred from the name of a special object of clothing "surcoat" - a linen or silk cape, protecting the armor of the knight from the sun and rain (the word "knight" comes from the German "Ritter" - rider).

So, the coat of arms are becoming increasingly important in Western Europe. In England from the XII century, Herolds are used by honor at the court of kings. Eduard III (1312-1377) established a heraldic board operating to this day (this is the establishment - "The College of Arms" - is located in London on Queen Victoria Street). In France, Louis VII (1120-1180) set the charges of Geroldov and commanded all the royal regalia with heraldic lilies. With the French king, Philip II August (1165-1223), Geroldov begin to wear in a knightly dress with the coat of arms of the owner and lay on them some responsibilities in tournaments. Heroldov duties are definitely formulated by the middle of the XIV century. Herold's title becomes honorary, it is elevated only after any battle, tournament or ceremony. For this, the sovereign angered to the head of the Cup of wine (sometimes water) and gave him the name of the city or a fortress associated with the initiation ceremony, which Gerold kept before receiving the following high degree - The title of the Armory King (Fr. "Roi D" Armes ", it." WAPPENKOENIG "). The duties of Herold were divided into three main groups: 1) Announcement of war, the conclusion of the world, the proposal of the fortress and the like, and the score killed and wounded during the battle or tournament and the assessment of the valor of the knights; 2) they were obliged to be present at all solemn ceremonies - on coronation or burial of the sovereign, when erected into knightly dignity, solemn receptions, etc.; 3) they were pinned Heraldic duties - the preparation of coat of arms and pedigrees.
Heroldov's work was paid very well, there was a tradition not to let himself be sent by Herold without a gift, so as not to show disrespect for his sovereign.

Each state was divided into several heraldic brands, under the supervision of one "Armory King" and several Geroldov. For example, France in 1396 was divided into eighteen such brands. In Germany, in the XIV century, individual provinces also had their Geroldov.
True, from the XVIII century, Gerolds lose their medieval importance, but do not disappear without a trace, and still used on solemn ceremonies - coronations, marriages, etc.

A century after the appearance of the arms, the first scientific work on Heraldry and actually the Hercobs are beginning to appear, the very early of which seems to be "Zuricher Wappenrolle", compiled in Zurich in 1320.

In France, Yakov Bretex at the end of the XIII century describes tournaments and coat of arms of their participants. But the very early work with the statement of the rules of Heraldry is considered the monograph of the Italian lawyer Bartolo, whose "Tractatus de Insigniis et Armis" was published in 1356.
Berry, the main Gerold France at the court of Charles VII (1403-1461), on the instructions of the king, traveled the whole country, visiting castles, abbey and cemeteries, studying the images of the arms and constituting pedigree antique noble surnames. On the basis of the survey, he was the work of "Le Registre de Noblese". After him, French Gerolds began to conduct regular genealogical records. A similar task was obtained from kings in the period from Heinrich VIII (1491-1547) to James II (1566-1625) English Gerolds, which carried out the so-called "heraldic visits" - inspection rides in the country for the purpose of census of noble families, registration of coat of arms and verification of their eligibility . It turned out that most of the old emblems that appeared until 1500 were assigned to the owners of themselves, and not complained by the king. Invent a simple coat of arms did not constitute a job. A situation in which three non-related bonds between their nobleman had the same emblems, was not rare, but only argued that these coat of arms were accepted arbitrarily. When a dispute arose between the owners of the same coat on this basis between the owners of the same coat of arms, everyone appealed to the king as the last instance. It is noteworthy that when the dispute was allowed, the nobleman, forced as a result, to abandon his coat of arms, consoled himself that he independently invented himself a new one.
Materials collected during "heraldic visits", formed the basis of English genealogy and heraldry.

Urban coat of arms

At the heart of urban and state coat of arms - the press of the feudalists, certified by the authenticity of the documents sent by them from their possessions. The generic coat of arms of feudal, thus transfers first to print the castle, and then to print the lands belonging to him. In the event of new cities and the formation of new states, the requirements of time and legal norms led to the creation of coat of arms, or completely new, not borrowed from the birth noble coat of arms, and carriers of symbolic images pointing to local attractions, historical events, an economic profile of the city, or mixed. As an example, the coat of arms of Paris can be brought, in which the ship and the Lazorovo field with gold lilies are adjacent. The ship symbolizes, on the one hand, lying in the heart of the city of De la Sita on the Seine River, having the shape of the ship, and on the other - trade and trading companies, the main component of the urban economy. The Lazorian field with gold lilies is the old emblem of the dynasty of capeting, under which Paris was the patronage of which was.

From the end of the XIII and during the XIV centuries, Heraldry penetrates into all areas of public life, and heraldic terminology becomes common in the cultural layers of society. Heraldry is in fashion in literature, art, everyday life. The coats of arms appear everywhere, starting with knightly armor and ending with the collars of favorite dogs. The knights started from the crusades began, imitating the luxurious clothes of the eastern rulers, wearing special coat of gerbes, corresponding to their coat of arms and decorated with embroidered coat of arms and devises. The servants and squires get clothes with the coat of arms of their Lord, ordinary nobles wear a dress with the coat of arms of their senors, noble ladies begin to wear dresses with images of two coats: on the right - her husband's coat of arms, on the left - their own. With the French king, Charle V wise (1338-1380) included clothes, painted by half alone, half of other color. From the nobles and their squires, this fashion moved to representatives of urban classes. Thus, heraldry becomes an important component of the culture of Western Europe.

Along with individual heraldry, the other areas of its destinations were developed in the Middle Ages - urban and corporate, including church. Urban artisans and merchants created guilds recorded as "legal entities" and supplied by respectively coat of arms. It was adopted that the members of the Guild wore the clothes of heraldic colors of their association - special liveries. So, for example, members of the London meat of the company wore white-blue liveries, bakers - olive-green and chestnut flowers, wax candles traders wore white-blue coloring livrey. The London Speed \u200b\u200bCompany was allowed to use the ermine fur in their arms, although, in accordance with medieval norms, this heraldic color could only be used by the royal and noble families as a sign of their exclusivity and superiority. The corporate coat of arms were placed mainly to implement labor.

Similar coat of arms, called vowels - "Armes Parlantes", in which the name of the craft was transferred to heraldic symbols, get many goals and guilds. Here, for example, what did the coat of arms of the Ghent workshops looked, one of the largest handicraft centers of the Middle Ages: Bondari was portrayed on the shield of their coat of arms working tools and a row, butchers - bull, fruit traders - a fruit tree, and a razor and scissors, shoemakers - boots, fish-trades - Fish, shipboards - the ship under construction. Golden Masters of Paris Masters received from King Philip VI (1293-1350) Coat of arms depicting royal gold lilies connected to the Golden Cross and emblems of their crafts - golden sacral vessels and crowns, with the motto "in Sacra Inque Coronas". Pharmacars are depicted on herbs scales and lancet, nails - hammer and nails, wheys - wheels, manufacturers of playing cards - symbols of cardas. In addition, images of the saints of the respective crafts met in corporate coat of arms. The French king Louis XIII, wanting to raise the meaning of the merchant, granted the six merchant guilds of Paris herbs, in which the ship from the Parisian urban coat of arms adjacent to the symbols of the respective crafts and devises.

Those who want to imitate the aristocracy rich citizens used the name signs like the coat of arms, although they were not official. But the French government needed in the money decided to turn the spread fashion for the benefit and allowed to acquire the coat of arms to everyone, but for a fee. Moreover, the greedy officials even obliges citizens to acquire coat of arms. As a result of the introduction of the tax on the right to have a personal coat of arms in 1696, the treasury began to receive significant income, since the coat of arms registered a huge amount. But as a result, the value of the coat of arms in France was very difficult - incredibly broken coat of arms depreciated.

Educational institutions also used coins. Universities often received the coat of arms of their founders, such as Christ College in Cambridge, founded by Lady Margaret Boufort. In 1449, the Yatonic College in 1449 received the coat of arms from its founder of King Heinrich VI (1421-1471), a devout hermit, whose inability to rule became one of the reasons for the war of the scarlet and white rose. Three white lilies on this coat of arms symbolize the Virgin Mary, in honor of which the college was founded. Many private and commercial firms and today seek the coat of arms today, since the presence of such a coat of arms gives the company solidity and reliability. For example, a well-known English trading company Herrod as relatively recently received.

From the first days of its existence, the Church claimed the highest and absolute power in this world, therefore, he assigned all the attributes of secular power, including the coat of arms. The coat of arms of the papacy in the XIV century became crossed golden and silver keys of the Apostle Peter - "permissive" and "knitting", tied up with a golden cord, on a shrill shield under papal tiara. These characters received various interpretations on which we will not stop here. We only say that the coat of arms indicates all the cases of the church and the fact that these rights inherited the successors from him - Dads received by Peter. This coat of arms today is the official coat of arms of the Vatican, but each dad receives its own coat of arms, in which the keys and tiara are framing the shield. For example, the acting Pope John Paul II has the emblem received by him even by the Archbishop of Krakow from the hands of Geralda Specialist Archbishop Bruno Khaima. The cross and litera "M" on the coat of arms symbolize Christ and the Virgin Mary. It should be said that accommodation in the coat of inscriptions, except for the motto, is considered a bad tone, but the author of the coat of arms is justified, referring to the traditions of the Polish Heraldry (which will be discussed further), where manic letters were originally used. Indeed, the letter "M" reminds the rune of a similar drawing.

On the flag of the Vatican depicted a small coat of arms of the city-state, in which there is no wormless shield, but this color is transferred to the cord bonding the keys. Obviously, the colors are chosen for the flag - gold and silver.

The church that was the most largest faeel of the Middle Ages, early began to use the coat of arms for practical purposes - to identify and demonstrate the territorial affiliation of church organizations. The coat of arms are found in the seals of abbey and bishops from the XII century. The most common symbols of church heraldry - the keys of St. Peter, eagle sv. John and other signs symbolizing various saints, details of church everybody, and a variety of crosses. In the UK, there are certain rules for the coat of arms of the heads of the Church, showing their status in the church hierarchy. For example, the coat of arms of the archbishop and the bishops are decorated with mitra (the coat of arms of the Pope crowns Tiara), and on the coat of arms of priests lower rank are placed, in accordance with their status, special hats of different colors, equipped with multi-colored cords and brushes. Dean, for example, can have a black hat with two violet single cords with three red tassels on each of them. The priests of the Roman Catholic Church are not included in the jurisdiction of official heraldic bodies, but they used by the coats of arms are regulated by a special order since 1967. For example, the emblem of the Catholic archbishop may contain a green hat with two green single cords, each of which is supplied with ten green tassels.

The basis of all state coat of arms of European countries was the generic shelters of the ruling dynasties. In many modern European state coat of arms, lions and eagles are present in one form or other, the traditional symbols of power and statehood.

On the coat of arms of Denmark - three Lazorus leopards on a golden field, decorated with cherry hearts - so about 1190 looked the coat of arms of Korn Vi Valdemarson. Along with English, this coat of arms can be considered the oldest European state coat of arms. On a large royal coat of arms of Sweden, Lions support the shield, and also present in the second and third quarters of the shield. Around 1200, the ruler of Norway appeared his coat of arms, which depicts the crown lion of St. Golden in the wormless field. Olafa, in the front paws compressing the battle ax. Lev Finnish coat of arms gradually formed to XVI century. On the arms of Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg, the Lion also settled - the old emblem of the Dukes of Burgundy. On the coat of arms of the Netherlands - the golden lion with a silver sword and a beam of arrows in the paws. This is the union emblem of the Republic of the United Netherlands, which has gained independence in 1609. The Republican coat of arms is generally preserved after the creation of the Kingdom in 1815. The modern appearance of the coat of arms in 1917, when, on the initiative of the prince-consort of Heinrich Mecklenburg (1876-1934), the royal crown on the head of the lion was replaced by the usual, gowns appeared with a canopy and lion shield holders. By decision of the Vienna Congress, setting a new European order after the crash napoleonic Empire, Netherlands received independence. The King of the Netherlands under the name of Wilhelm I became the son of the last village of the Netherlands Republic Wilhelm VI Orange. But the southern provinces of the Netherlands decided to defend their own independence. In 1830, the Brabant had an uprising in Brabant, and since then, the Brabant Golden Lion has become perceived as a symbol of the independence of the Union of Southern Provinces. In 1831, the Kingdom of Belgium was proclaimed, whose coat of arms was the coat of arms of Brabant. The coat of arms of Luxembourg was approved by the King of the Netherlands Wilhelm I in 1815, since he was also a great Duke of Luxembourg. Lion can be seen on other state coat of arms. In the international state heraldry, the lion is adjacent to another symbol of the highest power - an eagle. It can be seen on the arms of Austria, Albania, Bolivia, Germany, Indonesia, Iraq, Colombia, Libya, Mexico, Poland, Syria, USA, Chile and many other countries. Unfortunately, the volume of this article does not allow to pay attention to each of them, so here we will consider only some examples.

The Austrian three-band (red-white-red) shield was the coat of arms of the dukes of Babenberg, rules for this country until 1246. Its image appeared on the seals of the dukes in the 20s and 30s of the XIII century. Earlier, in the second half of the XII century, the printing of the first Austrian Duke of Heinrich II Babenberg, a black eagle appears for the first time - a very common heraldic emblem. The Austrian knights led by the Duke Leopold V went to the third crusade under the flag with a black eagle. Soon, in 1282, Austria passed under the authority of the new Dynasty of the Habsburgs, whose generic coat was the red lion in the golden field. From 1438 to 1806, Habsburgs almost continuously occupied the throne of the Sacred Roman Empire, whose emblem traditionally had a double-headed eagle. He became the coat of arms of Austria, and later the Austrian Empire (1804) and the Austria-Hungarian Empire (1868). The same eagle can be considered on the shield of the Emperor of the Sacred Roman Empire of Friedrich Barbarossa.

At the base of the coat of arms of Great Britain, plants can be noticed. These are the sleepers (silent) motto or symbols of England, Scotland, Ireland and Wales. In different versions of the coat of arms, they can be pictured individually and assembled into one fantastic plant, a kind of hybrid consisting of roses of Tudors, Caledonian thistle of Scotland, the tribal of the Irish clover and the Welsh Luke.

The rose of Tudors was formed from the scarlet rose of Lancaster and the White Rose of Yorks, fought among themselves for the English throne. After the "war of scarlet and white rose", which lasted from 1455 to 1485, the founder of the New Dynasty of Heinrich VII (1457-1509) combined the emblems of hostile houses into one. The trillery joined the "hybrid" of roses and thistle in 1801 with the formation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

Rose, thistle, shaded and bow illustrate another heraldry region. A variety of icons attached to the clothes that could symbolize a particular person, a country or some concept, appeared before the coat of arms, in antiquity, and in the Middle Ages, gained great popularity. With the development of heraldry, these icons began to acquire a heraldic character. The icon as a rule represented one basic emblem of the generic coat of arms, many of which were very complex and consisted of a variety of details. These badges were called on to show the owners of their owners to surround any person or to a whole family. During the war, the scarlet and white rose, many soldiers, especially foreign mercenaries, dressed in the heraldic colors of their Mr.. For example, in the battle of Bosworth in 1485, the soldiers of the army of Count Richmond were worn by white and green jackets, Sir William Stanley Army soldiers - red, and so on. In addition, they wore personal icons of their commander. It was a sample of a military form. In all modern armies, along with Heraldry elements there are special icons. The owner of the coat of arms could have several icons, as well as arbitrarily change them at their request.

In addition to Western Europe, only Japan by the XII century developed a similar heraldic system called "MON". In some European languages, it is mistakenly translated as "coat of arms", although it is not a coat of arms in the European understanding of this word. As an example, you can consider the emperor family in the emblem - a 16-petal chrysanthm. Such signs were also placed on helmets, shields and armor bodies, but unlike the coat of arms were never depicted so large so that they could be recognized at a distance. If such identification was required, "MON" was depicted on flags. Just like the European coat of arms, "MON" is used in art - for clothing, furniture, interior. Just as in European royal families, the junior members of the Japanese imperial surname had an image of chrysanthemum modified according to a certain rules. Also, as in Europe, in Japan, it was necessary to legally arrange "MON". Both hereditary heraldic systems arose independently of each other, but their similarities are not surprising, as feudal societies developed in one scheme. Like the European, Japanese Heraldry experienced the era of the knighthood and is widely used in our time.

Some considerations

In Europe, as well as in the United States and other former colonies, Heraldry continues to live, despite the fact that feudalism has moved into the past, and the coat of arms themselves play a purely decorative role. But in these countries, Heraldry, which has a centuries-old history, has become a good tradition and is largely democratized. Many people who have not yet have any attitude to the nobility, finding among their ancestors of the coat of arms, hurry to decorate their homemaker with a certificate in a beautiful frame. As a result, new coat of arms are constantly appearing. In many countries, there are official heraldic societies involved in the development and approval of the coat of arms, and genealogical studies. A large number and solid status of these organizations indicates the real needs of society in Heraldry, which today is not a suede fragment of history, but part of modern culture. Obviously, there are people interested in past a kind, and interest in the coat of arms - witnesses of cruel wars, heroic crusades and luxurious knightly tournaments (to make sure that it is enough to familiarize themselves with the incomplete list of national and International heraldic organizations that can not even read, but simply run through the eyes).

Unfortunately, the present and future of heraldry is not as optimistic in Russia, where the soil itself is practically absent for its existence. In addition, the old Russian heraldry is not too rich in the material: it includes several thousand nobles and several hundred provincial and urban coat of arms, most of which appeared approximately at one time and in one place - in the relevant administrative institution, that is, in the Senate Department of Geroldia. "The overall gerbank of the noble childbirth of the All-Russian Empire", which consisted of 20 volumes by 1917, contained only about 6 thousand coat of arms with a total number of noble birth about 50 thousand. Of course, it is a drop in the sea compared to European heraldry resources. Although all sorts of emblems were used by the Slavs in antiquity, real emblems appeared in Russia for five hundred years later than in Europe, and not because of the practical necessity, but as a beautiful toy from the West. Therefore, not having time to root, Russian heraldry was carried out by the vortices of history.

In the process of creating materials, sometimes the question arose - how detailed they should be? What to tell in general terms, and what to consider in detail? The degree of details was determined by common sense, because the purpose of the site is to give the reader only a general idea of \u200b\u200bHeraldry, which is to some extent reflected in his name. The "excursion to Heraldik", of course, cannot claim to complete the coverage of this extensive area, as there are only the basic principles illustrated by some examples. Nevertheless, the authors believe that these materials may be of interest to those who have just started interested in Heraldry and is needed in basic information on this topic.
The efforts of modern heraldry as auxiliary scientific discipline are aimed at studying the coat of arms, namely to identify their owners, clarifying the history of their origin and establishing the time of their creation. For serious historical surveys, it will certainly take more detailed information and more solid sources than the "excursion to Heraldik". But in order to understand what the coat of arms is, from which it consists, which means and what its main elements are called, and, finally, to try to independently create the coat of arms, guided by the principles outlined and focusing on the examples given, you can successfully use our review. In any case, the authors hope that they mentioned here about all the main points necessary for the first steps to the practical study of heraldry.

List of some foreign heraldic organizations:

• Australia: The Heraldry Council of Australia; The Heraldry Society (Australian Ranch); The Heraldry Society of Australia Heraldry AustraliaInc.
• Austria: Heraldisch-Genealogische Gesellschaft.
• England and Welts: The College of Arms; The Heraldry Society; Institute of Heraldic and Genealogical Studies.
• Belgium: Heraldique Et Genealogique de Belgique; Musees Royaux D "ART ET D" Histoire; L "Office Genealogique Et Heraldique de Belgigue.
• Hungary: Magyar Heraldikai es Geneologiai Tarsasag.
• Germany: Der Herold; Genealogisch-heraldische Gesellschaft; WAPPEN HEROLD; Deutsche Heraldische Gesellschaft.
• Denmark: Heraldisk Selskab, Koebenhavn; DANSK GENEALOGISK INSTITUT; Nordisk Flaggskrift.
• Ireland: The Chief Herald of Ireland "S Office; The Heraldry Scoiety of Ireland.
• Italy: Aradico Collegio; Istituto Italiano di Genealogia Ed Araldica.
• Canada: Canadian Heraldic Authority; Heraldry Society of Canada.
• Luxembourg: Conseil Heraldique de Luxembourg.
• Netherlands: Koninklijk Nederlands Genootschap Voor Geslact En Wapenkunde; Central Bureau Voor Genealogie.
• Norway: Heraldisk Forening Norsk; Norsk Vapenring; Norsk Slekthistorik Forening; Kunstindustrimuseet i oslo; MiddelalderForum; Universitett I Oslo, Historisk Institut; Universitett I Oslo Ethnografisk Museum.
• New Zealand: The Heraldry Society of New Zealand; The Heraldry Society (New Zealand Branch).
• Poland: Heraldic Records Archive.
• Portugal: Institutio Portuges de Heraldica.
• Scandinavian society: Societas Heraldica Scandanavica.
• USA: NEW ENGLAND HISTORIC GENEALOGICAL SOCIETY; North American Institute of Heraldic and Flag Studies; American College of Heraldry; THE AUGUSTAN SOCIETY INC; Genealogical and Heraldic Institute of America; National Genealogical Society.
• Finland: Heraldica Scandanavia; Suomen Heraldinen Seura; Finlands National Kommitte for Genealogi Och Heraldik; Genealogiska Samfundet i Finland; Heraliske Sallskapet i Finland.
• France: Federation des Societes de Genealogie, D "Heraldique et de Sigillographie; La Societe Franeaise D" Heraldique et de Sigillographie; La Societe du Grand Armorial de France.
• Scotland: Lord Lyon King Of Arms, And The Court of Lord Lyon; The Heraldry Society of Scotland; The Scottish Genealogical Society.
• Switzerland: Heraldische Schweizersche Gesellschaft.
• Sweden: Swedish State Herald: Clara Neveous, Riksarkivet - Heraldiska SEKTIONEN; SVENSKA Heraldry Society of Sweden; Heraldiska samfundet; SKANDINAVISK VAPENRULLA (SVR); SVENSKA NATIONALKOMMITTEN FOR GENEALOGI OCH HERALDIK; Voestra Sveriges Heraldiska SaellskaP; Riddarhuset; Genealogiska Foereningen Genealogical Society).
• South Africa: The State Herald; Bureau of heraldry; The Heraldry Society of Southern Africa.
• Japan: The Heraldry Society of Japan.
• International organizations: ACADEMIE INTERNATIONALE D "Heraldique; Confederation International De Genealogie et d" heraldique; International Congress of Genealogical and Heraldic Studies; International Felship Of Armorists (Heraldry International); International Genealogical Institute; Church of Jesus Christ of the Latter Day Saints.

Almost any country in the world has their own coat of arms. Depending on whether the state occurred, its history may occur, as percentage of centuries and is completely absent, and the symbol itself may be only more or less modern creation, which takes into account the current political situation in the country and the features of its occurrence. The eagle on the coat of arms of Russia appeared a long time ago, and although this symbol was not used for a long time of existence of the Soviet Union, now the situation has changed, and he returned to his rightful place.

History of the coat of arms

In fact, the eagle appeared on the coat of arms of many princes long before becoming the official symbol of the state. It is officially believed that in the embodiment, as much as much as possible to modern, the coat of arms first began to appear at about the time of Ivan the Terrible. Prior to that, the same symbol was present at the Byzantine Empire, which was considered the second Rome. The eagle double-headed on the coat of arms of Russia is designed to show what it is the direct successor of Byzantium and the Third Rome. In different periods, right up to the appearance of a large coat of arms of the Russian Empire, this symbol was constantly modified and accelerated by various elements. As a result, the most complicated coat of arms appeared in the world, which existed until 1917. Historically, the Russian flag with the coat of arms was used in many situations, starting with the sovereign personal stage and ending with the designation of state campaigns.

The value of the coat of arms

The main element is a double-headed eagle, which is designed to symbolize the direction of Russia and to the West, and to the east, while it is understood that the country itself is not either the West, nor the East and combines their best qualities. Located in the middle of the coat of arms rider on a horse that kills the snake has a rather ancient history. Almost all the ancient princes in Russia used similar images on their symbolism. At the same time, it was implied that the rider himself is - this is the prince. Only later, already in the time of Peter the first, it was decided that the rider is the Holy George Victorious.

Interesting the fact that on some coat of arms of the ancient princes, images and hiking warriors were used, and the direction in which the rider is located also changed. For example, on the coat of arms, the rider is deployed to the right, which corresponds to the traditional symbolism of the West, while previously he was deployed to the left. Three crowns that are located on top of the coat of arms appeared not immediately. At various periods of time, it was from one to three crowns, and only the Russian king Alexei Mikhailovich first led an explanation - the crown symbolized three kingdoms: Siberian, Astrakhan and Kazan. Later, the crown was recognized as state independence symbols. This is associated with a sad and interesting moment. In 1917, according to the resolution of the Provisional Government, the Arms of Russia was once again modified. The crowns were removed from him who considered the symbols of tsarism, but from the point of view of Geraldry's science, the state independently refused his own independence.

Power and Scepter, which two-headed eagle holds in the paws, traditionally symbolize a single power and state power (and they were also removed in 1917). Despite the fact that traditionally the eagle was depicted in a gold color on a red background, during the Russian Empire, not thinking, they took traditional not for our state, but for Germany color, because the eagle turned out to be black and on a yellow background. Gold Eagle symbolizes wealth, prosperity, grace, and so on. The red background symbolized in ancient times the color of sacrificial love, in a more modern interpretation - the color of courage, courage, love and blood, which was spilled during battles for their homeland. Also, the Russian flag with the coat of arms is also used.

The arms of the cities of Russia

In most cases, the emblems do not exist in the cities, but at the subjects of the Russian Federation. However, there are some exceptions, for example: Moscow, St. Petersburg and Sevastopol. They are not much reminded by the official coat of arms of Russia. All of them are considered cities of federal significance and are entitled to their own coat of arms. Moscow has a rider at a horse, a tempering snake, similar to that located on the state symbolism, but still somewhat different. The current image is as close as possible to the one that existed in Moscow and its princes during the time of ancient Russia.

St. Petersburg, the emblem is much more complicated. It was approved in the distant 1730 and relatively recently returned to the state in which it was originally accepted. The prototype of this symbol served as the emblem of the Vatican. Scepter with state eagle and crown symbolize the fact that this city has been the capital of the Russian Empire for a long time. Two crossed anchors indicate that St. Petersburg is both the sea, and a river port, and the red background symbolizes blood spilled during the war with Sweden.

Coat of arms of the USSR

After the creation of the USSR, the standard version of the coat of arms with a double-headed eagle was recalled, and from 1918 to 1993 another symbol was used, which gradually refined and modified. At the same time, many coat of arms of Russian cities were significantly changed or generally completely changed. The main colors - red and gold, traditions in this regard were observed, but everything else has changed dramatically. In the center against the background of sunlight, crossed sickle and hammer are depicted, at the top - the Red Star (it was not in the first variations of the coat of arms). On the sides are the ears of wheat, and below the symbol on a red background with black letters, "Proletarians of all countries, join!". In this version of the coat of arms of Russia, or rather the Soviet Union, it was used for a very long time, up to collapse and so far in one or another variant is used by various communist parties.

Modern coat of arms of the Russian Federation

In the example in which the coat of arms of Russia exists at the moment, he was adopted in 1993. Symbols and general importance remained about the same as long before the occurrence of the USSR, the only thing blood was added to the interpretation of the red color, spilled in times of wars.

RESULTS

In general, the coat of arms of Russia has a very long history, and the specific reasons for using such symbols came up with rather after application. The reasons for which they were chosen by a certain ancient ruler, it is unlikely to be able to install more than ever.

The coat of arms of Russia is one of the main state symbols of Russia, along with the flag and anthem. After renaming the RSFSR to the Russian Federation on December 25, 1991, the country continued to use the old pre-revolutionary coat of arms depicting a double-headed eagle.

The word coat of arms comes from german word. erbeWhat does the inheritance mean. The coat of arms is a symbolic image that shows the historical traditions of the state or city. By themselves, the coat of arms appeared for a long time - their predecessors can be considered even totems of primitive tribes. At the coastal tribes as totters were figurines of dolphins, turtles, at the steppes tribes - snakes, in the forest tribes - bears, deer, wolves. Sun signs, moon, land and water played a special role ...

The time of the rule of the Grand Prince Ivan III (1462-1505) is the most important stage in the folding of a single Russian state. Ivan III managed to finally eliminate the dependence on the Golden Horde, reflecting in 1480 the campaign of Khan Ahmati against Moscow. The Great Principality of Moscow includes Yaroslavl, Novgorod, Tver, Perm lands. The country has become actively developing connections with other European countries, its foreign policy has strengthened. In 1497, the communional judiciary was adopted - a unified set of laws of the country - the prototype of the Constitution and Codes. Actually from the Board of Ivan III and you can count the time of the formation of symbols of Russian statehood.

Ivan III married the Byzantine princess Sophie Paleologist and to increase his authority in relations with foreign states takes the generic coat of arms of the Byzantine kings - a double-headed eagle. The double-headed eagle of Byzantium personified the powerful Roman-Byzantine Empire, covering significant lands both in the East and in the West. The emperor Maximilian II, however, regretted Sophie his imperial eagle, the eagle depicted on a tie Sofia Paleologist had no imperial but only a Cesar crown.

Nevertheless, the opportunity to become equal to all European sovereigns prompted Ivan III to accept this coat of arms as a heraldic symbol of his state. Turning away from the Grand Duke in the Tsar of Moscow and taking a new coat of arms for his state - a two-headed eagle, Ivan III in 1472 he imposes on both chapters the Cesaric crowns.

After the death of Vasily III, because His heir to His Ivan IV, who subsequently obtained the name of Grozny, was still small, the regency for his mother Elena Glinsky comes (1533-1538), and the actual self-deflation of Boyar Shui, Belsky (1538-1548). And here the Russian eagle undergoes a very comical modification.

When Ivan IV is marked for 16 years, and he is crowned at the kingdom, immediately the eagle undergoes a very significant change, as if personifying the whole era of the reign of Ivan the Terrible (1548-1574, 1576-1584).

The return of Ivan the Terrible on the throne causes the appearance of a new eagle, the chapters of which are crowned with one, common crown of a clearly western sample. But this is not all, on the eagle's chest, instead of the icon of St. George the Victorious appears the image of the unicorn. Why and why? You can only guess this. True, justice it should be noted that this eagle was Ivan Grozny quickly canceled. Apparently the king guessed that such a fabulous zoo on the state emblem is inappropriate.

Ivan Grozny dies and a weak, limited Tsar Fedor Ivanovich "Blessed" (1584-1587) reaches the throne. And again the eagle changes his appearance. In the rule of the king Fyodor Ivanovich between the crowned heads of the two-headed eagle, the sign of the Passions of Christ appears: the so-called Calval Cross. The cross on state press was a symbol of Orthodoxy, giving a religious color to the emblem of state. The appearance of the "Calval Cross" in the coat of arms of Russia coincides with the time of approval in 1589 of the patriarchate and the church independence of Russia.

In the XVII century, the Orthodox Cross was often portrayed on Russian banners. Banners of foreign regiments who were part of Russian troops had their own emblems and inscriptions; However, they were also placed on the Orthodox cross, which indicated that the regiment fighting under this banner serves as an Orthodox state. Until the middle of the XVII century, the seal was widely used, on which a double-headed eagle with a ride on his chest was crowned with two crowns, and the Orthodox eight-pointed cross between the eagle's heads rises.

In connection with the Polish occupation, the eagle becomes very similar to Polish, differing, except, two-headed.

Shally attempt to establish a new dynasty in the face of Vasily Shui (1606-1610), painters from the ordinal huts reflected in the Orel deprived of all the present attributes and, as it were, the flower will grow from the site of the battlefield of the battle. Russian story talks quite a little about the king Vladislava I Sigismundovich (1610-1612), however, he was not crowned in Russia, but the decrees issued, his image was minted on the coins and the Russian state eagle had his own forms. Moreover, for the first time in the panel of Eagle, a scepter appears. Short and in essence, the fictitious rule of this king actually put the end of the confusion.

It ended the troubled time, Russia reflected claims to the throne of the Polish and Swedish dynasties. Numerous impostors were defeated, dried up in the country of the uprising. From 1613, by decision of the Zemstvo Cathedral, the Romanov Dynasty began to rule in Russia. With the first Tsar of this dynasty - Mikhail Fedorovich (1613-1645), the nicknamed "silent" - the state emblem changes somewhat. In 1625, for the first time, a double-headed eagle is depicted under the three crowns, Georgy Victorious returned on his chest, but not in the form of an icon, in the form of a shield. Also, on the icons of George, the victorious staff always jumping to the left in the afternoon, i.e. From the west to the east to meet with the enemy enemies - Mongol-Tatars. Now the enemy was in the West, Polish hayrs and Roman Kuria did not leave their hopes to bring Rus to the Catholic faith.

In 1645, with the son of Mikhail Fedorovich - Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich - the first large state seal appeared, on which the double-headed eagle with the ride in his chest was crowned with three crowns. From this time, this type of image was constantly used.

Unlike the Byzantine sample and, possibly, under the influence of the emblem of the Sacred Roman Empire, a double-headed eagle since 1654 began to be depicted with raised wings. And then the Eagle "took off" on the spiers of the towers of the Moscow Kremlin.

In 1667, after a long war of Russia with Poland because of Ukraine, Andrusovsky truce was concluded. To fasten this contract, a large seal with a double-headed eagle was made under three crowns, with a shield with a chest ride, with a scepter and power in the paws.

In the same year, the first in the history of Russia, a decree of December 14, "On the title of royal and state press" appeared, which contained the official description of the coat of arms: "The eagle two eagle is the coat of arms of the Herb of the Great Sovereign, Tsar and Grand Duke Alexei Mikhailovich All Great and Small and Belya Russia of the autocrat, his royal majesty of the Russian reign, on which three crowns are depicted by the signing three great Kazan, Astrakhansky, Siberian glorious kingdoms. On Frenses (chest), the image of the heir; in puzzles (claws) Scepter and apple, and shows the gracious sovereign, his royal majesty Autocrat and owner. "

In 1696, the throne gets solely Peter I Alekseevich "Great" (1689-1725). And almost immediately the state coat of arms sharply changes its forms. The era of great transformations begins. The capital is transferred to St. Petersburg and the eagle convents new attributes. The heads appear on the chapters under one common larger, and on the chest the Order of the Ordena of the Apostle Andrei Prolozalny. This Order, approved by Peter in 1798, became the first in the system of higher state awards of Russia. The Holy Apostle Andrey is the first-surveyn, one of the heavenly cartridges of Peter Alekseevich, was announced by the patron saint of Russia.

The Blue Skit Andreevsky Cross (below in the Eagle's plumage) becomes the main element of the sign of the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called and the Symbol of the Navy of Russia. Since 1699, images of a double-headed eagle are found, surrounded by chain with the sign of Andreevsky Order. And next year, Andreevsky Order placed around the shield with a rider.

It is also important to say more about one Orel whose Peter painted quite another boy for the banner Washed shelf. This eagle was only one paw because: "Who is only one ground army He has - one hand has, but who has two hands to have two hands. "

With insignificant, or significant, but short-term, changes, this image of the coat of arms of Russia existed until the beginning of the Board of Paul I (1796-1801), who made an attempt to introduce a complete emblem of the Russian Empire. On December 16, 1800, he signed a manifesto, which described this complex project. In a multipolous shield and nine small shields were placed forty-three coat of arms. The center contained the above-described coat of arms in the form of a double-headed eagle with the Maltese cross, greater than the remaining size. The shield with the coat of arms is imposed on the Maltese cross, and under it again appeared the sign of the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called. Shield holders, Archangels Mikhail and Gabriel, support the imperial crown over a knightly helmet and a cloak. The whole composition is placed on the background of a mantle with a dome - a heraldic symbol of sovereignty. Because of the shield with coat of arms, there are two standards with double-headed and single-eyed eagles ... This project, thank God, was not approved.

In 1855-1857, during the heraldic reform, which was conducted under the leadership of Baron B.ken, the type of state eagle was changed under the influence of Germanic samples. Drawing of a small coat of arms of Russia, filled with Alexander Fadeev, was highly approved on December 8, 1856. This variant of the coat of arms differed from previous not only by the image of an eagle, but also the number of "titular" coat of arms on the wings. At the right, shields with the coat of arms of Kazan, Poland, Chersonesos of the Tauride and the United Coat of Arms of the Grand Principles (Kiev, Vladimir, Novgorod) were placed on the left - shields with the coat of arms of Astrakhan, Siberia, Georgia, Finland.

On April 11, 1857, the highest statement of the entire set of state coats was followed. It includes: large, medium and small, coat of arms of the imperial surname, as well as "title" coat of arms. At the same time, drawings of large, medium and small state seals, arks (cases) for seals, as well as seals of the main and lower present places and faces were approved. In total, one act was approved by a hundred ten drawings, which we will naturally give, we will not.

With insignificant changes made in 1882 Alexander III.The coat of arms of Russia existed until 1917.

The Commission of the Provisional Government concluded that the two-headed eagle itself does not carry any monarchical or dynastic signs, so his, deprived of the crown, scepter, power, the coat of arms of the kingdoms, land and all other heraldic attributes "left in service" - absolutely naked ...

Bolsheviks adhered to completely different opinions. Decree of the Sovnarkom dated November 10, 1917, together with estates, titles, titles and staple orders, the coat of arms and the flag were total abolished. But it was easier to make a decision than to perform. State bodies continued to exist and function, so for another six months old coat of arms used where it was necessary, on signs with the designation of the authorities and in the documents.

The new coat of arms of Russia was adopted with the new Constitution in July 1918. Initially, the ears did not promise a five-pointed star, it was introduced in a few years, as a symbol of the unity of the proletariat of the five continents of the planet.

The double-headed eagle was finally dismissed, while remaining "sitting" on the towers of the Moscow Kremlin. Politburo Central Committee VKPB replaced them to ruby \u200b\u200bstars only in 1935.

In 1990, the Government of the RSFSR adopted a resolution on the creation of the state coat of arms and the State Flag of the RSFSR. After a comprehensive discussion, the Government Commission proposed to recommend the Government of the coat of arms - a golden double-headed eagle on a red field. In 1993, the Presidential Decree B.N. Heltsin, the two-headed eagle was re-approved as a state coat of arms. And only in 2000, the two-headed eagle was finally approved by the State Duma. As a basis modern coat of arms The coat of arms of Peter I. But a double-headed eagle of gold color, not black, and he was placed on a red heraldic shield.

Throughout the history of our state, each ruler contributed to the formation of the coat of arms, and, and often, the historical events occurring at this moment found reflections on it. Character and political views also found a reflection in his image. All the details of the formation of both states can be found in the history of its state symbols ...

Initially, the eagle appeared in Russia from the broken mighty Roman Empire. It was needed then another to a completely young Russian state as a symbol of power. The stronger Russia was becoming, the stronger the eagle looked stronger and stronger.

Over time, it becomes a huge and independent state of Russia and all the attributes of statehood and power appeared on the coat of arms: the crown, the scepter and the power, which now partly personify the modern Russian state.

The final version of the state coat of arms of the Russian Federation was approved by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of November 30, 1993. Author of the sketch of the arms Artist E.I. Ukhnalev.

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